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Takaya T, Iwata K. Conformational Relaxation Dynamics of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Photoexcited in Solution as Studied by Femtosecond Time-Resolved Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy in 1190-1550 nm Region. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7542-7552. [PMID: 37590214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
When a conjugated polymer is photoexcited in solution, its effective conjugation length in the singlet exciton state often increases through the conformational relaxation of the polymer main chain and/or hopping of the excitation. We measured femtosecond time-resolved near-IR stimulated Raman spectra of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) photoexcited in four organic solvents for understanding the dynamics of the exciton elongation through the conformational relaxation separately from that through the exciton hopping. In the ring CC stretch frequency region, a band appears at around 1415 cm-1 and decays, while a new band rises at around 1370 cm-1. The average time constant of the change is estimated to be 8.7-19 ps and correlated almost linearly with the viscosity of the solvents. These results suggest that the main chain of P3HT in the singlet exciton state relaxes from a twisted form to a planar form in the 0-100 ps range when it surmounts an activation barrier of 5.8-7.8 kJ mol-1, generated possibly by the steric effect of the hexyl side group. When the rise of the 1370 cm-1 band is analyzed in detail, it is reproduced with two exponential rise functions with time constants of 0-3.3 and 16-22 ps. The two rise components suggest that a portion of P3HT forms a cluster in solution, while the other portion of P3HT is isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Takaya
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan
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2
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Nogueira SL, Santos Silva H, Lère-Porte JP, Serein-Spirau F, Jarrosson T, Tozoni JR, Marletta A, Silva RA. Optical gap energy study of poly(thienylene-2,5-dialkoxyphenylene) in solid-state films. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 272:120951. [PMID: 35131620 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.120951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical gap energy (Egap) in luminescent π-conjugated polymers presents several difficulties in its determination, particularly when using CW conventional optical spectroscopy, absorption and emission. This happens due to several physicochemical parameter's dependence. Among others, the molecular conformation, intramolecular interactions, structural defects, polymer processability and solvent interaction stand out. In addition, there is a distribution of conjugated segments along the polymeric main chains that differentiate optical absorption transition from emission processes. In other words, these processes do not necessarily occur in the same conjugated segment owing to the very efficient ratios of energy transfer or charge migration in these materials. In this work we present a systematic study of the determination of Egap for the polymer poly(thienylene-2,5-dialkoxyphenylene). We present a comparison between the solution and solid-state film, clearly showing the presence of a polymer-polymer interaction as aggregate species. The goal of this paper is to isolate and aggregate the contribution determination of each species through systematic analysis of optical spectra, as well as to obtain, even on film, the Egap of the isolated polymer which is very similar to the polymer solution at about 2.37 eV. The intersection theory and the voltammetry methods corroborate the experiment and the discussion of the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Nogueira
- Centro Universitário de Patos de Minas - UNIPAM, 31708-054 Patos de Minas, MG, Brazil; Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, MG, Brasil.
| | | | - J P Lère-Porte
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Equipe AM(2)N - Architectures Moléculaires et Matériaux Nanostructurés. ENSCM, Montpellier - France
| | - F Serein-Spirau
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Equipe AM(2)N - Architectures Moléculaires et Matériaux Nanostructurés. ENSCM, Montpellier - France
| | - T Jarrosson
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Equipe AM(2)N - Architectures Moléculaires et Matériaux Nanostructurés. ENSCM, Montpellier - France
| | - J R Tozoni
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
| | - A Marletta
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
| | - R A Silva
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
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3
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Taha MA, Dappour AM, Ismail MA, Kamel AH, Abdel-Shafi AA. Solvent polarity indicators based on bithiophene carboxamidine hydrochloride salt derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Rana D, Donfack P, Jovanov V, Wagner V, Materny A. Ultrafast polaron-pair dynamics in a poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) device influenced by a static electric field: insights into electric-field-related charge loss. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:21236-21248. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03736e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photogenerated polaron-pair ultrafast dynamics in poly(3-hexylthiophene)-based devices are found to be influenced by external electric fields via delayed field-induced singlet exciton dissociation, yielding a bimolecular decay contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debkumar Rana
- Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Patrice Donfack
- Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Vladislav Jovanov
- Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Veit Wagner
- Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Arnulf Materny
- Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
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6
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Bellinger S, Hatamimoslehabadi M, Borg RE, La J, Catsoulis P, Mithila F, Yelleswarapu C, Rochford J. Characterization of a NIR absorbing thienyl curcumin contrast agent for photoacoustic imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6352-6355. [PMID: 29868656 PMCID: PMC6082415 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03727b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a bis(2-dimethylaminothien-5-yl)curcumin boron difluoride chromophore is presented. Photophysical, electrochemical and computational investigations establish the properties of its absorption in the Vis-NIR spectral range relative to established curcumin dyes. Application of this thienyl curcumin dye as a photoacoustic contrast agent is investigated against the dicarbocyanine Cy5 dye in the 675-735 nm excitation range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bellinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, USA.
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7
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Urut GO, Aydin S, Topkaya D, Sahin E, Alp S. Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Polymerization Abilities of Blue and Green Light Emitting Oxazol-5-one Fluorophores. J Fluoresc 2018; 28:735-741. [PMID: 29785623 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-018-2234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New fluorescent thiophenyl group containing oxazol-5-one fluorophores of 3a (4-(3-thiophenylmethylene)-2-phenyloxazol-5-one), 3b (4-(3-thiophenylmethylene)-2-(4-tolyl)oxazol-5-one) and 3c (4-(3-thiophenylmethylene)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)oxazol-5-one) were synthesized and characterized. The newly synthesized oxazol-5-ones absorption and fluorescence characteristics were studied in some solvents of varying polarities. The heterocyclic chromophores were fluorescent, with two of them, 3a and 3b, emitting blue light, whilst the other one, 3c, emitting green light. The emission maxima of the derivatives varied between 415 and 572 nm according as the extent of conjugation and solvent polarity. As solvent polarity increased, 3c derivatives emission spectra displayed a large bathochromic shift, which revealed the considerable change of the dipole moment of the fluorescent structure because of an intramolecular charge transfer interaction. Furthermore, oxazolones polymerization ability via the thiophenyl group linked to the oxazol-5-one heterocycle showed that copolymerization of 3a was achieved, but homopolymerization was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsiye Ozturk Urut
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Seher Aydin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Derya Topkaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Elif Sahin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serap Alp
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
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8
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Hahn L, Hermannsdorfer A, Günther B, Wesp T, Bühler B, Zschieschang U, Wadepohl H, Klauk H, Gade LH. (Oligo-)Thiophene Functionalized Tetraazaperopyrenes: Donor–Acceptor Dyes and Ambipolar Organic Semiconductors. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12492-12502. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hahn
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - André Hermannsdorfer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Günther
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Wesp
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bastian Bühler
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Zschieschang
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr.1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hagen Klauk
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr.1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Rudnick A, Wetzel C, Tscheuschner S, Schmalz H, Vogt A, Greiner A, Bässler H, Mena-Osteritz E, Bäuerle P, Köhler A. Spectroscopic Study of Thiophene-Pyrrole-Containing S,N-Heteroheptacenes Compared to Acenes and Phenacenes. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:7492-7501. [PMID: 28712293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report a detailed spectroscopic study concerning the energy levels and vibrational structure of thiophene-pyrrole-containing S,N-heteroacenes. The aim of the study is first, to understand the differences in the photoluminescence (PL) efficiencies in this structurally similar series and second, to compare the electronic structure of S,N-heteroacenes to that of linear acenes and phenacenes, with a view to derive guidelines for the design of singlet fission materials. For S,N-heteroacenes comprising seven fused heterocyclic rings, we observe a higher PL quantum yield for derivatives with terminal thienothiophene units than for thienopyrrole-capped ones. This is assigned to a stronger tendency of the thienopyrrole-capped derivatives to form nonemissive associates in dilute solution, producing emissive excimers at higher concentration. By conducting time-resolved PL studies at 77 K, we further determine the lowest singlet and triplet energies for the S,N-heteroacenes with three, five, and seven fused rings. We show that their energies evolve with oligomer length analogously to those of phenacenes, yet in a fundamentally different way from that of linear acenes. This difference in evolution is attributed to the increasingly biradical character in acenes with increasing chain length in contrast to the S,N-heteroacenes and phenacenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Wetzel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Astrid Vogt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Elena Mena-Osteritz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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10
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Rörich I, Mikhnenko OV, Gehrig D, Blom PWM, Crăciun NI. Influence of Energetic Disorder on Exciton Lifetime and Photoluminescence Efficiency in Conjugated Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:1405-1412. [PMID: 28099016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b11813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectroscopy the exciton lifetime in a range of conjugated polymers is investigated. For poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV)-based derivatives and a polyspirobifluorene copolymer (PSBF) we find that the exciton lifetime is correlated with the energetic disorder. Better ordered polymers exhibit a single exponential PL decay with exciton lifetimes of a few hundred picoseconds, whereas polymers with a larger degree of disorder show multiexponential PL decays with exciton lifetimes in the nanosecond regime. These observations are consistent with diffusion-limited exciton quenching at nonradiative recombination centers. The measured PL decay time reflects the time that excitons need to diffuse toward these quenching sites. Conjugated polymers with large energetic disorder and thus longer exciton lifetime also exhibit a higher photoluminescence quantum yield due to the slower exciton diffusion toward nonradiative quenching sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Rörich
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Dutch Polymer Institute , P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Oleksandr V Mikhnenko
- Lam Research Corporation , 4300 Cushing Pkwy, Fremont, California 94538, United States
| | - Dominik Gehrig
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - N Irina Crăciun
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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11
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Gallaher JK, Chen K, Huff GS, Prasad SKK, Gordon KC, Hodgkiss JM. Evolution of Nonmirror Image Fluorescence Spectra in Conjugated Polymers and Oligomers. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:3307-3312. [PMID: 27485296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The nonmirror image relationship between absorption and fluorescence spectra of conjugated polymers contrasts with most organic chromophores and is widely considered a signature of interchromopohore energy funneling. We apply broad-band ultrafast fluorescence spectroscopy to resolve the evolution of fluorescence spectra for dilute solutions of conjugated oligothiophenes, where no energy transfer is possible. Fluorescence spectra evolve from a mirror image of absorption, which lacks vibronic structure, toward a spectrally narrower and vibronically structured species on the hundreds of femtosecond to early picosecond time scale. Our analysis of this fluorescence spectral evolution shows that a broad distribution of torsional conformers is driven to rapidly planarize in the excited state, including in solid films, which is supported by Raman spectroscopy and quantum chemical modeling. Our data have important implications for understanding different energy-transfer regimes that are delineated by structural relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Gallaher
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
| | - Gregory S Huff
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Shyamal K K Prasad
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
| | - Keith C Gordon
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Justin M Hodgkiss
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
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12
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Takaya T, Iwata K. Development of a femtosecond time-resolved near-IR multiplex stimulated Raman spectrometer in resonance with transitions in the 900–1550 nm region. Analyst 2016; 141:4283-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01051b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A femtosecond time-resolved near-IR multiplex stimulated Raman spectrometer has been developed for investigating the structural dynamics in charge-transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Takaya
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Gakushuin University
- Toshima-ku
- Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Gakushuin University
- Toshima-ku
- Japan
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13
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Lukina EA, Pozdnyakov IP, Mereshchenko AS, Uvarov MN, Kulik LV. Photochemistry of P3HT and PC 60 BM in toluene solution: Evidence of T–T energy transfer. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Fonseca ASC, Soares AMS, Gonçalves MST, Costa SPG. Photolabile protection for amino acids: studies on the release from novel benzoquinolone cages. Amino Acids 2015. [PMID: 26202592 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a novel fused nitrogen heterocycle, benzoquinolone, for evaluation as a photocleavable protecting group is described for the first time by coupling to model amino acids (alanine, phenylalanine and glutamic acid). Conversion of the phenylalanine ester conjugate to the thionated derivative was accomplished by reaction with Lawesson's reagent. Photocleavage studies of the carbonyl and thiocarbonyl benzoquinolone conjugates in various solvents and at different wavelengths (300, 350 and 419 nm) showed that the most interesting result was obtained at 419 nm for the thioconjugate, revealing that the presence of the thiocarbonyl group clearly improved the photolysis rates, giving practicable irradiations times for the release of the amino acids (less than 1 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S C Fonseca
- Centro de Química, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana M S Soares
- Centro de Química, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - M Sameiro T Gonçalves
- Centro de Química, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Susana P G Costa
- Centro de Química, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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15
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Fazzi D, Barbatti M, Thiel W. Modeling ultrafast exciton deactivation in oligothiophenes via nonadiabatic dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:7787-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00019j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic excited-state dynamics reveal the exciton relaxation processes in oligothiophenes. Ultrafast deactivation and exciton localization are predicted to occur within 200 fs, involving bond stretching, ring puckering, and torsional oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Fazzi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
- D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr
- Germany
| | - Mario Barbatti
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
- D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr
- Germany
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
- D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr
- Germany
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16
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Rasmussen SC, Evenson SJ, McCausland CB. Fluorescent thiophene-based materials and their outlook for emissive applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4528-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09206f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
An overview of fluorescent thiophene-based materials and their applications, highlighting in particular the various methods employed to achieve highly emissive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth C. Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Sean J. Evenson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Casey B. McCausland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
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17
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Chen DM, Wang S, Li HX, Zhu XZ, Zhao CH. Solid-State Emissive B,S-Bridged p-Terphenyls: Synthesis, Properties, and Utility as Bifunctional Fluorescent Sensor for Hg2+ and F– Ions. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:12532-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502088k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Chen
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional
Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional
Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xiang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Zhang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key
Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cui-Hua Zhao
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional
Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Leliège A, Barik S, Skene WG. Photopatternable electrochromic materials from oxetane precursors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:6920-6929. [PMID: 24720759 DOI: 10.1021/am500726n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated thiophenoazomethine triads containing an acid sensitive oxetane group were prepared. The solution processable monomers were immobilized on glass and ITO coated glass substrates by photoacid induced cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) of the oxetane moiety. Photolithography using a photoacid generator and photosensitizer were used to pattern an electroactive polymer. Micro- and macroscale patterns ranging between 20 μm and 50 mm were possible with the electrochromic materials. The photopolymerized azomethine remained electroactive, and it could be repeatedly switched electrochemically between its neutral (mauve, λmax=535 nm) and oxidized (blue, λmax=585 nm) states without degradation. The electrochromic properties were evaluated in a simulated device where the colors were successfully cycled between blue (oxidized) and purple (neutral) states with applied biases of +0.6 V and -0.6 V vs Fc/Fc+ under ambient conditions without significant color fatigue or degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Leliège
- Laboratoire de caractérisation photophysique des matériaux conjugués, Département de Chimie, Pavillon JA Bombardier, Université de Montréal , CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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19
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Narayanan Nair M, Hobeika N, Calard F, Malval JP, Aloïse S, Spangenberg A, Simon L, Cranney M, Vonau F, Aubel D, Serein-Spirau F, Lère-Porte JP, Lacour MA, Jarrosson T. One- and two-photon absorption and emission properties of an oligo(phenylenethienylene)s series. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:12826-37. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp44365a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Singlet Generation from Triplet Excitons in Fluorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/670130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A potential major drawback with organic light-emitting devices, (OLEDs) is the limit of 25% singlet exciton production through spin-dependent charge recombination. Recent device results, however, show that this limit does not hold and far higher efficiencies can be achieved in purely fluorescent-based systems (Wohlgenannt et al. (2001), Dhoot et al. (2002), Lin et al. (2003), Wilson et al. (2001), Cao et al. (1999), Baldo et al. (1999), and Kim et al. (2000)). Thus, the question arises; is recombination spin dependent (Tandon et al. (2003)) or are singlet excitons generated in secondary processes? Direct measurement of the singlet generation rate in working devices of 44% has been shown (Rothe et al. (2006)), which have been verified as being part due to direct singlets formed on recombination and part from triplet fusion, singlets produced during triplet annihilation (Kondakov et al. (2009), King et al. (2011), and Zhang and Forrest (2012)). Here, the various routes by which triplet excitons can generate singlet states are discussed and their relative contributions to the overall electroluminescence yield are given. The materials requirements to obtain maximum singlet production from triplet states are discussed. These triplet contributions can give very high device yields for fluorescent emitters, which in the case of blue devices can be highly advantageous. Further, new devices architectures open up which are simple and have intrinsically low turn on voltages, ideal for large-area OLED lighting applications.
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21
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Cativo MHM, Kamps AC, Gao J, Grey JK, Hutchison GR, Park SJ. Oxidation-induced photoluminescence of conjugated polymers. J Phys Chem B 2012. [PMID: 23189962 DOI: 10.1021/jp308638w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report an unusual oxidation-induced photoluminescence (PL) turn-on response of a poly(3-alkoxythiophene), poly(3-{2-[2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}thiophene) (PEEEET). PEEEET shows a significantly red-shifted absorption spectrum compared to polyalkylthiophenes and is almost nonfluorescent (quantum yield ≪ 1%) in its pristine state. The introduction of sulfonyl defects along the polymer backbone by the oxidation of PEEEET with meta-chloroperbenzoic acid (m-CPBA) increased the emission quantum yield with the intensity increasing with the degree of oxidation. Molecular modeling data indicated that the oxidation-induced PL increase cannot be explained by the nature of monomer units and radiative rate changes. We attributed the enhanced fluorescence to the reduced nonradiative rate caused by the increased band gap, according to the energy gap law, which is consistent with the observed blue shifts in absorption and PL spectra accompanied by the PL increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Helen M Cativo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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22
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Sen K, Crespo-Otero R, Weingart O, Thiel W, Barbatti M. Interfacial States in Donor-Acceptor Organic Heterojunctions: Computational Insights into Thiophene-Oligomer/Fullerene Junctions. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 9:533-42. [PMID: 26589052 DOI: 10.1021/ct300844y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor heterojunctions composed of thiophene oligomers and C60 fullerene were investigated with computational methods. Benchmark calculations were performed with time-dependent density functional theory. The effects of varying the density functional, the number of oligomers, the intermolecular distance, the medium polarization, and the chemical functionalization of the monomers were analyzed. The results are presented in terms of diagrams where the electronic states are classified as locally excited states, charge-transfer states, and delocalized states. The effects of each option for computational simulations of realistic heterojunctions employed in photovoltaic devices are evaluated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakali Sen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Rachel Crespo-Otero
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Oliver Weingart
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Mario Barbatti
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim, Germany
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23
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Hlel A, Mabrouk A, Chemek M, Alimi K. Theoretical study of phenylene-thiophene oligomers: structure-properties relationship. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 99:126-135. [PMID: 23063855 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical results including geometrical characteristics, electronic structures, photophysical parameters (lowest excitation energies, electron affinities (EAs), ionization potentials (IPs), maximum of absorption and emission) and vibrational modes of some new oligomers, based on phenylene-thiophene motives, are investigated using Density Functional Theory DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d) approach. The electronic and optical properties of phenylene-based derivatives can be tuned through the insertion of thiophene in the main oligomers backbone as well as the addition of alkoxy-substituent groups on 2 and 5 positions on phenylene groups. It can be noticed, that different conformational behaviors and steric effects take place. Then, an increase in conjugation length induces a decrease in the gaps energy and a bathochromic shift of absorption/emission spectra. Based on these computed results, which are consistent with the available experimental data, the correlation structure-properties is better understood, where these nanostructures show a great potential for opto-electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hlel
- Université de Monastir, Unité de recherche Matériaux Nouveaux et Dispositifs Electroniques Organiques, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
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24
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Fonseca AS, Soares AM, Gonçalves MST, Costa SP. Thionated coumarins and quinolones in the light triggered release of a model amino acid: synthesis and photolysis studies. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Fonseca AS, Gonçalves MST, Costa SP. Phenacyl ester derivatives bearing heterocycles as models for photocleavable linkers: synthesis and photolysis studies. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Rondão R, de Melo JS, Schaberle FA, Voss G. Excited state characterization of a polymeric indigo. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:1778-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23266a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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27
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Vivas MG, Nogueira SL, Silva HS, Barbosa Neto NM, Marletta A, Serein-Spirau F, Lois S, Jarrosson T, De Boni L, Silva RA, Mendonca CR. Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of the Thiophene/Phenylene-Based Oligomer and Polymer. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:12687-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp203194t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Vivas
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - S. L. Nogueira
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - H. Santos Silva
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - A. Marletta
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - F. Serein-Spirau
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Equipe AM2N, Architectures Moléculaires et Matériaux Nanostructurés, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - S. Lois
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Equipe AM2N, Architectures Moléculaires et Matériaux Nanostructurés, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - T. Jarrosson
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Equipe AM2N, Architectures Moléculaires et Matériaux Nanostructurés, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - L. De Boni
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - R. A. Silva
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - C. R. Mendonca
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
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28
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Batista RM, Oliveira E, Costa SP, Lodeiro C, Raposo MMM. Imidazo-benzo-15-crown-5 ethers bearing arylthienyl and bithienyl moieties as novel fluorescent chemosensors for Pd2+ and Cu2+. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.06.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Dallos T, Hamburger M, Baumgarten M. Thiadiazoloquinoxalines: Tuning Physical Properties through Smart Synthesis. Org Lett 2011; 13:1936-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol200250e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timea Dallos
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manuel Hamburger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Baumgarten
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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30
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Garner LE, Park J, Dyar SM, Chworos A, Sumner JJ, Bazan GC. Modification of the Optoelectronic Properties of Membranes via Insertion of Amphiphilic Phenylenevinylene Oligoelectrolytes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:10042-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1016156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Logan E. Garner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, and School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juhyun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, and School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Scott M. Dyar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, and School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Arkadiusz Chworos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, and School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - James J. Sumner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, and School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, and School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Gutacker A, Koenen N, Scherf U, Adamczyk S, Pina J, Fonseca SM, Valente AJ, Evans RC, Seixas de Melo J, Burrows HD, Knaapila M. Cationic fluorene-thiophene diblock copolymers: Aggregation behaviour in methanol/water and its relation to thin film structures. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Mo H, Radke KR, Ogawa K, Heth CL, Erpelding BT, Rasmussen SC. Solution and solid-state properties of highly fluorescent dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole-based oligothiophenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:14585-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00970a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Burrows HD, Tapia MJ, Fonseca SM, Valente AJM, Lobo VMM, Justino LLG, Qiu S, Pradhan S, Scherf U, Chattopadhyay N, Knaapila M, Garamus VM. Aqueous solution behavior of anionic fluorene-co-thiophene-based conjugated polyelectrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:864-874. [PMID: 20356013 DOI: 10.1021/am800267n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two anionic fluorene-thiophene alternating copolymers, poly[9,9-bis(4-sulfonylbutoxyphenyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl-2,5-thienylene] (PBS-PFT) and poly[9,9-bis(4-sulfonylbutoxyphenyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl-2,2'-bithiophene-5,5'-diyl] (PBS-PF2T), have been synthesized and their solution behaviors in water studied by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence, and electrical conductivity and compared with that of the previously studied conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) poly[9,9-bis(4-sulfonylbutoxyphenyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl-1,4-phenylene] (PBS-PFP). These conjugated polymers do not form solutions at the molecular level in water but instead form clusters. Information on the structure of these clusters for PBS-PF2T comes from small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering. The relative ease of dispersing the copolymers in water increases with an increase in the number of thiophene rings in these alternating copolymers. Semiempirical calculations on the structure suggest that this results from bending of the chains and increased conformational flexibility, decreasing interchain interactions. These CPEs can be dissolved in water at the molecular level using the nonionic surfactants n-dodecylpentaoxyethylene glycol ether (C12E5) or Triton X-100 to obtain systems with increased photoluminescence quantum yield and increased electrical conductivity that can be solution-processed for potential applications as components of sensory or optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Burrows
- Departamento de Quimica and Centro de Neurociencias e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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34
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Pina J, Seixas de Melo J, Burrows HD, Maçanita AL, Galbrecht F, Bünnagel T, Scherf U. Alternating Binaphthyl−Thiophene Copolymers: Synthesis, Spectroscopy, and Photophysics and Their Relevance to the Question of Energy Migration versus Conformational Relaxation. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma802395c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Pina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal, Departamento de Engenharia Química e Biológica, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, s/n. Lisboa, Portugal, and Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J. Seixas de Melo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal, Departamento de Engenharia Química e Biológica, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, s/n. Lisboa, Portugal, and Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - H. D. Burrows
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal, Departamento de Engenharia Química e Biológica, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, s/n. Lisboa, Portugal, and Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A. L. Maçanita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal, Departamento de Engenharia Química e Biológica, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, s/n. Lisboa, Portugal, and Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - F. Galbrecht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal, Departamento de Engenharia Química e Biológica, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, s/n. Lisboa, Portugal, and Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T. Bünnagel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal, Departamento de Engenharia Química e Biológica, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, s/n. Lisboa, Portugal, and Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - U. Scherf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal, Departamento de Engenharia Química e Biológica, Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, s/n. Lisboa, Portugal, and Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
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35
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Pina J, Seixas de Melo JS. A comprehensive investigation of the electronic spectral and photophysical properties of conjugated naphthalene–thiophene oligomers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:8706-13. [DOI: 10.1039/b909113k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Gigante B, Esteves MA, Pires N, Davies ML, Douglas P, Fonseca SM, Burrows HD, Castro RAE, Pina J, Seixas de Melo J. Synthesis, spectroscopy, photophysics and thermal behaviour of stilbene-based triarylamines with dehydroabietic acid methyl ester moieties. NEW J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b815711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Synthesis and evaluation of bipendant-armed (oligo)thiophene crown ether derivatives as new chemical sensors. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Costa SP, Batista RM, Raposo MMM. Synthesis and photophysical characterization of new fluorescent bis-amino acids bearing a heterocyclic bridge containing benzoxazole and thiophene. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Costa SP, Oliveira E, Lodeiro C, Raposo MMM. Heteroaromatic alanine derivatives bearing (oligo)thiophene units: synthesis and photophysical properties. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.06.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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De Cremer L, Verbiest T, Koeckelberghs G. Influence of the Substituent on the Chiroptical Properties of Poly(thieno[3,2-b]thiophene)s. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma7024946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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De Cremer L, Vandeleene S, Maesen M, Verbiest T, Koeckelberghs G. Chiroptical Properties of Cyclopentadithiophene-Based Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma7023304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Pina J, Seixas de Melo J, Burrows HD, Bilge A, Farrell T, Forster M, Scherf U. Spectral and photophysical studies on cruciform oligothiophenes in solution and the solid state. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:15100-6. [PMID: 16884222 DOI: 10.1021/jp060707t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical and spectroscopic properties of a new class of oligothiophene derivatives, designated as cruciform oligomers, have been investigated in solution (room and low temperature) and in the solid state (as thin films in Zeonex matrixes). The study comprises absorption, emission, and triplet-triplet absorption spectra, together with quantitative measurements of quantum yields (fluorescence, intersystem crossing, internal conversion, and singlet oxygen formation) and lifetimes. The overall data allow the determination of the rate constants for all decay processes. From these, several conclusions are drawn. First, in solution, the main deactivation channels for the compounds are the radiationless processes: S(1) --> S(0) internal conversion and S(1) --> T(1) intersystem crossing. Second, in general, in the solid state, the fluorescence quantum yields decrease relative to solution. A comparison is made with the analogous linear alpha-oligothiophenes, revealing a lower fluorescence quantum efficiency and, in contrast to the normal oligothiophenes, that internal conversion is an important channel for the deactivation of the singlet excited state. Replacement of thiophene by 1,4-phenylene units in the longer-sized cruciform oligomer increases the fluorescence efficiency. The highly efficient generation of singlet oxygen through energy transfer from the triplet state (S(Delta) approximately 1) provides support for the measured intersystem crossing quantum yields and suggests that reaction with this may be an important pathway to consider for degradation of devices produced with these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pina
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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43
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Dufresne S, Hanan GS, Skene WG. Preparation, Photophysics, and Electrochemistry of Segmented Comonomers Consisting of Thiophene and Pyrimidine Units: New Monomers for Hybrid Copolymers. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:11407-18. [PMID: 17845027 DOI: 10.1021/jp075259j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient coupling route to novel pi-conjugated comonomers consisting of pyrimidine, thiophene, and bithiophene units was developed. The novel pi-donor-acceptor-donor and pi-donor-acceptor-acceptor-donor conjugated compounds were prepared by Suzuki heterocoupling and Ni(0)-mediated Ullman homocoupling reactions. Photophysical investigation of these alternating pi-donor and acceptor compounds indicated that the deactivation of their singlet excited state proceeds predominately by fluorescence and results in high fluorescence quantum yields. Intersystem crossing to the triplet state was also present in ca. 10%. Quantification of the triplet manifold by laser flash photolysis further revealed that bithiophene produced its triplet state in only 31%. Cyclic voltammetry studies showed that the comonomers undergo both oxidation and reduction leading to their radical cations and radical anions, respectively. The radical cations are highly reactive and undergo anodic polymerization resulting in mutual p- and n-type dopable polymers. The extended conjugation resulting from polymer formation was confirmed by both absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy and by GPC. Ruthenium binding with the conjugated homocoupled ligand was also found resulting in a hybrid alternating copolymer with significantly different spectroscopic and electrochemical properties relative to its metal-free counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Dufresne
- Département de Chimie, Pavillon J. A. Bombardier, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
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44
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Reyman D, Guereca E, Herrasti P. Electrodeposition of polythiophene assisted by sonochemistry and incorporation of fluorophores in the polymeric matrix. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2007; 14:653-660. [PMID: 17185021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/29/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This work studies the effect of an ultrasonic field of 530 kHz frequency on the electrodeposition of polythiophene in an acetonitrile solution using lithium perchlorate as background electrolyte. The results obtained show an increase in the polymer mass transfer produced and a more compact and homogenous morphology of the films yielded by sonoelectrochemistry. Electrodeposition of the polymer was also carried out in the presence of the fluorophores Harmane (1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) or BCCM (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester). Confocal microscopy measurements performed on the films synthesised in the presence of these compounds showed that the latter are embedded in the polymer when it is sonoelectrogenerated at a potential of 2.2, 2.5 or 2.8 V. Films generated in the absence of ultrasound showed no fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Reyman
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Química-Física Aplicada, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - E Guereca
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Química-Física Aplicada, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Herrasti
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Química-Física Aplicada, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Guarìn SAP, Bourgeaux M, Dufresne S, Skene WG. Photophysical, Crystallographic, and Electrochemical Characterization of Symmetric and Unsymmetric Self-Assembled Conjugated Thiopheno Azomethines. J Org Chem 2007; 72:2631-43. [PMID: 17343421 DOI: 10.1021/jo070100o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel conjugated azomethines consisting uniquely of thiophene units are presented. The highly conjugated compounds were synthesized by simple condensation of a stable diamino thiophene (2) with its complementary thiophene aldehydes. These interesting nitrogen-containing thiophene units exhibit variable reactivity leading to controlled aldehyde addition. Because of the different amino reactivity, a one-pot synthesis of unsymmetric and symmetric conjugated azomethines with varying number of thiophene units was possible by judicious choice of solvent and careful control of reagent stoichiometry. The resulting covalent conjugated connections are both reductively and hydrolytically resistant. The thermodynamically E isomer is formed uniquely for all of the azomethines synthesized, which is confirmed by crystallographic studies. These also demonstrated that the azomethine bonds and the thiophene units are highly planar and linear. The fluorescence and phosphorescence of the thiopheno azomethines measured are similar to those of thiophene analogues currently used in functional devices, but with the advantage of low triplet formation and band-gaps as low as 1.9 eV. The time-resolved and steady-state temperature-dependent photophysics revealed the thiopheno azomethines do not populate extensively their triplet manifold by intersystem crossing. Rather, their excited-state energy is dissipated predominantly by nonradiative means of internal conversion. Quasi-reversible electrochemical radical cation formation of the thiophene units was found. These compounds further undergo electrochemically induced oxidative cross-coupling, resulting in conjugated products that also exhibit reversible radical cation formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Andrés Pérez Guarìn
- Department of Chemistry, Pavillon JA Bombardier, University of Montreal, CP 6128, succ. Centreville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Regiorandom poly(3-hexylthiophene) on gold: Interfacial electronic structures and photoexcitation kinetics. Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bourgeaux M, Guarìn SAP, Skene WG. Photophysical, crystallographic, and electrochemical characterization of novel conjugated thiopheno azomethines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b615325a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Guarìn SAP, Dufresne S, Tsang D, Sylla A, Skene WG. Photophysical, electrochemical, and crystallographic investigation of conjugated fluoreno azomethines and their precursors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b618098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Dufresne S, Bourgeaux M, Skene WG. Tunable spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of conjugated push–push, push–pull and pull–pull thiopheno azomethines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b616379c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Wex B, Kaafarani BR, Danilov EO, Neckers DC. Altering the Emission Behavior with the Turn of a Thiophene Ring: The Photophysics of Condensed Ring Systems of Alternating Benzenes and Thiophenes. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:13754-8. [PMID: 17181331 DOI: 10.1021/jp065548s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Six aromatic compounds with embedded thiophenes differing in the number of rings (2-5) and thiophene orientation along the long axis of the molecule (syn, anti) were investigated. Photophysical properties, steady-state absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence, lifetimes, quantum yields, and a comprehensive time-resolved spectroscopic analysis (femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy) have been studied as a function of molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Wex
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
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