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Gstir T, Sundelin D, Michaelsen T, Ayasli A, Swaraj D, Judy J, Zappa F, Geppert W, Wester R. Reaction dynamics of the methoxy anion CH 3O - with methyl iodide CH 3I. Faraday Discuss 2024; 251:573-586. [PMID: 38770842 PMCID: PMC11349062 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00164d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Studying larger nucleophiles in bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reactions bridges the gap from simple model systems to those relevant to organic chemistry. Therefore, we investigated the reaction dynamics between the methoxy anion (CH3O-) and iodomethane (CH3I) in our crossed-beam setup combined with velocity map imaging at the four collision energies 0.4, 0.7, 1.2, and 1.6 eV. We find the two ionic products I- and CH2I-, which can be attributed to the SN2 and proton transfer channels, respectively. The proton transfer channel progresses in a previously observed fashion from indirect to direct scattering with increasing collision energy. Interestingly, the SN2 channel exhibits direct dynamics already at low collision energies. Both the direct stripping, leading to forward scattering, and the direct rebound mechanism, leading to backward scattering into high angles, are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gstir
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - David Sundelin
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Michaelsen
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Atilay Ayasli
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Dasarath Swaraj
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Jerin Judy
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Fabio Zappa
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Wolf Geppert
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roland Wester
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Hu J, Tian S. Progresses in the Study of Low-Energy Ion-molecule Reaction Dynamics ※. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a21120584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wester R. Fifty years of nucleophilic substitution in the gas phase. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 41:627-644. [PMID: 34060119 PMCID: PMC9291629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution ( S N 2 ) reactions have become a model system for the investigation of structure-reactivity relationships, stereochemistry, solvent influences, and detailed atomistic dynamics. In this review, the progress during five decades of experimental and theoretical research on gas phase S N 2 reactions is discussed. Many advancements of the employed methods have led to a tremendous increase in our understanding of the properties and the dynamics of these reactions. For reactions involving six atoms a quantitative agreement of the differential reactive scattering cross sections has already been achieved, in the future it is expected that even larger polyatomic reactions systems become tractable. Furthermore, studies with higher precision, improved reactant control, and a more accurate theoretical treatment of quantum effects are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wester
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020 InnsbruckAustria
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Pei L, Farrar JM. A Velocity Map Imaging Study of the Reactions of O+ (4S) With CH4. Front Chem 2019; 7:227. [PMID: 31032248 PMCID: PMC6473029 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a velocity map imaging study of the key ion-molecule reactions occurring in the O+(4S3/2) + CH4 (X1A1) system at collision energies of 1.84 and 2.14 eV. In addition to charge transfer to form CH4+ (X2B2), we also present data on formation of CH3+ (X1A1'), for which the experimentally determined images provide clear confirmation that the products arise from dissociative charge transfer rather than hydride transfer. Experimental data are also presented on the formation of HCO+ through a transient [OCH4]+ complex living many rotational periods. Plausible reaction pathways and intermediate structures are presented to give insight into the routes for formation of these reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Meyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roland Wester
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Carrascosa E, Meyer J, Wester R. Imaging the dynamics of ion–molecule reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:7498-7516. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00623c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A range of ion–molecule reactions have been studied in the last years using the crossed-beam ion imaging technique, from charge transfer and proton transfer to nucleophilic substitution and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Carrascosa
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik
- Universität Innsbruck
- 6020 Innsbruck
- Austria
| | - Jennifer Meyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik
- Universität Innsbruck
- 6020 Innsbruck
- Austria
| | - Roland Wester
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik
- Universität Innsbruck
- 6020 Innsbruck
- Austria
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7
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Pei L, Farrar JM. Ion-molecule reaction dynamics: Velocity map imaging studies of N(+) and O(+) with CD3OD. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:084304. [PMID: 26328840 DOI: 10.1063/1.4929389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a study of the charge transfer reactions of the atomic ions N(+)and O(+) with methanol in the collision energy range from ∼2 to 4 eV. Charge transfer is driven primarily by energy resonance, although the widths of the product kinetic energy distributions suggest that significant interchange between relative translation and product vibration occurs. Charge transfer with CD3OD is more exoergic for N(+), and the nascent parent ion products appear to be formed in excited B̃ and C̃ electronic states, and fragment to CD2OD(+) by internal conversion and vibrational relaxation to the ground electronic state. The internal excitation imparted to the parent ion is sufficient to result in loss of one or two D atoms from the carbon atom. The less exoergic charge transfer reaction of O(+) forms nascent parent ions in the excited à state, and internal conversion to the ground state only results in ejection of single D atom. Selected isotopomers of methanol were employed to identify reaction products, demonstrating that deuterium atom loss from nascent parent ions occurs by C-D bond cleavage. Comparison of the kinetic energy distributions for charge transfer to form CD3OD(+) and CD2OD(+) by D atom loss with the known dynamics for hydride abstraction from a carbon atom provides strong evidence that the D loss products are formed by dissociative charge transfer rather than hydride (deuteride) transfer. Isotopic labeling also demonstrates that chemical reaction in the N(+) + CD3OD system to form NO(+) + CD4 does not occur in the energy range of these experiments, contrary to earlier speculation in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsen Pei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - James M Farrar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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Pei L, Farrar JM. Ion imaging study of dissociative charge transfer in the N2+ + CH4 system. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:124304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4796205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Gholami A, Fridgen TD. Dehydrogenation and demethanation of 2-methylpropane and propane in the gas-phase by the 16-electron complex [Ru(bipy)2(CO)]2+* chemically activated by the association of [Ru(bipy)2]2+ and CO. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:3979-85. [PMID: 23338825 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32475j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of [Ru(bipy)(2)](2+) with 2-methylpropane, propane, and propene have been investigated in the ICR cell of a mass spectrometer. In these reactions, the association of one molecule of each hydrocarbon was observed. When [Ru(bipy)(2)](2+) was ligated with CO, and the newly formed [Ru(bipy)(2)(CO)](2+) was allowed to react with 2-methylpropane and propane both dehydrogenation and demethanation were observed among association and substitution products. Density functional calculations were used to help elucidate the mechanism and the energy requirement for the dehydrogenation and demethanation reactions of 2-methylpropane mediated by [Ru(bipy)(2)(CO)](2+)*. These very interesting elimination reactions of [Ru(bipy)(2)(CO)](2+) are attributed to a hot 16-electron intermediate, [Ru(bipy)(2)(CO)](2+)*, formed upon ligation of [Ru(bipy)(2)](2+) with CO which has no efficient means of dissipating its internal energy in the low-pressure confines of the ICR cell. The reactions were concluded to occur via a concerted elimination mechanism rather than by oxidative addition/reductive elimination following the dissociation of one Ru-N bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Gholami
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1B 3X7
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11
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Pei L, Farrar JM. Ion imaging study of reaction dynamics in the N+ + CH4 system. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:154312. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4759265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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12
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Pei L, Farrar JM. Imaging ion-molecule reactions: Charge transfer and C-N bond formation in the C+ + NH3 system. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:204305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4719808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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13
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Liu H, Geng Z, Wang Y, Wang X, Wu J, Zhou J. Theoretical investigation of thermal activation of methane by [Pd(H)(OH)]+. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Mikosch J, Weidemüller M, Wester R. On the dynamics of chemical reactions of negative ions. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2010.519504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Roithová J, Schröder D. Selective activation of alkanes by gas-phase metal ions. Chem Rev 2010; 110:1170-211. [PMID: 20041696 DOI: 10.1021/cr900183p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Roithová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Sciences, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Li W, Geng Z, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang Z, Liu F. DFT studies of thermal activation of methane by [Ru(H)(OH)]+. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2008.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Li W, Geng Z, Wang Y, Yan P, Zhang X, Wang Z, Liu F. Density Functional Theory Studies of Thermal Activation of Methane by MH+ (M = Ru, Rh, and Pd). J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:1807-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jp808830c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Geng
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongcheng Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - PenJi Yan
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxia Liu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
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Dressler RA, Chiu Y, Levandier DJ, Tang XN, Hou Y, Chang C, Houchins C, Xu H, Ng CY. The study of state-selected ion-molecule reactions using the vacuum ultraviolet pulsed field ionization-photoion technique. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:132306. [PMID: 17029425 DOI: 10.1063/1.2207609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the methodology to generate beams of ions in single quantum states for bimolecular ion-molecule reaction dynamics studies using pulsed field ionization (PFI) of atoms or molecules in high-n Rydberg states produced by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron or laser photoexcitation. Employing the pseudocontinuum high-resolution VUV synchrotron radiation at the Advanced Light Source as the photoionization source, PFI photoions (PFI-PIs) in selected rovibrational states have been generated for ion-molecule reaction studies using a fast-ion gate to pass the PFI-PIs at a fixed delay with respect to the detection of the PFI photoelectrons (PFI-PEs). The fast ion gate provided by a novel interleaved comb wire gate lens is the key for achieving the optimal signal-to-noise ratio in state-selected ion-molecule collision studies using the VUV synchrotron based PFI-PE secondary ion coincidence (PFI-PESICO) method. The most recent development of the VUV laser PFI-PI scheme for state-selected ion-molecule collision studies is also described. Absolute integral cross sections for state-selected H2+ ions ranging from v+ = 0 to 17 in collisions with Ar, Ne, and He at controlled translational energies have been obtained by employing the VUV synchrotron based PFI-PESICO scheme. The comparison between PFI-PESICO cross sections for the H2+(HD+)+Ne and H2+(HD+)+He proton-transfer reactions and theoretical cross sections based on quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) calculations and three-dimensional quantum scattering calculations performed on the most recently available ab initio potential energy surfaces is highlighted. In both reaction systems, quantum scattering resonances enhance the integral cross sections significantly above QCT predictions at low translational and vibrational energies. At higher energies, the agreement between experiment and quasiclassical theory is very good. The profile and magnitude of the kinetic energy dependence of the absolute integral cross sections for the H2+(v+ = 0-2,N+ = 1)+He proton-transfer reaction unambiguously show that the inclusion of Coriolis coupling is important in quantum dynamics scattering calculations of ion-molecule collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer A Dressler
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010, USA.
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Ashfold MNR, Nahler NH, Orr-Ewing AJ, Vieuxmaire OPJ, Toomes RL, Kitsopoulos TN, Garcia IA, Chestakov DA, Wu SM, Parker DH. Imaging the dynamics of gas phase reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:26-53. [PMID: 16482242 DOI: 10.1039/b509304j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ion imaging methods are making ever greater impact on studies of gas phase molecular reaction dynamics. This article traces the evolution of the technique, highlights some of the more important breakthroughs with regards to improving image resolution and in image processing and analysis methods, and then proceeds to illustrate some of the many applications to which the technique is now being applied--most notably in studies of molecular photodissociation and of bimolecular reaction dynamics.
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Mikosch J, Frühling U, Trippel S, Schwalm D, Weidemüller M, Wester R. Velocity map imaging of ion–molecule reactive scattering: The Ar++ N2charge transfer reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:2990-9. [PMID: 16880912 DOI: 10.1039/b603109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present a velocity map imaging spectrometer for the study of crossed-beam reactive collisions between ions and neutrals at (sub-)electronvolt collision energies. The charge transfer reaction of Ar(+) with N(2) is studied at 0.6, 0.8 and 2.5 eV relative collision energies. Energy and angular distributions are measured for the reaction product N. The differential cross section, as analyzed with a Monte Carlo reconstruction algorithm, shows significant large angle scattering for lower collision energies in qualitative agreement with previous experiments. Significant vibrational excitation of N(+)(2) is also observed. This theoretically still unexplained feature indicates the presence of a low energy scattering resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mikosch
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Vallance C. 'Molecular photography': velocity-map imaging of chemical events. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2004; 362:2591-2609. [PMID: 15539360 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2004.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Every chemical reaction bears its own unique fingerprint, embodied in the kinetic energy, angular distribution and rotational and vibrational motion of the newly formed reaction products. These quantities reflect the forces acting during the chemical reaction, and their measurement often provides unparalleled insight into the basic physics governing chemical reactivity. One experimental technique that has truly captured the imagination of the reaction-dynamics community is velocity-map ion imaging, which provides a visual 'snapshot' of the complete product scattering distribution in a single measurement. Originally developed to study gas-phase photodissociation, the technique is now routinely being applied to bimolecular processes, particularly inelastic and reactive scattering. This article will review recent developments in the field, using examples from studies of a range of chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vallance
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
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22
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Zhang Q, Bowers MT. Activation of Methane by MH+ (M = Fe, Co, and Ni): A Combined Mass Spectrometric and DFT Study. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp047943t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510
| | - Michael T. Bowers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510
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Chestakov DA, Wu SM, Wu G, Parker DH, Eppink ATJB, Kitsopoulos TN. Slicing Using a Conventional Velocity Map Imaging Setup: O2, I2, and I2+ Photodissociation. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0491111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri A. Chestakov
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Shiou-Min Wu
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guorong Wu
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David H. Parker
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Theofanis N. Kitsopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete and Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and TechnologyHellas (FORTH), P.O. Box 1527, 711 10 Heraklion-Crete, Greece
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