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Rudnick MR, Wahba IM, Leonberg-Yoo AK, Miskulin D, Litt HI. Risks and Options With Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents in Patients With CKD: A Review. Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 77:517-528. [PMID: 32861792 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) improve the diagnostic capabilities of magnetic resonance imaging. Although initially believed to be without major adverse effects, GBCA use in patients with severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) was demonstrated to cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). Restrictive policies of GBCA use in CKD and selective use of GBCAs that bind free gadolinium more strongly have resulted in the virtual elimination of NSF cases. Contemporary studies of the use of GBCAs with high binding affinity for free gadolinium in severe CKD demonstrate an absence of NSF. Despite these observations and the limitations of contemporary studies, physicians remain concerned about GBCA use in severe CKD. Concerns of GBCA use in severe CKD are magnified by recent observations demonstrating gadolinium deposition in brain and a possible systemic syndrome attributed to GBCAs. Radiologic advances have resulted in several new imaging modalities that can be used in the severe CKD population and that do not require GBCA administration. In this article, we critically review GBCA use in patients with severe CKD and provide recommendations regarding GBCA use in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Rudnick
- Division of Nephrology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA.
| | - Ihab M Wahba
- Division of Nephrology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA; Corporal Michael J Crescenz Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Hospital Philadelphia, PA
| | - Amanda K Leonberg-Yoo
- Division of Nephrology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA
| | - Dana Miskulin
- Division of Nephrology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Harold I Litt
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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2
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Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: A Review of History, Pathophysiology, and Current Guidelines. CURRENT RADIOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40134-019-0312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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3
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Fuah KW, Lim CTS. Erythema nodosum masking nephrogenic systemic fibrosis as initial skin manifestation. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:249. [PMID: 28738858 PMCID: PMC5525362 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a complication of the gadolinium-based contrast agent used in imaging studies. It is typically characterised by hard, erythematous and indurated skin plaques with surrounding subcutaneous oedema. Distinct papules and subcutaneous nodules can also be seen. Fibrocytes in NSF are immunohistochemically positive for CD34. Case presentation We present a case of NSF occurred after gadolinium exposure in which the initial presentation mimics an erythema nodosum (EN)-like picture. An initial skin biopsy showed EN. Subsequently the patient developed progressive skin and joints contracture. A repeated skin biopsy done three months later confirmed the diagnosis of NSF. As far as we are aware, this is the second reported case of NSF that mimicked the presentation of EN in the early phase of the disease. Conclusions The appearance of EN-like disease can be one of the early manifestations of NSF. We hope that early recognition of this unusual presentation can alert the physician or nephrologist to the potential diagnosis of NSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Wah Fuah
- Department of Medicine, Serdang Hospital, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Christopher Thiam Seong Lim
- Unit of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Bahrainwala JZ, Leonberg-Yoo AK, Rudnick MR. Use of Radiocontrast Agents in CKD and ESRD. Semin Dial 2017; 30:290-304. [DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jehan Z Bahrainwala
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division; Department of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda K Leonberg-Yoo
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division; Department of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Michael R Rudnick
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division; Department of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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Abstract
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs), once believed to be safe for patients with renal disease, have been strongly associated with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), a severe systemic fibrosing disorder that predominantly afflicts individuals with advanced renal dysfunction. We provide a historical perspective on the appearance and disappearance of NSF, including its initial recognition as a discrete clinical entity, its association with GBCA exposure, and the data supporting a causative relationship between GBCA exposure and NSF. On the basis of this body of evidence, we propose that the name gadolinium-induced fibrosis (GIF) more accurately reflects the totality of knowledge regarding this disease. Use of high-risk GBCAs, such as formulated gadodiamide, should be avoided in patients with renal disease. Restriction of GBCA use in this population has almost completely eradicated new cases of this debilitating condition. Emerging antifibrotic therapies may be useful for patients who suffer from GIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick J Todd
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jonathan Kay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, UMass Memorial Medical Center and University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605;
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Wagner B, Drel V, Gorin Y. Pathophysiology of gadolinium-associated systemic fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F1-F11. [PMID: 27147669 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00166.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic fibrosis from gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast is a scourge for the afflicted. Although gadolinium-associated systemic fibrosis is a rare condition, the threat of litigation has vastly altered clinical practice. Most theories concerning the etiology of the fibrosis are grounded in case reports rather than experiment. This has led to the widely accepted conjecture that the relative affinity of certain contrast agents for the gadolinium ion inversely correlates with the risk of succumbing to the disease. How gadolinium-containing contrast agents trigger widespread and site-specific systemic fibrosis and how chronicity is maintained are largely unknown. This review highlights experimentally-derived information from our laboratory and others that pertain to our understanding of the pathophysiology of gadolinium-associated systemic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Wagner
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; and University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Viktor Drel
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Yves Gorin
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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Schmidt-Lauber C, Bossaller L, Abujudeh HH, Vladimer GI, Christ A, Fitzgerald KA, Latz E, Gravallese EM, Marshak-Rothstein A, Kay J. Gadolinium-based compounds induce NLRP3-dependent IL-1β production and peritoneal inflammation. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 74:2062-9. [PMID: 24914072 PMCID: PMC4428954 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a progressive fibrosing disorder that may develop in patients with chronic kidney disease after administration of gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents (GBCAs). In the setting of impaired renal clearance of GBCAs, Gd deposits in various tissues and fibrosis subsequently develops. However, the precise mechanism by which fibrosis occurs in NSF is incompletely understood. Because other profibrotic agents, such as silica or asbestos, activate the nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and initiate interleukin (IL)-1β release with the subsequent development of fibrosis, we evaluated the effects of GBCAs on inflammasome activation. METHODS Bone marrow derived macrophages from C57BL/6, Nlrp3(-/-) and Asc(-/-) mice were incubated with three Gd-containing compounds and IL-1β activation and secretion was detected by ELISA and western blot analysis. Inflammasome activation and regulation was investigated in IL-4- and interferon (IFN)γ-polarised macrophages by ELISA, quantitative real time (qRT)-PCR and NanoString nCounter analysis. Furthermore, C57BL/6 and Nlrp3(-/-)mice were intraperitoneally injected with GBCA and recruitment of inflammatory cells to the peritoneum was analysed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). RESULTS Free Gd and GBCAs activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and induce IL-1β secretion in vitro. Gd-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid also induces the recruitment of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes to the peritoneum in vivo. Gd activated IL-4-polarised macrophages more effectively than IFNγ-polarised macrophages, which preferentially expressed genes known to downregulate inflammasome activity. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that Gd released from GBCAs triggers a NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent inflammatory response that leads to fibrosis in an appropriate clinical setting. The preferential activation of IL-4-differentiated macrophages is consistent with the predominantly fibrotic presentation of NSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schmidt-Lauber
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lukas Bossaller
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hani H. Abujudeh
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory I. Vladimer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Anette Christ
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Katherine A. Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Eicke Latz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn and German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Ellen M. Gravallese
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Kay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Abstract
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a severely debilitating disease that was first described in the literature by Cowper and colleagues in 2000. It is pertinent to the field of podiatry because patients with NSF first manifest cutaneous symptoms in the lower extremity in the form of fibrosing lesions. To date, these lesions have been documented only in people with moderate to severe kidney failure. There is speculation that gadolinium, used as a contrast agent for imaging, might be the inciting factor that triggers a cascade of events that results in the inappropriate fibrosis both in the dermis and in deeper tissues. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis has been shown to cause these lesions in the lungs, pleura, diaphragm, myocardium, pericardium, and dura mater, the presence of which are typically indicative of severe progression of NSF. In cases where the lesions are manifest in the periarticular tissue, joint contractures and restricted range of motion can often result. We provide a quick synopsis of NSF, and a short case study that describes the authors' experience with one of their patients who requested a surgical consult as a result of being wheelchair-bound due to NSF's sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Freed
- East Valley Foot and Ankle Specialists, Mesa, AZ, USA.
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Bernstein EJ, Schmidt-Lauber C, Kay J. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: A systemic fibrosing disease resulting from gadolinium exposure. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2012; 26:489-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis and Gadolinium-Containing Radiological Contrast Agents: An Update. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 89:920-3. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2010.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Quantification of gadolinium in fresh skin and serum samples from patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64:91-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mazhar SM, Shiehmorteza M, Kohl CA, Middleton MS, Sirlin CB. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in liver disease: a systematic review. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 30:1313-22. [PMID: 19937937 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) may develop in patients with liver disease, a fact highlighted by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announcements cautioning against the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) in select liver disease patients. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to characterize the risk of NSF in patients with liver disease. All published articles on NSF from September 2000 through August 2008, were identified via PubMed searches and examination of articles' reference lists. Two reviewers independently read each article and identified unique patients with biopsy-proven or suspected NSF. Data on demographics, liver status, renal status, and GBCA exposure were collected. A total of 324 articles were reviewed, with 108 articles containing case descriptions of 335 unique NSF patients. After excluding the 95/335 (28%) patients in whom the presence or absence of liver disease was uncertain, liver disease was confirmed present in 41/239 (17%) patients. Renal insufficiency could be assessed in 35 of the liver disease patients; severe renal insufficiency, defined as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or estimated GFR (eGFR) <30 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or dialysis requirement, was present in 34/35 (97%) patients. The lone patient who developed NSF with mild/moderate renal insufficiency was atypical and received a total gadodiamide load of 0.76 mmol/kg over a 10-week period periliver transplantation. The published medical literature demonstrates that patients with liver disease who develop NSF also have severe renal insufficiency, suggesting that liver disease does not confer a risk for NSF beyond that of the underlying renal insufficiency. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;30:1313-1322. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer M Mazhar
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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13
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Kroshinsky D, Kay J, Nazarian RM. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 37-2009. A 46-year-old woman with chronic renal failure, leg swelling, and skin changes. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:2166-76. [PMID: 19940302 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc0907802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Kay J. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a gadolinium-associated fibrosing disorder in patients with renal dysfunction. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67 Suppl 3:iii66-9. [PMID: 19022818 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2008.102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a debilitating fibrosing disorder that develops in patients with underlying kidney disease following exposure to gadolinium-containing contrast agents. NSF presents with cutaneous hyperpigmentation and induration and joint contractures, but fibrosis may also develop in other organs. NSF has been observed in up to 18% of patients receiving chronic haemodialysis and also may occur in individuals with stages 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease and, occasionally, in individuals who had experienced acute renal failure. Mortality is increased significantly among individuals with NSF. Although no medical treatment has been proved to be universally effective in patients with NSF, imatinib mesylate shows potential as a therapeutic agent and is currently being studied in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kay
- Division of Rheumatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.
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17
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Kay J, High WA. Imatinib mesylate treatment of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:2543-8. [PMID: 18668587 DOI: 10.1002/art.23696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effectiveness of imatinib mesylate in the treatment of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). METHODS Two patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease and NSF were treated with oral imatinib mesylate at a dosage of 400 mg/day. Skin thickening and tethering were assessed using the modified Rodnan skin thickness score (MRSS), and knee joint flexion contractures were measured with a goniometer. RESULTS Each patient displayed progressive reduction of skin thickening and tethering, with a steady decrease in the MRSS, following the initiation of imatinib mesylate treatment. The patient who had knee joint contractures achieved increased knee extension with passive range-of-motion exercises once his skin thickening and tethering had begun to decrease. Within weeks of stopping imatinib mesylate, the skin changes recurred in each patient. Recurrent skin thickening and tethering again improved in the patient who resumed taking imatinib mesylate for longer than 2 weeks. Skin biopsies performed both before and after initial dosing of that patient revealed less fibrosis and less staining for type I procollagen after imatinib mesylate treatment, but essentially unchanged tissue gadolinium content. CONCLUSION Imatinib mesylate treatment decreases fibrosis and results in the relatively rapid and steady improvement of skin changes and knee joint contractures in patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease and NSF, despite the persistence of gadolinium in the tissues. Because skin changes recurred after discontinuation of imatinib mesylate, the duration for which treatment may be required is undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kay
- Rheumatology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Shin K, Granter SR, Coblyn JS, Gupta S. Progressive arm and leg stiffness in a patient with chronic renal impairment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:557-62. [DOI: 10.1038/ncprheum0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kurtkoti J, Snow T, Hiremagalur B. Gadolinium and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: association or causation. Nephrology (Carlton) 2008; 13:235-41. [PMID: 18221255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2007.00912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
With widespread availability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it has become standard practice for patients with severe renal impairment or previous severe reactions to iodine-containing contrast media to receive gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents instead of traditional radiographic contrast agents, particularly for magnetic resonance angiography. However, there is growing concern about the use of gadolinium contrast agents in the presence of severe renal insufficiency, because of increasing reports of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD)/nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), associated with the exposure to certain gadolinium-containing contrast agents. In this review we explore the causal link between gadolinium exposure and NSF, using an established system of epidemiological criteria proposed by Bradford Hill. Though the current evidence makes gadolinium a strong suspect as an aetiologic agent for NSF in the presence of severe renal failure, the die is not cast yet. At this stage there needs to be cautious approach to the use of gadolinium-containing contrast agents in the presence of severe renal failure (glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Kurtkoti
- Department of Nephrology, Gold Coast Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Linfert DR, Schell JO, Fine DM. NSF: WHAT WE KNOW AND WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW: Treatment of Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: Limited Options but Hope for the Future. Semin Dial 2008; 21:155-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139x.2007.00407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Todd DJ, Kagan A, Chibnik LB, Kay J. Cutaneous changes of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: predictor of early mortality and association with gadolinium exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:3433-41. [PMID: 17907148 DOI: 10.1002/art.22925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a rapidly progressive, debilitating condition that causes cutaneous and visceral fibrosis in patients with renal failure. Little is known about its prevalence or etiology. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of NSF and associated risk factors METHODS Two cohorts of patients were recruited from 6 outpatient hemodialysis centers and examined for cutaneous changes of NSF, which were defined using a scoring system based on hyperpigmentation, hardening, and tethering of skin on the extremities. Demographic data were gathered, mortality was followed up prospectively for 24 months, and gadolinium exposure was ascertained for a subgroup of patients in the second cohort. RESULTS Examination reproducibility was 97% in cohort 1. In cohort 2, 25 (13%) of 186 patients demonstrated cutaneous changes of NSF. Twenty-four-month mortality following examination was 48% and 20% in patients with and those without cutaneous changes of NSF, respectively (adjusted hazard ratio 2.9, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.4-5.9). Cutaneous changes of NSF were observed in 16 (30%) of 54 patients with prior exposure to gadopentetate dimeglumine contrast during imaging studies. Exposure to gadolinium-containing contrast was associated with an increased risk of developing cutaneous changes of NSF (odds ratio 14.7, 95% CI 1.9-117.0) compared with nonexposed patients. CONCLUSION In patients receiving hemodialysis, NSF is an underrecognized disorder that is associated with increased mortality. Exposure to gadolinium-containing contrast material appears to be a significant risk factor for the development of NSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick J Todd
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Sanchez-Ross M, Snyder R, Colome-Grimmer MI, Blumberg M, Huttenbach Y, Raimer S. Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and acute lupus nephritis. Pediatr Dermatol 2007; 24:E36-9. [PMID: 17958777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2007.00437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy is a recently recognized skin disorder similar in appearance to scleromyxedema but without the systemic involvement. We describe a 14-year-old girl with new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus and acute lupus nephritis who developed on the lower extremities confluent hyperpigmented, woody, indurated plaques that contained groups of coalescing erythematous papules. Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy was diagnosed histologically. Possible etiologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sanchez-Ross
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0783, USA
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Rosenkranz AR, Grobner T, Mayer GJ. Conventional or Gadolinium containing contrast media: the choice between acute renal failure or Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis? Wien Klin Wochenschr 2007; 119:271-5. [PMID: 17571229 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-007-0801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Cheung PPM, Dorai Raj AK. Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy: a new clinical entity mimicking scleroderma. Intern Med J 2007; 37:139-41. [PMID: 17229263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2007.01252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD) is an acquired, idiopathic, chronic, progressive eruption of the skin sometimes accompanied by systemic fibrosis that occurs in the context of renal failure. The age of patients with NFD ranges from 8 to 87 years at the time of onset, with a mean age of 46.4 years. Most cases have been reported in the US and Europe, but recently cases have also been reported in India. About 175 cases have been noted in a registry established for NFD patients. Even in the setting of renal disease, NFD still occurs rarely and its cause is unknown. Patients present with hard, indurated, sometimes peau d'orange plaques. They often show a distinctive physical appearance, with elbows and knees angled inward, and most patients complain of a loss of range of motion. Histology demonstrates thickened collagen bundles with surrounding clefts, mucin, and a proliferation of fibroblasts and elastic fibers, sometimes with reticular, dermal, large epithelioid or stellate spindle cells. Fibrosis of NFD can affect the internal organs and thus the term nephrogenic systemic fibrosis has been used by some analysts to describe this fibrosing process. The fibrosis of NFD appears to be due to the effects of a cell referred to as the circulating fibrocyte. Rare cases of partial-to-complete spontaneous resolution have been reported in the absence of specific therapy. Treatments yield inconsistent results and include restoration of renal function, extracorporeal photopheresis, photodynamic therapy, high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin, and other immunosuppressive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Scheinfeld
- Department of Dermatology, St Lukes-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York 10025, USA.
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27
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Auron A, Shao L, Warady BA. Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2006; 21:1307-11. [PMID: 16821025 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-006-0174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD) is an entity of unknown etiology that has only been reported in patients with impaired kidney function. It has characteristic diagnostic findings by skin biopsy and due to its systemic involvement in some reported cases, the term "nephrogenic systemic fibrosis" has been recently suggested as more appropriate for the nomenclature of this entity. There is no curative treatment currently available and very few cases have been reported in children. We hereby report two cases so as to alert pediatric health care providers about the existence of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Auron
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, The Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas, MO, USA
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Abstract
Fibrocytes are cells that circulate in the peripheral blood and produce connective tissue proteins such as vimentin and collagens I and III. Fibrocytes are associated with skin lesions, pulmonary fibrosis, and tumors and they contribute to the remodeling response by secreting matrix metalloproteinases. Fibrocytes can further differentiate, and they are a likely source of the contractile myofibroblast that appears in many fibrotic lesions. There is evidence in the skin for a prominent role for fibrocytes in the development of hypertrophic scars and keloids. In asthma or in experimental models of pulmonary fibrosis, fibrocytes have been shown to infiltrate areas of inflammation and tissue damage. Fibrocytes constitute part of the stromal response to tumor invasion, and there is evidence that these cells may be a prognosticator of malignant potential. IL-1, TGF-beta, chemokines, and serum amyloid P modulate the appearance and function of fibrocytes. Fibrocytes themselves produce inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines. The intercellular signals that modulate fibrocyte trafficking, proliferation, and differentiation are only partially defined, but a better understanding of these signals enable new therapies to prevent pathologic fibrosis or to improve the tissue repair response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Quan
- Yale University, Department of Dermatology, New Haven, CT 06520-8059, USA
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Grobner T. Gadolinium--a specific trigger for the development of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21:1104-8. [PMID: 16431890 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfk062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1281] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grobner
- Department of Nephrology, General Hopsital of Wiener Neustadt, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
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