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Katlowitz K, Gopinath S, Cruz Navarro J, Robertson C. HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors for Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1538-1545. [PMID: 37351829 PMCID: PMC10684840 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are associated with high morbidity and mortality due to both the original insult as well as the destructive biological response that follows. Medical management aims to slow or even halt secondary neurological injury while simultaneously laying the groundwork for recovery. Statins are one class of medications that is showing increased promise in the management of TBI. Used extensively in cardiovascular disease, these drugs were originally developed as competitive inhibitors within the cholesterol production pipeline. They are now used in diverse disease states due to their pleiotropic effects on other biological processes such as inflammation and angiogenesis. Preclinical studies, retrospective reviews, and randomized clinical trials have shown a variety of benefits in the management of TBI, but to date, no large-scale randomized clinical trial has been performed. Despite this limitation, statins' early promise and well-tolerated side effect profile make them a promising new tool in the management of TBIs. More bench and clinical studies are needed to delineate proper treatment regimens as well as understand their true potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalman Katlowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Shankar Gopinath
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jovany Cruz Navarro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Claudia Robertson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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2
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Pan X, Hussain MM. Bmal1 regulates production of larger lipoproteins by modulating cAMP-responsive element-binding protein H and apolipoprotein AIV. Hepatology 2022; 76:78-93. [PMID: 34626126 PMCID: PMC8993942 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS High plasma lipid/lipoprotein levels are risk factors for various metabolic diseases. We previously showed that circadian rhythms regulate plasma lipids and deregulation of these rhythms causes hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in mice. Here, we show that global and liver-specific brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 1 (Bmal1)-deficient mice maintained on a chow or Western diet developed hyperlipidemia, denoted by the presence of higher amounts of triglyceride-rich and apolipoprotein AIV (ApoAIV)-rich larger chylomicron and VLDL due to overproduction. APPROACH AND RESULTS Bmal1 deficiency decreased small heterodimer partner (Shp) and increased microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), a key protein that facilitates primordial lipoprotein assembly and secretion. Moreover, we show that Bmal1 regulates cAMP-responsive element-binding protein H (Crebh) to modulate ApoAIV expression and the assembly of larger lipoproteins. This is supported by the observation that Crebh-deficient and ApoAIV-deficient mice, along with Bmal1-deficient mice with knockdown of Crebh, had smaller lipoproteins. Further, overexpression of Bmal1 in Crebh-deficient mice had no effect on ApoAIV expression and lipoprotein size. CONCLUSIONS These studies indicate that regulation of ApoAIV and assembly of larger lipoproteins by Bmal1 requires Crebh. Mechanistic studies showed that Bmal1 regulates Crebh expression by two mechanisms. First, Bmal1 interacts with the Crebh promoter to control circadian regulation. Second, Bmal1 increases Rev-erbα expression, and nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1 (Nr1D1, Rev-erbα) interacts with the Crebh promoter to repress expression. In short, Bmal1 modulates both the synthesis of primordial lipoproteins and their subsequent expansion into larger lipoproteins by regulating two different proteins, MTP and ApoAIV, through two different transcription factors, Shp and Crebh. It is likely that disruptions in circadian mechanisms contribute to hyperlipidemia and that avoiding disruptions in circadian rhythms may limit/prevent hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Pan
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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3
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Yadav PK, Haruehanroengra P, Irani S, Wang T, Ansari A, Sheng J, Hussain MM. Novel efficacious microRNA-30c analogs reduce apolipoprotein B secretion in human hepatoma and primary hepatocyte cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101813. [PMID: 35278429 PMCID: PMC8980335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High plasma lipid levels have been demonstrated to increase cardiovascular disease risk. Despite advances in treatments to decrease plasma lipids, additional therapeutics are still needed because many people are intolerant or nonresponsive to these therapies. We previously showed that increasing cellular levels of microRNA-30c (miR-30c) using viral vectors or liposomes reduces plasma lipids and atherosclerosis. In this study, we aimed to synthesize potent miR-30c analogs that can be delivered to hepatoma cells without the aid of viral vectors and lipid emulsions. We hypothesized that modification of the passenger strand of miR-30c would increase the stability of miR-30c and augment its delivery to liver cells. Here, we report the successful synthesis of a series of miR-30c analogs by using different chemically modified nucleosides. In these analogs, we left the active sense strand untouched so that its biological activity remained unaltered, and we modified the passenger strand of miR-30c to enhance the stability and uptake of miR-30c by hepatoma cells through phosphorothiorate linkages and the addition of GalNAc. We show that these analogs significantly reduced apolipoprotein B secretion in Huh-7 human hepatoma cells and human primary hepatocytes without affecting apolipoprotein A1 secretion and cellular lipid levels. Our results provide a proof of concept that the passenger strand of miR-30c can be modified to increase its stability and delivery to cells while retaining the potency of the sense strand. We anticipate these miR-30c analogs will be useful in the development of more efficacious analogs for the treatment of hyperlipidemias and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Yadav
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | | | - Sarah Irani
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The RNA Institute, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Abulaish Ansari
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Jia Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, The RNA Institute, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA; Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA; VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY 11209, USA.
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4
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Schneider Alves AC, Cardoso RS, de Oliveira Neto XA, Kawano DF. Uncovering the Potential of Lipid Drugs: A Focus on Transient Membrane Microdomain-Targeted Lipid Therapeutics. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2318-2331. [PMID: 35264091 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220309162203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Membrane lipids are generally viewed as inert physical barriers, but many vital cellular processes greatly rely on the interaction with these structures, as expressed by the membrane hypothesis that explain the genesis of schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and autoimmune diseases, chronic fatigue or cancer, among others. The concept that the cell membrane displays transient membrane microdomains with distinct lipid composition provide the basis for the development of selective lipid-targeted therapies, the membrane-lipid therapies (MLTs). In this concern, medicinal chemists may design therapeutically valuable compounds 1) with a higher affinity for the lipids in these microdomains to restore the normal physiological conditions, 2) that can directly or 3) indirectly (via enzyme inhibition/activation) replace damaged lipids or restore the regular lipid levels in the whole membrane or microdomain, 4) that alter the expression of genes related to lipid genesis/metabolism or 5) that modulate the pathways related to the membrane binding affinity of lipid-anchored proteins. In this context, this mini-review aims to explore the structural diversity and clinical applications of some of the main membrane and microdomain-targeted lipid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carolina Schneider Alves
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP 200 Cândido Portinari Street, Campinas, SP 13083871. Brazil
| | - Raquel Soares Cardoso
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP. 200 Cândido Portinari Street, Campinas, SP 13083871. Brazil
| | - Xisto Antonio de Oliveira Neto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP. 200 Cândido Portinari Street, Campinas, SP 13083871. Brazil
| | - Daniel Fábio Kawano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP. 200 Cândido Portinari Street, Campinas, SP 13083871. Brazil
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Yu SS, Jin J, Yao RQ, Wang BL, Hu LY, Wu GS, Sun Y. Association of Preadmission Statin Use and Mortality in Critically Ill Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:656694. [PMID: 34124094 PMCID: PMC8193232 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.656694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A large number of studies have been conducted to determine whether there is an association between preadmission statin use and improvement in outcomes following critical illness, but the conclusions are quite inconsistent. Therefore, this meta-analysis aims to include the present relevant PSM researches to examine the association of preadmission use of statins with the mortality of critically ill patients. Methods: The PubMed, Web of Science, Embase electronic databases, and printed resources were searched for English articles published before March 6, 2020 on the association between preadmission statin use and mortality in critically ill patients. The included articles were analyzed in RevMan 5.3. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to conduct quality evaluation, and random/fixed effects modeling was used to calculate the pooled ORs and 95% CIs. We also conducted subgroup analysis by outcome indicators (30-, 90-day, hospital mortality). Results: All six PSM observational studies were assessed as having a low risk of bias according to the NOS. For primary outcome-overall mortality, the pooled OR (preadmission statins use vs. no use) across the six included studies was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.76-0.97; P = 0.02). For secondary outcome-use of mechanical ventilation, the pooled OR was 0.94 (95% CI, 0.91-0.97; P = 0.0005). The corresponding pooled ORs were 0.67 (95% CI, 0.43-1.05; P = 0.08), 0.91 (95% CI, 0.83-1.01; P = 0.07), and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.83-0.89; P < 0.00001) for 30-, 90-day, and hospital mortality, respectively. Conclusions: Preadmission statin use is associated with beneficial outcomes in critical ill patients, indicating a lower short-term mortality, less use of mechanical ventilation, and an improvement in hospital survival. Further high-quality original studies or more scientific methods are needed to draw a definitive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Shuo Yu
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Naval University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, 903rd Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Hangzhou, China
| | - Ren-Qi Yao
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Naval University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo-Li Wang
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Naval University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lun-Yang Hu
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Naval University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Sheng Wu
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Naval University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Naval University, Shanghai, China
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Pillai SC, Borah A, Jacob EM, Kumar DS. Nanotechnological approach to delivering nutraceuticals as promising drug candidates for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:550-568. [PMID: 33703990 PMCID: PMC7954496 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1892241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is Caesar’s sword, which poses a huge risk to the present generation. Understanding the atherosclerotic disease cycle would allow ensuring improved diagnosis, better care, and treatment. Unfortunately, a highly effective and safe way of treating atherosclerosis in the medical community remains a continuous challenge. Conventional treatments have shown considerable success, but have some adverse effects on the human body. Natural derived medications or nutraceuticals have gained immense popularity in the treatment of atherosclerosis due to their decreased side effects and toxicity-related issues. In hindsight, the contribution of nutraceuticals in imparting enhanced clinical efficacy against atherosclerosis warrants more experimental evidence. On the other hand, nanotechnology and drug delivery systems (DDS) have revolutionized the way therapeutics are performed and researchers have been constantly exploring the positive effects that DDS brings to the field of therapeutic techniques. It could be as exciting as ever to apply nano-mediated delivery of nutraceuticals as an additional strategy to target the atherosclerotic sites boasting high therapeutic efficiency of the nutraceuticals and fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu C Pillai
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ankita Borah
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Eden Mariam Jacob
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - D Sakthi Kumar
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
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7
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Anti-inflammatory Effects of Statins in Lung Vascular Pathology: From Basic Science to Clinical Trials. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1303:33-56. [PMID: 33788186 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63046-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (or statins) are cholesterol-lowering drugs and are among the most widely prescribed medications in the United States. Statins exhibit pleiotropic effects that extend beyond cholesterol reduction including anti-atherosclerotic, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic effects. Over the last 20 years, statins have been studied and examined in pulmonary vascular disorders, including both chronic pulmonary vascular disease such as pulmonary hypertension, and acute pulmonary vascular endothelial injury such as acute lung injury. In both research and clinical settings, statins have demonstrated promising vascular protection through modulation of the endothelium, attenuation of vascular leak, and promotion of endothelial repair following lung inflammation. This chapter provides a summary of the rapidly changing literature, summarizes the anti-inflammatory mechanism of statins on pulmonary vascular disorders, and explores clinical evidence for statins as a potential therapeutic approach to modulation of the endothelium as well as a means to broaden our understanding of pulmonary vasculopathy pathophysiology.
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The Effect of Low-Dose Atorvastatin on Inflammatory Factors in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/ans.106867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Each year near 1.5 million Americans experience a TBI. Of which about 235,000 are hospitalized. Also, TBI claims 50 000 American lives each year. TBI causes mechanical damage to the blood-brain barrier and white blood cells (WBCs) entry to the brain. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose Atorvastatin on inflammatory factors in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: This double-blind, randomized clinical trial study was conducted in the ICU ward of Golestan Hospital in the city of Ahvaz (Iran) from April 2019-May 2020. Sixty patients with moderate to severe TBI were studied. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups of Atorvastatin and control. The main outcomes included the amount of CRP and ESR as well as white blood cells in the first 14 days of hospitalization. Glasgow Coma Score, the length of ICU stay, and the duration of mechanical ventilation were secondary outcomes. Results: The amount of CRP in the Atorvastatin group on the 14th day of hospitalization was significantly lower than those in the control group (31.99 ± 8.38 vs 59.65 ± 10.43) (P < 0.0001). On the same day, the Atorvastatin group had lower levels of ESR than the control group (14.28 ± 4.18 vs 25.57 ± 5.18) (P < 0.0001). The Atorvastatin group had significantly lower levels of white blood cells than the control group (5247.53 ± 751.93 vs 7143.94 ± 907.64, P < 0.0001). Glasgow Coma Score at the time of discharge from the ICU in the Atorvastatin group was more than control (14.06 ± 1.45 and 11.85 ± 0.75, respectively) (P < 0.05). A significant difference was found concerning the ICU stay between the two groups (P = 0.03). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that Atorvastatin could reduce the rate of inflammatory factors in TBI patients. The inflammatory condition of TBI patients heavily determines their prognosis. Inflammation leads to several reactions as well as interactions between different cells and chemical mediators. The Atorvastatin could reduce the rate of inflammatory factors and improved GCS in TBI patients.
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9
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Visconti MJ, Bashyam AM, Jorizzo JL. Statin‐induced dermatomyositis for the practicing dermatologist: a review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 2019; 59:383-387. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Visconti
- Center for Dermatology Research Department of Dermatology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem NC USA
| | - Arjun M. Bashyam
- Center for Dermatology Research Department of Dermatology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem NC USA
| | - Joseph L. Jorizzo
- Center for Dermatology Research Department of Dermatology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem NC USA
- Department of Dermatology Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY USA
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Wang J, Chen R, Lin X, Wang Y, Wang JH, Wu Y. New perspectives on treatment strategies for patient with acute myeloid leukemia and complex karyotype abnormalities after percutaneous coronary intervention: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16586. [PMID: 31348297 PMCID: PMC6709177 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and treated percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), is rarely seen in clinic. There are few similar cases reported, and there are no evidence-based medicine guidelines for the treatment. PATIENT CONCERNS A 52-year-old man was diagnosed with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease in November 2011, and received a stent placement in the left anterior descending coronary artery 1 year later. One day after the surgery, his laboratory tests showed pancytopenia. DIAGNOSES Based on precise diagnosis of leukemia, namely cell morphology, immunology, cytogenetics, and molecular biological typing, the patient was diagnosed with AML-M2. INTERVENTIONS The patient received idarubicin with cytarabine in 1st cycles, and single cytarabine regimen was used in 2nd and 3rd cycles for the accumulative toxicity of idarubicin in postinduction chemotherapy. Meanwhile, staged-treatment strategy was implemented by using antiplatelet drugs during different chemotherapy phases, and personalized pharmaceutical care on the basis of the recognition of potential adverse effects of chemotherapy regimen. OUTCOMES Until now, the disease-free survival in the patient has been over 6 years, and he is still followed up in clinic. LESSONS Although leukemia accompanied with coronary heart disease, even after receiving the coronary stenting therapy is rarely seen in clinic, the treatment with antiplatelet drugs for post chemotherapy patients with coronary disease is necessary. Clinical pharmacists are supposed to be more proficient in developing personalized drug treatment strategies, especially maintaining the balance between the effect and the risk in difficult and complex cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yun Wu
- Department of General Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
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11
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Afroz R, Cao Y, Rostam MA, Ta H, Xu S, Zheng W, Osman N, Kamato D, Little PJ. Signalling pathways regulating galactosaminoglycan synthesis and structure in vascular smooth muscle: Implications for lipoprotein binding and atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 187:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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12
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Wang A, Tang JY, Stefanick ML. Relation of statin use with non-melanoma skin cancer: Prospective results from the Women's Health Initiative. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 12:453-455. [PMID: 27885164 DOI: 10.1177/1745505716667958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ange Wang
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jean Y Tang
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, CA, USA
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13
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Ghayour MB, Abdolmaleki A, Rassouli M. Neuroprotective effect of Lovastatin on motor deficit induced by sciatic nerve crush in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 812:121-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Demierre MF, Sondak VK. Chemoprevention of Melanoma: Theoretical and Practical Considerations. Cancer Control 2017; 12:219-22. [PMID: 16258492 DOI: 10.1177/107327480501200402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemoprevention refers to the use of agents to reverse, suppress, or prevent carcinogenic progression of cancer. The use of chemoprevention is an unexplored strategy in melanoma prevention. METHODS A retrospective review of the literature was undertaken regarding the important elements in evaluating chemoprevention as a strategy in melanoma. RESULTS Several considerations need to be addressed before a chemoprevention agent can be moved to a large randomized trial. Statins have both experimental and epidemiologic evidence to support their further development as candidate chemopreventive agents, but the evidence is insufficient to justify large-scale phase III studies. A strong scientific rationale, a systematic approach to chemoprevention agent development with rigorous chemoprevention designs, and careful selection of surrogate endpoint biomarkers are critical issues in developing a chemoprevention strategy. CONCLUSIONS Addressing these relevant considerations will allow for the development of chemoprevention in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie F Demierre
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, USA.
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15
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Wang A, Wakelee HA, Aragaki AK, Tang JY, Kurian AW, Manson JE, Stefanick ML. Protective Effects of Statins in Cancer: Should They Be Prescribed for High-Risk Patients? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2017; 18:72. [PMID: 27796821 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-016-0625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Statins are one of the most widely prescribed drug classes in the USA. This review aims to summarize recent research on the relationship between statin use and cancer outcomes, in the context of clinical guidelines for statin use in patients with cancer or who are at high risk for cancer. RECENT FINDINGS A growing body of research has investigated the relationship between statins and cancer with mixed results. Cancer incidence has been more extensively studied than cancer survival, though results are inconsistent as some large meta-analyses have not found an association, while other studies have reported improved cancer outcomes with the use of statins. Additionally, two large studies reported increased all-cancer survival with statin use. Studies on specific cancer types in relation to cancer use have also been mixed, though the most promising results appear to be found in gastrointestinal cancers. Few studies have reported an increased risk of cancer incidence or decreased survival with statin use, though this type of association has been more commonly reported for cutaneous cancers. The overall literature on statins in relation to cancer incidence and survival is mixed, and additional research is warranted before any changes in clinical guidelines can be recommended. Future research areas include randomized controlled trials, studies on specific cancer types in relation to statin use, studies on populations without clinical indication for statins, elucidation of underlying biological mechanisms, and investigation of different statin types. However, studies seem to suggest that statins may be protective and are not likely to be harmful in the setting of cancer, suggesting that cancer patients who already take statins should not have this medication discontinued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ange Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Heather A Wakelee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aaron K Aragaki
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jean Y Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Allison W Kurian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcia L Stefanick
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Saeedi Saravi SS, Saeedi Saravi SS, Arefidoust A, Dehpour AR. The beneficial effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the processes of neurodegeneration. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:949-965. [PMID: 28578514 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins, cholesterol lowering drugs, have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects in other conditions such as primary and progressing neurodegenerative diseases beyond their original role. Observation that statins ameliorate the neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and cerebral ischemic stroke, the neuroprotective effects of these drugs are thought to be linked to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-excitotoxic properties. Despite the voluminous literature on the clinical advantages of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Co-enzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors (statins) in cardiovascular system, the neuroprotective effects and the underlying mechanisms are little understood. Hence, the present review tries to provide a critical overview on the statin-induced neuroprotection, which are presumed to be associated with the ability to reduce cholesterol, Amyloid-β and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) levels, decrease reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) formation, inhibit excitotoxicity, modulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and increase cerebral blood perfusion. This review is also aimed to illustrate that statins protect neurons against the neuro-inflammatory processes through balancing pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines. Ultimately, the beneficial role of statins in ameliorating the development of PD, AD, MS and cerebral ischemic stroke has been separately reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sobhan Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Alireza Arefidoust
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Comparative proteomic analysis of membrane microdomains isolated from two hyperlipidemic animal models. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1061-1071. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Irani S, Pan X, Peck BCE, Iqbal J, Sethupathy P, Hussain MM. MicroRNA-30c Mimic Mitigates Hypercholesterolemia and Atherosclerosis in Mice. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18397-409. [PMID: 27365390 PMCID: PMC5000085 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.728451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High plasma cholesterol levels are a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. Plasma cholesterol can be reduced by inhibiting lipoprotein production; however, this is associated with steatosis. Previously we showed that lentivirally mediated hepatic expression of microRNA-30c (miR-30c) reduced hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in mice without causing hepatosteatosis. Because viral therapy would be formidable, we examined whether a miR-30c mimic can be used to mitigate hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis without inducing steatosis. Delivery of a miR-30c mimic to the liver diminished diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in C57BL/6J mice. Reductions in plasma cholesterol levels were significantly correlated with increases in hepatic miR-30c levels. Long term dose escalation studies showed that miR-30c mimic caused sustained reductions in plasma cholesterol with no obvious side effects. Furthermore, miR-30c mimic significantly reduced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in Apoe(-/-) mice. Mechanistic studies showed that miR-30c mimic had no effect on LDL clearance but reduced lipoprotein production by down-regulating microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression. MiR-30c had no effect on fatty acid oxidation but reduced lipid synthesis. Additionally, whole transcriptome analysis revealed that miR-30c mimic significantly down-regulated hepatic lipid synthesis pathways. Therefore, miR-30c lowers plasma cholesterol and mitigates atherosclerosis by reducing microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression and lipoprotein production and avoids steatosis by diminishing lipid syntheses. It mitigates atherosclerosis most likely by reducing lipoprotein production and plasma cholesterol. These findings establish that increasing hepatic miR-30c levels is a viable treatment option for reducing hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Irani
- From the Molecular and Cell Biology Program, School of Graduate Studies and Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Xiaoyue Pan
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Bailey C E Peck
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York 11422, and Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York 11501
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19
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Abstract
Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylgluttaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, or statins, are used extensively to reduced elevated lipid levels and reduce cardiovascular risk. However, accumulated evidence suggests that stains not only act by lowering cholesterol levels, but also exert pleiotropic effects on many essential cellular functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival and participate in the regulation of cell shape and motility. Thus cardiovascular benefit is provided by lowering raised cholesterol levels and by modulation of the inflammatory component of this disease. Such an anti-inflammatory effect may also benefit patients with autoimmune rheumatic disease. This overview assesses the evidence for using statins in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Jury
- Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
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20
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Tuttolomondo A, Di Raimondo D, Pecoraro R, Maida C, Arnao V, Della Corte V, Simonetta I, Corpora F, Di Bona D, Maugeri R, Iacopino DG, Pinto A. Early High-dosage Atorvastatin Treatment Improved Serum Immune-inflammatory Markers and Functional Outcome in Acute Ischemic Strokes Classified as Large Artery Atherosclerotic Stroke: A Randomized Trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3186. [PMID: 27043681 PMCID: PMC4998542 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins have beneficial effects on cerebral circulation and brain parenchyma during ischemic stroke and reperfusion. The primary hypothesis of this randomized parallel trial was that treatment with 80 mg/day of atorvastatin administered early at admission after acute atherosclerotic ischemic stroke could reduce serum levels of markers of immune-inflammatory activation of the acute phase and that this immune-inflammatory modulation could have a possible effect on prognosis of ischemic stroke evaluated by some outcome indicators. We enrolled 42 patients with acute ischemic stroke classified as large arteries atherosclerosis stroke (LAAS) randomly assigned in a randomized parallel trial to the following groups: Group A, 22 patients treated with atorvastatin 80 mg (once-daily) from admission day until discharge; Group B, 20 patients not treated with atorvastatin 80 mg until discharge, and after discharge, treatment with atorvastatin has been started. At 72 hours and at 7 days after acute ischemic stroke, subjects of group A showed significantly lower plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, whereas no significant difference with regard to plasma levels of IL-10, E-Selectin, and P-Selectin was observed between the 2 groups. At 72 hours and 7 days after admission, stroke patients treated with atorvastatin 80 mg in comparison with stroke subjects not treated with atorvastatin showed a significantly lower mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin scores. Our findings provide the first evidence that atorvastatin acutely administered immediately after an atherosclerotic ischemic stroke exerts a lowering effect on immune-inflammatory activation of the acute phase of stroke and that its early use is associated to a better functional and prognostic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Tuttolomondo
- From the Internal Medicine and Cardioangiology Ward (AT, DDR, RP, CM, VDC, IS, FC, AP), Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica; Department of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (VA), Clinical Neurology ward; Department of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (RM, DGI), Neurosurgical Section, University of Palermo; and School and Chair of Allergology, Dipartimento delle Emergenze e Trapianti d'Organo (DDB), University of Bari, Bari Italy
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21
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Zhou L, Irani S, Sirwi A, Hussain MM. MicroRNAs regulating apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein production. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:2062-2068. [PMID: 26923435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and have been implicated in many pathological conditions. Significant progress has been made to unveil their role in lipid metabolism. This review aims at summarizing the role of different miRs that regulate hepatic assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins. Overproduction and/or impaired clearance of these lipoproteins from circulation increase plasma concentrations of lipids enhancing risk for cardiovascular disease. So far, three miRs, miR-122, miR-34a, and miR-30c have been shown to modulate hepatic production of apoB-containing low density lipoproteins. In this review, we will first provide a brief overview of lipid metabolism and apoB-containing lipoprotein assembly to orient readers to different steps that have been shown to be regulated by miRs. Then, we will discuss the role of each miR on plasma lipids and atherosclerotic burden. Furthermore, we will summarize mechanistic studies explaining how these miRs regulate hepatic lipid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, and lipoprotein secretion. Finally, we will briefly highlight the potential use of each miR as a therapeutic drug for treating cardiovascular diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: MicroRNAs and lipid/energy metabolism and related diseases edited by Carlos Fernández-Hernando and Yajaira Suárez.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liye Zhou
- School of Graduate Studies, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, USA; Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sara Irani
- School of Graduate Studies, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, USA; Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Alaa Sirwi
- School of Graduate Studies, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, USA; Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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22
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Viljoen A, Wierzbicki AS. Improving the odds: ezetimibe and cardiovascular disease. Int J Clin Pract 2015; 69:390-5. [PMID: 25816908 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The beauty of science is that well-conducted experiments provide answers to questions which were posed in times of greater ignorance. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and will be for some time. Cholesterol is a critical player which drives the underlying pathophysiological process of atherosclerosis. Statins are the first line treatment for lipids in CVD given their ability to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by up to 50%, and their proven benefits in both primary and secondary intervention . Despite the unprecedented efficacy of statins, additional treatments are sought to potentially reduce the residual risk that remains despite statin treatment such as that associated with reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (HDL-C) or triglycerides . In the last 5 years, several trials have reported on their potential additional benefit beyond statin therapy. These include omega-3 fatty acids in patients with prediabetes or diabetes , fibrates in diabetes , nicotinic acid/niacin in cardiovascular disease and cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors in cardiovascular disease . Despite their promise, none of these treatments were able to demonstrate benefit beyond baseline statin therapy when compared with placebo . The idea that benefit beyond statin treatment may be an unachievable goal has dogged the medical community working on CVD prevention. The phrase, 'Statins for atherosclerosis - as good as it gets?' was coined in 2005 and has rung true up until now .
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Affiliation(s)
- A Viljoen
- Department of Metabolic Medicine/Chemical Pathology, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
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23
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Montecucco F, Favari E, Norata GD, Ronda N, Nofer JR, Vuilleumier N. Impact of systemic inflammation and autoimmune diseases on apoA-I and HDL plasma levels and functions. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:455-82. [PMID: 25522998 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and its major proteic component, apoA-I, have been widely investigated as potential predictors of acute cardiovascular (CV) events. In particular, HDL cholesterol levels were shown to be inversely and independently associated with the risk of acute CV diseases in different patient populations, including autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders. Some relevant and direct anti-inflammatory activities of HDL have been also recently identified targeting both immune and vascular cell subsets. These studies recently highlighted the improvement of HDL function (instead of circulating levels) as a promising treatment strategy to reduce inflammation and associated CV risk in several diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. In these diseases, anti-inflammatory treatments targeting HDL function might improve both disease activity and CV risk. In this narrative review, we will focus on the pathophysiological relevance of HDL and apoA-I levels/functions in different acute and chronic inflammatory pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Montecucco
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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A lovastatin-elicited genetic program inhibits M2 macrophage polarization and enhances T cell infiltration into spontaneous mouse mammary tumors. Oncotarget 2014; 4:2288-301. [PMID: 24317954 PMCID: PMC3926827 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond their ability to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis, the statins have pleiotropic effects that include anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Statins could have clinical utility, alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutics, in the treatment of cancer. The mechanisms that underlie the anti-tumor activity of the statins are nonetheless poorly defined. No studies have analyzed how they alter the tumor-associated leukocyte infiltrate, a central factor that influences tumor stroma and cancer evolution. Here we used HER2/neu transgenic (Tg-neu) mice to analyze the effect of lovastatin (Lov) on the inflammatory reaction of spontaneous mammary tumors. Lov treatment of tumor-bearing Tg-neu mice did not alter growth of established tumors, but significantly reduced the number of new oncogenic lesions in these mice. Moreover, Lov inhibited the growth of newly implanted Tg-neu tumors in immunocompetent but not in immunodeficient mice. We found that Lov enhanced tumor infiltration by effector T cells, and reduced the number of immunosuppressive and pro-angiogenic M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Concomitantly, the drug improved the structure and function of the tumor vasculature, measured as enhanced tumor oxygenation and penetration of cytotoxic drugs. Microarray analysis identified a Lov-elicited genetic program in Tg-neu tumors that might explain these effects; we observed Lov-induced downregulation of placental growth factor, which triggers aberrant angiogenesis and M2-like TAM polarization. Our results identify a role for lovastatin in the shaping and re-education of the inflammatory infiltrate in tumors, with functional consequences in angiogenesis and antitumor immunity.
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25
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Zanin V, Marcuzzi A, Kleiner G, Piscianz E, Monasta L, Zacchigna S, Crovella S, Zauli G. Lovastatin dose-dependently potentiates the pro-inflammatory activity of lipopolysaccharide both in vitro and in vivo. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2014; 6:981-8. [PMID: 23959762 PMCID: PMC3838599 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Since contradictory findings have been reported on potential effects of statins in modulating the inflammatory response, we have analysed the biological activity of lovastatin both in vitro using the Raw 264.7 murine macrophagic cell line and in vivo using BALB/c mice. When added to Raw 264.7 cells in combination with lipopolysaccharide, lovastatin significantly potentiated the release of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and interleukin-12 with respect to lipopolysaccharide alone and showed an additive effect on the release of nitric oxide. Similarly, when lovastatin was intraperitoneally administrated to BALB/c mice, it did not induce any pro-inflammatory effect when used alone, but it significantly potentiated the pro-inflammatory activity of lipopolysaccharide, in terms of number of intraperitoneal cells and serum levels of serum amyloid A, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and interleukin-12. A potential clinical implication of our study is that lovastatin might exert a pro-inflammatory activity in subjects affected by inflammatory processes, with clinically evident or subclinical infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Zanin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Annalisa Marcuzzi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulio Kleiner
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisa Piscianz
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Serena Zacchigna
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
- University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34128 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
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Abstract
During infections or acute conditions high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C) levels decrease very rapidly and HDL particles undergo profound changes in their composition and function. These changes are associated with poor prognosis following endotoxemia or sepsis and data from genetically modified animal models support a protective role for HDL. The same is true for some parasitic infections, where the key player appears to be a specific and minor component of HDL, namely apoL-1. The ability of HDL to influence cholesterol availability in lipid rafts in immune cells results in the modulation of toll-like receptors, MHC-II complex, as well as B- and T-cell receptors, while specific molecules shuttled by HDL such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) contribute to immune cells trafficking. Animal models with defects associated with HDL metabolism and/or influencing cell cholesterol efflux present features related to immune disorders. All these functions point to HDL as a platform integrating innate and adaptive immunity. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the connection between HDL and immunity in atherosclerosis and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberico Luigi Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, Milan 20133, Italy IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Pirillo
- IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Ospedale Bassini, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, Milan 20133, Italy Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Ospedale Bassini, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy The Blizard Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
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27
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McDonald G, Deepak S, Miguel L, Hall CJ, Isenberg DA, Magee AI, Butters T, Jury EC. Normalizing glycosphingolipids restores function in CD4+ T cells from lupus patients. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:712-24. [PMID: 24463447 DOI: 10.1172/jci69571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with the autoimmune rheumatic disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have multiple defects in lymphocyte signaling and function that contribute to disease pathogenesis. Such defects could be attributed to alterations in metabolic processes, including abnormal control of lipid biosynthesis pathways. Here, we reveal that CD4+ T cells from SLE patients displayed an altered profile of lipid raft-associated glycosphingolipids (GSLs) compared with that of healthy controls. In particular, lactosylceramide, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), and monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) levels were markedly increased. Elevated GSLs in SLE patients were associated with increased expression of liver X receptor β (LXRβ), a nuclear receptor that controls cellular lipid metabolism and trafficking and influences acquired immune responses. Stimulation of CD4+ T cells isolated from healthy donors with synthetic and endogenous LXR agonists promoted GSL expression, which was blocked by an LXR antagonist. Increased GSL expression in CD4+ T cells was associated with intracellular accumulation and accelerated trafficking of GSL, reminiscent of cells from patients with glycolipid storage diseases. Inhibition of GSL biosynthesis in vitro with a clinically approved inhibitor (N-butyldeoxynojirimycin) normalized GSL metabolism, corrected CD4+ T cell signaling and functional defects, and decreased anti-dsDNA antibody production by autologous B cells in SLE patients. Our data demonstrate that lipid metabolism defects contribute to SLE pathogenesis and suggest that targeting GSL biosynthesis restores T cell function in SLE.
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Parihar SP, Guler R, Lang DM, Suzuki H, Marais AD, Brombacher F. Simvastatin enhances protection against Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice by counteracting Listeria-induced phagosomal escape. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75490. [PMID: 24086542 PMCID: PMC3782446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are well-known cholesterol lowering drugs targeting HMG-CoA-reductase, reducing the risk of coronary disorders and hypercholesterolemia. Statins are also involved in immunomodulation, which might influence the outcome of bacterial infection. Hence, a possible effect of statin treatment on Listeriosis was explored in mice. Statin treatment prior to subsequent L. monocytogenes infection strikingly reduced bacterial burden in liver and spleen (up to 100-fold) and reduced histopathological lesions. Statin-treatment in infected macrophages resulted in increased IL-12p40 and TNF-α and up to 4-fold reduced bacterial burden within 6 hours post infection, demonstrating a direct effect of statins on limiting bacterial growth in macrophages. Bacterial uptake was normal investigated in microbeads and GFP-expressing Listeria experiments by confocal microscopy. However, intracellular membrane-bound cholesterol level was decreased, as analyzed by cholesterol-dependent filipin staining and cellular lipid extraction. Mevalonate supplementation restored statin-inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis and reverted bacterial growth in Listeria monocytogenes but not in listeriolysin O (LLO)-deficient Listeria. Together, these results suggest that statin pretreatment increases protection against L. monocytogenes infection by reducing membrane cholesterol in macrophages and thereby preventing effectivity of the cholesterol-dependent LLO-mediated phagosomal escape of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj P. Parihar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dirk M. Lang
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Harukazu Suzuki
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
| | - A. David Marais
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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29
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Xu S, Bai P, Little PJ, Liu P. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) in atherosclerosis: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic implications. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:644-75. [PMID: 24002940 DOI: 10.1002/med.21300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reactions, carried out by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs/ARTDs), are reversible posttranslational modifications impacting on numerous cellular processes (e.g., DNA repair, transcription, metabolism, or immune functions). PARP1 (EC 2.4.2.30), the founding member of PARPs, is particularly important for drug development for its role in DNA repair, cell death, and transcription of proinflammatory genes. Recent studies have established a novel concept that PARP1 is critically involved in the formation and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques in experimental animal models and in humans. Reduction of PARP1 activity by pharmacological or molecular approaches attenuates atherosclerotic plaque development and enhances plaque stability as well as promotes the regression of pre-established atherosclerotic plaques. Mechanistically, PARP1 inhibition significantly reduces monocyte differentiation, macrophage recruitment, Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inactivation, endothelial dysfunction, neointima formation, foam cell death, and inflammatory responses within plaques, all of which are central to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This article presents an overview of the multiple roles and underlying mechanisms of PARP1 activation (poly(ADP-ribose) accumulation) in atherosclerosis and emphasizes the therapeutic potential of PARP1 inhibition in preventing or reversing atherosclerosis and its cardiovascular clinical sequalae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suowen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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30
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GPCR responses in vascular smooth muscle can occur predominantly through dual transactivation of kinase receptors and not classical Gαq protein signalling pathways. Life Sci 2013; 92:951-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Little PJ, Rostam MA, Piva TJ, Getachew R, Kamato D, Guidone D, Ballinger ML, Zheng W, Osman N. Suramin inhibits PDGF-stimulated receptor phosphorylation, proteoglycan synthesis and glycosaminoglycan hyperelongation in human vascular smooth muscle cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:1055-63. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Suramin is a polysulfonated naphthylurea with antiparasitic and potential antineoplastic activity. Suramin's pharmacological actions, which have not yet been fully elucidated, include antagonism of the action of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) at its receptor. We investigated the effects of suramin on PDGF-stimulated proteoglycan synthesis.
Methods
Human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were incubated in the presence and absence of PDGF and suramin with [3H]thymidine or 35SO4 as radiolabels. Mitogenic response was determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation. PDGFβ receptor phosphorylation was assessed by western blotting. Proteoglycan size and glycosaminoglycan chain synthesis and size were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The Alphascreen phosphotyrosine assay kit was used to investigate PDGFβ receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition by suramin.
Key findings
Suramin decreased PDGF-stimulated proliferation, proteoglycan synthesis and GAG chain hyperelongation. Suramin also directly inhibited PDGFβ receptor kinase activity as well as PDGFβ receptor phosphorylation in intact VSMCs.
Conclusions
These data show that inhibition of PDGFβ receptor phosphorylation in intact cells is necessary to define a fully active PDGF antagonist. They also confirm that PDGFβ receptor kinase activity is necessary for PDGF-mediated atherogenic changes in proteoglycan synthesis and support efforts to develop PDGFβ receptor antagonists as potential anti-atherosclerotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Little
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Muhamad Ashraf Rostam
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terrence J Piva
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robel Getachew
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Danielle Kamato
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Guidone
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mandy L Ballinger
- Discipline of Cell Biology, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Narin Osman
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Discipline of Cell Biology, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
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Feng X, Han D, Kilaru BK, Franek BS, Niewold TB, Reder AT. Inhibition of interferon-beta responses in multiple sclerosis immune cells associated with high-dose statins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 69:1303-9. [PMID: 22801747 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2012.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether statins affect type 1 interferon responses in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). DESIGN Study effects of atorvastatin on type 1 interferon responses in Jurkat cells, mononuclear cells (MNCs) from therapy-naive patients with RRMS in vitro, and MNCs from interferon-treated RRMS patients in vivo in 4 conditions: no drug, statin only, interferon-beta only, and statin added on to interferon-beta therapy. PATIENTS The study examined clinically stable patients with RRMS: 21 therapy-naive patients and 14 patients receiving interferon-beta with a statin. INTERVENTIONS Statin effects on in vitro and in vivo interferon-beta-induced STAT1 transcription factor activation, expression of interferon-stimulated proteins in MNCs, and serum type 1 interferon activity. RESULTS In vitro, atorvastatin dose dependently inhibited expression of interferon-stimulated P-Y-STAT1 by 44% (P < .001), interferon regulatory factor 1 protein by 30% (P=.006), and myxovirus resistance 1 protein by 32% (P=.004) compared with no-statin control in MNCs from therapy-naive RRMS patients. In vivo, 9 of 10 patients who received high-dose statins (80 mg) had a significant reduction in interferon-beta therapy-induced serum interferon-α/β activity, whereas only 2 of 4 patients who received medium- dose statins (40 mg) had reductions. High-dose add-on statin therapy significantly blocked interferon-beta function, with less P-Y-STAT1 transcription factor activation, and reduced myxovirus resistance 1 protein and viperin protein production. Medium doses of statins did not change STAT1 activation. CONCLUSIONS High-dose add-on statin therapy significantly reduces interferon-beta function and type 1 interferon responses in RRMS patients. These data provide a putative mechanism for how statins could counteract the beneficial effects of interferon-beta and worsen disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Wei YM, Li X, Xiong J, Abais JM, Xia M, Boini KM, Zhang Y, Li PL. Attenuation by statins of membrane raft-redox signaling in coronary arterial endothelium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345:170-9. [PMID: 23435541 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.201442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane raft (MR)-redox signaling platforms associated with NADPH oxidase are involved in coronary endothelial dysfunction. Here, we studied whether statins interfere with the formation of MR-redox signaling platforms to protect the coronary arterial endothelium from oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL)-induced injury and from acute hypercholesterolemia. In cultured human coronary arterial endothelial cells, confocal microscopy detected the formation of an MRs clustering when they were exposed to OxLDL, and such MR platform formation was inhibited markedly by statins, including pravastatin and simvastatin. In these MR clusters, NADPH oxidase subunits gp91(phox) and p47(phox) were aggregated and were markedly blocked by both statins. In addition, colocalization of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) and ceramide was induced by OxLDL, which was blocked by statins. Electron spin resonance spectrometry showed that OxLDL-induced superoxide (O2(.-)) production in the MR fractions was substantially reduced by statins. In coronary artery intima of mice with acute hypercholesterolemia, confocal microscopy revealed a colocalization of gp91(phox), p47(phox), ASM, or ceramide in MR clusters. Such colocalization was rarely observed in the arteries of normal mice or significantly reduced by pretreatment of hypercholesterolemic mice with statins. Furthermore, O2(.-) production in situ was 3-fold higher in the coronary arteries from hypercholesterolemic mice than in those from normal mice, and such increase was inhibited by statins. Our results indicate that blockade of MR-redox signaling platform formation in endothelial cell membrane may be another important therapeutic mechanism of statins in preventing endothelial injury and atherosclerosis and may be associated with their direct action on membrane cholesterol structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Miao Wei
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Sahi H, Koljonen V, Böhling T, Neuvonen PJ, Vainio H, Lamminpää A, Kyyrönen P, Pukkala E. Increased incidence of Merkel cell carcinoma among younger statin users. Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36:421-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Jouneau S, Bonizec M, Belleguic C, Desrues B, Brinchault G, Galaine J, Gangneux JP, Martin-Chouly C. Anti-inflammatory effect of fluvastatin on IL-8 production induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus fumigatus antigens in cystic fibrosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22655. [PMID: 21826199 PMCID: PMC3149602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early in life, patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are infected with microorganisms including bacteria and fungi, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus fumigatus. Since recent research has identified the anti-inflammatory properties of statins (besides their lipid-lowering effects), we investigated the effect of fluvastatin on the production of the potent neutrophil chemoattractant chemokine, IL-8, in whole blood from CF patients, stimulated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (LPS) and Aspergillus fumigatus (AFA) antigens. RESULTS Whole blood from adult patients with CF and from healthy volunteers was collected at the Rennes University Hospital (France). Blood was pretreated for 1 h with fluvastatin (0-300 µM) and incubated for 24 h with LPS (10 µg/mL) and/or AFA (diluted 1/200). IL-8 protein levels, quantified by ELISA, were increased in a concentration-dependent manner when cells were stimulated by LPS or AFA. Fluvastatin strongly decreased the levels of IL-8, in a concentration-dependent manner, in whole blood from CF patients. However, its inhibitory effect was decreased or absent in whole blood from healthy subjects. Furthermore, the inhibition induced by fluvastatin in CF whole blood was reversed in the presence of intermediates within the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, mevalonate, farnesyl pyprophosphate or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate that activate small GTPases by isoprenylation. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the inhibitory effects of fluvastatin on CF systemic inflammation may reveal the important therapeutic potential of statins in pathological conditions associated with the over-production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines as observed during the manifestation of CF. The anti-inflammatory effect could be related to the modulation of the prenylation of signalling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Jouneau
- EA 4427 Signalisation et Réponse aux Agents Infectieux et Chimiques, Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement Travail, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 140, Rennes, France
- Service de Pneumologie
| | - Mélanie Bonizec
- EA 4427 Signalisation et Réponse aux Agents Infectieux et Chimiques, Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement Travail, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 140, Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | - Jeanne Galaine
- EA 4427 Signalisation et Réponse aux Agents Infectieux et Chimiques, Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement Travail, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 140, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gangneux
- EA 4427 Signalisation et Réponse aux Agents Infectieux et Chimiques, Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement Travail, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 140, Rennes, France
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Corinne Martin-Chouly
- EA 4427 Signalisation et Réponse aux Agents Infectieux et Chimiques, Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement Travail, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 140, Rennes, France
- * E-mail:
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Emerging role of high density lipoproteins as a player in the immune system. Atherosclerosis 2011; 220:11-21. [PMID: 21783193 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High density lipoproteins (HDL) possess a number of physiological activities. The most studied and, perhaps, better understood is the ability of HDL to promote excess cholesterol efflux from peripheral tissues and transport to the liver for excretion, a mechanism believed to confer protection against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The ability of HDL to modulate cholesterol bioavailability in the lipid rafts, membrane microdomains enriched in glycosphingolipids and cholesterol, is evolutionary conserved and affects the properties of cells involved in the innate and adaptive immune response, tuning inflammatory response and antigen presentation functions in macrophages as well as B and T cell activation. Also sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P), a major active sphingolipid carried by HDL, is of relevance in the pathogenesis of several immuno-inflammatory disorders through the modulation of macrophage and lymphocyte functions. Furthermore, HDL influence the humoral innate immunity by modulating the activation of the complement system and the expression of pentraxin 3 (PTX3). Finally, in humans, HDL levels and functions are altered in several immune-mediated disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus eritematosus, Crohn's disease and multiple sclerosis as well as during inflammatory responses. Altogether these observations suggest that the effects of HDL in immunity could be related, to either the ability of HDL to modulate cholesterol content in immune cell lipid rafts and to their role as reservoir for several biologically active substances that may impact the immune system.
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Ghazizadeh R, Tosa M, Ghazizadeh M. Clinical improvement in psoriasis with treatment of associated hyperlipidemia. Am J Med Sci 2011; 341:394-8. [PMID: 21233693 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e3181ff8eeb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, a principal cause of which is atherosclerosis caused by hyperlipidemia. However, it is not known whether treatment of hyperlipidemia in patients with psoriasis lead to clinical improvement in psoriasis condition. In this study, the authors summarize the existing literature relevant to this inquiry. They also describe the potential pathways believed to link psoriasis with atherosclerosis and the role of hyperlipidemia therapy in this setting. A few studies indicated clinical improvement in psoriasis with treatment of associated hyperlipidemia. Some studies showed that a low-fat diet improved psoriasis. Others indicated a decreased risk of psoriasis associated with intake of cholesterol-lowering drugs such as "statins." Treatment with statins increased lactate dehydrogenase level and diminished Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score, ie, reduced cutaneous lesion in psoriasis. Beneficial effects of statin therapy on psoriasis included downregulation of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1, inhibition of leukocyte endothelial adhesion, extravasation and natural killer cell activity, inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 1 and 6, lowering of C-reactive protein, promotion of a T(H)1 to T(H)2 cells and inhibition of T(H)1 cytokine receptors on T cells, leading to inhibition of activation of lymphocytes and infiltration into the inflammation sites. Taken together, current literature indicates clinical improvement in psoriasis condition with treatment of associated hyperlipidemia, particularly with statins of which the mechanisms could be attributed to immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Ghazizadeh
- Academic Dermatology and Skin Cancer Institute, East Washington Street, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases in a curvilinear fashion after 65 years in men and 75 years in women and the majority of all cardiovascular events occur in individuals older then 65 years. There are notable differences in the clinical assessment of hyperlipidaemia, cardiovascular risk estimation as well as the safety and tolerability profiles in the elderly compared to younger individuals. Clinical trial data have now demonstrated the benefits of statin treatment in the elderly in both the primary and secondary prevention settings. There is however limited data for individuals older than 80 years. Little data is available on other lipid modifying medication in the elderly. With continuing increases in average life expectancy, preventive efforts will become increasingly important for preventing morbidity, improving quality of life, and reducing healthcare expenditures for older persons. This emphasizes the importance of clinical decision-making and weighing up the risks and benefits of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Viljoen
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 4AB, UK.
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Tetik S, Ak K, Sahin Y, Gulsoy O, Isbir S, Arsan S, Yardimci T. Postoperative Statin Therapy Attenuates the Intensity of Systemic Inflammation and Increases Fibrinolysis After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2010; 17:526-31. [DOI: 10.1177/1076029610379398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 25 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were included in the study. Patients received statin (20 mg daily) postoperatively for 2 weeks. All analyses were performed at 2 different time points: preoperatively (group 1) and 2 weeks after operation (group 2). Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) levels, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) were evaluated. Statin treatment caused a significant reduction in the plasma level of PAI-1 (preop: 15.04 ± 0.13 ng/mL vs postop: 13.89 ± 2.14 ng/mL; P < .05) and increased t-PA levels (preop: 109.74 ± 0.13 vs postop: 231.40 ± 1.22 ng/mL; P < .001). Plasma TNF-α and IL-6 levels did not change with treatment. Statin treatment caused a significant reduction in plasma IL-8 level (279.70 ± 3.42 ng/mL vs postop: 207.18 ± 3.63 ng/mL, P < .05), and TFPI (4.87 ± 2.05 ng/mL vs postop: 6.27 ± 1.25 ng/mL; P < .05). The results demonstrate that atorvastatin attenuates systemic inflammatory reaction after cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sermin Tetik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Koray Ak
- School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yucel Sahin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Selim Isbir
- School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinan Arsan
- School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turay Yardimci
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Cholesterol and statins in Alzheimer's disease: Current controversies. Exp Neurol 2010; 223:282-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Costello RW, Murphy DM. Unsticking eosinophils. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 39:1778-9. [PMID: 20085592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Christensen S, Thomsen RW, Johansen MB, Pedersen L, Jensen R, Larsen KM, Larsson A, Tønnesen E, Sørensen HT. Preadmission statin use and one-year mortality among patients in intensive care - a cohort study. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2010; 14:R29. [PMID: 20214779 PMCID: PMC2887131 DOI: 10.1186/cc8902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Statins reduce risk of cardiovascular events and have beneficial pleiotropic effects; both may reduce mortality in critically ill patients. We examined whether statin use was associated with risk of death in general intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Methods Cohort study of 12,483 critically ill patients > 45 yrs of age with a first-time admission to one of three highly specialized ICUs within the Aarhus University Hospital network, Denmark, between 2001 and 2007. Statin users were identified through population-based prescription databases. We computed cumulative mortality rates 0-30 days and 31-365 days after ICU admission and mortality rate ratios (MRRs), using Cox regression analysis controlling for potential confounding factors (demographics, use of other cardiovascular drugs, comorbidity, markers of social status, diagnosis, and surgery). Results 1882 (14.3%) ICU patients were current statin users. Statin users had a reduced risk of death within 30 days of ICU admission [users: 22.1% vs. non-users 25.0%; adjusted MRR = 0.76 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69 to 0.86)]. Statin users also had a reduced risk of death within one year after admission to the ICU [users: 36.4% vs. non-users 39.9%; adjusted MRR = 0.79 (95% CI: 0.73 to 0.86)]. Reduced risk of death associated with current statin use remained robust in various subanalyses and in an analysis using propensity score matching. Former use of statins and current use of non-statin lipid-lowering drugs were not associated with reduced risk of death. Conclusions Preadmission statin use was associated with reduced risk of death following intensive care. The associations seen could be a pharmacological effect of statins, but unmeasured differences in characteristics of statin users and non-users cannot be entirely ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Christensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Olof Palmes alle 43-45, Arhus N, Denmark.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors have significantly improved outcomes in coronary artery disease. They have anti-inflammatory and cholesterol-lowering effects. Statins alter the production of T(H)1 cytokines and thus promote a T(H)2 response. This immune alteration would promote allergic diseases such as asthma. OBJECTIVE To ascertain whether statin use adversely affects the clinical course of asthma. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 759 medical records of consecutive patients with asthma to identify patients with extrinsic asthma who had at least 4 physician visits over 1 year. We compared patients who started receiving statins after their initial asthma evaluation with patients who never received statins. Baseline characteristics; change in forced expiratory volume in 1 second from baseline at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months; and a need for increases in medication and acute asthma visits were compared between the statin and control groups. RESULTS We identified 24 patients who started statin therapy and 26 control patients. There was a statistically significant 3% to 5% median worsening of forced expiratory volume in 1 second at all time points for the statin group compared with the controls. At 6 months, more patients in the statin group needed increased maintenance medication (16 [67%] vs 7 [27%]; P = .005), used albuterol more frequently (18 [75%] vs 3 [12%]; P < .001), had more nocturnal awakenings (8 [33%] vs 0 [0%]; P < .001), and were seen more frequently at office visits for acute asthma (9 [38%] vs 1 [4%]; P = .003). CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study demonstrated that patients with asthma who received statins had a worse clinical course than controls. Given the prevalence of both statin use and asthma, further research is needed.
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Chrysochou C, Kalra PA. Epidemiology and natural history of atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 52:184-95. [PMID: 19917329 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Atheromatous renovascular disease (ARVD) is increasingly suspected and diagnosed, and it commonly presents to several different clinical specialties. In this review, the epidemiology, risk factors, comorbid disease associations, natural history, and prognosis of ARVD is described. Atheromatous renovascular disease is strongly associated with macrovascular pathology in other important vascular beds, especially the coronary, aortoiliac and iliofemoral circulations, and also with structural and functional heart disease. These clinicopathologic relationships contribute to the high morbidity and mortality associated with the condition. Understanding of the natural history of renal artery stenosis may enable intensified treatment strategies to reduce associated risk and improve patient prognosis.
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Chang C, Gershwin ME. Drugs and autoimmunity--a contemporary review and mechanistic approach. J Autoimmun 2009; 34:J266-75. [PMID: 20015613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced autoimmunity is an idiosyncratic, non-IgE immune related drug reaction. Interestingly, although many drugs have been reported to induce autoantibodies, only a few have a definitive association with drug-induced autoimmune disease. The prototype disease is drug-induced lupus and the typical drug for drug-induced lupus is minocycline. The production of autoantibodies and the induction of symptoms in drug-induced lupus results from a variety of mechanisms, which can include suppression of central or peripheral tolerance, alteration of gene transcription in T and B cells, abnormal cytokine and/or cytokine receptor balance and function, chromatin structure modification and antigen modification. Multiple mechanisms may apply for different drugs, and understanding the pharmacological actions of these agents helps us decipher the etiology. For example, DNA hypomethylation may occur with hydralazine, which leads to increased transcription, increased LFA-1, the generation of autoreactive T cells and a breakdown in peripheral tolerance. Frequently, more than one pathway may be involved. Interestingly, most patients with newly formed autoantibodies resulting from drugs do not develop clinical disease. Nonetheless, the explosion in the use of biological modifiers has been associated with production of autoantibodies, an observation that illustrates the complex nature of these interactions, in that these agents are frequently used to treat autoimmunity, yet may produce autoimmune diseases themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Viljoen A, Wierzbicki AS. Towards companion diagnostics for the management of statin therapy. EXPERT OPINION ON MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS 2009; 3:659-671. [PMID: 23496050 DOI: 10.1517/17530050903222254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are the most commonly prescribed drugs in the world and are established first-line therapy for cardiovascular disease. Statin toxicity is related to dose, age, gender, ethnicity, body mass, renal and endocrine function and also to concomitant medications - particularly those that inhibit cytochrome P450 3A4. OBJECTIVE/METHOD This review describes the tests used before initiation of statin therapy, to establish their efficacy and to monitor their principal side effects. Lipids and apolipoproteins are used to measure efficacy and compliance, whereas transaminases and creatine kinase are used to measure toxicity. Guidelines agree in general, but differ in the details of measurement of baseline levels, action limits and management strategies for statin toxicity. Genetic factors are relevant to both the efficacy and the toxicity of statin therapy, with efficacy being associated with polymorphisms in lipid-related genes, whereas a function-related polymorphism in the organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1; SLCO1B1) is associated with 60% of the cases of myopathy with high-dose simvastatin. CONCLUSIONS Although basic efficacy and safety panels for the initiation and monitoring of statin therapy are well established, controversy remains about the need for ancillary diagnostics in patients and to which patient groups these should be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adie Viljoen
- Lister Hospital, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Stevenage SG1 4AB, UK +44 1438 314 333 ext 5972 ; +44 1438 781 147 ;
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Røsjø H, Omland T. New cardiovascular risk markers: The race is on, but are there any winners? Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 68:673-7. [DOI: 10.1080/00365510802422458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helge Røsjø
- Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Faculty Division Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Omland
- Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Faculty Division Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Full LE, Ruisanchez C, Monaco C. The inextricable link between atherosclerosis and prototypical inflammatory diseases rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:217. [PMID: 19435478 PMCID: PMC2688172 DOI: 10.1186/ar2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased burden of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus has recently become the focus of intense investigation. Proatherogenic risk factors and dysregulated inflammation are the main culprits, leading to enhanced atherosclerosis in subgroups of patients with inflammatory diseases. Common molecular pathways shared by atherosclerosis and inflammatory disease may be involved. In this review we map the key determinants of the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with inflammatory diseases at each step of the atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Full
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.
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Kesler A, Irge D, Rogowski O, Bornstein N, Berliner S, Shapira I, Shani ST, Ben Assayag E. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein measurements in patients with non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy: a clue to the presence of a microinflammatory response. Acta Ophthalmol 2009; 87:216-21. [PMID: 18577187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.01199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the possibility that individuals with non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION) harbour a heightened microinflammatory response compared to carefully matched controls. METHODS Diagnosis and follow-up were performed by a senior neuro-ophthalmologist (A.K.). The inflammatory biomarkers included white blood cell count, Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), quantitative fibrinogen as well as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). The values of the inflammatory biomarkers of four and five matched controls were compared to patients with NA-AION. RESULTS We examined 33 NA-AION patients and 151 controls matched for age, gender, body mass index, oral temperature, smoking status and atherothrombotic risk factors. A significantly elevated concentration was noted for hs-CRP (P = 0.021): 3.3 mg/l for NA-AION patients and 2.1 mg/l for controls. Accelerated ESR (18.8 versus 13.5 mm/hr, P = 0.025) was noted in the NA-AION patients. CONCLUSION Following appropriate matching to apparently healthy controls, patients with NA-AION presented a microinflammatory response, revealed by the presence of increased hs-CRP concentrations and accelerated ESR. The finding, if confirmed in future studies, might shed more light on the eventual pathophysiological processes involved in the disease and pave the way for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Kesler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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