1
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Dimitriev OP. Dynamics of Excitons in Conjugated Molecules and Organic Semiconductor Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8487-8593. [PMID: 35298145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The exciton, an excited electron-hole pair bound by Coulomb attraction, plays a key role in photophysics of organic molecules and drives practically important phenomena such as photoinduced mechanical motions of a molecule, photochemical conversions, energy transfer, generation of free charge carriers, etc. Its behavior in extended π-conjugated molecules and disordered organic films is very different and very rich compared with exciton behavior in inorganic semiconductor crystals. Due to the high degree of variability of organic systems themselves, the exciton not only exerts changes on molecules that carry it but undergoes its own changes during all phases of its lifetime, that is, birth, conversion and transport, and decay. The goal of this review is to give a systematic and comprehensive view on exciton behavior in π-conjugated molecules and molecular assemblies at all phases of exciton evolution with emphasis on rates typical for this dynamic picture and various consequences of the above dynamics. To uncover the rich variety of exciton behavior, details of exciton formation, exciton transport, exciton energy conversion, direct and reverse intersystem crossing, and radiative and nonradiative decay are considered in different systems, where these processes lead to or are influenced by static and dynamic disorder, charge distribution symmetry breaking, photoinduced reactions, electron and proton transfer, structural rearrangements, exciton coupling with vibrations and intermediate particles, and exciton dissociation and annihilation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Dimitriev
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine, pr. Nauki 41, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
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2
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Wang Y, Zhao XJ, Wei RJ, Liang GJ, Wang K, Tan YZ, Yang Y. Dynamic variation of excitonic coupling in excited bilayer graphene quantum dots. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2109169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xin-jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Rong-Jing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Gui-jie Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
| | - Kang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuan-zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ye Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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3
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de Sousa LE, de Paiva LSR, da Silva Filho DA, Sini G, de Oliveira Neto PH. Assessing the effects of increasing conjugation length on exciton diffusion: from small molecules to the polymeric limit. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15635-15644. [PMID: 34268543 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01263k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSC) generally contain long-chain π-conjugated polymers as donor materials, but, more recently, small-molecule donors have also attracted considerable attention. The nature of these compounds is of crucial importance concerning the various processes that determine device performance, among which singlet exciton diffusion is one of the most relevant. The efficiency of the diffusion mechanism depends on several aspects, from system morphology to electronic structure properties, which vary importantly with molecular size. In this work, we investigated the effects of conjugation length on the exciton diffusion length through electronic structure calculations and an exciton diffusion model. By applying extrapolation procedures to thiophene and phenylene vinylene oligomer series, we investigate their electronic and optical properties from the small-molecule point of view to the polymeric limit. Several properties are calculated as a function of oligomer size, including transition energies, absorption and emission spectra, reorganization energies, exciton coupling and Förster radii. Finally, an exciton diffusion model is used to estimate diffusion lengths as a function of oligomer size and for the polymeric limit showing agreement with experimental data. Results also show that longer conjugation lengths correlate with longer exciton diffusion lengths in spite of also being associated with shorter exciton lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Evaristo de Sousa
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 301, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Demétrio Antônio da Silva Filho
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, 70919-970, Brasilia, Brazil. and Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, EA 2528, CY Cergy Paris Université, 5 mail Gay-Lussac, 95031, Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France and Institute for Advanced Studies, CY Cergy Paris Université, 1 rue Descartes, 95000, Neuville-sur-Oise, France
| | - Gjergji Sini
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, EA 2528, CY Cergy Paris Université, 5 mail Gay-Lussac, 95031, Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
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4
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Exploring the effects of axial halogen substitutions of subphthalocyanine on the charge transfer nature in subPC/C60 solar cells. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Xu C, Xiang Y, Zheng S. Understanding the influence of molecular arrangements on the charge transfer properties at donor-acceptor interface: A computational study of subPC/C70 solar cell. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Jackson NE, Bowen AS, de Pablo JJ. Efficient Multiscale Optoelectronic Prediction for Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. Jackson
- Center for Molecular Engineering and Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Alec S. Bowen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Center for Molecular Engineering and Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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7
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Ginsberg NS, Tisdale WA. Spatially Resolved Photogenerated Exciton and Charge Transport in Emerging Semiconductors. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2019; 71:1-30. [PMID: 31756129 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-052516-050703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We review recent advances in the characterization of electronic forms of energy transport in emerging semiconductors. The approaches described all temporally and spatially resolve the evolution of initially localized populations of photogenerated excitons or charge carriers. We first provide a comprehensive background for describing the physical origin and nature of electronic energy transport both microscopically and from the perspective of the observer. We introduce the new family of far-field, time-resolved optical microscopies developed to directly resolve not only the extent of this transport but also its potentially temporally and spatially dependent rate. We review a representation of examples from the recent literature, including investigation of energy flow in colloidal quantum dot solids, organic semiconductors, organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites, and 2D transition metal dichalcogenides. These examples illustrate how traditional parameters like diffusivity are applicable only within limited spatiotemporal ranges and how the techniques at the core of this review,especially when taken together, are revealing a more complete picture of the spatiotemporal evolution of energy transport in complex semiconductors, even as a function of their structural heterogeneities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi S Ginsberg
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; .,Material Sciences Division and Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - William A Tisdale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
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8
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Kowalczyk M, Chen N, Jang SJ. Comparative Computational Study of Electronic Excitations of Neutral and Charged Small Oligothiophenes and Their Extrapolations Based on Simple Models. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:5758-5767. [PMID: 31459728 PMCID: PMC6648384 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work reports electronic excitation energies of neutral and charged oligothiophenes (OT n ) with repeat unit n = 2-6 computed by routinely used semiempirical and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) methods. More specifically, for OT n , OTn +, and OTn -, we calculated vertical transition energies for electronic absorption spectroscopy employing the Zerner's version of intermediate neglect differential overlap method for structures optimized by the PM6 semiempirical method and the TD-DFT method with three different functionals, B3LYP, BVP86, and M06-2X, for structures optimized by the ground-state DFT method employing the same functionals. We also calculated vertical transition energies for the emission spectroscopy from the lowest singlet excited states by employing the TD-DFT method for the structures optimized for the lowest singlet excited states. In addition to computational results in vacuum, solution phase data calculated at the level of polarizable continuum model are reported and compared with available experimental data. Most of the data are fitted reasonably well by two simple model functions, one based on a Frenkel exciton theory and the other based on the model of independent electrons in a box with sinusoidal modulation of potential. Despite similar levels of fitting performance, the two models produce distinctively different asymptotic values of excitation energies. Comparison of these with available experimental and computational data suggests that the values based on the exciton model, while seemingly overestimating, are closer to true values than those based on the other model. This assessment is confirmed by additional calculations for a larger oligomer. The fitting parameters offer new means to understand the relationship between electronic excitations of OTs and their sizes and suggest the feasibility of constructing simple coarse-grained exciton-bath models applicable for aggregates of OTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kowalczyk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University
of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Queens, New York 11367, United
States
| | - Ning Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University
of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Queens, New York 11367, United
States
- Ph.D.
Programs in Chemistry and Physics, and Initiative for the Theoretical
Sciences, Graduate Center, City University
of New York, 365 Fifth
Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Seogjoo J. Jang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University
of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Queens, New York 11367, United
States
- Ph.D.
Programs in Chemistry and Physics, and Initiative for the Theoretical
Sciences, Graduate Center, City University
of New York, 365 Fifth
Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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9
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Shi L, Willard AP. Modeling the effects of molecular disorder on the properties of Frenkel excitons in organic molecular semiconductors. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:094110. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5044553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Adam P. Willard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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10
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Zong H, Wang X, Quan J, Tian C, Sun M. Photoinduced charge transfer by one and two-photon absorptions: physical mechanisms and applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:19720-19743. [PMID: 30033469 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03442g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review photoinduced charge transfer in organic solar cells without and with an external electric field and then we introduce the visualization methods of the transition density, charge difference density and transition density matrix for the analysis of the photoinduced charge transfer in a neutral system and a charged system excited by one-photon and two-photon absorption. This review will not only promote a deeper understanding of the available theories and methods of PICT, but also lead to further developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zong
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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11
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Wang Y, Ke Y, Zhao Y. The hierarchical and perturbative forms of stochastic Schrödinger equations and their applications to carrier dynamics in organic materials. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Yaling Ke
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Yi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen China
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12
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Hestand NJ, Spano FC. Expanded Theory of H- and J-Molecular Aggregates: The Effects of Vibronic Coupling and Intermolecular Charge Transfer. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7069-7163. [PMID: 29664617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 704] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The electronic excited states of molecular aggregates and their photophysical signatures have long fascinated spectroscopists and theoreticians alike since the advent of Frenkel exciton theory almost 90 years ago. The influence of molecular packing on basic optical probes like absorption and photoluminescence was originally worked out by Kasha for aggregates dominated by Coulombic intermolecular interactions, eventually leading to the classification of J- and H-aggregates. This review outlines advances made in understanding the relationship between aggregate structure and photophysics when vibronic coupling and intermolecular charge transfer are incorporated. An assortment of packing geometries is considered from the humble molecular dimer to more exotic structures including linear and bent aggregates, two-dimensional herringbone and "HJ" aggregates, and chiral aggregates. The interplay between long-range Coulomb coupling and short-range charge-transfer-mediated coupling strongly depends on the aggregate architecture leading to a wide array of photophysical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Hestand
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Frank C Spano
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
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13
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Ziessel R, Stachelek P, Harriman A, Hedley GJ, Roland T, Ruseckas A, Samuel IDW. Ultrafast Through-Space Electronic Energy Transfer in Molecular Dyads Built around Dynamic Spacer Units. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:4437-4447. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Ziessel
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Patrycja Stachelek
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Harriman
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon J. Hedley
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, Physical Science Building, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Roland
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, Physical Science Building, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Arvydas Ruseckas
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, Physical Science Building, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Ifor D. W. Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, Physical Science Building, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
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14
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Sobakinskaya E, Schmidt Am Busch M, Renger T. Theory of FRET "Spectroscopic Ruler" for Short Distances: Application to Polyproline. J Phys Chem B 2017; 122:54-67. [PMID: 29189003 PMCID: PMC5767878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b09535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is an important mechanism for the estimation of intermolecular distances, e.g., in fluorescent labeled proteins. The interpretations of FRET experiments with standard Förster theory relies on the following approximations: (i) a point-dipole approximation (PDA) for the coupling between transition densities of the chromophores, (ii) a screening of this coupling by the inverse optical dielectric constant of the medium, and (iii) the assumption of fast isotropic sampling over the mutual orientations of the chromophores. These approximations become critical, in particular, at short intermolecular distances, where the PDA and the screening model become invalid and the variation of interchromophore distances, and not just orientations, has a critical influence on the excitation energy transfer. Here, we present a quantum chemical/electrostatic/molecular dynamics (MD) method that goes beyond all of the above approximations. The Poisson-TrEsp method for the ab initio/electrostatic calculation of excitonic couplings in a dielectric medium is combined with all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to calculate FRET efficiencies. The method is applied to analyze single-molecule experiments on a polyproline helix of variable length labeled with Alexa dyes. Our method provides a quantitative explanation of the overestimation of FRET efficiencies by the standard Förster theory for short interchromophore distances for this system. A detailed analysis of the different levels of approximation that connect the present Poisson-TrEsp/MD method with Förster theory reveals error compensation effects, between the PDA and the neglect of correlations in interchromophore distances and orientations on one hand and the neglect of static disorder in orientations and interchromophore distances on the other. Whereas the first two approximations are found to decrease the FRET efficiency, the latter two overcompensate this decrease and are responsible for the overestimation of the FRET efficiency by Förster theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Sobakinskaya
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz , Altenberger Str. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Marcel Schmidt Am Busch
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz , Altenberger Str. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Renger
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz , Altenberger Str. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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15
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Zhang J, Zhu C, Liang W. Benchmarking calculations of spectral densities for the diagonal and nondiagonal exciton-phonon coupling of tetracene crystal. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Ilawe NV, Oviedo MB, Wong BM. Real-Time Quantum Dynamics of Long-Range Electronic Excitation Transfer in Plasmonic Nanoantennas. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:3442-3454. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan V. Ilawe
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - M. Belén Oviedo
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Bryan M. Wong
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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17
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Cao L, Lin Z, Shi W, Wang Z, Zhang C, Hu X, Wang C, Lin W. Exciton Migration and Amplified Quenching on Two-Dimensional Metal–Organic Layers. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7020-7029. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Cao
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of
Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zekai Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Wenjie Shi
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of
Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zi Wang
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of
Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Cankun Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of
Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xuefu Hu
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of
Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of
Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of
Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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18
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Plötz PA, Megow J, Niehaus T, Kühn O. Spectral densities for Frenkel exciton dynamics in molecular crystals: A TD-DFTB approach. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:084112. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4976625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Per-Arno Plötz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Strasse 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jörg Megow
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Niehaus
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Oliver Kühn
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Strasse 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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19
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Abstract
![]()
The field of organic
photovoltaics has developed rapidly over the
last 2 decades, and small solar cells with power conversion efficiencies
of 13% have been demonstrated. Light absorbed in the organic layers
forms tightly bound excitons that are split into free electrons and
holes using heterojunctions of electron donor and acceptor materials,
which are then extracted at electrodes to give useful electrical power.
This review gives a concise description of the fundamental processes
in photovoltaic devices, with the main emphasis on the characterization
of energy transfer and its role in dictating device architecture,
including multilayer planar heterojunctions, and on the factors that
impact free carrier generation from dissociated excitons. We briefly
discuss harvesting of triplet excitons, which now attracts substantial
interest when used in conjunction with singlet fission. Finally, we
introduce the techniques used by researchers for characterization
and engineering of bulk heterojunctions to realize large photocurrents,
and examine the formed morphology in three prototypical blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J Hedley
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews , North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, U.K
| | - Arvydas Ruseckas
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews , North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, U.K
| | - Ifor D W Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews , North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, U.K
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Simanta Kundu
- Department
of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Amitava Patra
- Department
of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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21
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Parkinson P, Kamonsutthipaijit N, Anderson HL, Herz LM. Size-Independent Energy Transfer in Biomimetic Nanoring Complexes. ACS NANO 2016; 10:5933-5940. [PMID: 27176553 PMCID: PMC4928140 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular antenna-ring complexes are of great interest due to their presence in natural light-harvesting complexes. While such systems are known to provide benefits through robust and efficient energy funneling, the relationship between molecular structure, strain (governed by nuclear coordinates and motion), and energy dynamics (arising from electronic behavior) is highly complex. We present a synthetic antenna-nanoring system based on a series of conjugated porphyrin chromophores ideally suited to explore such effects. By systematically varying the size of the acceptor nanoring, we reveal the interplay between antenna-nanoring binding, local strain, and energy dynamics on the picosecond time scale. Binding of the antenna unit creates a local strain in the nanoring, and this strain was measured as a function of the size of the nanoring, by UV-vis-NIR titration, providing information on the conformational flexibility of the system. Strikingly, the energy-transfer rate is independent of nanoring size, indicating the existence of strain-localized acceptor states, spread over about six porphyrin units, arising from the noncovalent antenna-nanoring association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Parkinson
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Nuntaporn Kamonsutthipaijit
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M. Herz
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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22
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Zhang Y, Luo Y, Zhang Y, Yu YJ, Kuang YM, Zhang L, Meng QS, Luo Y, Yang JL, Dong ZC, Hou JG. Visualizing coherent intermolecular dipole–dipole coupling in real space. Nature 2016; 531:623-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nature17428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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23
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Abstract
The design of optimal light-harvesting (supra)molecular systems and materials is one of the most challenging frontiers of science. Theoretical methods and computational models play a fundamental role in this difficult task, as they allow the establishment of structural blueprints inspired by natural photosynthetic organisms that can be applied to the design of novel artificial light-harvesting devices. Among theoretical strategies, the application of quantum chemical tools represents an important reality that has already reached an evident degree of maturity, although it still has to show its real potentials. This Review presents an overview of the state of the art of this strategy, showing the actual fields of applicability but also indicating its current limitations, which need to be solved in future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Curutchet
- Departament de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona , Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa , via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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24
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Song P, Li Y, Ma F, Pullerits T, Sun M. Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Organic Solar Cells. CHEM REC 2016; 16:734-53. [PMID: 26853631 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Electron transfer (ET) is the key process in light-driven charge separation reactions in organic solar cells. The current review summarizes the progress in theoretical modelling of ET in these materials. First we give an account of ET, with a description originating from Marcus theory. We systematically go through all the relevant parameters and show how they depend on different material properties, and discuss the consequences such dependencies have for the performance of the devices. Finally, we present a set of visualization methods which have proven to be very useful in analyzing the elementary processes in absorption and charge separation events. Such visualization tools help us to understand the properties of the photochemical and photobiological systems in solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Song
- Department of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,State Key laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzuo Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,College of Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Fengcai Ma
- Department of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, P. R. China
| | - Tõnu Pullerits
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, Lund, 22100, Sweden.,State Key laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Mengtao Sun
- Department of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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25
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Chopra S. Excited state analysis of absorption processes in metal decorated graphene nanoribbons. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition density matrix (TDM) based excited state analysis presented for single metal atom doped graphene C29H14-X. Natural transition orbitals (NTOs) and e–h correlation plots of Ti-doped graphene are shown below.
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26
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Webb JEA, Chen K, Prasad SKK, Wojciechowski JP, Falber A, Thordarson P, Hodgkiss JM. Quantifying highly efficient incoherent energy transfer in perylene-based multichromophore arrays. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:1712-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06953j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multichromophore perylene arrays were designed and synthesized to have extremely efficient resonance energy transfer, as confirmed by ultrafast spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. A. Webb
- School of Chemistry
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
- The University of New South Wales
- Australia
| | - Kai Chen
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, and School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
| | - Shyamal K. K. Prasad
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, and School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
| | - Jonathan P. Wojciechowski
- School of Chemistry
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
- The University of New South Wales
- Australia
| | - Alexander Falber
- School of Chemistry
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
- The University of New South Wales
- Australia
- Flurosol Industries Pty. Ltd
| | - Pall Thordarson
- School of Chemistry
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
- The University of New South Wales
- Australia
| | - Justin M. Hodgkiss
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, and School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
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27
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Ceymann H, Rosspeintner A, Schreck MH, Mützel C, Stoy A, Vauthey E, Lambert C. Cooperative enhancement versus additivity of two-photon-absorption cross sections in linear and branched squaraine superchromophores. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16404-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02312f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Our investigation of the nonlinear optical properties of a series of oligomeric squaraine dyes showed enhanced cross sections for linear oligomers but only additivity for branched systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Ceymann
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- Am Hubland
| | - Arnulf Rosspeintner
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Maximilian H. Schreck
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- Am Hubland
| | - Carina Mützel
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- Am Hubland
| | - Andreas Stoy
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- Am Hubland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- Am Hubland
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28
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Camacho R, Tubasum S, Southall J, Cogdell RJ, Sforazzini G, Anderson HL, Pullerits T, Scheblykin IG. Fluorescence polarization measures energy funneling in single light-harvesting antennas--LH2 vs conjugated polymers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15080. [PMID: 26478272 PMCID: PMC4609963 DOI: 10.1038/srep15080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous approaches have been proposed to mimic natural photosynthesis using artificial antenna systems, such as conjugated polymers (CPs), dendrimers, and J-aggregates. As a result, there is a need to characterize and compare the excitation energy transfer (EET) properties of various natural and artificial antennas. Here we experimentally show that EET in single antennas can be characterized by 2D polarization imaging using the single funnel approximation. This methodology addresses the ability of an individual antenna to transfer its absorbed energy towards a single pool of emissive states, using a single parameter called energy funneling efficiency (ε). We studied individual peripheral antennas of purple bacteria (LH2) and single CP chains of 20 nm length. As expected from a perfect antenna, LH2s showed funneling efficiencies close to unity. In contrast, CPs showed lower average funneling efficiencies, greatly varying from molecule to molecule. Cyclodextrin insulation of the conjugated backbone improves EET, increasing the fraction of CPs possessing ε = 1. Comparison between LH2s and CPs shows the importance of the protection systems and the protein scaffold of LH2, which keep the chromophores in functional form and at such geometrical arrangement that ensures excellent EET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Camacho
- Chemical Physics, Lund University, PO Box 124, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Sumera Tubasum
- Chemical Physics, Lund University, PO Box 124, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden
| | - June Southall
- Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Cogdell
- Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Sforazzini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Tõnu Pullerits
- Chemical Physics, Lund University, PO Box 124, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Ivan G Scheblykin
- Chemical Physics, Lund University, PO Box 124, Lund, SE-22100, Sweden
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29
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Cruz CD, Christensen PR, Chronister EL, Casanova D, Wolf MO, Bardeen CJ. Sulfur-Bridged Terthiophene Dimers: How Sulfur Oxidation State Controls Interchromophore Electronic Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:12552-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad D. Cruz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Peter R. Christensen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Eric L. Chronister
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - David Casanova
- Kimika Facultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Donostia International Physics Center, P.K: 1072, Donostia 20080, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Euskadi 48013, Spain
| | - Michael O. Wolf
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Christopher J. Bardeen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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30
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Preiß J, Jäger M, Rau S, Dietzek B, Popp J, Martínez T, Presselt M. How Does Peripheral Functionalization of Ruthenium(II)-Terpyridine Complexes Affect Spatial Charge Redistribution after Photoexcitation at the Franck-Condon Point? Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1395-404. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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31
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Menelaou C, ter Schiphorst J, Kendhale AM, Parkinson P, Debije MG, Schenning APHJ, Herz LM. Rapid Energy Transfer Enabling Control of Emission Polarization in Perylene Bisimide Donor-Acceptor Triads. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1170-1176. [PMID: 26262968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Materials showing rapid intramolecular energy transfer and polarization switching are of interest for both their fundamental photophysics and potential for use in real-world applications. Here, we report two donor-acceptor-donor triad dyes based on perylene-bisimide subunits, with the long axis of the donors arranged either parallel or perpendicular to that of the central acceptor. We observe rapid energy transfer (<2 ps) and effective polarization control in both dye molecules in solution. A distributed-dipole Förster model predicts the excitation energy transfer rate for the linearly arranged triad but severely underestimates it for the orthogonal case. We show that the rapid energy transfer arises from a combination of through-bond coupling and through-space transfer between donor and acceptor units. As they allow energy cascading to an excited state with controllable polarization, these triad dyes show high potential for use in luminescent solar concentrator devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Menelaou
- †Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Jeroen ter Schiphorst
- ‡Functional Organic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Amol M Kendhale
- ‡Functional Organic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Parkinson
- †Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G Debije
- ‡Functional Organic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albertus P H J Schenning
- ‡Functional Organic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Laura M Herz
- †Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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32
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Steeger M, Griesbeck S, Schmiedel A, Holzapfel M, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H, Lambert C. On the relation of energy and electron transfer in multidimensional chromophores based on polychlorinated triphenylmethyl radicals and triarylamines. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:11848-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05929h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chromophores with many donors and acceptors show electron transfer which is identical to energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Steeger
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg, and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Stefanie Griesbeck
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg, and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Alexander Schmiedel
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg, and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg, and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | | | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg, and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
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33
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Bjorgaard JA, Köse ME. Simulations of singlet exciton diffusion in organic semiconductors: a review. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12409j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in exciton diffusion simulations in conjugated materials are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah A. Bjorgaard
- Center for Nonlinear Studies
- Theoretical Division
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Los Alamos
- USA
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34
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Parkinson P, Kondratuk DV, Menelaou C, Gong JQ, Anderson HL, Herz LM. Chromophores in Molecular Nanorings: When Is a Ring a Ring? J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:4356-4361. [PMID: 26273987 DOI: 10.1021/jz5022153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The topology of a conjugated molecule plays a significant role in controlling both the electronic properties and the conformational manifold that the molecule may explore. Fully π-conjugated molecular nanorings are of particular interest, as their lowest electronic transition may be strongly suppressed as a result of symmetry constraints. In contrast, the simple Kasha model predicts an enhancement in the radiative rate for corresponding linear oligomers. Here we investigate such effects in linear and cyclic conjugated molecules containing between 6 and 42 butadiyne-linked porphyrin units (corresponding to 600 C-C bonds) as pure monodisperse oligomers. We demonstrate that as the diameter of the nanorings increases beyond ∼10 nm, its electronic properties tend toward those of a similarly sized linear molecule as a result of excitation localization on a subsegment of the ring. However, significant differences persist in the nature of the emitting dipole polarization even beyond this limit, arising from variations in molecular curvature and conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Parkinson
- †Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry V Kondratuk
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Menelaou
- †Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Juliane Q Gong
- †Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L Anderson
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M Herz
- †Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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35
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Ren Y, Melhem O, Li Y, Chi B, Han X, Zhu H, Feng L, Wan J, Xu X. Clarifying and illustrating the electronic energy transfer pathways in trimeric and hexameric aggregation state of cyanobacteria allophycocyanin within the framework of Förster theory. J Comput Chem 2014; 36:137-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanliang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Osama Melhem
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chi
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinya Han
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials; Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory for Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
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36
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Parkinson P, Knappke CI, Kamonsutthipaijit N, Sirithip K, Matichak JD, Anderson HL, Herz LM. Ultrafast energy transfer in biomimetic multistrand nanorings. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8217-20. [PMID: 24878362 PMCID: PMC4073835 DOI: 10.1021/ja504730j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of LH2-like supramolecular double- and triple-stranded complexes based upon porphyrin nanorings. Energy transfer from the antenna dimers to the π-conjugated nanoring occurs on a subpicosecond time scale, rivaling transfer rates in natural light-harvesting systems. The presence of a second nanoring acceptor doubles the transfer rate, providing strong evidence for multidirectional energy funneling. The behavior of these systems is particularly intriguing because the local nature of the interaction may allow energy transfer into states that are, for cyclic nanorings, symmetry-forbidden in the far field. These complexes are versatile synthetic models for natural light-harvesting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Parkinson
- Department
of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane
E. I. Knappke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Nuntaporn Kamonsutthipaijit
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Kanokkorn Sirithip
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D. Matichak
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M. Herz
- Department
of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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37
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Chen CT, Chuang C, Cao J, Ball V, Ruch D, Buehler MJ. Excitonic effects from geometric order and disorder explain broadband optical absorption in eumelanin. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3859. [PMID: 24848640 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eumelanin is a ubiquitous biological pigment, and the origin of its broadband absorption spectrum has long been a topic of scientific debate. Here, we report a first-principles computational investigation to explain its broadband absorption feature. These computations are complemented by experimental results showing a broadening of the absorption spectra of dopamine solutions upon their oxidation. We consider a variety of eumelanin molecular structures supported by experiments or theoretical studies, and calculate the absorption spectra with proper account of the excitonic couplings based on the Frenkel exciton model. The interplay of geometric order and disorder of eumelanin aggregate structures broadens the absorption spectrum and gives rise to a relative enhancement of absorption intensity at the higher-energy end, proportional to the cube of absorption energy. These findings show that the geometric disorder model is as able as the chemical disorder model, and complements this model, to describe the optical properties of eumelanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Teh Chen
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 1-235A&B, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Chern Chuang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jianshu Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Vincent Ball
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Sainte Elizabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France and Unité INSERM 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cédex, France
| | - David Ruch
- Department for Advanced Materials and Structures, Centre de Recherche Public Henri Tudor, 5 rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg
| | - Markus J Buehler
- 1] Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 1-235A&B, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [3] Center for Computational Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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38
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Zheng K, Žídek K, Abdellah M, Zhu N, Chábera P, Lenngren N, Chi Q, Pullerits T. Directed Energy Transfer in Films of CdSe Quantum Dots: Beyond the Point Dipole Approximation. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:6259-68. [DOI: 10.1021/ja411127w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaibo Zheng
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karel Žídek
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mohamed Abdellah
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Nan Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens
Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pavel Chábera
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nils Lenngren
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Qijin Chi
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens
Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tõnu Pullerits
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
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39
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Chuang C, Knoester J, Cao J. Scaling Relations and Optimization of Excitonic Energy Transfer Rates between One-Dimensional Molecular Aggregates. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:7827-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4124502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chern Chuang
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jasper Knoester
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, AG Groningen 9747, The Netherlands
| | - Jianshu Cao
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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40
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Abstract
The photophysical behavior of organic semiconductors is governed by their excitonic states. In this review, I classify the three different exciton types (Frenkel singlet, Frenkel triplet, and charge transfer) typically encountered in organic semiconductors. Experimental challenges that arise in the study of solid-state organic systems are discussed. The steady-state spectroscopy of intermolecular delocalized Frenkel excitons is described, using crystalline tetracene as an example. I consider the problem of a localized exciton diffusing in a disordered matrix in detail, and experimental results on conjugated polymers and model systems suggest that energetic disorder leads to subdiffusive motion. Multiexciton processes such as singlet fission and triplet fusion are described, emphasizing the role of spin state coherence and magnetic fields in studying singlet ↔ triplet pair interconversion. Singlet fission provides an example of how all three types of excitons (triplet, singlet, and charge transfer) may interact to produce useful phenomena for applications such as solar energy conversion.
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41
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Bjorgaard JA, Köse ME. Theoretical study of torsional disorder in poly(3-alkylthiophene) single chains: intramolecular charge-transfer character and implications for photovoltaic properties. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:3869-76. [PMID: 23627266 DOI: 10.1021/jp401521j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of polymer chain morphology on the optoelectronic properties of polythiophenes is an ongoing investigation with the promise of improving organic photovoltaic performance. Chain morphology is predominantly affected by torsional disorder, which causes localization of holes and electrons in the conjugated backbone. Using the model compound oligo(3-methylthiophene), torsionally disordered oligomers were created to compare with a trans-planar oligomer such as found in crystalline poly(3-hexylthiophene). Low lying electronic excitations are calculated using TD-HF and TD-DFT with various long-range corrected functionals. Probability densities of electron and hole were constructed from natural transition orbitals, giving insight into localization and electron-hole overlap. Overlap is found to be substantially higher in disordered oligomers, indicating a stronger Coulombic interaction between electron and hole. Results suggest that improved photovoltaic performance with increased crystallinity is partially explained by stronger light absorption in crystalline polymers and a higher barrier to charge separation in disordered polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah A Bjorgaard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, 58108 United States
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42
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König C, Neugebauer J. Exciton Coupling Mechanisms Analyzed with Subsystem TDDFT: Direct vs Pseudo Exchange Effects. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:3480-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3105419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin König
- Theoretische Organische
Chemie, Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster,
Germany
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Theoretische Organische
Chemie, Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster,
Germany
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43
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Kistler KA, Spano FC, Matsika S. A Benchmark of Excitonic Couplings Derived from Atomic Transition Charges. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:2032-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jp310603z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A. Kistler
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122,
United States
| | - Francis C. Spano
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122,
United States
| | - Spiridoula Matsika
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122,
United States
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44
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Ren Y, Chi B, Melhem O, Wei K, Feng L, Li Y, Han X, Li D, Zhang Y, Wan J, Xu X, Yang M. Understanding the electronic energy transfer pathways in the trimeric and hexameric aggregation state of cyanobacteria phycocyanin within the framework of Förster theory. J Comput Chem 2013; 34:1005-12. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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45
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Son HJ, Jin S, Patwardhan S, Wezenberg SJ, Jeong NC, So M, Wilmer CE, Sarjeant AA, Schatz GC, Snurr RQ, Farha OK, Wiederrecht GP, Hupp JT. Light-harvesting and ultrafast energy migration in porphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:862-9. [PMID: 23249338 DOI: 10.1021/ja310596a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Given that energy (exciton) migration in natural photosynthesis primarily occurs in highly ordered porphyrin-like pigments (chlorophylls), equally highly ordered porphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) might be expected to exhibit similar behavior, thereby facilitating antenna-like light-harvesting and positioning such materials for use in solar energy conversion schemes. Herein, we report the first example of directional, long-distance energy migration within a MOF. Two MOFs, namely F-MOF and DA-MOF that are composed of two Zn(II) porphyrin struts [5,15-dipyridyl-10,20-bis(pentafluorophenyl)porphinato]zinc(II) and [5,15-bis[4-(pyridyl)ethynyl]-10,20-diphenylporphinato]zinc(II), respectively, were investigated. From fluorescence quenching experiments and theoretical calculations, we find that the photogenerated exciton migrates over a net distance of up to ~45 porphyrin struts within its lifetime in DA-MOF (but only ~3 in F-MOF), with a high anisotropy along a specific direction. The remarkably efficient exciton migration in DA-MOF is attributed to enhanced π-conjugation through the addition of two acetylene moieties in the porphyrin molecule, which leads to greater Q-band absorption intensity and much faster exciton-hopping (energy transfer between adjacent porphyrin struts). The long distance and directional energy migration in DA-MOF suggests promising applications of this compound or related compounds in solar energy conversion schemes as an efficient light-harvesting and energy-transport component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jin Son
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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46
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Nelson T, Fernandez-Alberti S, Roitberg AE, Tretiak S. Conformational disorder in energy transfer: beyond Förster theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:9245-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50857a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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47
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Denis JC, Schumacher S, Galbraith I. Quantitative description of interactions between linear organic chromophores. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:224102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4768244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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48
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Ma YZ, Shaw RW, Yu X, O’Neill HM, Hong K. Excited-State Dynamics of Water-Soluble Polythiophene Derivatives: Temperature and Side-Chain Length Effects. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:14451-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jp304526h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zhong Ma
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Robert W. Shaw
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Xiang Yu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Hugh M. O’Neill
- Center for Structural Molecular Biology, Biology & Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials
Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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49
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Barford W, Bittner ER, Ward A. Exciton Dynamics in Disordered Poly(p-phenylenevinylene). 2. Exciton Diffusion. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:10319-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jp307041n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Barford
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford
OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Eric R. Bittner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Alec Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford
OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
- Christ Church College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 1DP, United Kingdom
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50
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Mako T, Marks P, Cook N, Levine M. Fluorescent detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ternary cyclodextrin complexes. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2012.703325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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