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Iwamoto A, Summers KM, Sparks A, Mancuso AC. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection versus conventional in vitro fertilization in unexplained infertility. F S Rep 2024; 5:263-271. [PMID: 39381653 PMCID: PMC11456666 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfre.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) and cost-effectiveness of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) vs. conventional in vitro fertilization (cIVF). Design Retrospective cohort study of cycles reported to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcomes Reporting System. Setting Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) member IVF clinics in the United States. Patients Patients with unexplained infertility who underwent first autologous retrieval cycles between January 2017 and December 2019 with linked fresh and frozen embryo transfers through December 2021. Interventions ICSI vs. cIVF. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome was CLBR, defined as ≤1 live birth from a retrieval cycle and all linked embryo transfers. Secondary outcomes included two pronuclear (2PN) per oocyte retrieved, miscarriage rate, and total number of transferred or frozen embryos per 2PN. Subsamples with and without preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) were analyzed. Outcomes were adjusted for age, body mass index, number of oocytes retrieved, length of follow-up, and clinic ICSI use rate. Results A total of 18,805 patients with unexplained infertility were included. No difference in CLBR was found among cycles without genetic testing (54.4% ICSI vs. 57.5% cIVF) and with PGT-A (47.6% ICSI vs. 51.8% cIVF). Intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles without genetic testing had a higher miscarriage rate (16.4% vs. 14.4%) but no difference was seen in cycles with PGT-A (13.9% ICSI vs. 13.2% cIVF). Intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles had a significantly lower ratio of 2PN per oocyte retrieved without genetic testing (59.7% vs. 60.9%) and with PGT-A (63.3% vs. 65.8%). The ratio of embryos transferred or frozen per 2PN was not significantly different in cycles without genetic testing (49.4% vs. 49.6%) or with PGT-A (54.2% vs. 55.2%). Total fertilization failure occurred in 216 patients (4%) who underwent cIVF and in 153 patients (1.1%) who used ICSI.Compared with cIVF alone, an estimated additional $11,011,500 was charged to patients for ICSI without genetic testing and $9,010,500 was charged to patients for ICSI with PGT-A over 2 years by Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology clinics. On the basis of total fertilization failure rates, 35 patients would require treatment with routine ICSI to avoid a single cycle of total fertilization failure with cIVF. Conclusions Routine use of ICSI in unexplained infertility is not warranted due to the additional cost and lack of CLBR benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Iwamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Karen M. Summers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Amy Sparks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Abigail C. Mancuso
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
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Paffoni A, Vitagliano A, Corti L, Somigliana E, Viganò P. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection versus conventional in vitro insemination in couples with non-male infertility factor in the 'real-world' setting: analysis of the HFEA registry. J Transl Med 2024; 22:687. [PMID: 39069615 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In assisted reproductive technology (ART), the choice between intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and conventional in vitro insemination (IVF) remains a pivotal decision for couples with female or unexplained infertility. The hypothesis that ICSI may not confer significant improvements in live birth rates in the absence of a male infertility factor was explored in this study. METHODS This was a retrospective collection of data recorded by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) in the UK from 2005 to 2018 and analysed through regression analysis models on both the entire dataset and a matched-pair subset. First fresh ART cycles were analysed according to the insemination technique in order to compare live birth as the main outcome. Cycles were included if complete information regarding infertility cause, female age, number of oocytes retrieved, allocation to ICSI or IVF, and treatment outcome in terms of live birth was available. Matching was performed at a 1:1 ratio between IVF and ICSI cycles according to the cause of infertility, female age, number of oocytes, and year of treatment. RESULTS This study, based on 275,825 first cycles, revealed that, compared with IVF, ICSI was associated with higher fertilization rates and lower cycle cancellations rates. However, ICSI was associated with a lower chance of implantation and live birth than IVF in cycles with female-only infertility: in the entire dataset, the adjusted odds of having a live birth decreased by a factor of 0.95 (95% CI 0.91-0.99, p = 0.011), while in the matched-pair analyses it decreased by a factor of 0.91 (95% CI 0.86-0.96, p = 0.003) using ICSI compared to IVF. For unexplained infertility cycles, the adjusted odds ratios for live birth in ICSI compared to IVF cycles were 0.98 (95% CI 0.95-1.01) in the entire dataset and 0.97 (95% CI 0.93-1.01) in the matched-pair analysis. CONCLUSIONS Compared with IVF, ICSI was associated with a reduction in live births when ART was indicated due to female-only factors. Additionally, no significant improvements were associated with the use of ICSI in cycles with unexplained infertility. Our findings impose a critical reevaluation regarding the use of ICSI over IVF for cases with female-only factors and unexplained infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amerigo Vitagliano
- First Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Corti
- Infertility Unit, ASST Lariana, Cantù, Italy
| | - Edgardo Somigliana
- Infertility Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Viganò
- Infertility Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza, 36, 20122, Milan, Italy.
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Tian Y, Li M, Yang J, Chen H, Lu D. Preimplantation genetic testing in the current era, a review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2024; 309:1787-1799. [PMID: 38376520 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-024-07370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), also referred to as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), is an advanced reproductive technology used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles to identify genetic abnormalities in embryos prior to their implantation. PGT is used to screen embryos for chromosomal abnormalities, monogenic disorders, and structural rearrangements. DEVELOPMENT OF PGT Over the past few decades, PGT has undergone tremendous development, resulting in three primary forms: PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR. PGT-A is utilized for screening embryos for aneuploidies, PGT-M is used to detect disorders caused by a single gene, and PGT-SR is used to detect chromosomal abnormalities caused by structural rearrangements in the genome. PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we thoroughly summarized and reviewed PGT and discussed its pros and cons down to the minutest aspects. Additionally, recent studies that highlight the advancements of PGT in the current era, including their future perspectives, were reviewed. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive review aims to provide new insights into the understanding of techniques used in PGT, thereby contributing to the field of reproductive genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mingan Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Shuyang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, 223800, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingmin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, (Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute), Chongqing, 400020, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Daru Lu
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, (Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute), Chongqing, 400020, China.
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Sciorio R, Fleming SD. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection vs. in-vitro fertilization in couples in whom the male partners had a semen analysis within normal reference ranges: An open debate. Andrology 2024; 12:20-29. [PMID: 37259978 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
During recent decades, the application of intracytoplasmic sperm injection has increased considerably worldwide, especially in couples with non-male factor infertility. However, several studies analyzing the broad use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection, even in cases with a normal semen analysis, have collectively demonstrated no benefits compared to conventional in-vitro fertilization. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the intracytoplasmic sperm injection technique vs. in-vitro fertilization in cases of poor ovarian response or a low number of oocytes collected, or in patients with advanced maternal age. Since the intracytoplasmic sperm injection technique is more operator-dependent and invasive, its use should only be recommended in cases of male-factor infertility. There is some evidence showing that intracytoplasmic sperm injection is linked with an increased risk of birth defects. Albeit this evidence is limited, and currently it is not possible to draw a firm conclusion on these concerns, we do believe that these risks should be rigorously investigated. Thus, this review aims to clarify the debate on the application of the intracytoplasmic sperm injection procedure, as compared to standard in-vitro fertilization, in those assisted reproductive technology cycles without a clear male factor infertility. Furthermore, we try to clarify whether intracytoplasmic sperm injection would result in a higher live birth rate than in-vitro fertilization, in couples with non-male factor infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romualdo Sciorio
- Edinburgh Assisted Conception Programme, EFREC, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Steven D Fleming
- Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Peipert BJ, Mebane S, Edmonds M, Watch L, Jain T. Economics of Fertility Care. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2023; 50:721-734. [PMID: 37914490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Family building is a human right. The high cost and lack of insurance coverage associated with fertility treatments in the United States have made treatment inaccessible for many patients. The universal uptake of "add-on" services has further contributed to high out-of-pocket costs. Expansion in access to infertility care has occurred in several states through implementation of insurance mandates, and more employers are offering fertility benefits to attract and retain employees. An understanding of the economic issues shaping fertility should inform future policies aimed at promoting evidence-based practices and improving access to care in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Peipert
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3701 Market Street, 8th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sloane Mebane
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, 201 Trent Drive, 203 Baker House, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Maxwell Edmonds
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, 201 Trent Drive, 203 Baker House, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lester Watch
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, 201 Trent Drive, 203 Baker House, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tarun Jain
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. Saint Clair Street, Suite 2310, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Lustgarten Guahmich N, Borini E, Zaninovic N. Improving outcomes of assisted reproductive technologies using artificial intelligence for sperm selection. Fertil Steril 2023; 120:729-734. [PMID: 37307892 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Within the field of assisted reproductive technology, artificial intelligence has become an attractive tool for potentially improving success rates. Recently, artificial intelligence-based tools for sperm evaluation and selection during intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) have been explored, mainly to improve fertilization outcomes and decrease variability within ICSI procedures. Although significant advances have been achieved in developing algorithms that track and rank single sperm in real-time during ICSI, the clinical benefits these might have in improving pregnancy rates from a single assisted reproductive technology cycle remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lustgarten Guahmich
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Elena Borini
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Nikica Zaninovic
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
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Cannarella R, Marino M, Condorelli RA, La Vignera S, Calogero AE. Is It Time for Andrology and Endocrinology Professionals in Assisted Reproduction Centers? World J Mens Health 2023; 41:796-808. [PMID: 37118957 PMCID: PMC10523123 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.220253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologists indicate that about half of the couple's infertility cases are due to a male factor. Despite this, the role of andrologists or endocrinologists in assisted reproductive technique (ART) centers is still underestimated. According to our literature review, this reduces the chance of a thorough clinical evaluation of the male partners, which, sometimes consists only in a mere semen analysis, usually performed by laboratory technicians. A more complete diagnostic process could lead to the identification of potentially treatable causes of infertility, the recognition of diseases that require immediate treatment, and to the discovery of genetic diseases and, therefore, transmissible to the offspring. It can also increase the success rate of ART resulting in less psychological and financial burden for both public health resources and infertile couples. The presence of medical personnel with andrological and endocrinological skills in the ART centers represents the first step in creating 'precision medicine'. We hope that the guidelines of the various scientific societies will clearly contemplate this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Cannarella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marta Marino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosita A Condorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Aldo E Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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The contemporary role of varicocele repair: why operate when in-vitro fertilization results are so good? Curr Opin Urol 2023; 33:1-4. [PMID: 36444648 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A male factor is either the primary cause or is contributory in at least half of all couples with infertility. Currently, many male factor problems may be disregarded, as reproductive technology has advanced so much that in-vitro fertilization (IVF)/Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) allows the use of even a single sperm to achieve pregnancy. RECENT FINDINGS Varicocele is the most commonly diagnosed correctable cause. Microsurgical repair is considered the gold standard for repair. Research has shown that varicocele repair can impact the outcome of reproductive management and upgrade male infertility from adoption or donor sperm only to IVF/ICSI and microTESE, or IVF/ICSI with ejaculated sperm, or from IVF/ICSI to intrauterine insemination (IUI) or often naturally conceived. SUMMARY Varicocele diagnosis and repair is an essential part of infertility evaluation. Not only does it potentially impact antiretroviral therapy choices, but it can also increase testosterone levels benefiting long-term male health.
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Shen X, Xiao T, Han W, Ye H, Zhang Y, Huang G. The bibliometric analysis of studies on intracytoplasmic sperm injection from 2002 to 2021. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1109623. [PMID: 36998479 PMCID: PMC10043366 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1109623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infertility is estimated to occur in 1 out of every 4-7 couples. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), a type of assisted reproduction introduced in 1992, has been used across the world for almost all indications of infertility, yielding high pregnancy rates. There is a growing concern worldwide about ICSI since semen quality has declined in recent years, accompanied with the potential risks of this technology. This study aims to analyze the current status and hotspots of ICSI via a bibliometric analysis. METHODS We retrieved publications on ICSI from the Web of Science Core Collection database from 2002 to 2021. CiteSpace was used to summarize knowledge mapping of subject categories, keywords, and co-citation relationships with the strongest citation bursts. VOSviewer was used to explore co-citation and co-occurrence relationships for countries, organizations, references, authors, and keywords. RESULTS A total of 8271 publications were analyzed between 2002 and 2021. The major findings are as follows: the USA, China, Italy, Japan, and Belgium are the top five prolific countries. The Free University of Brussels, University of Copenhagen, University of Valencia, Ghent University, and the University of California San Francisco are the top five contributing organizations. Fertility and Sterility and Human Reproduction are the most productive and cited journals. The hotspot topics are risks of ICSI, oocyte preservation, live birth rate, infertile men, and embryo quality in the past two decades. CONCLUSION This study presents a research overview of ICSI from different perspectives. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of the current status of ICSI research and provide hotspots and trends for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Shen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Human Embryo Engineering, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianbing Xiao
- Department of Urology, People’s Hospital of Fengjie, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Han
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Human Embryo Engineering, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Ye
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Human Embryo Engineering, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanfeng Zhang, ; Guoning Huang,
| | - Guoning Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Human Embryo Engineering, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanfeng Zhang, ; Guoning Huang,
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Meng F, Deng S, Wang L, Zhou Y, Zhao M, Li H, Liu D, Gao G, Liao X, Wang J. Bibliometric analysis and visualization of literature on assisted reproduction technology. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1063040. [DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1063040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionAssisted reproductive technology (ART) is a method that uses various techniques to process sperm or ova. Assisted reproductive technology involves removing ova from a woman's ovaries, combining them with sperm in the laboratory, and returning them to the woman's body or donating them to another woman.MethodsBased on the web of science core collection database, we firstly analyzed the quantity and quality of publications in the field of ART, secondly profiled the publishing groups in terms of country, institution, author's publication and cooperation network, and finally sorted out and summarized the hot topics of research.ResultsIn total, 6,288 articles on ART were published between 2001 and 2022 in 1,013 journals. Most of these published articles represent the global research status, potential hotspots and future research directions. Publications and citations of research on assisted reproductive technology have steadily increased over the past few decades. Academic institutions in Europe and the United States have been leading in assisted reproductive technology research. The countries, institutions, journals, and authors with the most published articles were the United States (1864), Harvard Univ (108), Fertility and Sterility (819), and Stern, Judy E. (64). The most commonly used keywords are Assisted reproductive technology (3303) and in-vitro Fertilization (2139), Ivf (1140), Pregnancy (1140), Women (769), Intracytoplasmic Sperm injection (644), In Fertilization (632), Risk (545), and Outcome (423).ConclusionFrozen embryo transfer, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and in vitro fertilization are the main research topics and hotspots in the field of assisted reproductive technology.
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The impact of insurance mandates on donor oocyte utilization: an analysis of 39,338 donor oocyte cycles from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology registry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 227:877.e1-877.e11. [PMID: 35863456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A total of 19 states passed legislation mandating insurance coverage of assisted reproductive technology, and out-of-pocket costs associated with in vitro fertilization vary significantly depending on the region. Consequently, it has been observed that assisted reproductive technology utilization differs regionally and is associated with the presence of an insurance mandate. However, it is unknown whether regional differences exist among patients using donor oocytes. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the patient and cycle-specific parameters associated with the use of donor oocytes according to the insurance mandate status of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology clinic in which the assisted reproductive technology cycle was performed. STUDY DESIGN This study was a retrospective cohort study using national data collected from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology registry for 39,338 donor oocyte cycles and 242,555 autologous oocyte cycles performed in the United States from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2016. Cycles were stratified by insurance mandate of the state in which the assisted reproductive technology cycle was performed: comprehensive (coverage for at least 4 cycles of assisted reproductive technology), limited (coverage limited to 1-3 assisted reproductive technology cycles), offer (insurance mandates exist but exclude assisted reproductive technology treatment), and no mandate. The primary outcome was the number of previous autologous assisted reproductive technology cycles of the recipient. The secondary outcomes included age, serum follicle stimulating hormone level, frozen donor oocyte utilization, day of embryo transfer, number of embryos transferred, clinical pregnancy rate, and live birth rate. Analyses were adjusted for day of transfer, number of embryos transferred, and age of the recipient. RESULTS Patients in no mandate states underwent fewer autologous assisted reproductive technology cycles (mean, 1.1; standard deviation, 1.6) before using donor oocytes than patients in offer (mean, 1.7; standard deviation, 2.5; P<.01), limited (mean, 1.5; standard deviation, 2.5; P<.01), and comprehensive (mean, 1.7; standard deviation, 2.0; P<.01) states. Patients in no mandate states were more likely to use frozen oocytes than patients in offer (relative risk, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.57), limited (relative risk, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.46-0.54), and comprehensive (relative risk, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.89-0.99) states. Clinical pregnancy and live birth rates were similar among recipients of donor oocytes, regardless of insurance mandate. CONCLUSION Despite similar ages and ovarian reserve parameters, patients without state-mandated insurance coverage of assisted reproductive technology were more likely to use frozen donor oocytes and undergo fewer autologous in vitro fertilization cycles than their counterparts in partial or comprehensive insurance coverage states. These differences in donor oocyte utilization highlight the financial barriers associated with pursuing assisted reproductive technology in uninsured states.
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Iwamoto A, Van Voorhis BJ, Summers KM, Sparks A, Mancuso AC. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection vs. conventional in vitro fertilization in patients with non-male factor infertility. Fertil Steril 2022; 118:465-472. [PMID: 35835597 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the cumulative live birth rates (CLBRs) and cost effectiveness of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and conventional in vitro fertilization (cIVF) for non-male factor infertility. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study. SETTING Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology clinics. PATIENT(S) A total of 46,967 patients with non-male factor infertility with the first autologous oocyte retrieval cycle between January 2014 and December 2015. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The primary outcomes were CLBR, defined as up to 1 live birth from an autologous retrieval cycle between 2014 and 2015, and linked fresh and frozen embryo transfers through 2016. The secondary outcomes included miscarriage rate, 2 pronuclei per oocyte retrieved, and the total number of transferred and frozen embryos. Analyses were performed on subsamples with and without preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A). A cost analysis was performed to determine the costs accrued by ICSI. RESULT(S) Among cycles without PGT-A in patients with non-male factor infertility, the CLBR was 60.9% for ICSI cycles vs. 64.3% for cIVF cycles, a difference that was not significantly different after adjustment for covariates (adjusted risk ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.00). With PGT-A, no difference in CLBR was found between ICSI and cIVF cases after adjustment (64.7% vs. 69.0%, respectively; adjusted risk ratio, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.93-1.01). The patients were charged an estimated additional amount of $37,476,000 for ICSI without genetic testing and an additional amount of $7,213,500 for ICSI with PGT-A over 2 years by Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology clinics. CONCLUSION(S) In patients with non-male factor infertility, ICSI did not improve CLBR. Given the additional cost and the lack of CLBR benefit, our data show that the routine use of ICSI in patients with non-male factor infertility is not warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Iwamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa.
| | - Bradley J Van Voorhis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Karen M Summers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Amy Sparks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Abigail C Mancuso
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
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13
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Marinaro J, Goldstein M. Microsurgical Management of Male Infertility: Compelling Evidence That Collaboration with Qualified Male Reproductive Urologists Enhances Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Outcomes. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154593. [PMID: 35956208 PMCID: PMC9369943 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A male factor plays a significant role in a couple's reproductive success. Today, advances in reproductive technology, such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), have allowed it to be possible for just a single sperm to fertilize an egg, thus, overcoming many of the traditional barriers to male fertility, such as a low sperm count, impaired motility, and abnormal morphology. Given these advances in reproductive technology, it has been questioned whether a reproductive urologist is needed for the evaluation and treatment of infertile and subfertile men. In this review, we aim to provide compelling evidence that collaboration between reproductive endocrinologists and reproductive urologists is essential for optimizing a couple's fertility outcomes, as well as for improving the health of infertile men and providing cost-effective care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Marinaro
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marc Goldstein
- Center for Male Reproductive Medicine and Microsurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 East 68th St., Starr Pavilion, 9th Floor (Starr 900), New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence:
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Peipert BJ, Montoya MN, Bedrick BS, Seifer DB, Jain T. Impact of in vitro fertilization state mandates for third party insurance coverage in the United States: a review and critical assessment. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2022; 20:111. [PMID: 35927756 PMCID: PMC9351254 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-022-00984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Society for Reproductive Medicine estimates that fewer than a quarter of infertile couples have sufficient access to infertility care. Insurers in the United States (US) have long considered infertility to be a socially constructed condition, and thus in-vitro fertilization (IVF) an elective intervention. As a result, IVF is cost prohibitive for many patients in the US. State infertility insurance mandates are a crucial mechanism for expanding access to fertility care in the US in the absence of federal legislation. The first state insurance mandate for third party coverage of infertility services was passed by West Virginia in 1977, and Maryland passed the country's first IVF mandate in 1985. To date, twenty states have passed legislation requiring insurers to cover or offer coverage for the diagnosis and treatment of infertility. Ten states currently have "comprehensive" IVF mandates, meaning they require third party coverage for IVF with minimal restrictions to patient eligibility, exemptions, and lifetime limits. Several studies analyzing the impact of infertility and IVF mandates have been published in the past 20 years. In this review, we characterize and contextualize the existing evidence of the impact of state insurance mandates on access to infertility treatment, IVF practice patterns, and reproductive outcomes. Furthermore, we summarize the arguments in favor of insurance coverage for infertility care and assess the limitations of state insurance mandates as a strategy for increasing access to infertility treatment. State mandates play a key role in the promotion of evidence-based practices and represent an essential and impactful strategy for the advancement of gender equality and reproductive rights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Peipert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Hospital, 2301 Erwin Rd, 27705, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Melissa N Montoya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Hospital, 2301 Erwin Rd, 27705, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bronwyn S Bedrick
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David B Seifer
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tarun Jain
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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15
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Yeung EH, Mendola P, Sundaram R, Lin TC, Broadney MM, Putnick DL, Robinson SL, Polinski KJ, Wactawski-Wende J, Ghassabian A, O'Connor TG, Gore-Langton RE, Stern JE, Bell E. Conception by fertility treatment and cardiometabolic risk in middle childhood. Fertil Steril 2022; 118:349-359. [PMID: 35697532 PMCID: PMC9329264 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether children conceived using assisted reproductive technology (ART) or ovulation induction (OI) have greater cardiometabolic risk than children conceived without treatment. DESIGN Clinical assessments in 2018-2019 in the Upstate KIDS cohort. SETTING Clinical sites in New York. PATIENT(S) Three hundred thirty-three singletons and 226 twins from 448 families. INTERVENTION(S) Mothers reported their use of fertility treatment and its specific type at baseline and approximately 4 months after delivery. High validity of the self-reported use of ART was previously confirmed. The children were followed up from infancy through 8-10 years of age. A subgroup was invited to participate in clinic visits. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The measurements of blood pressure (BP), arterial stiffness using pulse wave velocity, anthropometric measures, and body fat using bioelectrical impedance analysis were performed (n = 559). The levels of plasma lipids, C-reactive protein, and hemoglobin A1c were measured using blood samples obtained from 263 children. RESULT(S) The average age of the children was 9.4 years at the time of the clinic visits Approximately 39% were conceived using fertility treatment (18% using ART and 21% using OI). Singletons conceived using fertility treatment (any type or using ART or OI specifically) did not statistically differ in systolic or diastolic BP, heart rate, or pulse wave velocity. Singletons conceived using OI were smaller than singletons conceived without treatment, but the average body mass index of the latter was higher (z-score: 0.41 [SD, 1.24]) than the national norms. Twins conceived using either treatment had lower BP than twins conceived without treatment. However, twins conceived using OI had significantly higher arterial stiffness (0.59; 95% CI, 0.03-1.15 m/s), which was attenuated after accounting for maternal BP (0.29; 95% CI, -0.03 to 0.46 m/s). Twins did not significantly differ in size or fat measures across the groups. The mode of conception was not associated with the levels of lipids, C-reactive protein, or glycosylated hemoglobin. CONCLUSION(S) Clinical measures at the age of 9 years did not indicate greater cardiometabolic risk in children conceived using ART or OI compared with that in children conceived without treatment. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT03106493.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwina H Yeung
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Pauline Mendola
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rajeshwari Sundaram
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Miranda M Broadney
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Diane L Putnick
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sonia L Robinson
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kristen J Polinski
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- Departments of Pediatrics, Population Health, and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Thomas G O'Connor
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, Neuroscience, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | | | - Judy E Stern
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock and Dartmouth Geisel Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Erin Bell
- Department Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, New York
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Peipert BJ, Chung EH, Harris BS, Jain T. Impact of comprehensive state insurance mandates on in vitro fertilization utilization, embryo transfer practices, and outcomes in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 227:64.e1-64.e8. [PMID: 35283088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that state mandated coverage of in vitro fertilization may be associated with increased utilization, fewer embryos per transfer, and lower multiple birth rates, but also lower overall live birth rates. Given new legislation and the delay between enactment and effect, a revisit of this analysis is warranted. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to characterize the current impact of comprehensive state in vitro fertilization insurance mandates on in vitro fertilization utilization, live birth rates, multiple birth rates, and embryo transfer practices. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a retrospective cohort study of in vitro fertilization cycles reported by the 2018 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Assisted Reproductive Technology Fertility Clinic Success Rates Report in the United States. In vitro fertilization cycles were stratified according to state mandate as follows: comprehensive (providing coverage for in vitro fertilization with minimal restrictions) and noncomprehensive. The United States census estimates for 2018 were used to calculate the number of reproductive-aged women in each state. Outcomes of interest (stratified by state mandate status) included utilization rate of in vitro fertilization per 1000 women aged 25 to 44 years, live birth rate, multiple birth rate, number of embryo transfer procedures (overall and subdivided by fresh vs frozen cycles), and percentage of transfers performed with frozen embryos. Additional subanalyzes were performed with stratification of outcomes by patient age group. RESULTS In 2018, 134,997 in vitro fertilization cycles from 456 clinics were reported. Six states had comprehensive mandates; 32,029 and 102,968 cycles were performed in states with and without comprehensive in vitro fertilization mandates, respectively. In vitro fertilization utilization in states with comprehensive mandates was 132% higher than in noncomprehensive states after age adjustment; increased utilization was observed regardless of age stratification. Live birth rate per cycle was significantly higher in states with comprehensive mandates (35.4% vs 33.4%; P<.001), especially among older age groups. Multiple birth rate as a percentage of all births was significantly lower in states with comprehensive mandates (10.2% vs 13.8%; P<.001), especially among younger patients. Mean number of embryos per transfer was significantly lower in states with comprehensive mandates (1.30 vs 1.36; P<.001). Significantly fewer frozen transfers were performed as a percentage of all embryo transfers in states with comprehensive mandates (66.1% vs 76.3%; P<.001). Among fresh embryo transfers, significantly fewer embryos were transferred in comprehensive states among all patients (1.55 vs 1.67; P<.001). CONCLUSION Comprehensive state mandated insurance coverage for in vitro fertilization services is associated with greater utilization of these services, fewer embryos per transfer, fewer frozen embryo transfers, lower multiple birth rates, and higher live birth rates. These findings have important public health implications for reproductive-aged individuals in the United States and present notable opportunities for research on access to fertility care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Peipert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Esther H Chung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Benjamin S Harris
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Tarun Jain
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
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Sciorio R, Esteves SC. Contemporary Use of ICSI and Epigenetic Risks to Future Generations. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11082135. [PMID: 35456226 PMCID: PMC9031244 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11082135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the birth of Louise Brown in 1978 via IVF, reproductive specialists have acquired enormous knowledge and refined several procedures, which are nowadays applied in assisted reproductive technology (ART). One of the most critical steps in this practice is the fertilization process. In the early days of IVF, a remarkable concern was the unpleasant outcomes of failed fertilization, overtaken by introducing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), delineating a real breakthrough in modern ART. ICSI became standard practice and was soon used as the most common method to fertilize oocytes. It has been used for severe male factor infertility and non-male factors, such as unexplained infertility or advanced maternal age, without robust scientific evidence. However, applying ICSI blindly is not free of potential detrimental consequences since novel studies report possible health consequences to offspring. DNA methylation and epigenetic alterations in sperm cells of infertile men might help explain some of the adverse effects reported in ICSI studies on reproductive health in future generations. Collected data concerning the health of ICSI children over the past thirty years seems to support the notion that there might be an increased risk of epigenetic disorders, congenital malformations, chromosomal alterations, and subfertility in babies born following ICSI compared to naturally conceived children. However, it is still to be elucidated to what level these data are associated with the cause of infertility or the ICSI technique. This review provides an overview of epigenetic mechanisms and possible imprinting alterations following the use of ART, in particular ICSI. It also highlights the sperm contribution to embryo epigenetic regulation and the risks of in vitro culture conditions on epigenetic dysregulation. Lastly, it summarizes the literature concerning the possible epigenetic disorders in children born after ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romualdo Sciorio
- Edinburgh Assisted Conception Programme, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Sandro C. Esteves
- Androfert, Andrology and Human Reproduction Clinic, Campinas 13075-460, Brazil;
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
- Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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18
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State-Mandated Insurance Coverage and Preimplantation Genetic Testing in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 2022; 139:500-508. [PMID: 35271533 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000004712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between state-mandated insurance coverage for infertility treatment in the United States and the utilization of and indication for preimplantation genetic testing. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of 301,465 in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles reported to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology between 2014 and 2016. Binomial logistic regression was performed to examine associations between state-mandated insurance coverage and preimplantation genetic testing use. The neonate's sex from each patient's first successful cycle was used to calculate sex ratios. Sex ratios then were compared by state mandates and preimplantation genetic testing indication for elective sex selection. RESULTS The proportion of IVF cycles using preimplantation genetic testing increased from 17% in 2014 to 34% in 2016. This increase was driven largely by preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy testing. Preimplantation genetic testing was less likely to be performed in states with mandates for insurance coverage than in those without mandates (risk ratio [RR] 0.69, 95% CI 0.67-0.71, P<.001). Preimplantation genetic testing use for elective sex selection was also less likely to be performed in states with mandates (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.36-0.53, P<.001). Among liveborn neonates, the male/female sex ratio was higher for IVF cycles with preimplantation genetic testing for any indication (115) than for those without preimplantation genetic testing (105) (P<.001), and the use of preimplantation genetic testing specifically for elective sex selection had a substantially higher (164) male/female sex ratio than preimplantation genetic testing for other indications (112) (P<.001). CONCLUSION The proportion of IVF cycles using preimplantation genetic testing in the United States is increasing and is highest in states where IVF is largely self-funded. Preimplantation genetic testing for nonmedical sex selection is also more common in states where IVF is self-funded and is more likely to result in male offspring. Continued surveillance of these trends is important, because these practices are controversial and could have implications for future population demographics.
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Giacobbe M, Conatti M, Gomes A, Bonetti TC, Monteleone PA. Effectivity of conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) when male factor is absent: a perspective point of view. JBRA Assist Reprod 2022; 26:123-128. [PMID: 34812599 PMCID: PMC8769186 DOI: 10.5935/1518-0557.20210031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
An objective and individualized approach of in vitro fertilization techniques tends to decrease costs and improve the experience of infertile couples during treatment. The use of available technologies to diagnose and treat infertility based on scientific evidence seems to be the best practice, which is the guideline that motivates this review on the available techniques for laboratory oocyte insemination. Conventional IVF, the pioneering technique, was initially used in the treatment of tubal obstruction infertility, successfully expanding the treatment of infertile couples presenting with several other factors. However, it was less effective in cases of severe male factor infertility. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, which was developed in 1992, proved to be the method of choice for treating couples with severe male factor infertility. Since then, it has been increasingly used regardless of the infertility factor. This review discusses the effectiveness of conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) when the male factor is absent in all aspects, as technical and clinical outcomes, associated risks, adjustments for using with other technologies and costs. Finally we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each one, with all aspects reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Giacobbe
- ART Medicina Rede de Reprodução Humana, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Fertilivitá Reprodução Humana, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maiara Conatti
- Monteleone Centro de Reprodução Humana, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiana Cs Bonetti
- Monteleone Centro de Reprodução Humana, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Ginecologia. Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Aa Monteleone
- Monteleone Centro de Reprodução Humana, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Disciplina de Ginecologia - Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia. Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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20
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Zagadailov P, Cho KS, Seifer DB. Differences in ICSI utilization rates among states with insurance mandates for ART coverage. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2021; 19:174. [PMID: 34847941 PMCID: PMC8630859 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-021-00856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assisted reproductive technology (ART) insurance mandates promote more selective utilization of ART clinic resources including intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Our objective was to examine whether ICSI utilization differs by state insurance mandates for ART coverage and assess if such a difference is associated with male factor, preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), and/or live birth rates. METHODS In this retrospective analysis of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) data from 2018, ART clinics in ART-mandated states (n = 8, AR, CT, HI, IL, MD, MA, NJ, RI) were compared individually to one another and with non-mandated states in aggregate (n = 42) for use of ICSI, male factor, PGT, and live birth rates. ANOVA was used to evaluate differences between ART-mandated states and non-mandated states. Individual ART-mandated states were compared using Welch t-tests. Statistical significance was determined by Bonferroni Correction. RESULTS There were significant differences in ICSI rates (%, mean ± SD) between MA (53.3 ± 21.3) and HI (90.7 ± 19.6), p = 0.028; IL (86.5 ± 18.7) and MA, p = 0.002; IL and MD (57.2 ± 30.8), p = 0.039; IL and NJ (62.0 ± 26.8), p = 0.007; between non-mandated states in aggregate (79.9 ± 19.9) and MA, p = 0.006, and NJ (62.0 ± 26.8), p = 0.02. Male factor rates of HI (65.8 ± 16.0) were significantly greater compared to CT (18.8 ± 8.7), IL (26.0 ± 11.9), MA (26.9 ± 6.6), MD (29.3 ± 9.9), NJ (30.6 ± 17.9), and non-mandated states in aggregate (29.7 ± 13.7), all p < 0.0001. No significant differences were reported for use of PGT and/or live birth rates across all age groups regardless of mandate status. CONCLUSIONS ICSI use varied significantly among ART-mandated states while demonstrating no differences in live birth rates. These data suggest that the prevalence of male factor and the presence of a state insurance mandate are not the only factors influencing ICSI use. It is suggested that other non-clinical factors may impact the rate of ICSI utilization in a given state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Zagadailov
- Clinical Outcomes Research Group, CORG LLC, 178 Meadow Brook Rd, Grantham, NH 03753 USA
| | - Kyung S. Cho
- Clinical Outcomes Research Group, CORG LLC, 178 Meadow Brook Rd, Grantham, NH 03753 USA
- Department of Statistics, Columbia University, 1255 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - David B. Seifer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
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Machine-learning algorithm incorporating capacitated sperm intracellular pH predicts conventional in vitro fertilization success in normospermic patients. Fertil Steril 2021; 115:930-939. [PMID: 33461755 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure human sperm intracellular pH (pHi) and develop a machine-learning algorithm to predict successful conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) in normospermic patients. DESIGN Spermatozoa from 76 IVF patients were capacitated in vitro. Flow cytometry was used to measure sperm pHi, and computer-assisted semen analysis was used to measure hyperactivated motility. A gradient-boosted machine-learning algorithm was trained on clinical data and sperm pHi and membrane potential from 58 patients to predict successful conventional IVF, defined as a fertilization ratio (number of fertilized oocytes [2 pronuclei]/number of mature oocytes) greater than 0.66. The algorithm was validated on an independent set of data from 18 patients. SETTING Academic medical center. PATIENT(S) Normospermic men undergoing IVF. Patients were excluded if they used frozen sperm, had known male factor infertility, or used intracytoplasmic sperm injection only. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Successful conventional IVF. RESULT(S) Sperm pHi positively correlated with hyperactivated motility and with conventional IVF ratio (n = 76) but not with intracytoplasmic sperm injection fertilization ratio (n = 38). In receiver operating curve analysis of data from the test set (n = 58), the machine-learning algorithm predicted successful conventional IVF with a mean accuracy of 0.72 (n = 18), a mean area under the curve of 0.81, a mean sensitivity of 0.65, and a mean specificity of 0.80. CONCLUSION(S) Sperm pHi correlates with conventional fertilization outcomes in normospermic patients undergoing IVF. A machine-learning algorithm can use clinical parameters and markers of capacitation to accurately predict successful fertilization in normospermic men undergoing conventional IVF.
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22
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Ibrahim Y, Einerson B, Carrell DT, Emery BR, Johnstone E. The hamster egg penetration test may decrease intracytoplasmic sperm injection utilization while maintaining high conventional fertilization rates. Asian J Androl 2021; 23:11-15. [PMID: 32436865 PMCID: PMC7831835 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_18_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This was a cohort study of in vitro fertilization (IVF) subjects at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (UT, USA) utilizing partner sperm. Cycles where both the hamster egg penetration test (HEPT) and semen analysis were performed within 2 years prior to IVF cycles were stratified into four groups based on a normal or an abnormal HEPT and morphology. The mean conventional and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) fertilization rates were calculated in each group. We performed a univariate analysis on the primary outcome comparing clinically interesting subjects. We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis of a policy of HEPT versus universal ICSI in couples with an abnormal morphology. Among patients with a normal HEPT, there was no difference in the mean conventional fertilization rates between those with a normal and an abnormal morphology. There was no difference in the mean conventional fertilization rates between subjects with a normal morphology without a hamster test and those with a normal HEPT without a morphology assessment. In 1000 simulated cycles with an abnormal morphology, a policy of HEPT was cost saving compared to universal ICSI, yet produced similar fertilization rates. The HEPT is similar to the World Health Organization edition 5 (WHO-5) morphology in predicting successful conventional fertilization while allowing decreased utilization of ICSI. A policy of HEPT for males with abnormal morphology saves cost in selecting couples for a fertilization method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetunde Ibrahim
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Brett Einerson
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Douglas T Carrell
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Benjamin R Emery
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Erica Johnstone
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for non-male factor indications: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2020; 114:239-245. [PMID: 32654822 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, while typically effective for overcoming low or absent fertilization in couples with a clear abnormality of semen parameters, is frequently used in combination with assisted reproductive technologies for other etiologies of infertility in the presence of semen parameters that meet the World Health Organization 2010 normative reference values. This committee opinion provides a critical review of the literature, where available, to identify situations where this may or may not be of benefit. This document replaces the previously published document of the same name, last published in 2012 (Fertil Steril 2012;98:1395-9).
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Affiliation(s)
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- American Society for Reproductive Medicine and Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology, Birmingham, Alabama
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Zagadailov P, Seifer DB, Shan H, Zarek SM, Hsu AL. Do state insurance mandates alter ICSI utilization? Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2020; 18:33. [PMID: 32334609 PMCID: PMC7183130 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00589-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assisted reproductive technology (ART) insurance mandates resulted in improved access to infertility treatments like intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Our objective was to examine whether ART insurance mandates demonstrate an increased association with ICSI use. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, clinic-specific data for 2000-2016 from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) were grouped by state and subgrouped by the presence and extent of ART state insurance mandates. Mandated (n = 8) and non-mandated (n = 22) states were compared for ICSI use and male factor (MF) infertility in fresh non-donor ART cycles with a transfer in women < 35 years. Clinical pregnancy (CPR), live birth (LBR) rates, preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), elective single-embryo transfer (eSET) and twin birth rates per clinic were evaluated utilizing Welch's t-test. Pearson correlation was used to measure the strength of association between MF and ICSI; ICSI and CPR, and ICSI and LBR over time. Results were considered statistically significant at a p-value of < 0.05, with Bonferroni correction used for multiple comparisons. RESULTS From 2000 to 2016, ICSI use per clinic increased in both mandated and non-mandated states. ICSI use per clinic in non-mandated states was significantly greater from 2011 to 2016 (p < 0.05, all years) than in mandated states. Clinics in mandated states had less MF (30.5 ± 15% vs 36.7 ± 15%; p < 0.001), lower CPR (39.8 ± 4% vs 43.4 ± 4%; p = 0.02) and lower LBR (33.9 ± 3.5% vs 37.9 ± 3.5%; p < 0.05). PGT rates were not significantly different. ICSI use in non-mandated states correlated with MF rates (r = 0.524, p = 0.03). A significant correlation between ICSI and CPR (r = 0.8, p < 0.001) and LBR (r = 0.7, p < 0.001) was noted in mandated states only. eSET rates were greater and twin rates were lower in mandated compared with non-mandated states. CONCLUSIONS There was greater use of ICSI per clinic in non-mandated states, which correlated with an increased frequency of MF. In mandated states, lower ICSI rates per clinic were accompanied by a positive correlation with CPR and LBR, as well as a trend for greater eSET rates and lower twin rates, suggesting that state mandates for ART coverage may encourage more selective utilization of laboratory resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Zagadailov
- Clinical Outcomes Research Group, CORG LLC, 178 Meadow Brook Rd, Grantham, NH 03753 USA
| | - David B. Seifer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - He Shan
- Clinical Outcomes Research Group, CORG LLC, 178 Meadow Brook Rd, Grantham, NH 03753 USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Shvetha M. Zarek
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Albert L. Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO USA
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The BlastGen study: a randomized controlled trial of blastocyst media supplemented with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Reprod Biomed Online 2020; 40:645-652. [PMID: 32220517 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Does Embryogen®/BlastGen™ culture medium improve live birth rates compared with standard culture medium for women undergoing IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with poor prognosis. DESIGN Randomized clinical trial. A total of 100 couples undergoing IVF/ICSI were randomly allocated to having their inseminated oocytes incubated in either Embryogen®/BlastGen™ sequential culture media or standard Cleavage/Blastocyst sequential culture media for 5 days (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02305420). RESULTS No statistically significant difference in live birth rate was found between the control group and the Embryogen®/BlastGen™ group (17 [34%] versus 11 [22%], respectively) (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.22 to 1.32; P = 0.18). After adjustment for maternal age, body mass index and fertilization procedure, the blastulation rate reduced (40.6 ± 26.5 versus 24.6 ± 26.7; RR 0.70, CI 0.52 to 0.95; P < 0.05), and grade of the embryo transferred (OR 0.35, CI 0.16 to 0.77; P < 0.01) when Embryogen®/BlastGen™ medium was used. CONCLUSION A significant reduction in day-5 embryo outcome parameters was found using Embryogen®/BlastGen™ compared with standard medium, and insufficient evidence of a difference in pregnancy outcomes. Taking into consideration the small samples size, study limitations and strict inclusion criteria of this single-centre study, further research is needed to determine the efficacy of Embryogen®/BlastGen™ medium in couples undergoing IVF/ICSI.
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Esteves SC, Roque M, Bedoschi G, Haahr T, Humaidan P. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection for male infertility and consequences for offspring. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 15:535-562. [PMID: 29967387 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has become the most commonly used method of fertilization in assisted reproductive technology. The primary reasons for its popularity stem from its effectiveness, the standardization of the procedure, which means that it can easily be incorporated into the routine practice of fertility centres worldwide, and the fact that it can be used to treat virtually all forms of infertility. ICSI is the clear method of choice for overcoming untreatable severe male factor infertility, but its (over)use in other male and non-male factor infertility scenarios is not evidence-based. Despite all efforts to increase ICSI efficacy and safety through the application of advanced sperm retrieval and cryopreservation techniques, as well as methods for selecting sperm with better chromatin integrity, the overall pregnancy rates from infertile men remain suboptimal. Treating the underlying male infertility factor before ICSI seems to be a promising way to improve ICSI outcomes, but data remain limited. Information regarding the health of ICSI offspring has accumulated over the past 25 years, and there are reasons for concern as risks of congenital malformations, epigenetic disorders, chromosomal abnormalities, subfertility, cancer, delayed psychological and neurological development, and impaired cardiometabolic profile have been observed to be greater in infants born as a result of ICSI than in naturally conceived children. However, as subfertility probably influences the risk estimates, it remains to be determined to what extent the observed adverse outcomes are related to parental factors or associated with ICSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro C Esteves
- ANDROFERT, Andrology and Human Reproduction Clinic, Campinas, Brazil. .,Department of Surgery (Division of Urology), Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil. .,Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Matheus Roque
- ORIGEN, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giuliano Bedoschi
- Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thor Haahr
- Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Fertility Clinic, Skive Regional Hospital, Skive, Denmark
| | - Peter Humaidan
- Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Fertility Clinic, Skive Regional Hospital, Skive, Denmark
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Sustar K, Rozen G, Agresta F, Polyakov A. Use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in normospermic men may result in lower clinical pregnancy and live birth rates. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2019; 59:706-711. [PMID: 31187499 DOI: 10.1111/ajo.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was developed for overcoming male infertility, it is increasingly being used for non-male factor indications, without consensus regarding the safety and efficacy of this approach. AIMS To determine whether ICSI offers any benefit compared to standard in vitro fertilisation (IVF), in the setting of normal semen parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of reproductive outcomes in 3363 stimulated cycles (IVF = 1661; ICSI = 1702), in patients treated between 2009-2015, was performed. Selected couples had no male factor infertility. Couples with abnormal semen parameters (based on WHO 2010 guidelines), presence of anti-sperm antibodies and low oocyte yield of ≤4 oocytes, were excluded. The outcomes analysed included: (1) fertilisation rate (FR); (2) clinical pregnancy rate (CPR); and (3) live birth rate (LBR), by method of fertilisation used (IVF vs ICSI) and controlling for significant confounders. RESULTS FR, CPR and LBR were significantly higher in the IVF group compared with ICSI (67.1% vs 62.3%, 23.06% vs 16.8%, 17.22% vs 13.2%, respectively). Pregnancy rate with ICSI was approximately 30% lower than with IVF, even when controlling for significant factors such as day of embryo transfer and number of embryos transferred. This translates to one less pregnancy in every 15 cycles where ICSI was used without clear indication. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that ICSI may be detrimental to clinical outcomes and contributes to the wider understanding of use of ICSI in normospermic men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Genia Rozen
- Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne IVF, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Alex Polyakov
- Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne IVF, Melbourne, Australia
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Esteves SC, Agarwal A, Roque M, Humaidan P. Hot topics in male infertility: an afterword. Panminerva Med 2019; 61:196-199. [PMID: 30990288 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.18.03587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro C Esteves
- Andrology and Human Reproduction Clinic ANDROFERT, Campinas, Brazil - .,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil - .,Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark -
| | - Ashok Agarwal
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Matheus Roque
- Center for Reproductive Medicine ORIGEN, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Peter Humaidan
- Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Fertility Clinic Skive, Skive Regional Hospital, Skive, Denmark
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Miyaoka R, Orosz JE, Achermann AP, Esteves SC. Methods of surgical sperm extraction and implications for assisted reproductive technology success. Panminerva Med 2019; 61:164-177. [DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.18.03508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jain T, Grainger DA, Ball GD, Gibbons WE, Rebar RW, Robins JC, Leach RE. 30 years of data: impact of the United States in vitro fertilization data registry on advancing fertility care. Fertil Steril 2019; 111:477-488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hornstein MD. Is insurance coverage for in vitro fertilization a good thing? Fertil Steril 2018; 109:619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Dieke AC, Mehta A, Kissin DM, Nangia AK, Warner L, Boulet SL. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection use in states with and without insurance coverage mandates for infertility treatment, United States, 2000–2015. Fertil Steril 2018; 109:691-697. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Huang HY, Lai YL, Yao DJ. Dielectrophoretic Microfluidic Device for in Vitro Fertilization. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E135. [PMID: 30424069 PMCID: PMC6187277 DOI: 10.3390/mi9030135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to create a microfluidic platform that uses in vitro fertilization (IVF) and avoids unnecessary damage to oocytes due to the dielectrophoretic force manipulation of the sperms and oocytes that occurs in a traditional IVF operation. The device from this research can serve also to decrease medium volumes, as well as the cost of cell culture under evaporation, and to prevent unnecessary risk in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). To decrease the impact and destruction of the oocyte and the sperm, we adopted a positive dielectrophoretic force to manipulate both the sperms and the oocyte. The mouse oocytes were trapped with a positive dielectrophoretic (p-DEP) force by using Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)-glass electrodes; the ITO-glass electrode chip was fabricated by wet etching the ITO-glass. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) flow-focusing microfluidic device was used to generate microdroplets of micrometer size to contain the zygotes. The volume of the microdroplets was controlled by adjusting the flow rates of both inlets for oil and the DEP buffer. As a result, the rate of fertilization was increased by about 5% beyond that of the DEP treatment in traditional IVF, and more than 20% developed to the blastocyst stage with a low sperm-oocyte ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yuan Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung University and College of Medicine, 259, Wen-Hua 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Li Lai
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Da-Jeng Yao
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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Blomberg Jensen M, Lawaetz JG, Petersen JH, Juul A, Jørgensen N. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Semen Quality, Reproductive Hormones, and Live Birth Rate: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:870-881. [PMID: 29126319 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Results of animal models and cross-sectional cohort studies have suggested a beneficial role for vitamin D in male reproduction. OBJECTIVE Determine the effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on semen quality in infertile men with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25OHD) levels ≤50 nmol/L. DESIGN A single-center, triple-blinded, randomized clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1427 infertile men were screened to include 330; 1002 men did not meet inclusion criteria and 95 did not wish to participate. INTERVENTION The active group received cholecalciferol 300,000 IU initially, then 1400 IU cholecalciferol and 500 mg of calcium daily for 150 days; the other group received placebo. RESULTS Serum concentrations of 25OHD and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were significantly higher in men in the treatment group compared with the placebo group. Vitamin D supplementation was not associated with changes in semen parameters, although spontaneous pregnancies tended to be higher in couples in which the man was in the treatment group [7.3% vs 2.4%, Δ5.0% (-0.6%; 10.5%)]. Vitamin D treatment in a subgroup of oligozoospermic men increased the chance for a live birth compared with placebo [35.6% vs 18.3%, Δ17.3% (1.6%; 32.9%)]. Moreover, serum inhibin B levels were higher in men deficient in vitamin D who were randomly assigned to receive high-dose vitamin D [193 pg/mL vs 143 pg/mL, Δ49 pg/mL (8; 91 pg/mL)]; however, the increase in sperm concentration was not significantly higher than in the placebo group (P = 0.07). CONCLUSION High-dose vitamin D supplementation did not improve semen quality in vitamin D-insufficient infertile men. The positive impact of vitamin D supplementation on live birth rate and serum inhibin B in oligozoospermic and vitamin D-deficient men may be of clinical importance and warrant verification by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Blomberg Jensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Harvard School of Dental Medicine/Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jacob Gerner Lawaetz
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Holm Petersen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Jørgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rehfeld A, Egeberg DL, Almstrup K, Petersen JH, Dissing S, Skakkebæk NE. EDC IMPACT: Chemical UV filters can affect human sperm function in a progesterone-like manner. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:16-25. [PMID: 28874401 PMCID: PMC5744631 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human sperm cell function must be precisely regulated to achieve natural fertilization. Progesterone released by the cumulus cells surrounding the egg induces a Ca2+ influx into human sperm cells via the CatSper Ca2+-channel and thereby controls sperm function. Multiple chemical UV filters have been shown to induce a Ca2+ influx through CatSper, thus mimicking the effect of progesterone on Ca2+ signaling. We hypothesized that these UV filters could also mimic the effect of progesterone on sperm function. We examined 29 UV filters allowed in sunscreens in the US and/or EU for their ability to affect acrosome reaction, penetration, hyperactivation and viability in human sperm cells. We found that, similar to progesterone, the UV filters 4-MBC, 3-BC, Meradimate, Octisalate, BCSA, HMS and OD-PABA induced acrosome reaction and 3-BC increased sperm penetration into a viscous medium. The capacity of the UV filters to induce acrosome reaction and increase sperm penetration was positively associated with the ability of the UV filters to induce a Ca2+ influx. None of the UV filters induced significant changes in the proportion of hyperactivated cells. In conclusion, chemical UV filters that mimic the effect of progesterone on Ca2+ signaling in human sperm cells can similarly mimic the effect of progesterone on acrosome reaction and sperm penetration. Human exposure to these chemical UV filters may impair fertility by interfering with sperm function, e.g. through induction of premature acrosome reaction. Further studies are needed to confirm the results in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rehfeld
- Department of Growth and ReproductionCopenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC)University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - D L Egeberg
- Department of Growth and ReproductionCopenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC)University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - K Almstrup
- Department of Growth and ReproductionCopenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC)University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - J H Petersen
- Department of Growth and ReproductionCopenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC)University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Dissing
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N E Skakkebæk
- Department of Growth and ReproductionCopenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC)University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
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Which type of congenital malformations is significantly increased in singleton pregnancies following after in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 9:4267-4278. [PMID: 29423121 PMCID: PMC5790538 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is inconclusive nowadays for which type of congenital malformations(CMs) is increased in singleton pregnancies following after in vitro fertilization(IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI) compared with those after spontaneous conception; furthermore, a complete overview is missing. We conducted a meta-analysis of cohort studies to assess the risk of specific CMs associated with IVF/ICSI singleton pregnancies. Unrestricted searches were conducted, with an end date parameter of 1 June 2017, of PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Cochrane Libraries, and Chinese databases. Either a fixed- or a random-effects model was used to calculate the overall combined risk estimates. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to explore potential heterogeneity moderators when significant heterogeneity was observed. Sixteen cohort studies with a total of 129,648 IVF/ICSI and 5,491,949 spontaneously conceived singleton births fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The IVF/ICSI singleton pregnancies had a significantly increased risk of cleft lip and/or palate (OR = 1.34 [95% CI: 1.07–1.69]; I2 = 0%), eye, ear, face and neck (odd ratios [OR] = 1.20 [95% CI: 1.04–1.39]; I2 = 15%), chromosomal (OR = 1.23 [95% CI: 1.07–1.40]; I2 = 32%), respiratory (OR = 1.28 [95% CI: 1.01–1.64]; I2 = 37%), digestive (OR = 1.46 [95% CI: 1.29–1.65]; I2 = 0%), musculoskeletal (OR = 1.47 [95% CI: 1.25–1.72]; I2 = 64%), urogenital (OR = 1.43 [95% CI: 1.18–1.72]; I2 = 62%), and circulatory (OR = 1.39 [95% CI: 1.23–1.58]; I2 = 46%) system malformations. Relevant heterogeneity moderators have been identified by subgroup analysis. Sensitivity analysis yielded consistent results. No evidence of publication bias was observed. In conclusion, the IVF/ICSI singleton pregnancies are associated with higher risks for most specific CMs. Clinicians should provide appropriate information to counseling IVF/ICSI patients.
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Rosenwaks Z, Pereira N. The pioneering of intracytoplasmic sperm injection: historical perspectives. Reproduction 2017; 154:F71-F77. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has often been heralded as a ground-breaking technique that has transformed the treatment of couples with infertility. By injecting a single spermatozoon into the cytoplasm of the oocyte, ICSI bypasses the zona pellucida and increases the chances of fertilization and subsequent embryo development, independent of semen parameters. Ever since the first live births using ICSI were reported in 1992, ICSI has become the mainstay of treating male factor infertility as well as overcoming fertilization failure associated with conventional in vitro insemination. Today, ICSI is utilized in nearly 66% of all assisted reproductive treatments worldwide and has resulted in the birth of millions of babies. The primary goal of this review is to provide historical perspectives about the pioneering of ICSI. We begin by highlighting the scientific work of early investigators who elucidated the mechanisms central to mammalian fertilization. Furthermore, we briefly discuss how these findings contributed to the development of IVF for the treatment of infertility. We then emphasize the shortcomings of IVF in treating severe forms of male factor infertility and enumerate the micromanipulation techniques that were developed to circumvent these shortcomings. Finally, we indicate how the inadequacies of these micromanipulation techniques lead to the inception, application and popularity of ICSI.
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Luke B. Pregnancy and birth outcomes in couples with infertility with and without assisted reproductive technology: with an emphasis on US population-based studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 217:270-281. [PMID: 28322775 PMCID: PMC9761478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Infertility, defined as the inability to conceive within 1 year of unprotected intercourse, affects an estimated 80 million individuals worldwide, or 10-15% of couples of reproductive age. Assisted reproductive technology includes all infertility treatments to achieve conception; in vitro fertilization is the process by which an oocyte is fertilized by semen outside the body; non-in vitro fertilization assisted reproductive technology treatments include ovulation induction, artificial insemination, and intrauterine insemination. Use of assisted reproductive technology has risen steadily in the United States during the past 2 decades due to several reasons, including childbearing at older maternal ages and increasing insurance coverage. The number of in vitro fertilization cycles in the United States has nearly doubled from 2000 through 2013 and currently 1.7% of all live births in the United States are the result of this technology. Since the birth of the first child from in vitro fertilization >35 years ago, >5 million babies have been born from in vitro fertilization, half within the past 6 years. It is estimated that 1% of singletons, 19% of twins, and 25% of triplet or higher multiples are due to in vitro fertilization, and 4%, 21%, and 52%, respectively, are due to non-in vitro fertilization assisted reproductive technology. Higher plurality at birth results in a >10-fold increase in the risks for prematurity and low birthweight in twins vs singletons (adjusted odds ratio, 11.84; 95% confidence interval, 10.56-13.27 and adjusted odds ratio, 10.68; 95% confidence interval, 9.45-12.08, respectively). The use of donor oocytes is associated with increased risks for pregnancy-induced hypertension (adjusted odds ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.78) and prematurity (adjusted odds ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.83). The use of thawed embryos is associated with higher risks for pregnancy-induced hypertension (adjusted odds ratio, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.57) and large-for-gestation birthweight (adjusted odds ratio, 1.74; 95% confidence interval, 1.45-2.08). Among singletons, in vitro fertilization is associated with increased risk of severe maternal morbidity compared with fertile deliveries (vaginal: adjusted odds ratio, 2.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.78-2.88; cesarean: adjusted odds ratio, 1.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.40-1.98, respectively) and subfertile deliveries (vaginal: adjusted odds ratio, 1.97; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-3.00; cesarean: adjusted odds ratio, 1.75; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-2.35, respectively). Among twins, cesarean in vitro fertilization deliveries have significantly greater severe maternal morbidity compared to cesarean fertile deliveries (adjusted odds ratio, 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.93). Subfertility, with or without in vitro fertilization or non-in vitro fertilization infertility treatments to achieve a pregnancy, is associated with increased risks of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. The major risk from in vitro fertilization treatments of multiple births (and the associated excess of perinatal morbidity) has been reduced over time, with fewer and better-quality embryos being transferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Luke
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
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Zagadailov P, Hsu A, Seifer DB, Stern JE. Differences in utilization of Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) within human services (HHS) regions and metropolitan megaregions in the U.S. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2017; 15:45. [PMID: 28606175 PMCID: PMC5469007 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-017-0263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anecdotal evidence suggests that US practice patterns for ART differ by geographical region. The purpose of this study was to determine whether use of ICSI differs by region and to evaluate whether these rates are correlated with differences in live birth rates. METHODS Public data for 2012 were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinics with ≥100 fresh, non-donor cycles were grouped by 10 nationally recognized Department of Health & Human Services regions and 11 metropolitan Megaregions and were compared for use of ICSI, frequency of male factor infertility, and live birth rate in women <35 years. RESULTS There were 274 clinics in the Health & Human Services regions and 247 in the Megaregions. ICSI utilization rates in Health & Human Services groups ranged between 52.5-78.2% (P < 0.0001). Live birth rates per cycle in women <35 years differed (34.1-47.6%; P < 0.0001) but did not correlate with rates of ICSI (R2 = 0.2096; P = 0.18) per cycle. For Megaregions, rates of ICSI per cycle differed (63.4%-93.5%, P < 0.0001) as did live birth rates per cycle for women <35 (36.0%-59.0%, P = 0.001) but there was only minimal correlation between them (R2 = 0.5347; P = 0.01). Highest rates of ICSI occurred in Front Range (93.5%) and Gulf Coast (83.1%) Megaregions. Lowest rates occurred in the Northeast (63.4%) and Florida (64.8%) Megaregions. Male factor infertility rates did not differ across regions. CONCLUSIONS ICSI utilization and live birth rates per cycle for each clinic group were significantly different across geographical regions of the U.S. However, higher ICSI utilization rate was not associated with higher rates of male factor infertility nor were they strongly correlated with higher live birth rates per cycle. Studies are needed to understand factors that may influence ICSI overutilization in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Zagadailov
- 0000 0004 0440 749Xgrid.413480.aDepartment of Ob/Gyn, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Albert Hsu
- 0000 0001 2179 2404grid.254880.3Department of Ob/Gyn, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, One Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - David B. Seifer
- 0000 0001 2179 2404grid.254880.3Department of Ob/Gyn, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, One Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Judy E. Stern
- 0000 0001 2179 2404grid.254880.3Department of Ob/Gyn, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, One Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
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Xiong X, Dickey RP, Buekens P, Shaffer JG, Pridjian G. Use of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection and Birth Outcomes in Women Conceiving through In Vitro Fertilization. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2017; 31:108-115. [PMID: 28140471 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite questionable evidence of benefits over conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) use has markedly increased in recent decades among couples without male factor infertility. We assessed the frequency of ICSI use and its effect on birth outcomes. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 141 030 women conceiving through IVF using 2006-2010 data from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART). RESULTS Between 2006 and 2010, overall ICSI use in women conceiving through IVF increased from 68.9% to 73.1%. This increase was greater among women without male factor infertility (53.0-59.2%) than in women with male factor infertility (92.0-93.4%). Women conceiving through IVF with and without ICSI had similar rates of multiple pregnancy, preterm delivery, stillbirth, and neonatal death. However, ICSI pregnancies were associated with an increased risk of birth defects over conventional IVF (3.0% for ICSI vs. 2.5% for conventional IVF; adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2, 1.3). These increases were observed in both women conceiving through ICSI with male factor infertility (3.2% vs. 2.5%; OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.3, 1.5) and without male factor infertility (2.7% vs. 2.5%; OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.1, 1.2). CONCLUSIONS Higher rates of birth defects were observed among women conceiving through ICSI. Since approximately half of all ICSI procedures are performed in couples without male factor infertility, ICSI may be overused in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xiong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Richard P Dickey
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, and The Fertility Institute of New Orleans, Mandeville, LA
| | - Pierre Buekens
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Jeffrey G Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Gabriella Pridjian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
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Pastuszak AW, Sigalos JT, Lipshultz LI. The Role of the Urologist in the Era of In Vitro Fertilization-Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. Urology 2016; 103:19-26. [PMID: 28017885 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection has dramatically increased. In spite of this, the male partner in the couple is often not evaluated for fertility status or other general health conditions associated with male infertility. Such an approach goes against established guidelines recommending dual partner evaluations and does not address longer term male health risks. In this review, we discuss the urologist's role in the era of in vitro fertilization-intracytoplasmic sperm injection, which includes diagnosing serious conditions associated with infertility, treating reversible causes of infertility, defining untreatable causes of testis failure, and, when appropriate, facilitating sperm retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Pastuszak
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
| | | | - Larry I Lipshultz
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Rehfeld A, Dissing S, Skakkebæk NE. Chemical UV Filters Mimic the Effect of Progesterone on Ca 2+ Signaling in Human Sperm Cells. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4297-4308. [PMID: 27583790 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone released by cumulus cells surrounding the egg induces a Ca2+ influx into human sperm cells via the cationic channel of sperm (CatSper) Ca2+ channel and controls multiple Ca2+-dependent responses essential for fertilization. We hypothesized that chemical UV filters may mimic the physiological action of progesterone on CatSper, thus affecting Ca2+ signaling in human sperm cells. We examined 29 UV filters allowed in sunscreens in the United States and/or the European Union for their ability to induce Ca2+ signals in human sperm by applying measurements of the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration. We found that 13 UV filters induced a significant Ca2+ signal at 10 μM. Nine UV filters induced Ca2+ signals primarily by activating the CatSper channel. The UV filters 3-benzylidene camphor (3-BC) and benzylidene camphor sulfonic acid competitively inhibited progesterone-induced Ca2+ signals. Dose-response relations for the UV filters showed that the Ca2+ signal-inducing effects began in the nanomolar-micromolar range. Single-cell Ca2+ measurements showed a Ca2+ signal-inducing effect of the most potent UV filter, 3-BC, at 10 nM. Finally, we demonstrated that the 13 UV filters acted additively in low-dose mixtures to induce Ca2+ signals. In conclusion, 13 of 29 examined UV filters (44%) induced Ca2+ signals in human sperm. Nine UV filters primarily activated CatSper and thereby mimicked the effect of progesterone. The UV filters 3-BC and benzylidene camphor sulfonic acid competitively inhibited progesterone-induced Ca2+ signals. In vivo exposure studies are needed to investigate whether UV filter exposure affects human fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rehfeld
- Department of Growth and Reproduction (A.R., N.E.S.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (A.R., S.D.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (A.R., N.E.S.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Dissing
- Department of Growth and Reproduction (A.R., N.E.S.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (A.R., S.D.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (A.R., N.E.S.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N E Skakkebæk
- Department of Growth and Reproduction (A.R., N.E.S.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (A.R., S.D.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, and International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (A.R., N.E.S.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Although the use of donor sperm as a treatment modality for male infertility has become common place, the health outcomes for those conceived has been poorly studied. A structured search of the literature using PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Reviews was performed to investigate the health outcomes of offspring conceived from donor sperm. Eight studies were eligible and included in the review, and of these, three were included in a meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of clinical outcomes showed that donor sperm neonates are not at increased risk of being born of low birth weight (<2500 g), preterm (<37 weeks) or with increased incidences of birth defects, than spontaneously conceived neonates.
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Zhang J. Resurgence of Minimal Stimulation In Vitro Fertilization with A Protocol Consisting of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone-Agonist Trigger and Vitrified-Thawed Embryo Transfer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2016; 10:148-53. [PMID: 27441046 PMCID: PMC4948065 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2016.4903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Minimal stimulation in vitro fertilization (mini-IVF) consists of a gentle controlled
ovarian stimulation that aims to produce a maximum of five to six oocytes. There is
a misbelief that mini-IVF severely compromises pregnancy and live birth rates. An
appraisal of the literature pertaining to studies on mini-IVF protocols was performed.
The advantages of minimal stimulation protocols are reported here with a focus on
the use of clomiphene citrate (CC), gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) ago-
nist trigger for oocyte maturation, and freeze-all embryo strategy. Literature review
and the author’s own center data suggest that minimal ovarian stimulation protocols
with GnRH agonist trigger and freeze-all embryo strategy along with single embryo
transfer produce a reasonable clinical pregnancy and live birth rates in both good
and poor responders. Additionally, mini-IVF offers numerous advantages such as: i.
Reduction in cost and stress with fewer office visits, needle sticks, and ultrasounds,
and ii. Reduction in the incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS).
Mini-IVF is re-emerging as a solution for some of the problems associated with
conventional IVF, such as OHSS, cost, and patient discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Zhang
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, New Hope Fertility Center, New York, United States
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Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2012: results generated from European registers by ESHRE. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:1638-52. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Levi Setti PE, Moioli M, Smeraldi A, Cesaratto E, Menduni F, Livio S, Morenghi E, Patrizio P. Obstetric outcome and incidence of congenital anomalies in 2351 IVF/ICSI babies. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016; 33:711-7. [PMID: 27116010 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-016-0714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive follow-up of fetal and perinatal outcome and the incidence of congenital anomalies in babies born after fresh embryo transfers compared to those conceived spontaneously in infertile couples. METHODS Retrospective comparative analysis of all clinical pregnancies from fresh cleavage-stage embryo transfer cycles (IVF and ICSI) compared with infertile patients who conceived spontaneously in the same time period (control). Congenital anomalies were classified following the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT) classification. RESULTS A total of 2414 assisted reproductive technology (ART) pregnancies were compared to 582 spontaneous conceptions in the control infertile group representing 2306 deliveries. No significant differences were found in pregnancy outcome between the two groups (delivery rate, abortion rate, ectopic pregnancies, medical abortions for fetal anomalies, single and twins mean gestational age, and weight at delivery). A significant difference (p < 0.001) was found in the twin (21.3 vs 2.3 %) and triplet rates (2.3 vs 0 %). A total of 2351 babies were delivered in the ART group and 449 in the control group. A total of 90 babies (3.8 %) were diagnosed with a major congenital anomaly in the ART group and 15 (3.3 %) in the control group (p = ns). The overall rate of major congenital anomalies (105/2800) in ART and spontaneous pregnancies in infertile couples was significantly higher when compared to the EUROCAT 2.0 versus 3.75 % (p = 0.0002). DISCUSSION Babies born after ART treatments and from spontaneous conception in infertile couples had rates of congenital anomalies higher than those recorded by the EUROCAT. However, the rates of anomalies were not different within the infertile population whether conceived by ART or spontaneously. These data suggest that the diagnosis of infertility in itself is the common denominator for the increase in the rates of anomalies seen in both ART and spontaneous conceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Emanuele Levi Setti
- Humanitas Fertility Center, Department of Gynaecology, Division of Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, Humanitas Research Hospital, 20084, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Melita Moioli
- Humanitas Fertility Center, Department of Gynaecology, Division of Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, Humanitas Research Hospital, 20084, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Smeraldi
- Humanitas Fertility Center, Department of Gynaecology, Division of Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, Humanitas Research Hospital, 20084, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Cesaratto
- Humanitas Fertility Center, Department of Gynaecology, Division of Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, Humanitas Research Hospital, 20084, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Menduni
- Humanitas Fertility Center, Department of Gynaecology, Division of Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, Humanitas Research Hospital, 20084, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Livio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Milan, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Morenghi
- Biostatistics Unit, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Patrizio
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Kupka MS, D'Hooghe T, Ferraretti AP, de Mouzon J, Erb K, Castilla JA, Calhaz-Jorge C, De Geyter C, Goossens V. Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2011: results generated from European registers by ESHRE. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:233-48. [PMID: 26740578 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION The 15th European IVF-monitoring (EIM) report presents the results of treatments involving assisted reproductive technology (ART) initiated in Europe during 2011: are there any changes in the trends compared with previous years? SUMMARY ANSWER Despite some fluctuations in the number of countries reporting data, while the overall number of ART cycles has continued to increase year by year, the pregnancy rates in 2011 decreased slightly to those reported in 2010, and the number of transfers with multiple embryos (3+) and the multiple delivery rates declined. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Since 1997, ART data in Europe have been collected and reported in 14 manuscripts, published in Human Reproduction. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Retrospective data collection of European ART data by the EIM Consortium for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE); cycles started between 1 January and 31 December 2011 are collected on a yearly basis. The data are collected by National Registers, when existing, or on a voluntary basis by personal information. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS SETTING, METHODS From 33 countries (+2 compared with 2010), 1064 clinics reported 609 973 treatment cycles including: IVF 138 592, ICSI 298 918, frozen embryo replacement (FER) 129 693, egg donation (ED) 30 198, in vitro maturation 511, preimplantation genetic diagnosis/screening 6824 and frozen oocyte replacements 5237. European data on intrauterine insemination (IUI) using husband/partner's semen (IUI-H) and donor semen (IUI-D) were reported from 861 IUI laboratories in 24 countries. A total of 174 390 IUI-H and 41 151 IUI-D cycles were included. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In 17 countries where all clinics reported to the ART register, a total of 361 972 ART cycles were performed in a population of 285 million inhabitants, corresponding to 1269 cycles per million inhabitants. For all IVF cycles, the clinical pregnancy rates per aspiration and per transfer were stable with 29.1 and 33.2%, respectively, and for ICSI, the corresponding rates also were stable with 27.9 and 31.8%, respectively. In FER cycles, the pregnancy rate per thawing increased to 21.3% if compared with previous years. In ED cycles, the pregnancy rate per fresh transfer decreased to 45.8% (47.4% in 2010) and increased to 33.6% (33.3% in 2010) per thawed transfer. The delivery rate after IUI-H decreased to 8.3 (8.9 in 2010), and to 12.2% (13.8% in 2010) after IUI-D. In IVF and ICSI cycles, 1, 2, 3 and 4+ embryos were transferred in 27.5, 56.7, 14.5 and 1.3% of cycles, respectively. The proportions of singleton, twin and triplet deliveries after IVF and ICSI (added together) were 80.8, 18.6 and 0.6%, respectively, resulting in a total multiple delivery rate of 19.2% compared with 20.6% in 2010, 20.2% in 2009, 21.7% in 2008, 22.3% in 2007 and 20.8% in 2006. In FER cycles, the multiple delivery rate was 13.2% (12.8% twins and 0.4% triplets). Twin and triplet delivery rates associated with IUI cycles were 9.7/0.6% and 7.3/0.3%, following IUI-H and IUI-D treatment, respectively. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The method of reporting varies among countries, and registers from a number of countries have been unable to provide some of the relevant data such as initiated cycles and deliveries. As long as data are incomplete and generated through different methods of collection, results should be interpreted with caution. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The 15th ESHRE report on ART shows a continuing expansion of the number of treatment cycles in Europe, with more than 600 000 cycles reported in 2011. Since 2006, the proportion of IVF to ICSI cycles has reached a plateau after a small decrease in 2009. Pregnancy and delivery rates after IVF remained relatively stable compared with 2010 and 2009. The pregnancy rate per aspiration in ICSI cycles declined for the first time by 0.9%. The multiple delivery rate is lower than ever before. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS The study had no external funding; all costs are covered by ESHRE. There are no competing interests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M S Kupka
- ESHRE Central Office, Meerstraat 60, Grimbergen B-1852, Belgium
| | - T D'Hooghe
- ESHRE Central Office, Meerstraat 60, Grimbergen B-1852, Belgium
| | - A P Ferraretti
- ESHRE Central Office, Meerstraat 60, Grimbergen B-1852, Belgium
| | - J de Mouzon
- ESHRE Central Office, Meerstraat 60, Grimbergen B-1852, Belgium
| | - K Erb
- ESHRE Central Office, Meerstraat 60, Grimbergen B-1852, Belgium
| | - J A Castilla
- ESHRE Central Office, Meerstraat 60, Grimbergen B-1852, Belgium
| | - C Calhaz-Jorge
- ESHRE Central Office, Meerstraat 60, Grimbergen B-1852, Belgium
| | - Ch De Geyter
- ESHRE Central Office, Meerstraat 60, Grimbergen B-1852, Belgium
| | - V Goossens
- ESHRE Central Office, Meerstraat 60, Grimbergen B-1852, Belgium
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Carrell DT, Nyboe Andersen A, Lamb DJ. The need to improve patient care through discriminate use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and improved understanding of spermatozoa, oocyte and embryo biology. Andrology 2015; 3:143-6. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. T. Carrell
- Departments of Surgery (Urology), Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Human Genetics; University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - A. Nyboe Andersen
- The Fertility Clinic; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - D. J. Lamb
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine; Scott Department of Urology and the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston TX USA
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Boulet SL, Mehta A, Kissin DM, Warner L, Kawwass JF, Jamieson DJ. Trends in use of and reproductive outcomes associated with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. JAMA 2015; 313:255-63. [PMID: 25602996 PMCID: PMC4343214 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.17985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is increasingly used in patients without severe male factor infertility without clear evidence of a benefit over conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF). OBJECTIVE To assess national trends and reproductive outcomes for fresh IVF cycles (embryos transferred without being frozen) following the use of ICSI compared with conventional IVF with respect to clinical indications for ICSI use. DESIGN, SETTING, AND POPULATION Retrospective cohort study using data on fresh IVF and ICSI cycles reported to the US National Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance System during 1996-2012. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Trends in ICSI use during 1996-2012 with respect to male factor infertility, unexplained infertility, maternal age 38 years or older, low oocyte yield, and 2 or more prior assisted reproductive technology cycles; reproductive outcomes for conventional IVF and ICSI cycles during 2008-2012, stratified by the presence or absence of male factor infertility. RESULTS Of the 1,395,634 fresh IVF cycles from 1996 through 2012, 908,767 (65.1%) used ICSI and 499,135 (35.8%) reported male factor infertility. Among cycles with male factor infertility, ICSI use increased from 76.3% (10,876/14,259) to 93.3% (32,191/34,506) (P < .001) during 1996-2012; for those without male factor infertility, ICSI use increased from 15.4% (4197/27,191) to 66.9% (42,321/63,250) (P < .001). During 2008-2012, male factor infertility was reported for 35.7% (176,911/494,907) of fresh cycles. Among those cycles, ICSI use was associated with a lower multiple birth rate compared with conventional IVF (30.9% vs 34.2%; adjusted relative risk [RR], 0.87; 95% CI, 0.83-0.91). Among cycles without male factor infertility (n = 317,996), ICSI use was associated with lower rates of implantation (23.0% vs 25.2%; adjusted RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.91-0.95), live birth (36.5% vs 39.2%; adjusted RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.93-0.97), and multiple live birth (30.1% vs 31.0%; adjusted RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.91-0.95) vs conventional IVF. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among fresh IVF cycles in the United States, ICSI use increased from 36.4% in 1996 to 76.2% in 2012, with the largest relative increase among cycles without male factor infertility. Compared with conventional IVF, ICSI use was not associated with improved postfertilization reproductive outcomes, irrespective of male factor infertility diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheree L Boulet
- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Akanksha Mehta
- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia2Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dmitry M Kissin
- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lee Warner
- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer F Kawwass
- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Denise J Jamieson
- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Juul A, Almstrup K, Andersson AM, Jensen TK, Jørgensen N, Main KM, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Toppari J, Skakkebæk NE. Possible fetal determinants of male infertility. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014; 10:553-62. [PMID: 24935122 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although common reproductive problems, such as male infertility and testicular cancer, present in adult life, strong evidence exists that these reproductive disorders might have a fetal origin. The evidence is derived not only from large epidemiological studies that show birth-cohort effects with regard to testicular cancer, levels of testosterone and semen quality, but also from histopathological observations. Many infertile men have histological signs of testicular dysgenesis, including Sertoli-cell-only tubules, immature undifferentiated Sertoli cells, microliths and Leydig cell nodules. The most severe gonadal symptoms occur in patients with disorders of sexual development (DSDs) who have genetic mutations, in whom even sex reversal of individuals with a 46,XY DSD can occur. However, patients with severe DSDs might represent only a small proportion of DSD cases, with milder forms of testicular dysgenesis potentially induced by exposure to environmental and lifestyle factors. Interestingly, maternal smoking during pregnancy has a stronger effect on spermatogenesis than a man's own smoking. Other lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption and obesity might also have a role. However, increasing indirect evidence exists that exposure to ubiquitous endocrine disrupting chemicals, present at measurable concentrations in individuals, might affect development of human fetal testis. If confirmed, health policies to prevent male reproductive problems should not only target adult men, but also pregnant women and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Almstrup
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina K Jensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Jørgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katharina M Main
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels E Skakkebæk
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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