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Huang B, Huang J, Chiang NH, Chen Z, Lui G, Ling L, Kwan MYW, Wong JSC, Mak PQ, Ling JWH, Lam ICS, Ng RWY, Wang X, Gao R, Hui DSC, Ma SL, Chan PKS, Tang NLS. Interferon response and profiling of interferon response genes in peripheral blood of vaccine-naive COVID-19 patients. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1315602. [PMID: 38268924 PMCID: PMC10806211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1315602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is insufficient understanding on systemic interferon (IFN) responses during COVID-19 infection. Early reports indicated that interferon responses were suppressed by the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and clinical trials of administration of various kinds of interferons had been disappointing. Expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in peripheral blood (better known as interferon score) has been a well-established bioassay marker of systemic IFN responses in autoimmune diseases. Therefore, with archival samples of a cohort of COVID-19 patients collected before the availability of vaccination, we aimed to better understand this innate immune response by studying the IFN score and related ISGs expression in bulk and single cell RNAs sequencing expression datasets. Methods In this study, we recruited 105 patients with COVID-19 and 30 healthy controls in Hong Kong. Clinical risk factors, disease course, and blood sampling times were recovered. Based on a set of five commonly used ISGs (IFIT1, IFIT2, IFI27, SIGLEC1, IFI44L), the IFN score was determined in blood leukocytes collected within 10 days after onset. The analysis was confined to those blood samples collected within 10 days after disease onset. Additional public datasets of bulk gene and single cell RNA sequencing of blood samples were used for the validation of IFN score results. Results Compared to the healthy controls, we showed that ISGs expression and IFN score were significantly increased during the first 10 days after COVID infection in majority of patients (71%). Among those low IFN responders, they were more commonly asymptomatic patients (71% vs 25%). 22 patients did not mount an overall significant IFN response and were classified as low IFN responders (IFN score < 1). However, early IFN score or ISGs level was not a prognostic biomarker and could not predict subsequent disease severity. Both IFI27 and SIGLEC1 were monocyte-predominant expressing ISGs and IFI27 were activated even among those low IFN responders as defined by IFN score. In conclusion, a substantial IFN response was documented in this cohort of COVID-19 patients who experience a natural infection before the vaccination era. Like innate immunity towards other virus, the ISGs activation was observed largely during the early course of infection (before day 10). Single-cell RNA sequencing data suggested monocytes were the cell-type that primarily accounted for the activation of two highly responsive ISGs (IFI44L and IFI27). Discussion As sampling time and age were two major confounders of ISG expression, they may account for contradicting observations among previous studies. On the other hand, the IFN score was not associated with the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhen Huang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jinghan Huang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nim Hang Chiang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Grace Lui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lowell Ling
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mike Yat Wah Kwan
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joshua Sung Chih Wong
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Phoebe Qiaozhen Mak
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Janet Wan Hei Ling
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ivan Cheuk San Lam
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rita Wai Yin Ng
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xingyan Wang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ruonan Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David Shu-Cheong Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Suk Ling Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul K. S. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nelson Leung Sang Tang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Functional Genomics and Biostatistical Computing Laboratory, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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Romero-Feregrino R, Romero-Cabello R, Rodríguez-León MA, Rocha-Rocha VM, Romero-Feregrino R, Muñoz-Cordero B. Report of the Influenza Vaccination Program in Mexico (2006-2022) and Proposals for Its Improvement. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1686. [PMID: 38006018 PMCID: PMC10675656 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza has continued to be an important public health challenge, and the WHO recommends that countries consider vaccination for persons at high risk. Mexico has such a program, and we sought to determine its current situation. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study has an ecological, longitudinal, and retrospective design based on secondary information on the acquisition and application of vaccines against influenza from official data from 2006 to 2022. RESULTS We found annual variability in the numbers of purchases and application of doses, with coverage of less than 90% of the total population every year; in addition, 17 million vaccines were not used in this period. DISCUSSION This study shows the situation of the program at the national level. Two institutions acquired fewer the vaccines, while one purchased more for its target population, but the necessary vaccinations were not acquired. On average, 1.7 million of the vaccines purchased annually were not used, but in some years, more vaccines were applied than were purchased in all of the institutions. We also observed that, between institutions, the vaccine coverage was very different, from 21% to 180%. On average, 6.2 million people were not vaccinated annually, between 16% and 22% of the target population, demonstrating low coverage. When we compared the coverage data that we calculated to the data published by the institutions, a great difference was observed. CONCLUSIONS We found inconsistencies in the data, indicating their unreliability and potential disorganization within the program, as the target populations of each institution were not clear. In addition, the application data may have had reporting errors. Adequate coverage was not achieved, and the coverage was different from that reported in the official sources. We propose the implementation of different systems for control, evaluation, and access to the information of the program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Romero-Feregrino
- Asociación Mexicana de Vacunología, Mexico City 06760, Mexico
- Instituto Para el Desarrollo Integral de la Salud (IDISA), Mexico City 06700, Mexico
- Employer Sector CONCAMIN, Technical Council, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City 06600, Mexico
- Saint Luke School of Medicine, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Raúl Romero-Cabello
- Asociación Mexicana de Vacunología, Mexico City 06760, Mexico
- Instituto Para el Desarrollo Integral de la Salud (IDISA), Mexico City 06700, Mexico
- Saint Luke School of Medicine, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
- Department of Infectology, Hospital General de México, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04360, Mexico
- Academia Mexicana de Pediatría, Mexico City 03810, Mexico
| | - Mario Alfredo Rodríguez-León
- Asociación Mexicana de Vacunología, Mexico City 06760, Mexico
- Instituto Para el Desarrollo Integral de la Salud (IDISA), Mexico City 06700, Mexico
- School of Higher Studies (F.E.S.) Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 09230, Mexico
| | - Valeria Magali Rocha-Rocha
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla 72410, Mexico
| | - Raúl Romero-Feregrino
- Asociación Mexicana de Vacunología, Mexico City 06760, Mexico
- Instituto Para el Desarrollo Integral de la Salud (IDISA), Mexico City 06700, Mexico
- Saint Luke School of Medicine, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
- Academia Mexicana de Pediatría, Mexico City 03810, Mexico
| | - Berenice Muñoz-Cordero
- Asociación Mexicana de Vacunología, Mexico City 06760, Mexico
- Instituto Para el Desarrollo Integral de la Salud (IDISA), Mexico City 06700, Mexico
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital General de Cuajimalpa IMSS-Bienestar, Mexico City 05230, Mexico
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Phillips A, Jiang Y, Walsh D, Andrews N, Artama M, Clothier H, Cullen L, Deng L, Escolano S, Gentile A, Gidding G, Giglio N, Junker T, Huang W, Janjua N, Kwong J, Li J, Nasreen S, Naus M, Naveed Z, Pillsbury A, Stowe J, Vo T, Buttery J, Petousis-Harris H, Black S, Hviid A. Background rates of adverse events of special interest for COVID-19 vaccines: A multinational Global Vaccine Data Network (GVDN) analysis. Vaccine 2023; 41:6227-6238. [PMID: 37673715 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Global COVID Vaccine Safety (GCoVS) project was established in 2021 under the multinational Global Vaccine Data Network (GVDN) consortium to facilitate the rapid assessment of the safety of newly introduced vaccines. This study analyzed data from GVDN member sites on the background incidence rates of conditions designated as adverse events of special interest (AESI) for COVID-19 vaccine safety monitoring. METHODS Eleven GVDN global sites obtained data from national or regional healthcare databases using standardized methods. Incident events of 13 pre-defined AESI were included for a pre-pandemic period (2015-19) and the first pandemic year (2020). Background incidence rates (IR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for inpatient and emergency department encounters, stratified by age and sex, and compared between pre-pandemic and pandemic periods using incidence rate ratios. RESULTS An estimated 197 million people contributed 1,189,652,926 person-years of follow-up time. Among inpatients in the pre-pandemic period (2015-19), generalized seizures were the most common neurological AESI (IR ranged from 22.15 [95% CI 19.01-25.65] to 278.82 [278.20-279.44] per 100,000 person-years); acute disseminated encephalomyelitis was the least common (<0.5 per 100,000 person-years at most sites). Pulmonary embolism was the most common thrombotic event (IR 45.34 [95% CI 44.85-45.84] to 93.77 [95% CI 93.46-94.08] per 100,000 person-years). The IR of myocarditis ranged from 1.60 [(95% CI 1.45-1.76) to 7.76 (95% CI 7.46-8.08) per 100,000 person-years. The IR of several AESI varied by site, healthcare setting, age and sex. The IR of some AESI were notably different in 2020 compared to 2015-19. CONCLUSION Background incidence of AESIs exhibited some variability across study sites and between pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. These findings will contribute to global vaccine safety surveillance and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Phillips
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Global Vaccine Data Network, Global Coordinating Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - D Walsh
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Global Vaccine Data Network, Global Coordinating Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - N Andrews
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - M Artama
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland
| | - H Clothier
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - L Cullen
- Public Health Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - L Deng
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S Escolano
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, High Dimensional Biostatistics for Drug Safety and Genomics, Villejuif, France
| | - A Gentile
- Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutierrez Epidemiology Department Buenos Aires City, Argentina
| | - G Gidding
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; The University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, Australia
| | - N Giglio
- Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutierrez Epidemiology Department Buenos Aires City, Argentina
| | - T Junker
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - W Huang
- Global Health Program, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - N Janjua
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - J Kwong
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine and the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Li
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
| | - S Nasreen
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Naus
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Z Naveed
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - A Pillsbury
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Stowe
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - T Vo
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland; Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Buttery
- Global Vaccine Data Network, Global Coordinating Centre, Auckland, New Zealand; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - H Petousis-Harris
- Global Vaccine Data Network, Global Coordinating Centre, Auckland, New Zealand; Associate Professor, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S Black
- Global Vaccine Data Network, Global Coordinating Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A Hviid
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Pharmacovigilance Research Center, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Fujikawa H, Son D, Mori H, Kondo S, Horita S, Izumiya M, Eto M. Development and assessment of a vaccine administration training course for medical students. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:385. [PMID: 37231480 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04299-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine administration skills are very important for physicians, especially in the era of global pandemics. However, medical students have reported that practical sessions to develop these skills are insufficient. Therefore, the aim of our study was to develop a vaccination training course for medical students. We also examined its educational effectiveness. METHODS 5th- and 6th-year medical students at the University of Tokyo were recruited to attend the vaccine administration training course in 2021. These students were our study participants. Our course consisted of an orientation part, which included a lecture on the indications, adverse events, and vaccination techniques of flu vaccines and practice on a simulator, and a main part in which the staff of the University of Tokyo Hospital were actually vaccinated. Before and after the main part of the course, study participants completed an online questionnaire that assessed their confidence in vaccine administration technique through a five-point Likert scale. We also surveyed their feedback about the course content and process. At the beginning and end of the main part, their technical competence in vaccination was assessed by two independent doctors. These doctors used a validated checklist scale (ranging from 16 to 80) and a global rating scale (ranging from 0 to 10). We used their mean scores for analysis. The quantitative data were analyzed through the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. For the qualitative data of the questionnaire, thematic analysis was conducted. RESULTS All 48 course participants participated in our study. Participants' confidence in vaccination technique (Z = -5.244, p < 0.05) and vaccination skill significantly improved (checklist rating: Z = -5.852, p < 0.05; global rating: Z = -5.868, p < 0.05). All participants rated the course as, "overall educational." Our thematic analysis identified four emerging themes: interest in medical procedures, efficacy of supervision and feedback, efficacy of "near-peer" learning, and very instructive course. CONCLUSIONS In our study, we developed a vaccine administration course for medical students, assessed their vaccination techniques and confidence in those techniques, and investigated their perceptions of the course. Students' vaccination skills and confidence improved significantly after the course, and they positively evaluated the course based on a variety of factors. Our course will be effective in educating medical students about vaccination techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Fujikawa
- Center for General Medicine Education, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
- Department of Medical Education Studies, International Research Center for Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Son
- Department of Medical Education Studies, International Research Center for Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Community-based Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroko Mori
- General Education Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kondo
- Department of Medical Education Studies, International Research Center for Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Medical Education and Career Development, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shoko Horita
- Department of Medical Education Studies, International Research Center for Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Izumiya
- Department of Medical Education Studies, International Research Center for Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Eto
- Department of Medical Education Studies, International Research Center for Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Daunt R, Curtin D, O'Mahony D. Polypharmacy stewardship: a novel approach to tackle a major public health crisis. THE LANCET. HEALTHY LONGEVITY 2023; 4:e228-e235. [PMID: 37030320 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-7568(23)00036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With growing global concern regarding medication-related harm, WHO launched a global patient safety challenge, Medication Without Harm, in March, 2017. Multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and fragmented health care (ie, patients attending appointments with multiple physicians in various health-care settings) are key drivers of medication-related harm, which can result in negative functional outcomes, high rates of hospitalisation, and excess morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with frailty older than 75 years. Some studies have examined the effect of medication stewardship interventions in older patient cohorts, but focused on a narrow spectrum of potentially adverse medication practices, with mixed results. In response to the WHO challenge, we propose the novel concept of broad-spectrum polypharmacy stewardship, a coordinated intervention designed to improve the management of multimorbidities, taking into account potentially inappropriate medications, potential prescribing omissions, drug-drug and drug-disease interactions, and prescribing cascades, aligning treatment regimens with the condition, prognosis, and preferences of the individual patient. Although the safety and efficacy of polypharmacy stewardship need to be tested with well designed clinical trials, we propose that this approach could minimise medication-related harm in older people with multimorbidities exposed to polypharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Daunt
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University College Cork, and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - Denis Curtin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University College Cork, and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - Denis O'Mahony
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University College Cork, and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.
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Baker HJ, Martin DR, Gross AL, Chamorro MF, Naskou MC, Johnson AK, Brock KV, Van Kampen KR, Willoughby RE. Rabies: who should care? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 261:592-596. [PMID: 36476414 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.09.0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is the deadliest viral infection known, with no reliable treatment, and although it is entirely preventable, rabies continues to kill more than 60,000 people every year, mostly children in countries where dog rabies is endemic. America is only 1 generation away from the time when rabies killed more than 10,000 animals and 50 Americans every year, but 3 to 5 Americans continue to die annually from rabies. Distressingly, > 50,000 Americans undergo rabies prevention therapy every year after exposure to potentially rabid animals. While enormous progress has been made, more must be done to defeat this ancient but persistent, fatal zoonosis. In the US, lack of public awareness and ambivalence are the greatest dangers imposed by rabies, resulting in unnecessary exposures, anxiety, and risk. Veterinarians have a special role in informing and reassuring the public about prevention and protection from rabies. This summary of current facts and future advances about rabies will assist veterinarians in informing their clients about the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Baker
- 1Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
- 2Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
| | - Douglas R Martin
- 1Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
- 3Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
| | - Amanda L Gross
- 1Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
| | - Manuel F Chamorro
- 4Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
| | - Maria C Naskou
- 1Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
- 2Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
| | - Aime K Johnson
- 1Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
- 4Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
| | - Kenny V Brock
- 5Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL
| | | | - Rodney E Willoughby
- 7Medical College of Wisconsin and Milwaukee Children's Hospital, Milwaukee, WI
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Papukashvili D, Rcheulishvili N, Liu C, Wang X, He Y, Wang PG. Strategy of developing nucleic acid-based universal monkeypox vaccine candidates. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1050309. [PMID: 36389680 PMCID: PMC9646902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Until May 2022, zoonotic infectious disease monkeypox (MPX) caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) was one of the forgotten viruses considered to be geographically limited in African countries even though few cases outside of Africa were identified. Central and West African countries are known to be endemic for MPXV. However, since the number of human MPX cases has rapidly increased outside of Africa the global interest in this virus has markedly grown. The majority of infected people with MPXV have never been vaccinated against smallpox virus. Noteworthily, the MPXV spreads fast in men who have sex with men (MSM). Preventive measures against MPXV are essential to be taken, indeed, vaccination is the key. Due to the antigenic similarities, the smallpox vaccine is efficient against MPXV. Nevertheless, there is no specific MPXV vaccine until now. Nucleic acid vaccines deserve special attention since the emergency approval of two messenger RNA (mRNA)-based coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in 2020. This milestone in vaccinology has opened a new platform for developing more mRNA- or DNA-based vaccines. Certainly, this type of vaccine has a number of advantages including time- and cost-effectiveness over conventional vaccines. The platform of nucleic acid-based vaccines gives humankind a huge opportunity. Ultimately, there is a strong need for developing a universal vaccine against MPXV. This review will shed the light on the strategies for developing nucleic acid vaccines against MPXV in a timely manner. Consequently, developing nucleic acid-based vaccines may alleviate the global threat against MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yunjiao He
- *Correspondence: Yunjiao He, ; Peng George Wang,
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Rodríguez-Blanco N, Vicente-Alcalde N, Cubero-Plazas L, Sánchez-Más J, Montagud E, Moragues R, Gabaldón-Bravo E, Hurtado-Sanchez JA, Tuells J. Acceptability of the Vaccine against COVID-19 in Spanish Health Sciences Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12244. [PMID: 36231545 PMCID: PMC9566371 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Healthcare professionals must play an exemplary role in the field of vaccinology. It is convenient that they are trained during their time at university. The objective of this study was to determine the acceptability of the vaccines against COVID-19 in health sciences students in Spanish universities. A cross-sectional study was performed regarding the acceptance of the vaccines against COVID-19 in students in the Health Sciences Degrees in Spanish universities was performed on a sample of students of nursing, medicine, and pharmacy during the spring of 2021, via an online questionnaire with 36 questions designed ad hoc, self-administered, anonymized, and standardized. There were 1222 students participating, of Spanish nationality (97.4%), women (80.5%) and with an average age of 22.0 ± 4.8 years old. Of those, 12.3% had had the disease, 44.0% had to quarantine, 70.8% had undergone diagnostic tests, out of which 14.1% were positive. In total, 97.5% of those surveyed indicated their desire of being vaccinated, if possible, with Comirnaty® (74.9%). At the time of the study, 49.6% were already vaccinated. The reasons for vaccination differed according to the degree and the doubts about vaccine safety was the largest reason for reluctance. Some 37.7% suspected that there are unknown adverse effects and 85.6% of those vaccinated experienced some mild effects after injection. Vaccine acceptance and confidence in the recommendations given by health authorities is high in health sciences students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Rodríguez-Blanco
- Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, Health Sciences Faculty, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Plaza Reyes Católicos, 19, 03204 Elche, Spain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Marina Baixa University Hospital, Av. Alcalde En Jaume Botella Mayor, 7, 03570 Villajoyosa, Spain
| | - Nancy Vicente-Alcalde
- Penitentiary Center Alicante II, General Secretariat of Penitentiary Institutions, 03400 Villena, Spain
| | - Laura Cubero-Plazas
- Departament of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Espartero 7, 46007 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Sánchez-Más
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Health Sciences Faculty, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, Plaza Reyes Católicos, 19, 03204 Elche, Spain
| | - Emilia Montagud
- Servicio de Farmacia de Atención Primaria, Departamento de Salud de Torrevieja, 03186 Torrevieja, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica de San Antonio, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Raul Moragues
- Center of Operations Research (CIO), University Miguel Hernandez of Elche (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eva Gabaldón-Bravo
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | | | - José Tuells
- Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
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9
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Mackowiak PA. Honoring Medicine's Fathers. Am J Med 2022; 135:264-265. [PMID: 34562411 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Mackowiak
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.
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10
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Kitano H, Kanemaru K, Miki T, Hidai C. EGF domain peptide of Developmentally regulated endothelial locus1 facilitates gene expression of extracellularly applied plasmid DNA. Biologicals 2022; 75:12-15. [PMID: 35027253 PMCID: PMC8748178 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The successful development of messenger RNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 opened up venues for clinical nucleotide-based vaccinations. For development of DNA vaccines, we tested whether the EGF domain peptide of Developmentally regulated endothelial locus1 (E3 peptide) enhances uptake of extracellularly applied plasmid DNA. Methods DNA plasmid encoding lacZ or GFP was applied with a conditioned culture medium containing E3 peptide to cell lines in vitro or mouse soleus muscles in vivo, respectively. After 48 h incubation, gene expression was examined by β-galactosidase (β-gal) assay and fluorescent microscope, respectively. Results Application of E3 peptide-containing medium to cultured cell lines induced intense β-gal activity in a dose-dependent manner. Intra-gastrocnemius injection of E3 peptide-containing medium to mouse soleus muscle succeeded in the induction of GFP fluorescence in many cells around the injection site. Conclusions The administration of E3 peptide facilitates transmembrane uptake of extracellular DNA plasmid which induces sufficient extrinsic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kitano
- Divisions of Oral Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Kanemaru
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Miki
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Hidai
- Medical Education Center, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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COVID-19: Not just another respiratory virus—2020. GREAT AMERICAN DISEASES 2022. [PMCID: PMC8866133 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98925-1.00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Eisenman D, Debold S, Riddle J. A Changing World in Gene Therapy Research: Exciting Opportunities for Medical Advancement and Biosafety Challenges. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2021; 26:179-192. [PMID: 36034096 PMCID: PMC9134333 DOI: 10.1089/apb.2021.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: We previously reported on the United States' regulatory environment evolving to accommodate an emerging boom in gene therapy research. Several important developments have transpired in the 2 years since that article was published, including the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the drive for large-scale testing of vaccines containing recombinant or synthetic nucleic acid molecules. This report highlights key developments in the field with a focus on biosafety and issues of note to biosafety professionals with responsibilities over clinical research. Discussion: We provide guidance for performing risk assessments on the currently approved gene therapy products as well as the most utilized types of investigational products in clinical trials. Areas of focus include the prominent approaches utilized in the three major areas of research: oncology, infectious diseases, and rare diseases. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has created several opportunities for continued growth in gene therapy. National vaccination campaigns will result in greater public acceptance of gene therapy research. Technological advancements that made the vaccine race possible will spur the next generation of research. Advancements born in the developed world set the stage for the creation of therapeutics to treat greater numbers in the developing world and have the potential for massive benefits to global public health. Biosafety professionals and Institutional Biosafety Committees play key roles in contributing to the safe evidence-based advancement of gene therapy research. Biosafety professionals responsible for clinical research oversight must be aware of emerging technologies and their associated risks to support the safe and ethical conduct of research.
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13
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Schultheiss HP, Baumeier C, Pietsch H, Bock CT, Poller W, Escher F. Cardiovascular consequences of viral infections: from COVID to other viral diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2610-2623. [PMID: 34609508 PMCID: PMC8500164 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of the heart muscle with cardiotropic viruses is one of the major aetiologies of myocarditis and acute and chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy (DCMi). However, viral myocarditis and subsequent dilated cardiomyopathy is still a challenging disease to diagnose and to treat and is therefore a significant public health issue globally. Advances in clinical examination and thorough molecular genetic analysis of intramyocardial viruses and their activation status have incrementally improved our understanding of molecular pathogenesis and pathophysiology of viral infections of the heart muscle. To date, several cardiotropic viruses have been implicated as causes of myocarditis and DCMi. These include, among others, classical cardiotropic enteroviruses (Coxsackieviruses B), the most commonly detected parvovirus B19, and human herpes virus 6. A newcomer is the respiratory virus that has triggered the worst pandemic in a century, SARS-CoV-2, whose involvement and impact in viral cardiovascular disease is under scrutiny. Despite extensive research into the pathomechanisms of viral infections of the cardiovascular system, our knowledge regarding their treatment and management is still incomplete. Accordingly, in this review, we aim to explore and summarize the current knowledge and available evidence on viral infections of the heart. We focus on diagnostics, clinical relevance and cardiovascular consequences, pathophysiology, and current and novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Baumeier
- Institute of Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy, IKDT GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Pietsch
- Institute of Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy, IKDT GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany, partner site
| | - C Thomas Bock
- Division of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, 13353 Germany.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Poller
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany, partner site.,Department of Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Felicitas Escher
- Institute of Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy, IKDT GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany, partner site
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14
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Buja LM. The cell theory and cellular pathology: Discovery, refinements and applications fundamental to advances in biology and medicine. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 121:104660. [PMID: 34116021 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the developments leading up to the establishment of the cell theory and cellular pathology and their subsequent refinements and applications while focusing on the individuals who have made seminal advances in the field. The links between cell biology, cell pathology and cell injury research are emphasized. Recognition also is given to the importance of technological advances in microscopy, histology, biochemical and molecular methods for discovery in cell biology and cell pathology. Particular attention is focused on the work of Rudolph Virchow and his former students in the formulation of the cell theory in biology and pathology and John F. R. Kerr and colleagues who identified and developed a comprehensive characterization of apoptosis, thereby giving impetus to the contemporary field of cell injury research. Cell injury research remains an important and fruitful field of ongoing inquiry and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Maximilian Buja
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America.
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15
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Commentary on the spectrum of cardiopulmonary pathology in COVID-19. Cardiovasc Pathol 2021; 53:107339. [PMID: 33992734 PMCID: PMC8117655 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2021.107339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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16
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A novel coronavirus meets the cardiovascular system: Society for Cardiovascular Pathology Symposium 2021. Cardiovasc Pathol 2021; 53:107336. [PMID: 33895311 PMCID: PMC8062417 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2021.107336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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