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Dong X, Ran X, Hou C, Zhou Z, Wang Z, Zhang T. Theoretical insights into the linker effects on the turn-on fluorescence behaviors in pyridazinone-containing NO probes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 321:124761. [PMID: 38955069 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes with preferred photophysical properties have attracted considerable attention for their advantages in real-time and accurate detection of signalling molecules in living organisms. Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous cellular messenger closely associated with many physiological and pathological processes. A NO fluorescent probe, PYSNO, based on the pyridazinone (PY) scaffold with o-phenylenediamine as the receptor and thiophene (S) as the linker has been synthesized. Inspired by the experimental guidance, three other dyes (PYSSNO, PYSONO and PYONO) were theoretically designed by replacing the S linker with thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (SS), thieno[3,2-b]thiophene 1,1-dioxide (SO) and thiophene 1,1-dioxide (O) groups. The photophysical properties were theoretically investigated in aqueous solution, by the combined time-dependent density functional theory, polarizable continuum model and thermal vibration correlation function approaches. Our results indicate that the emission wavelengths of all the designed dyes show red shifts due to either an increase in the conjugation length or electron-accepting ability of the linkers compared to PYSNO. The photoinduced electron transfer (PET) processes are all absent in these systems. PYSSNO and PYSONO are theoretically expected to be promising candidates for novel NO fluorescent probes, but the suitability of PYONO as a NO probe is compromised by the predicted non-luminescent emission before and after reaction with NO. Our study not only offers valuable insights into the detailed structure-property relationships, but also opens a new avenue for the rational design of efficient fluorescent sensors for NO detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, PR China
| | - Xin Ran
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, PR China
| | - Chengshuo Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, PR China
| | - Ziheng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, PR China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- AIE Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Tian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, PR China.
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Leonhardt C, Mauri A, Garin I, Rosemann NW, Wenzel W, Lemmer U, Kozlowska M, Bräse S. Tetrazole and Oxadiazole Derivatives as Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401682. [PMID: 38934566 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are promising lighting solutions for sustainability and energy efficiency. Incorporating thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules enables OLEDs to achieve internal quantum efficiency (IQE), in principle, up to 100 %; therefore, new classes of promising TADF emitters and modifications of existing ones are sought after. This study explores the TADF emission properties of six designed TADF emitters, examining their photophysical responses using experimental and theoretical methods. The design strategy involves creating six distinct types of a donor-acceptor (D-A) system, where tert-butylcarbazoles are used as donors, while the acceptor component incorporates three different functional groups: nitrile, tetrazole and oxadiazole, with varying electron-withdrawing character. Additionally, the donor-acceptor distance is adjusted using a phenylene spacer, and its influence on TADF functionality is examined. The clear dependency of an additional spacer, inhibiting TADF, could be revealed. Emitters with a direct donor-acceptor connection are demonstrated to exhibit TADF moderate emissive behavior. The analysis emphasizes the impact of charge transfer, singlet-triplet energy gaps (ΔEST), and other microscopic parameters on photophysical rates, permitting TADF. Among the emitters, TCz-CN shows optimal performance as a blue-green emitter with an 88 % photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and fast rate of reversible intersystem crossing of 2×106 s-1 and 1×107 s-1, obtained from time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) experiment in PMMA matrix and quantum mechanical calculations, respectively. This comprehensive exploration identifies molecular bases of superior TADF emitters and provides insights for future designs, advancing the optimization of TADF properties in OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Leonhardt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anna Mauri
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Idoia Garin
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nils W Rosemann
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uli Lemmer
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mariana Kozlowska
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - IBCS-FMS, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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3
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Paras, Vivek, Sharma S, Ramachandran CN. Effect of Electron-Donating Substituents and an Electric Field on the Δ EST of Selected Imidazopyridine Derivatives: A DFT Study. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:8428-8435. [PMID: 39295478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
A series of thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) molecules having an imidazopyridine acceptor, a benzene linker, and a 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine donor are designed and examined using a quantum chemical approach. The above framework spatially separates the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), minimizing their overlap, ultimately resulting in a reduced energy gap between the excited singlet and triplet states (ΔEST). The impact of electron-donating substituents (-Me, -Et, -t-Bu, -OMe, and -NMe2) on the donor moiety of the parent molecule 2-(4-(9,9-dimethylacridin-10(9H)-yl)phenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3,6-dicarbonitrile (Ac-CNImPy) is investigated. The calculated results revealed that for a given substituent, the para-substituted derivatives exhibit relatively less ΔEST, compared to that of the respective ortho- and meta derivatives. The value of ΔEST decreased with an increase in the electron-donating capacity of the substituent. Additionally, the ΔEST of the disubstituted derivatives is found to be less than that for the monosubstituted derivatives. The charge transport studies revealed that molecules with strong electron-donating substituents act as electron transporters. The effect of an external electric field (EEF) on ΔEST of the parent molecule Ac-CNIMPY and its derivative is also examined and revealed that the ΔEST can be further reduced by applying an electric field of appropriate strength in a direction perpendicular to the dipole moment of the molecule and in the plane of the acceptor moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Vivek
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - C N Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
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He T, Zhao W, Lin M, Sun B, Chen Y, Zhang HL, Long G. Enhancing Circularly Polarized Luminescence Dissymmetry Factor of Chiral Cylindrical Molecules to -0.56 through Intramolecular Short-Range Charge Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:9844-9851. [PMID: 39298330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c02023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
High-performance circularly polarized luminescent (CPL) materials have received wide attention recently by virtue of broad application in circularly polarized light-emitting diodes, 3D display, and encryption. Reaching both high luminescence efficiency and strong luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) is still a challenging goal that requires continuous efforts. Herein, we performed a systematic theoretical investigation on the chiroptical properties of helical cylindrical molecules (-)-[4]cyclo-2,6-anthracene [(-)-[4]CA2,6] and (P)-[4]cyclo-2,8-chrysenylene [(P)-[4]CC2,8], and found that the unique and symmetric cylindrical structure could make the transition dipole moment components offset along the cylindrical surface but concentrated along the vertical central axis. This structural superiority contributes the collinear electric and magnetic transition dipole moment vectors and thus the large glum. Based on the results of decomposed transition dipole moment vectors to individual atoms, an effective strategy to enhance the glum through introducing intramolecular short-range charge transfer by embedding B,N atoms is proposed. The decreased electric transition dipole moment and well-kept magnetic transition dipole moment enable the glum of B,N-embedded designed molecules (-)-[4]CA2,6-4BN and (P)-[4]CC2,8-4BN up to -0.31 and -0.56, respectively. This molecular-insight investigation deepens the understanding of the structure-property relationship and provides efficient guidance for improving glum of CPL materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei He
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Wenkai Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Menglu Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guankui Long
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
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5
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Lebeda T, Aschebrock T, Kümmel S. Balancing the Contributions to the Gradient Expansion: Accurate Binding and Band Gaps with a Nonempirical Meta-GGA. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:136402. [PMID: 39392972 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.136402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
The gradient expansion has been a long-standing guide rail in density-functional theory. We here demonstrate that for exchange-correlation approximations that depend on the gradient of the density and the kinetic energy density, i.e., for meta-generalized gradient approximations (meta-GGAs), there is a so far unexploited degree of freedom in the gradient expansion that allows to shift the relative weight of gradient and kinetic energy contributions. As the dependence on the kinetic energy density determines the derivative discontinuity, this allows to construct meta-GGAs that adhere to the known exact constraints, yet have new properties. We demonstrate this with the construction of a meta-GGA that describes both electronic bonds and band gaps with remarkable accuracy.
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6
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Li P, Lv Q, Sun C, Zhang P, Wang X, Yin C, Pan Y, Chen R. Regulation of TADF and RTP Dual Emission via Internal and External Heavy-Atom Effects. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:9787-9794. [PMID: 39323367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Organic materials with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) dual emission have attracted great attention in recent years, but the regulation mechanism via internal and external heavy atoms is not clear enough. Here, we carry out a systematic theoretical investigation on the photophysical properties of the materials by introducing aliphatic or aromatic bromine atoms. The molecule with aromatic bromine atoms exhibits obvious TADF owing to the effective reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) with matchable energy levels and enhanced spin orbit couplings, the molecule with aliphatic bromine atoms shows a long RTP lifetime because of the reduced nonradiative transition of triplet excitons, and the molecule with both aliphatic and aromatic bromine atoms presents balanced TADF and RTP emissions thanks to the synergy internal and external heavy-atom effects. Besides, the internal and external heavy atoms induce multisite intermolecular interactions, effectively suppressing the nonradiative process in the solid phase. The efficient RISC process and the suppressed nonradiative process of triplet excitons should be key to regulating the dual emission property. These findings and insights are of great importance for revealing the structure-performance relationship, providing theoretical guidance for the design of TADF and RTP dual emission molecules via internal and external heavy-atom effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qixin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chengxi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xianjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yuyu Pan
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, 30 Guanghua Street, Liaoyang 111003, P. R. China
| | - Runfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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7
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Huan M, Liu YD, Zhong R. Identifying initial transformation products during chlorination of the indole moiety and unveiling their formation mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:1629-1640. [PMID: 39132965 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00196f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
To identify toxicity drivers within poorly characterized high-molar-weight disinfection by-products (DBPs), relatively stable high-yield initial transformation products generated from aromatic amino acids and peptides and humic substances have drawn much attention. In this study, initial transformation products in chlorination of the indole moiety in tryptophan (Trp) are proposed and their formation mechanisms were investigated using a quantum chemical computational method. The results indicate that 3-Cl-Trp+ is initially formed after the Cl+ of HOCl attacks the indole moiety, and nucleophilic addition with nucleophilic agents (H2O and OCl-) is thermodynamically preferred over deprotonation to generate 2-X-3-Cl-indoline moiety (X = OH and OCl), which is in contrast to indole. Over 25 types of initial transformation products are proposed from the 2-X-3-Cl-indoline moiety and two ring opening pathways were found at N1-C2 and C2-C3 bonds. Significantly, most structures of initial transformation products proposed based on experimental detection m/z values were confirmed using quantum chemical calculations and some new products are proposed in this work. The results are helpful to expand our understanding of the intrinsic reactivity of aromatic ring towards chlorination by hypochlorous acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengXue Huan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Yong Dong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Rugang Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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8
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Barrios B, Minakata D. Molecular Insights into the Quenching Mechanism of the Triplet Excited State of Rose Bengal through Oxidative and Reductive Organic Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:37973-37980. [PMID: 39281891 PMCID: PMC11391539 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
In oxygenated aquatic environments, the predominant scavenging of the triplet excited state of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (3CDOM*) involves dissolved ground-state oxygen, diverting attention away from the scavenging mechanisms of 3CDOM* mediated through specific organic compounds. Previous studies demonstrated that model 3CDOM* exhibited quantum yields (i.e., 1-56%) in the formation of radical ions, resulting from the competition between physical and chemical quenching through a common exciplex intermediate. Physical quenching was rationalized through the reverse intersystem crossing of the exciplex, followed by back electron transfer, yielding ground-state reactants. Despite this, direct experimental evidence for exciplex involvement has been elusive, owing to detection challenges. Herein, employing density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT specifically for excited state surrogate CDOM and organic scavengers, we unveil, for the first time, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the quenching of Rose Bengal through oxidative and reductive scavengers. Our computational findings provide evidence for the involvement of exciplexes during the quenching process of the excited triplet state of Rose Bengal, highlighting the impact of electronic coupling between Rose Bengal and quenchers on the quantum yield for radical ion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Barrios
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geospatial Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Daisuke Minakata
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geospatial Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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9
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Liu H, Wang Y, Zhao X, Song Y, Lin L, Fan J, Wang CK. Exploration of red and deep red Thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecules constructed via intramolecular locking strategy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 325:125110. [PMID: 39260238 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.125110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Red and deep red (DR) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have garnered increasing attention due to their widespread applications in display technology and lighting devices. However, most red OLEDs exhibit low luminescence efficiency, severely limiting their practical applications. To address this challenge, we theoretically design four novel TADF molecules with red and DR luminescence using intramolecular locking strategies building upon the experimental findings of DCN-DLB and DCN-DSP, and their crystal structures are predicted with the lower energy and higher packing density. The photophysical properties and luminescence mechanism of six molecules in toluene and crystal are clarified using the first principles calculation and thermal vibration correlation function (TVCF) method. The proposed design strategy is anticipated to offer several advantages: enhanced electron-donating capabilities, more rigid structures, longer emission wavelengths and higher luminescence efficiency. Specifically, we introduce oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms as intramolecular locks, and the newly developed DCN-DBF and DCN-PHC have redshifted emission, narrow singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST), fast reverse intersystem crossing rate and enhanced photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). Notably, DCN-DBF achieves both long wavelength emission and high efficiency, with emission peaks at 598 nm and 587 nm corresponding to PLQY of 52.13 % and 43.42 % in toluene and crystal, respectively. Our work not only elucidates the relationship between molecular structures and photophysical properties, but also proposes feasible intramolecular locking design strategies and four promising red and DR TADF molecules, which could provide a valuable reference for the design of more efficient red and DR TADF emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanling Liu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yuzhi Song
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jianzhong Fan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology
| | - Chuan-Kui Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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10
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Knysh I, Lipparini F, Blondel A, Duchemin I, Blase X, Loos PF, Jacquemin D. Reference CC3 Excitation Energies for Organic Chromophores: Benchmarking TD-DFT, BSE/ GW, and Wave Function Methods. J Chem Theory Comput 2024. [PMID: 39237472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
To expand the QUEST database of highly accurate vertical transition energies, we consider a series of large organic chromogens ubiquitous in dye chemistry, such as anthraquinone, azobenzene, BODIPY, and naphthalimide. We compute, at the CC3 level of theory, the singlet and triplet vertical transition energies associated with the low-lying excited states. This leads to a collection of more than 120 new highly accurate excitation energies. For several singlet transitions, we have been able to determine CCSDT transition energies with a compact basis set, finding minimal deviations from the CC3 values for most states. Subsequently, we employ these reference values to benchmark a series of lower-order wave function approaches, including the popular ADC(2) and CC2 schemes, as well as time-dependent density-functional theory (TD-DFT), both with and without applying the Tamm-Dancoff approximation (TDA). At the TD-DFT level, we evaluate a large panel of global, range-separated, local, and double hybrid functionals. Additionally, we assess the performance of the Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) formalism relying on both G0W0 and evGW quasiparticle energies evaluated from various starting points. It turns out that CC2 and ADC(2.5) are the most accurate models among those with respective O ( N 5 ) and O ( N 6 ) scalings with system size. In contrast, CCSD does not outperform CC2. The best performing exchange-correlation functionals include BMK, M06-2X, M06-SX, CAM-B3LYP, ωB97X-D, and LH20t, with average deviations of approximately 0.20 eV or slightly below. Errors on vertical excitation energies can be further reduced by considering double hybrids. Both SOS-ωB88PP86 and SOS-ωPBEPP86 exhibit particularly attractive performances with overall quality on par with CC2, whereas PBE0-DH and PBE-QIDH are only slightly less efficient. BSE/evGW calculations based on Kohn-Sham starting points have been found to be particularly effective for singlet transitions, but much less for their triplet counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Knysh
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Filippo Lipparini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 3, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Aymeric Blondel
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Ivan Duchemin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM-L Sim, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Xavier Blase
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre-François Loos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75005 Paris, France
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11
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Shavez M, Mahapatra S. Effect of heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic units on FDT-based hole transport materials for efficient perovskite solar cells: a DFT study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:22378-22387. [PMID: 39139134 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01317d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The development of a new structure is one of the important approaches for the advancement of efficient hole-transporting materials (HTMs). In this work, novel and efficient HTMs are designed based on the experimentally reported fluorene-dithiophene (FDT) system which shows the effect of four different units phenyl, pyridine, thiane, and oxane in the FDT unit. The structural, optoelectronic, and charge transport properties of the newly developed HTMs are probed using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) methodologies. The calculated highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energies for all HTMs are higher compared to the valence band energy level of the perovskite which exhibits outstanding hole extraction ability of all HTMs at the charge buffer interface. In addition, the designed HTMs have red-shifted absorption spectra compared to FDT. The computed hole mobilities of newly designed HTMs are faster compared to that of FDT. Moreover, newly tailored HTMs demonstrate improved solubility. The results indicate that a one thiane and one phenyl unit-based system among all materials is the most suitable for HTM design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shavez
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
| | - S Mahapatra
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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12
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Jiao P, Zheng W, Cui J, Zhang Q, Jin H. Theoretical Study on the P-C Bond Dissociation Enthalpy in 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide Flame Retardants. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:6167-6182. [PMID: 39038260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) flame retardants (DOPO-FRs) have attracted more and more attention in the flame-retardant industry due to their high efficiency, environmental protection, and good molecular design. During the flame-retardant process, the breakage of P-C bonds is very important to the flame-retardant effect. Through the comparison of different density functional theories (DFTs) on P-C BDEs, it was found that MN12-L has the highest calculation accuracy, and the root-mean-square error is the smallest with 1.85 kcal/mol. Therefore, MN12-L was selected to investigate P-C BDEs of different DOPO-FRs including thiophen-amine, benzo[d]thiazol-amine, triazol-amine, and aniline DOPO-FRs. By comparing the theoretical calculation of BDE with the experimental parameters of high limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical combustion test (UL-94 test), it was found that the P-C BDEs have a certain correlation with the flame-retardant effect. Finally, based on P-C BDEs, substituent effects, and effective flame-retardant fragments, a series of new DOPO-FRs were designed. The results showed that when only one DOPO fragment was contained, the effective fragments of flame retardants were ranked as furan > thiophene > triazole > imidazole. When bis-DOPO fragment was contained, the flame-retardant effect of diamino-triazole fragments was better than that of benzyldimethylamine fragments. In addition, when the substituents on the effective fragment have two EDGs, the flame-retardant effect is superimposed, which makes the flame-retardant performance more excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilei Jiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wenrui Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jinglei Cui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qianxi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hao Jin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
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13
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Joyner NA, Romeu JGF, Kent B, Dixon DA. The electronic structure of diatomic nickel oxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:19646-19657. [PMID: 38957895 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01796j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The nature of the Ni-O bond is relevant to catalytic and environmental applications. The vibrational frequency and electronic structure of NiO were calculated using CASSCF, icMRCI+Q, CCSD(T), and DFT. CASSCF predicted a quintet state (5Σ-) ground state for the equilibrium bond distance with a state crossing at 1.65 Å, where the triplet (3Σ-) state becomes of lower energy. These states arise from the 3d8(3F)4s2 (3F) and 3d9(2D)4s1 (3D) configurations of Ni. The icMRCI+Q method predicts a triplet (3Σ-) ground state and does not predict a state crossing with the quintet. This state has significant ionic character with the 2pz of O bonding with the 4s/3dz2 of the Ni to form a σ bond. The NiO frequency at the icMRCI+Q level of 835.0 cm-1 is in excellent agreement with experiment; the value of re is 1.5992 Å at this computational level. CCSD(T) predicts ωe = 888.80 cm-1 when extrapolated to the complete basis set limit. Frequencies predicted using CCSD(T) deviate from experiment consistent with the calculations showing large multireference character. A wide array of density functionals were benchmarked. Of the 43 functionals tested, the ones that gave the best prediction of the frequency are ωB97XD, CAM-B3LYP, and τ-HCTH with respective values of 831.8, 838.3, and 837.4 cm-1 respectively. The bond dissociation energy (BDE) of NiO is predicted to be 352.4 kJ mol-1 at the Feller-Peterson-Dixon (FPD) level in good agreement with one of the experimental values. The calculated BDEs at the DFT level are sensitive to the choice of functional and atomic asymptote. Sixteen functionals predicted the BDE within 20 kJ mol-1 of the FPD value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas A Joyner
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa AL, 35487-0336, USA.
| | - João Gabriel Farias Romeu
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa AL, 35487-0336, USA.
| | - Brian Kent
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa AL, 35487-0336, USA.
| | - David A Dixon
- The University of Alabama, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa AL, 35487-0336, USA.
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14
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Shu Y, Zhu Z, Kanchanakungwankul S, Truhlar DG. Small Representative Databases for Testing and Validating Density Functionals and Other Electronic Structure Methods. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 39046238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Broad and diverse sets of accurate data provide useful metrics for assessing the performance of new theoretical methods. However, assessing methods against large databases can be an arduous task. Here, we present 17 representative energetic databases, defined as small databases whose errors and error spreads are representative of larger databases and which therefore can serve as efficient benchmarks for developing and testing electronic structure methods and density functionals. In 15 cases, the representative databases have 6 entries while being representative of larger databases with 14-107 entries, and in the other two cases, they have 14 entries while being representative of larger databases with 418-455 entries. The mean unsigned error (MUE) of 100 electronic structure methods on a given representative database is typically within about 8% of the MUE on its parent database, and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) is typically within about 11% of the RMSE on the parent database. Thus, the representative databases are quite successful in indicating accuracy while maintaining good diversity. The databases include both main-group and transition-metal compounds and reactions, and they include bond energies, reaction energies, barrier heights, noncovalent interactions, ionization potentials, and absolute energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Shu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Zhaohan Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Siriluk Kanchanakungwankul
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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15
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Bovolenta GM, Silva-Vera G, Bovino S, Molpeceres G, Kästner J, Vogt-Geisse S. In-depth exploration of catalytic sites on amorphous solid water: I. The astrosynthesis of aminomethanol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:18692-18706. [PMID: 38922674 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01865f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Chemical processes taking place on ice-grain mantles are pivotal to the complex chemistry of interstellar environments. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the catalytic effects of an amorphous solid water (ASW) surface on the reaction between ammonia (NH3) and formaldehyde (H2CO) to form aminomethanol (NH2CH2OH) using density functional theory. We identified potential catalytic sites based on the binding energy distribution of NH3 and H2CO reactants, on a set-of-clusters surface model composed of 22 water molecules and found a total of 14 reaction paths. Our results indicate that the catalytic sites can be categorized into four groups, depending on the interactions of the carbonyl oxygen and the amino group with the ice surface in the reactant complex. A detailed analysis of the reaction mechanism using Intrinsic Reaction Coordinate and reaction force analysis, revealed three distinct chemical events for this reaction: formation of the C-N bond, breaking of the N-H bond, and formation of the O-H hydroxyl bond. Depending on the type of catalytic site, these events can occur within a single, concerted, albeit asynchronous, step, or can be isolated in a step-wise mechanism, with the lowest overall transition state energy observed at 1.3 kcal mol-1. A key requirement for the low-energy mechanism is the presence of a pair of dangling OH bonds on the surface, found at 5% of the potential catalytic sites on an ASW porous surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia M Bovolenta
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
- Atomistic Simulations, Italian Institute of Technology, 16152 Genova, Italy
| | - Gabriela Silva-Vera
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Stefano Bovino
- Chemistry Department, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 00185 Rome, Italy
- INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
- Departamento de Astronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Esteban Iturra s/n Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile
| | - German Molpeceres
- Departamento de Astrofísica Molecular Instituto de Física Fundamental (IFF-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Vogt-Geisse
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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16
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Wang Y, Li C, Zheng X. Markov State Models Reveal How Folding Kinetics Influence Absorption Spectra of Foldamers. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:5396-5407. [PMID: 38900275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembly of platinum(II) complex foldamers is an essential approach to fabricate advanced luminescent materials. However, a comprehensive understanding of folding kinetics and their absorption spectra remains elusive. By constructing Markov state models (MSMs) from large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, we reveal that two largely similar dinuclear alknylplatinum(II) terpyridine foldamers, Pt-PEG and Pt-PE with slightly different bridges, exhibit distinctive folding kinetics. Particularly, Pt-PEG bears bridge-dominant, plane-dominant, and cooperative pathways, while Pt-PE only prefers the plane-dominant pathway. Such preference originates from their difference in intrabridge electrostatic interactions, leading to contrastive distributions of metastable states. We also found that the bridge-dominant pathway for Pt-PEG becomes more favorable when lowering the temperature. Interestingly, based on the comprehensive conformation ensembles from our MSMs, we reveal the conformation-dependent absorption spectra of Pt-PEG and Pt-PE. Our theoretical spectra not only align with experimental results but also reveal the contributions of diverse conformations to the overall absorption bands explicitly, facilitating the rational design of stimuli-responsive smart luminescent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chu Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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17
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Wang YX, Li CL, Liu YP, Hao WJ, Yu ZX, Jiang B. Pd(II)/ N, N'-Disulfonyl Bisimidazoline-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclic Quaternary Centers and Mechanistic Investigations. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9381-9388. [PMID: 38885147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
A Pd(II)/N,N'-disulfonyl bisimidazoline-catalyzed asymmetric 1,4-conjugate addition reaction of low-cost arylboronic acids with readily available β-substituted cyclic enones is described, providing a straightforward way of constructing cyclic all-carbon quaternary stereocenters with high enantioselectivity, in which ≥96% ee was obtained in most cases. The reaction proceeded without the protection of inert gas, making the operation process simple. Theoretical calculations have been applied to understand the origins of enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Wang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Chen-Long Li
- College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yin-Ping Liu
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Wen-Juan Hao
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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18
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Karton A, Foller T, Joshi R. Catalyzing epoxy oxygen migration on the basal surface of graphene oxide using strong hydrogen-bond donors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7049-7052. [PMID: 38895846 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01911c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
High-level double-hybrid DFT simulations reveal that strong hydrogen-bond-donor catalysts (e.g., ethylene glycol, guanidine, and thiourea) significantly accelerate the migration of epoxy oxygen on the surface of graphene oxide, enhancing the reaction rate by 6-12 orders of magnitude. These results shed light on previously puzzling experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Karton
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Tobias Foller
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rakesh Joshi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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19
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Ajaj Y, Basem A, Khaddour MH, Yadav A, Kaur M, Sharma R, Alsubih M, Islam S, Zainul R. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater using two-dimensional transition metal carbides. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 130:108774. [PMID: 38648693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Water is an indispensable material for human life. Unfortunately, the development of industrial activities has reduced the quality of water resources in the world. Meantime, heavy metals are an important factor in water pollution due to their toxicity. This study highlights the method for the capture of heavy metal ions from wastewater using the procedure of adsorption. The adsorption of toxic heavy metal ions (Pb2+, Hg2+, and Cd2+) on Ca2C as well as Cr2C carbide-nitride MXene monolayers is investigated using the density functional theory. We have carried out the optimization of the considered MXenes by nine DFT functionals: PBE, TPSS, BP86, B3LYP, TPSSh, PBE0, CAM-B3LYP, M11, and LC-WPBE. Our results have shown a good agreement with previously measured electronic properties of the Ca2C and Cr2C MXene layers and the PBE DFT method. The calculated cohesive energy for the Ca2C and Cr2C MXene monolayers are -4.12 eV and -4.20 eV, respectively, which are in agreement with the previous studies. The results reveal that the adsorbed heavy metal ions have a substantial effect on the electronic properties of the considered MXene monolayers. Besides, our calculations show that the metal/MXene structures with higher electron transport rates display higher binding energy as well as charge transfers between the metal and Ca2C and Cr2C layers. Time-dependent density functional analysis also displayed "ligand to metal charge transfer" excitations for the metal/MXene systems. The larger Ebin for the Pb@Ca2C as well as Pb@Cr2C are according to larger redshifts which are expected (Δλ = 45 nm and 71 nm, respectively). Our results might be helpful for future research toward the application of carbide-nitride MXene materials for removing wastewater pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yathrib Ajaj
- Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Computer Science, German University of Technology in Oman, Oman
| | - Ali Basem
- Faculty of Engineering, Warith Al-Anbiyaa University, Karbala, 56001, Iraq
| | - Mohammad H Khaddour
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries, Al-Amarah University College, Maysan, Iraq
| | - Anupam Yadav
- Department of Computer Engineering and Application, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560069, India; Department of Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303012, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- School of Engineering and Technology, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Uttar Pradesh, 247341, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arka Jain University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831001, India
| | - Majed Alsubih
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saiful Islam
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahadian Zainul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia; Center for Advanced Material Processing, Artificial Intelligence, and Biophysics Informatics (CAMPBIOTICS), Universitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia.
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20
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Femina C, Sajith PK, Remya K, Thomas R, Solomon RV. Theoretical Insights into the Structural and Optical Properties of D-π-A-based Cyanostilbene Systems of α and β Variants. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22764-22776. [PMID: 38826558 PMCID: PMC11137715 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The π-conjugated organic molecules containing cyanostilbene motifs have been extensively investigated due to their great potential applications in several optoelectronic and biological fields. Developing efficient molecules in this respect requires strategic structural engineering and a deep understanding of the structure-property relationship at the molecular level. In this context, understanding the impact of positional isomerism in cyanostilbene systems is a fundamental aspect of designing desired materials with improved photophysical properties. Herein, we designed ten donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) type cyanostilbene derivatives (P1 - P10) with different π linkers and compared their structural and optoelectronic properties arising from the positional variations of the -CN group (α and β- variations) through the utilization of density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) methods. The topological analyses of the electron density are used to explain the relatively high stability of α isomer compared to that of β. Frontier molecular orbital analysis reveals that 17 molecules tend to show a reduced highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gap, and most of them showed a greater nonlinear optical (NLO) character compared to the parent molecule. TDDFT calculations indicate that β isomers show higher absorption maxima compared to their α counterparts. Among all the scrutinized molecules, the absorption maximum extended up to 602 nm for P9 and it possesses the highest first-order hyperpolarizability. This study sheds light on positional isomers and their reactivity, absorption spectra, and NLO properties of D-π-A type architecture that can be suitably tuned by appropriating the π-bridge for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherumannil Femina
- Department
of Chemistry, Farook College (Autonomous),
(Affiliated to the University of Calicut), Kozhikode 673632, Kerala, India
| | - Pookkottu K. Sajith
- Department
of Chemistry, Farook College (Autonomous),
(Affiliated to the University of Calicut), Kozhikode 673632, Kerala, India
| | - Karunakaran Remya
- Government
Women’s Polytechnic College, Kozhikode 673009, Kerala, India
| | - Reji Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, Farook College (Autonomous),
(Affiliated to the University of Calicut), Kozhikode 673632, Kerala, India
| | - Rajadurai Vijay Solomon
- Department
of Chemistry, Madras Christian College (Autonomous),
(Affiliated to the University of Madras), Chennai 600059, Tamil Nadu, India
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21
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Zhao S, Lin Z, Wang F, Si Z, Chen Z. Theoretical simulation of TADF character of 3,9'-bicarbazole-modified 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine. J Mol Model 2024; 30:186. [PMID: 38801631 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Three donor (D)-acceptor (A)-type temperature-activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) molecules of 9-(2-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-3,9'-bicarbazole (o-TrzDCz), 9-(3-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-3,9'-bicarbazole (m-TrzDCz), and 9-(4-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-3,9'-bicarbazole (p-TrzDCz) were designed in this paper, and the photophysical properties, including the intersystem crossing rate, the reorganization energies (λ), and the intersystem crossing/reverse intersystem crossing (ISC/RISC) rate, were simulated to explore the effect of substitution sites on their TADF character. The values of the twist angle between the D and A moieties in ground state and the molecular root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of the S1 and T1 states referenced to the S0 state indicate that o-TrzDCz possess bigger steric hindrance and stabler molecular configuration. The λ values of the ISC/RISC process should be 0.06/0.04 eV for o-TrzDCz, which are much smaller than those of m-TrzDCz (0.51/0.41 eV) and p-TrzDCz (1.93/1.06 eV). At the same time, o-TrzDCz possess the biggest kRISC (7.28 × 106 s-1) and kr (3.12 × 106 s-1) values and the smallest kp (0.10 s-1) value among the three titled molecules. These data indicate that o-TrzDCz should have more excellent TADF character than m-TrzDCz and p-TrzDCz. In a word, this research presents that adjusting the molecular linking manner should be a charming way to explore novel high-efficient TADF molecules. METHODS Quantum chemical calculations were performed at PBE0/6-31G* level by Gaussian 09 and ORCA 4.1.0 software packages, and reorganization energies and Huang-Rhys were performed by the DUSHIN program and MOMAP 2019B software package based on the Gaussian 09 output files, while the phosphorescence rates were performed at B3LYP/6-31G* level by Dalton 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengwen Lin
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun City, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjun Si
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City, People's Republic of China.
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun City, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhe Chen
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City, People's Republic of China
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22
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Mehta N, Martin JML. On the sensitivity of computed partial charges toward basis set and (exchange-)correlation treatment. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:1017-1032. [PMID: 38216516 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Partial charges are a central concept in general chemistry and chemical biology, yet dozens of different computational definitions exist. In prior work [Cho et al., ChemPhysChem 21, 688-696 (2020)], we showed that these can be reduced to at most three 'principal components of ionicity'. The present study addressed the dependence of computed partial charges q on 1-particle basis set and (for WFT methods) n -particle correlation treatment or (for DFT methods) exchange-correlation functional, for several representative partial charge definitions such as QTAIM, Hirshfeld, Hirshfeld-I, HLY (electrostatic), NPA, and GAPT. Our findings show that semi-empirical double hybrids can closely approach the CCSD(T) 'gold standard' for this property. In fact, owing to an error compensation in MP2, CCSD partial charges are further away from CCSD(T) than is MP2. The nonlocal correlation is important, especially when there is a substantial amount of nonlocal exchange. Employing range separation proves to be "mostly" not advantageous, while global hybrids perform optimally for 20%-30% Hartree-Fock exchange across all charge types. Basis set convergence analysis shows that an augmented triple-zeta heavy-aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z basis set or a partially augmented jun-cc-pV(T+d)Z basis set is sufficient for Hirshfeld, Hirshfeld-I, HLY, and GAPT charges. In contrast, QTAIM and NPA display slower basis set convergence. It is noteworthy that for both NPA and QTAIM, HF exhibits markedly slower basis set convergence than the correlation components of MP2 and CCSD. Triples corrections in CCSD(T), denoted as CCSD(T)-CCSD, exhibit even faster basis set convergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Mehta
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Reḥovot, Israel
| | - Jan M L Martin
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Reḥovot, Israel
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23
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Milanović Ž, Marković Z, Kesić A, Jovanović Stević S, Petrović B, Avdović E. Influence of acid-base equilibrium on interactions of some monofunctional coumarin Pd(II) complexes with biologically relevant nucleophiles-comprehensive kinetic study. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:8275-8288. [PMID: 38659318 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00789a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This aimed to develop a comprehensive theoretical protocol for examining substitution reaction processes. The researchers used a theoretical quantum-mechanical protocol based on the QM-ORSA approach, which estimates the kinetic parameters of thermodynamically favourable reaction pathways. This theoretical protocol was validated by experimentally investigating substitution mechanisms in two previously synthesised Pd(II) complexes: chlorido-[(3-(1-(2-hydroxypropylamino)ethylidene)chroman-2,4-dione)]palladium(II) (C1) and chlorido-[(3-(1-(2-mercaptoethylamino)-ethylidene)-chroman-2,4dione)]palladium(II) (C2), along with biologically relevant nucleophiles, namely L-cysteine (l-Cys), L-methionine (l-Met), and guanosine-5'-monophosphate (5'-GMP). Reactions were investigated under pseudo-first-order conditions, monitoring nucleophile concentration and temperature changes using stopped-flow UV-vis spectrophotometry. All reactions were conducted under physiological conditions (pH = 7.2) at 37 °C. The reactivity of the studied nucleophiles follows the order: l-Cys > l-Met > 5'-GMP, and the reaction mechanism is associative based on the activation parameters. The experimental and theoretical data showed that C2 is more reactive than C1, confirming that the complexes' structural and electronic properties greatly affect their reactivity with selected nucleophiles. The study's findings have confirmed that the primary interaction occurs with the acid-base species L-Cys, mostly through the involvement of the partially negative sulfur atom (87.2%). On the other hand, C2 has a higher propensity for reacting with L-Cys-, primarily through the partially negative oxygen atom (92.6%). The implementation of this theoretical framework will significantly restrict the utilization of chemical substances, hence facilitating cost reduction and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiko Milanović
- University of Kragujevac, Institute of Information Technologies, Department of Science, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Zoran Marković
- University of Kragujevac, Institute of Information Technologies, Department of Science, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Natural Science and Mathematics, State University of Novi Pazar, Vuka Karadžića bb, 36300, Novi Pazar, Serbia
| | - Ana Kesić
- University of Kragujevac, Institute of Information Technologies, Department of Science, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Snežana Jovanović Stević
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Biljana Petrović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Edina Avdović
- University of Kragujevac, Institute of Information Technologies, Department of Science, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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24
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Luo X, Zeng Y, Wei H, Zheng X. Host-guest interaction induced room-temperature phosphorescence enhancement of organic dyes: a computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14071-14078. [PMID: 38687143 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00891j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
To achieve the effective regulation of organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in supramolecular systems, the elucidation of host-guest interactions in RTP is of vital importance. Herein, we employed two organic dyes (PYCl and PYBr) and their four host-guest complexes with CB[6] and CB[7] and explored the mechanism of host-guest interaction induced RTP enhancement using quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach. For the two organic dyes, we found that the better RTP performance of PYBr than PYCl is attributed to intersystem crossing (ISC) augmentation induced by the heavy atom effect. Binding to CB[6] through host-guest interactions can simultaneously accelerate the radiative decay process by increasing the transition dipole moment of T1 → S0 (μT1→S0), block the nonradiative decay process, and promote the ISC process, eventually leading to a remarkably boosted RTP. Upon complexation, the conversion of S1 from 1(n, π*) to 1(π, π*) is key to μT1→S0 enhancement; reduced reorganization energies reflect the suppression of the nonradiative decay process by restricting the rotation of rings A and B in organic dyes. In addition, the promoted ISC process is due to the activation of more ISC channels between S1 and high-lying triplet states with large spin-orbital coupling constants and small energy gap. The case of CB[7]-type complexes is much different, because of the extremely large cavity size of CB[7] for encapsulation. This work proposes the mechanism of host-guest interaction-induced RTP enhancement of organic dyes, thus laying a solid foundation for the rational design of advanced RTP materials based on supramolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Haoran Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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25
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Wang X, Wu Z, Li R, Li X, Song Y, Fan J, Wang CK, Lin L. Theoretical Insights into the Photophysical Properties of 4CzIPN Doped in Different Hosts: A Multiscale Study. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3241-3252. [PMID: 38650082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
As a typical thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter with green emission, 4CzIPN has attracted much attention recently. Most studies indicated that 4CzIPN doped in different hosts presented different performances; thus, the hosts should have an obvious influence on its photophysical properties. Herein, the influence of four kinds of hosts, including m-CzPym, m-CzTrz, p-CzPym, and p-CzTrz, on the photophysical properties of 4CzIPN is investigated. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to simulate the host-guest conformations, and the photophysical properties were studied using the combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics method coupled with the thermal-vibration correlation function method. It is found that 4CzIPN in doped films has larger transition dipole moments and spin-orbital coupling constants compared to that in nondoped films. Faster radiative decay, intersystem crossing rates, and higher fluorescence efficiency could be obtained in doped films. Our work helps to better understand the photophysical properties of 4CzIPN in doped films and may favor the design of new hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Zhimin Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Rui Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Yuzhi Song
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Jianzhong Fan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Chuan-Kui Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
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26
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Frenklach A, Amlani H, Kozuch S. Quantum Tunneling Instability in Pericyclic Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11823-11834. [PMID: 38634836 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Several cycloreversion reactions of the retro-Diels-Alder type were computationally assessed to understand their quantum tunneling (QT) reactivity. N2, CO, and other leaving groups were considered based on their strong exothermicity, as it reduces their thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities. Our results indicate that for many of these reactions, it is essential to take into account their QT decomposition rate, which can massively weaken their molecular stability and shorten their half-lives even at deep cryogenic temperatures. In practical terms, this indicates that many supposedly stable molecules will actually be unsynthesizable or unisolable, and therefore trying to prepare or detect them would be a futile attempt. In addition, we discuss the importance of tunneling to correctly understand the enthalpy of activation and the collective atomic effect on the tunneling kinetic isotope effects to test if third-row atoms can tunnel in a chemical reaction. This project raises the question of the importance of in silico chemistry to guide in vitro chemistry, especially in cases where the latter cannot solve its own uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Frenklach
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel
| | - Hila Amlani
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel
| | - Sebastian Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel
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27
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Tan W, Zhu L, Mikoviny T, Nielsen CJ, Wisthaler A, D’Anna B, Antonsen S, Stenstrøm Y, Farren NJ, Hamilton JF, Boustead GA, Ingham T, Heard DE. Experimental and Theoretical Study of the OH-Initiated Degradation of Piperidine under Simulated Atmospheric Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2789-2814. [PMID: 38551452 PMCID: PMC11017256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The OH-initiated photo-oxidation of piperidine and the photolysis of 1-nitrosopiperidine were investigated in a large atmospheric simulation chamber and in theoretical calculations based on CCSD(T*)-F12a/aug-cc-pVTZ//M062X/aug-cc-pVTZ quantum chemistry results and master equation modeling of the pivotal reaction steps. The rate coefficient for the reaction of piperidine with OH radicals was determined by the relative rate method to be kOH-piperidine = (1.19 ± 0.27) × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 304 ± 2 K and 1014 ± 2 hPa. Product studies show the piperidine + OH reaction to proceed via H-abstraction from both CH2 and NH groups, resulting in the formation of the corresponding imine (2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine) as the major product and in the nitramine (1-nitropiperidine) and nitrosamine (1-nitrosopiperidine) as minor products. Analysis of 1-nitrosopiperidine photolysis experiments under natural sunlight conditions gave the relative rates jrel = j1-nitrosoperidine/jNO2 = 0.342 ± 0.007, k3/k4a = 0.53 ± 0.05 and k2/k4a = (7.66 ± 0.18) × 10-8 that were subsequently employed in modeling the piperidine photo-oxidation experiments, from which the initial branchings between H-abstraction from the NH and CH2 groups, kN-H/ktot = 0.38 ± 0.08 and kC2-H/ktot = 0.49 ± 0.19, were derived. All photo-oxidation experiments were accompanied by particle formation that was initiated by the acid-base reaction of piperidine with nitric acid. Primary photo-oxidation products including both 1-nitrosopiperidine and 1-nitropiperidine were detected in the particles formed. Quantum chemistry calculations on the OH initiated atmospheric photo-oxidation of piperidine suggest the branching in the initial H-abstraction routes to be ∼35% N1, ∼50% C2, ∼13% C3, and ∼2% C4. The theoretical study produced an atmospheric photo-oxidation mechanism, according to which H-abstraction from the C2 position predominantly leads to 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine and H-abstraction from the C3 position results in ring opening followed by a complex autoxidation, of which the first few steps are mapped in detail. H-abstraction from the C4 position is shown to result mainly in the formation of piperidin-4-one and 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridin-4-ol, whereas H-abstraction from N1 under atmospheric conditions primarily leads to 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine and in minor amounts of 1-nitrosopiperidine and 1-nitropiperidine. The calculated rate coefficient for the piperidine + OH reaction agrees with the experimental value within 35%, and aligning the theoretical numbers to the experimental value results in k(T) = 2.46 × 10-12 × exp(486 K/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1 (200-400 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tan
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box. 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Liang Zhu
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box. 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box. 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Claus J. Nielsen
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box. 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box. 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Barbara D’Anna
- Aix-Marseille
University, CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376, Marseille 13331, France
| | - Simen Antonsen
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Yngve Stenstrøm
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Naomi J. Farren
- Wolfson
Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD York, U.K.
| | - Jacqueline F. Hamilton
- Wolfson
Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD York, U.K.
| | | | - Trevor Ingham
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.
| | - Dwayne E. Heard
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.
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28
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García-Padilla E, Escofet I, Maseras F, Echavarren AM. Puzzling Structure of the Key Intermediates in Gold(I)-catalyzed Cyclization Reactions of Enynes and Allenenes. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300502. [PMID: 37987142 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
We identify the dominant structures of the intermediates of gold(I)-catalyzed cyclizations of 1,5-enynes and 1,5-allenenes through computational analysis as gold(I) cyclopropylcarbenes, endocyclic vinylgold complexes and previously unreported non-classical carbocationic minima. In contrast to 1,6-enynes, the exocyclic carbocations are found to be less stable. Cyclopropylcarbene structures are consistently favoured as the most stable intermediates for all studied substitution patterns. We validate the computational methods used by using DLPNO-CCSD(T) energies as a benchmark, indicating that the B3LYP-D3 and M06-D3 functionals are most accurate for energy determination, while NPA charges are mostly insensitive to functional. The evolution of a 1,6-enyne in a single-cleavage or double-cleavage rearrangement is attributed to the barrierless evolution of a common cyclopropyl-gold(I) carbocation non-stationary geometry. Our findings provide insights into reaction pathways and substrate dependence of the cycloisomerization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo García-Padilla
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química, Orgànica Universitat, Rovira i Virgili (URV) C/Marcel⋅lí, Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Imma Escofet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química, Orgànica Universitat, Rovira i Virgili (URV) C/Marcel⋅lí, Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química, Orgànica Universitat, Rovira i Virgili (URV) C/Marcel⋅lí, Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio M Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química, Orgànica Universitat, Rovira i Virgili (URV) C/Marcel⋅lí, Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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29
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Liu S, Liu S, Gao Y, Lin L, Wang CK, Fan J, Song Y. Modulation of luminescence properties of circularly polarized thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecules with axial chirality by donor engineering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9931-9939. [PMID: 38482988 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00341a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Multifunctional thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials are currently a trending research subject for luminescence layer materials of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Among these, circularly polarized thermally activated delayed fluorescence (CP-TADF) materials have the advantage of being able to directly achieve highly efficient circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). The simultaneous integration of outstanding luminescence efficiency and excellent luminescence asymmetry factor (glum) is a major constraint for the development of CP-TADF materials. Therefore, on the basis of first-principles calculations in conjunction with the thermal vibration correlation function (TVCF) method, we study CP-TADF molecules with different donors to explore the feasibility of using the donor substitution strategy for optimizing the CPL and TADF properties. The results indicate that molecules with the phenothiazine (PTZ) unit as the donor possess small energy difference, a great spin-orbit coupling constant and a rapid reverse intersystem crossing rate, which endow them with remarkable TADF features. Meanwhile, compared with the reported molecules, the three designed molecules exhibit better CPL properties with higher glum values. Effective molecular design strategies by donor engineering to modulate the CPL and TADF properties are theoretically proposed. Our findings reveal the relationship between molecular structures and luminescence properties of CP-TADF molecules and further provide theoretical design strategies for optimizing the CPL and TADF properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Liu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Songsong Liu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Yang Gao
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Lili Lin
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Chuan-Kui Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Jianzhong Fan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Yuzhi Song
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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30
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Avagliano D, Skreta M, Arellano-Rubach S, Aspuru-Guzik A. DELFI: a computer oracle for recommending density functionals for excited states calculations. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4489-4503. [PMID: 38516092 PMCID: PMC10952086 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06440a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) is the workhorse of computational quantum chemistry. One of its main limitations is that choosing the right functional is a non-trivial task left for human experts. The choice is particularly hard for excited state calculations when using its time-dependent formulation (TD-DFT). This is due to the approximations of the method, but also because the photophysical properties of a molecule are defined by a manifold of states that all need to be properly described. This includes not only the relative energy of the states, but also capturing the correct character, order, and intensity of the transitions. In this work, we developed a neural network to recommend functionals to be used on molecules for TD-DFT calculations, by simultaneously considering all these properties for a manifold of states. This was possible by developing a scoring system to define the accuracy of an excited state's calculation against a higher-accuracy reference. The scoring system is generalizable to any level of theory; we here applied it to evaluate the performance of common functionals of different rungs against a higher accuracy method on a large set of organic molecules. The results are collected in a database that we released and made open, providing four million data points to the community for future applications. The scoring system assigns a value between zero and one hundred to each functional for each molecule, transforming the complicated task of learning photophysical properties into a simpler regression task. We used the dataset to train a graph attention neural network to predict the scores for unseen molecules. We call this oracle DELFI (Data-driven EvaLuation of Functionals by Inference), which can be used to quickly screen and predict the ranking of functionals to calculate the optical properties of organic molecules. We validated DELFI in two in silico experiments: choosing a common functional for a series of spiropyran-merocyanine isomers and a unique functional to screen a large dataset of over 50 000 organic photovoltaic molecules, for which an extensive benchmark would be unfeasible. A corresponding web application allows DELFI to be easily run and the results to be analyzed, alleviating the hurdle of choosing the right functional for TD-DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Avagliano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto 40 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 2E4 Canada
| | - Marta Skreta
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto 40 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 2E4 Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence 661 University Ave. Suite 710 ON M5G 1M1 Toronto Canada
| | | | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto 40 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 2E4 Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence 661 University Ave. Suite 710 ON M5G 1M1 Toronto Canada
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Toronto 184 College St Toronto M5S 3E4 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto 200 College St ON M5S 3E5 Toronto Canada
- Lebovic Fellow, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) 66118 University Ave. M5G 1M1 Toronto Canada
- Acceleration Consortium 80 St George St M5S 3H6 Toronto Canada
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31
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Schulze CAE, Cafiero M. Pairwise Additivity and Three-Body Contributions for Density Functional Theory-Based Protein-Ligand Interaction Energies. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2326-2336. [PMID: 38422383 PMCID: PMC10945476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The prediction of protein-ligand binding energies is crucial in computer-assisted drug design. This property can be calculated in a straightforward fashion as the difference in the energies between a binding site-ligand complex and the separated binding site and ligand. Often, though, there is value in knowing how different amino acid residues in the protein binding site interact with the ligand. In this case, the interaction energy can be calculated as the sum of pairwise energies between each amino acid residue in the binding site and the ligand, and the sum of these energies is often equated with the total interaction energy. The validity of this pairwise additivity approximation can be assessed by experimental evidence, such as double-mutant cycles. In this work, we test the pairwise additivity approximation on the sulfotransferase-l-DOPA complex for 16 density functional theory (DFT) methods with varying degrees of exact (Hartree-Fock) exchange. Several "families" of functionals are studied, including BLYP, B3LYP, and CAM-B3LYP, as well as M06L, M06, and M062X. We also calculate the three-body contributions to interaction energy for the same DFT methods and assess when they are significant. We find that the amount of exact exchange or other nonlocal contributions has a direct influence on how closely the sum of pairwise energies approximates the total interaction energy. We also find that three-body interactions can be significant and that their significance can be predicted with good accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauricio Cafiero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, U.K
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32
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Mendes RA, da Mata VAS, Brown A, de Souza GLC. A density functional theory benchmark on antioxidant-related properties of polyphenols. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8613-8622. [PMID: 38275280 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04412b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we present a density functional theory benchmark on antioxidant-related properties for a series of six polyphenols that are well-known antioxidants: caffeic acid, cyanidin, ellagic acid, gallic acid, myricetin, and phloretin. Computations on the 24 O-H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) and 6 ionization potentials (IPs) were performed using twenty-three exchange-correlation functionals combined with four different basis sets in the gas-phase, water, and methanol; calibration against the Domain-based Local Pair Natural Orbital CCSD(T) (DLPNO-CCSD(T)) approach was employed. Mean absolute deviation (MAD) as well as linear fitting results suggested the LC-PBE approach as the most suitable for O-H BDEs in the gas-phase. The LC-PBE, M06-2X, and M05-2X results presented the smallest MADs for O-H BDEs when compared to the reference, in water. The LC-PBE results had the smallest MADs for IPs in the gas-phase while M05-2X, M06-2X, LC-PBE, and LC-ωPBE exhibited the best results for MAD in water. We expect the outcomes from the present work will serve as general guidance for researchers working in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Mendes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, 78060-900, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Victor A S da Mata
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, 78060-900, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Alex Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Gabriel L C de Souza
- Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Buri, São Paulo, 18290-000, Brazil.
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Pérez-Escribano M, Fernández-Alarcón A, Ortí E, Aragó J, Cerdá J, Calbo J. Morphology, dynamic disorder, and charge transport in an indoloindole-based hole-transporting material from a multi-level theoretical approach. Faraday Discuss 2024; 250:202-219. [PMID: 37961853 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00144j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The exponential effort in the design of hole-transporting materials (HTMs) during the last decade has been motivated by their key role as p-type semiconductors for (opto)electronics. Although structure-property relationships have been successfully rationalized to decipher optimal site substitutions, aliphatic chain lengths or efficient aromatic cores for enhanced charge conduction, the impact of molecular shape, material morphology and dynamic disorder has been generally overlooked. In this work, we characterize by means of a multi-level theoretical approach the charge transport properties of a novel planar small-molecule HTM based on the indoloindole aromatic core (IDIDF), and compare it with spherical spiro-OMeTAD. Hybrid DFT calculations predict moderate band dispersions in IDIDF associated to the main transport direction characterized by π-π stacked molecules, both between the indoloindole cores and the thiophene groups. Strongly coupled dimers show relevant non-covalent interactions (NCI), indicating that NCI surfaces are a necessary but not exclusive requirement for large electronic couplings. We evidence remarkable differences in the site energy standard deviation and electronic coupling distributions between the conduction paths of IDIDF and spiro-OMeTAD. Despite the spherical vs. planar shape, theoretical calculations predict in the static crystal strong direction-dependent charge transport in the two HTMs, with ca. one-order-of-magnitude higher mobility (μ) for IDIDF. The dynamical disorder promoted by finite temperature effects in the crystal leads to a reduction in the hole transport properties in both HTMs, with maximum μ values of 2.42 and 4.2 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1 for IDIDF and spiro-OMeTAD, respectively, as well as a significant increase in the transport anisotropy in the latter. Finally, the impact of the material amorphousness in the hole mobility is analysed by modelling a fully random distribution of HTM molecules. An average (lower-bound) mobility of 1.1 × 10-3 and 4.9 × 10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1 is predicted for planar IDIDF and spherical spiro-OMeTAD, respectively, in good accord with the experimental data registered in thin-film devices. Our results demonstrate the strong influence of molecular shape, dynamic structural fluctuations and crystal morphology on the charge transport, and pose indoloindole-based HTMs as promising materials for organic electronics and photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46890 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Juan Aragó
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46890 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Jesús Cerdá
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons 7000, Belgium.
| | - Joaquín Calbo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46890 Paterna, Spain.
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Lv X, Song J, Fu X, Guo S, Gu J, Meng L, Lu CZ. Enhancing Reverse Intersystem Crossing in Triptycene-TADF Emitters: Theoretical Insights into Reorganization Energy and Heavy Atom Effects. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1611-1619. [PMID: 38382059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters based on the triptycene skeleton demonstrate exceptional performance, superior stability, and low efficiency roll-off. Understanding the interplay between the luminescent properties of triptycene-TADF molecules and their assembly environments, along with their excited-state characteristics, necessitates a comprehensive theoretical exploration. Herein, we predict the photophysical properties of triptycene-TADF molecules in a thin film environment using the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics method and quantify their substantial dependency on the heavy atom effects and reorganization energies using the Marcus-Levich theory. Our calculated photophysical properties for two recently reported molecules closely align with experimental values. We design three novel triptycene-TADF molecules by incorporating chalcogen elements (O, S, and Se) to modify the acceptor units. These newly designed molecules exhibit reduced reorganization energies and enhanced reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) rates. The heavy atom effect amplifies spin-orbit coupling, thereby facilitating the RISC process, particularly at a remarkably high rate of ∼109 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Jinhui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Xifeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Sai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Junjing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Lingyi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Can-Zhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
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Li H, Brémond E, Sancho-García JC, Pérez-Jiménez ÁJ, Scalmani G, Frisch MJ, Adamo C. Axial-equatorial equilibrium in substituted cyclohexanes: a DFT perspective on a small but complex problem. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8094-8105. [PMID: 38384253 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06141h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
In Chemistry, complexity is not necessarily associated to large systems, as illustrated by the textbook example of axial-equatorial equilibrium in mono-substituted cyclohexanes. The difficulty in modelling such a simple isomerization is related to the need for reproducing the delicate balance between two forces, with opposite effects, namely the attractive London dispersion and the repulsive steric interactions. Such balance is a stimulating challenge for density-functional approximations and it is systematically explored here by considering 20 mono-substituted cyclohexanes. In comparison to highly accurate CCSD(T) reference calculations, their axial-equatorial equilibrium is studied with a large set of 48 exchange-correlation approximations, spanning from semilocal to hybrid to more recent double hybrid functionals. This dataset, called SAV20 (as Steric A-values for 20 molecules), allows to highlight the difficulties encountered by common and more original DFT approaches, including those corrected for dispersion with empirical potentials, the 6-31G*-ACP model, and our cost-effective PBE-QIDH/DH-SVPD protocol, in modeling these challenging interactions. Interestingly, the performance of the approaches considered in this contribution on the SAV20 dataset does not correlate with that obtained with other more standard datasets, such as S66, IDISP or NC15, thus indicating that SAV20 covers physicochemical features not already considered in previous noncovalent interaction benchmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwei Li
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Health and Life Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Eric Brémond
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlo Adamo
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Health and Life Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France.
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36
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Bergmeister S, Ganner L, Ončák M, Gruber E. Gas-Phase Electronic Structure of Phthalocyanine Ions: A Study of Symmetry and Solvation Effects. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307816. [PMID: 38225692 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Research into and applications of phthalocyanines (Pc) are mostly connected to their intriguing electronic properties. Here, messenger-type UV-vis spectroscopy of two metal-free ions from the phthalocyanine family, cationic H2Pc+ and H2PcD+, along with their hydrates is performed. They show that the electronic properties of both ions can be traced to those in the conjugate base, Pc2-, however, they are affected by state splitting due to the reduced symmetry; in the H2Pc+ radical cation, a new band appears due to excitations into the singly-occupied molecular orbital. Quantum chemical spectra modeling reproduces all important features of the measured spectra and provides insight into the nature of electronic transitions. Hydration of the ions has only a mild effect on the electronic spectra, showing the stability of the electronic structure with respect to solvation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bergmeister
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Lisa Ganner
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gruber
- Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
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37
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Yu Z, Shi M, Wei Y. Mechanistic Studies on Rhodium-Catalyzed Chemoselective Cycloaddition of Ene-Vinylidenecyclopropanes: Water-Assisted Proton Transfer. Molecules 2024; 29:1085. [PMID: 38474597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhodium-catalyzed cycloaddition reactions are a powerful tool for the construction of polycyclic compounds. Combined experimental and DFT studies were used to investigate the temperature-controlled chemoselectivity of cationic rhodium-catalyzed intramolecular cycloaddition reactions of ene-vinylidenecyclopropanes. After a series of mechanistic studies, it was found that trace amounts of water in the reaction system play an important role in generating the product with endo double bond located on a five-membered ring and revealed that trace amounts of water in the reaction system, including the rhodium catalyst, substrate and solvent, were sufficient to promote the formation of the product with endo double bond located on a five-membered ring, and additional water could not further accelerate the reaction. DFT calculation results show that the addition of water indeed significantly lowers the energy barrier of the proton transfer step, making the formation of the product with endo double bond located on a five-membered ring more likely to occur and confirming the rationality of water-assisted proton transfer occurring in the selective access to the product with endo double bond located on a five-membered ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Yu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road No. 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road No. 130, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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38
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Song J, Lv X, Gu J, Yam C, Meng L. Designing thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters with through-space charge transfer: a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6420-6428. [PMID: 38317611 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05495k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Recently, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules with through-space charge transfer (TSCT) features have been widely applied in developing organic light-emitting diodes with high luminescence efficiencies. The performance of TSCT-TADF molecules depends highly on their molecular structures. Therefore, theoretical investigation plays a significant role in designing novel highly efficient TSCT-TADF molecules. Herein, we theoretically investigate two recently reported TSCT-TADF molecules, 1'-(2,12-di-t-butyl[1,4]benzoxaborinino[2,3,4-kl]phenoxaborinin-7-yl)-10-phenyl-10H-spiro[acridine-9,9'-fluorene] (AC-BO) and 1-(2,12-di-t-butyl[1,4]benzoxaborinino[2,3,4-kl]phenoxaborinin-7-yl)-9',9'-dimethyl-9'H-spiro [fluorene-9,5'-quinolino[3,2,1-de]acridine](QAC-BO). The calculated photophysical properties (e.g. excited state energy levels and luminescence properties) for these two compounds are in good agreement with experimental data. Based on the systematic analysis of structure-performance relationships, we design three novel TSCT-TADF molecules with high molecular rigidity and evident TSCT features, i.e., DQAC-DBO, DQAC-SBO, and DQAC-NBO. They exhibit deep-blue light emissions and fast reverse intersystem crossing rates (KRISCs). Our calculations demonstrate that the nearly coplanar orientation of the donor and acceptor is critical to achieve remarkable KRISCs and fluorescence efficiencies in TSCT-TADF molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Junjing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - ChiYung Yam
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Lingyi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
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39
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Riedmiller K, Reiser P, Bobkova E, Maltsev K, Gryn'ova G, Friederich P, Gräter F. Substituting density functional theory in reaction barrier calculations for hydrogen atom transfer in proteins. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2518-2527. [PMID: 38362411 PMCID: PMC10866341 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03922f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions are important in many biological systems. As these reactions are hard to observe experimentally, it is of high interest to shed light on them using simulations. Here, we present a machine learning model based on graph neural networks for the prediction of energy barriers of HAT reactions in proteins. As input, the model uses exclusively non-optimized structures as obtained from classical simulations. It was trained on more than 17 000 energy barriers calculated using hybrid density functional theory. We built and evaluated the model in the context of HAT in collagen, but we show that the same workflow can easily be applied to HAT reactions in other biological or synthetic polymers. We obtain for relevant reactions (small reaction distances) a model with good predictive power (R2 ∼ 0.9 and mean absolute error of <3 kcal mol-1). As the inference speed is high, this model enables evaluations of dozens of chemical situations within seconds. When combined with molecular dynamics in a kinetic Monte-Carlo scheme, the model paves the way toward reactive simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Riedmiller
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies Heidelberg Germany
| | - Patrick Reiser
- Institute of Theoretical Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Engler-Bunte-Ring 8 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1: 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | | | - Kiril Maltsev
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies Heidelberg Germany
| | - Ganna Gryn'ova
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies Heidelberg Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany
| | - Pascal Friederich
- Institute of Theoretical Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Engler-Bunte-Ring 8 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1: 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Frauke Gräter
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies Heidelberg Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany
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40
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Wang L, Ge Z, Xu L, Song Y. An effective method in modulating thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters from green to blue emission: the role of the phenyl ring. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5597-5606. [PMID: 38285054 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05632e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Developing efficient blue emitters with high performance and low cost is crucial for the further development of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Based on the two experimentally reported green thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, which are thioxanthone derivatives consisting of carbazole as an electron donor and 9H-thioxanthen-9-one-S,S-dioxide (SOXO) as an electron acceptor with donor-acceptor (D-A) or donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) structures, two new blue TADF emitters are designed by simply inserting a phenyl ring between D and A units. The TADF processes of the four thioxanthone derivatives are studied systematically through first-principles calculations. The role of the introduced phenyl ring in the excited state properties of the designed molecules is explored by analyzing the changes in molecular geometries, frontier molecular orbital distributions, the lowest singlet-triplet energy splitting (ΔEST), the spin orbit coupling (SOC) constants, the radiative decay rates (kr) and the nonradiative decay rates (knr), as well as the intersystem crossing rates (kISC) and reverse intersystem crossing rates (kRISC). The results show that when incorporating phenyl units into the D-A and D-A-D structures, both high kr and enhanced kRISC are achieved in Cz-Ph-SOXO and DCz-DPh-SOXO, demonstrating that incorporating the phenyl unit in D-A and D-A-D structures is an efficient way for developing new SOXO-based TADF molecules. It is worth noting that the kRISC values for Cz-Ph-SOXO and DCz-DPh-SOXO are significantly increased with respect to those of the experimental molecules. The present results would provide helpful guidelines for developing new SOXO-based TADF molecules experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, 2 West Wenhua Road, Weihai, 264209, China.
| | - Zhongqi Ge
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, 2 West Wenhua Road, Weihai, 264209, China.
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, 2 West Wenhua Road, Weihai, 264209, China.
| | - Yan Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, 2 West Wenhua Road, Weihai, 264209, China.
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41
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Zhou X, Huang Z, He X. Diffusion Monte Carlo method for barrier heights of multiple proton exchanges and complexation energies in small water, ammonia, and hydrogen fluoride clusters. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:054103. [PMID: 38310472 DOI: 10.1063/5.0182164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Proton exchange reactions are of key importance in many processes in water. However, it is nontrivial to achieve reliable barrier heights for multiple proton exchanges and complexation energies in hydrogen-bonded systems theoretically. Performance of the fixed-node diffusion quantum Monte Carlo (FN-DMC) with the single-Slater-Jastrow trial wavefunction on total energies, barrier heights of multiple proton exchanges, and complexation energies of small water, ammonia, and hydrogen fluoride clusters is investigated in this study. Effects of basis sets and those of locality approximation (LA), T-move approximation (T-move), and determinant localization approximation (DLA) schemes in dealing with the nonlocal part of pseudopotentials on FN-DMC results are evaluated. According to our results, diffuse basis functions are important in achieving reliable barrier heights and complexation energies with FN-DMC, although the cardinal number of the basis set is more important than diffuse basis functions on total energies of these systems. Our results also show that the time step bias with DLA and LA is smaller than T-move; however, the time step bias of DMC energies with respect to time steps using the T-move is roughly linear up to 0.06 a.u., while this is not the case with LA and DLA. Barrier heights and complexation energies with FN-DMC using these three schemes are always within chemical accuracy. Taking into account the fact that T-move and DLA are typically more stable than LA, FN-DMC calculations with the T-move or DLA scheme and basis sets containing diffuse basis functions are suggested for barrier heights of multiple proton exchanges and complexation energies of hydrogen-bonded clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
- School of Physics & Information Science, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiru Huang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, People's Republic of China
- New York University-East China Normal University Center for Computational Chemistry, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
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42
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Tabirja DS, Kostjukov VV. Intramolecular excimers of open forms of 2 H-benzopyran, 2 H- and 3 H-naphthopyrans in solution: TD-DFT/DFT analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4412-4421. [PMID: 38240023 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05755k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
We hypothesized that in the open forms of diphenyl-substituted photochromic compounds, immediately after the photoinduced cleavage of the C-O bond, one of the phenyl rings forms a stack with an aromatic system at the other end of the alkyl linker. The formation of these intramolecular stacking excimers is made possible by a known increase in the rotational mobility of the linker double bonds in the excited state. The flexibilities of linkers are analyzed in terms of changes in their dihedral angles. After internal conversion, stacking is partially broken but it still prevents the recovery of the C-O bond. This explains the significantly greater stability of the open forms of diphenyl-substituted benzopyran and naphthopyran compared to dimethyl-substituted ones. Open structures with residual stacking are intermediate and by thermal motion, they transform into stable trans-trans and cis-trans forms. However, in our opinion, they significantly affect the equilibrium of closed and open isomers in solution. In particular, the calculated stacking energy of 2H-naphthopyran turned out to be higher than that of 3H-naphthopyran, which partly explains the significantly greater stability of the open form of the former. For the DFT/TD-DFT calculations performed in this work, the following functionals were selected to provide reliable stacking for the open forms of all three studied compounds: APFD, M052X, M06HF, as well as B3LYP with D3(BJ) Grimme dispersion correction. The 6-311++G(d,p) basis set and cyclohexane solvent modeled using IEFPCM were also used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana S Tabirja
- Sevastopol State University, Universitetskaya str., 33, Sevastopol 299053, Crimea, Ukraine.
| | - Victor V Kostjukov
- Sevastopol State University, Universitetskaya str., 33, Sevastopol 299053, Crimea, Ukraine.
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43
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Franzke YJ, Bruder F, Gillhuber S, Holzer C, Weigend F. Paramagnetic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Shifts for Triplet Systems and Beyond with Modern Relativistic Density Functional Methods. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:670-686. [PMID: 38195394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
An efficient framework for the calculation of paramagnetic NMR (pNMR) shifts within exact two-component (X2C) theory and (current-dependent) density functional theory (DFT) up to the class of local hybrid functionals (LHFs) is presented. Generally, pNMR shifts for systems with more than one unpaired electron depend on the orbital shielding contribution and a temperature-dependent term. The latter includes zero-field splitting (ZFS), hyperfine coupling (HFC), and the g-tensor. For consistency, we calculate these three tensors at the same level of theory, i.e., using scalar-relativistic X2C augmented with spin-orbit perturbation theory. Results for pNMR chemical shifts of transition-metal complexes reveal that this X2C-DFT framework can yield good results for both the shifts and the individual tensor contributions of metallocenes and related systems, especially if the HFC constant is large. For small HFC constants, the relative error is often large, and sometimes the sign may be off. 4d and 5d complexes with more complicated structures demonstrate the limitations of a fully DFT-based approach. Additionally, a Co-based complex with a very large ZFS and pronounced multireference character is not well described. Here, a hybrid DFT-multireference framework is necessary for accurate results. Our results show that X2C is sufficient to describe relativistic effects and computationally cheaper than a fully relativistic approach. Thus, it allows use of large basis sets for converged HFCs. Overall, current-dependent meta-generalized gradient approximations and LHFs show some potential; however, the currently available functionals leave a lot to be desired, and the predictive power is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick J Franzke
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Bruder
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gillhuber
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Yang J, Zhang P, Shen Z, Yu ZX. Rh(I)-Catalyzed [4+3]/[4+1] Cycloaddition of Diene-Vinylcyclopropanes and Carbon Monoxide to Access Angular 5/7/5 Tricycles. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303407. [PMID: 37917044 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Report here is a Rh-catalyzed [4+3]/[4+1] cycloaddition of diene-vinylcyclopropanes (diene-VCPs) and carbon monoxide to access compounds with angular 5/7/5 tricyclic skeleton found in natural products. The reaction has broad scope and further transformation of the [4+3]/[4+1] cycloadduct was also investigated. How this [4+3]/[4+1] reaction occurs and why its competing [4+3] reaction is disfavored have been investigated computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zeyuan Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and, Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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45
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Doležel J, Poryvai A, Slanina T, Filgas J, Slavíček P. Spin-Vibronic Coupling Controls the Intersystem Crossing of Iodine-Substituted BODIPY Triplet Chromophores. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303154. [PMID: 37905588 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
4,4-Difluoro-4-borata-3a-azonia-4a-aza-s-indacene (BODIPY) dyes are extensively used in various applications of their triplet states, ranging from photoredox catalysis, through triplet sensitization to photodynamic therapy. However, the rational design of BODIPY triplet chromophores by ab initio modelling is limited by their strong interactions of spin, electronic and vibrational dynamics. In particular, spin-vibronic coupling is often overlooked when estimating intersystem crossing (ISC) rates. In this study, a combined experimental and theoretical approach using spin-vibronic coupling to correctly describe ISC in BODIPY dyes was developed. For this purpose, seven π-extended BODIPY derivatives with iodine atoms in different positions were examined. It was found that the heavy-atom effect of iodine atoms is site specific, causing high triplet yields in only some positions. This site-specific ISC was explained by El-Sayed rules, so both the contribution and character of the molecular orbitals involved in the excitation must be considered when predicting the ISC rates. Overall, the rational design of BODIPY triplet chromophores requires using (i) the high-quality electronic structure theory, including both static and dynamical correlations; and (ii) the two-component wave function Hamiltonian, and rationalizing; and (iii) ISC based on the character of the molecular orbitals of heavy atoms involved in the excitation, expanding El-Sayed rules beyond their traditional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Doležel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Poryvai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Filgas
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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46
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Yang J, Wei H, Ou Q, Li Q, Peng Q, Zheng X. Theoretical Study of the Photocyclization Reaction-Induced Dual Aggregation-Induced Emission Phenomenon. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:217-224. [PMID: 38150702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Photochromic molecules with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effects are of great value and prospective in various practical applications. To explore its inherent mechanism, the open isomer ap-BBTE and the closed isomer c-BBTE were chosen to perform the theoretical calculation using the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics model combined with thermal vibration correlation function formalism. The calculations show that the photocyclization (PC) reaction from ap-BBTE to c-BBTE facilitates an improvement in the AIE effect. It is found that the fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF) enhancement of ap-BBTE is attributed to the restriction of the low-frequency rotational motion of the benzothiophene moiety and the high-frequency stretching vibrations of the C-C bond between the benzothiophene and benzylbis(thiadiazole) vinyl groups after aggregation. For c-BBTE, the increase in ΦF upon aggregation is mainly due to the suppression of the high-frequency stretching vibration of the C-C bond between the benzothiophene and the benzobis(thiadiazole) vinyl groups. In addition, the AIE effect was also enhanced from ap-BBTE to c-BBTE, which is consistent with the experimental phenomenon. The corresponding emission spectrum red-shifted from ap-BBTE to c-BBTE in both dilute solution and the crystalline state due to the improved intramolecular conjugation of c-BBTE. Moreover, the PC reaction from ap-BBTE to c-BBTE easily occurs in an excited state with a low energy barrier transition state by forming a C-C bond between benzothiophene groups effectively in dilute solution. Our calculations provide theoretical guidance for the further rational design of efficient AIE luminogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qi Ou
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 1000083, China
| | - Quansong Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qian Peng
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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47
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Zeng Y, Shi W, Peng Q, Niu Y, Ma Z, Zheng X. Pressure effects on both fluorescent emission and charge transport properties of organic semiconductors: a computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1303-1313. [PMID: 38108089 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03852a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
External pressure can regulate the photophysical property and charge transport performance of organic semiconductors, however, the underlying mechanism at the microscopic level is still elusive. Using thermal vibrational correlation function coupled quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics and full quantum charge transfer rate theory, we systematically explore the influence of pressure on fluorescence emission and charge transport behaviours of representative cyclooctatetrathiophene (COTh). It is found that, upon pressurization, the intramolecular configurations of COTh became more twisted, leading to the blue-shifted emission. The fluorescence quantum efficiency (FQE) of COTh crystals decreases monotonically in a wide pressure range of 0-4.38 GPa, because the increase of intermolecular electronic energy transfer rate constant (keet) is larger than the decrease of internal conversion rate constant (kic), and the variation of keet is dominant. The decrease in kic is attributed to the decreasing reorganization energy, reflecting the suppression of the low-frequency flipping vibrations of four thiophene rings and the high-frequency stretching vibrations of central cyclooctatetraene, while the keet increase is due to the simultaneous increase in exciton coupling and spectra overlap. Moreover, we predicted that the hole mobility of COTh increases monotonically by nearly an order of magnitude from 0.39 to 3.00 cm2 V-1 s-1 upon compression, because of the increase in transfer integral and the decrease of charged reorganization energy. Furthermore, its hole mobility exhibits obvious anisotropy. Our work systematically builds the external pressure, molecular packing, luminescence and transport properties relationships of organic semiconductors and provides theoretical guidance for the rational design of pressure responsive organic semiconductors with excellent photoelectric performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Wen Shi
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yingli Niu
- School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Zhiying Ma
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electro-photonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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48
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Aragoni MC, Podda E, Chaudhary S, Bhasin AKK, Bhasin KK, Coles SJ, Orton JB, Isaia F, Lippolis V, Pintus A, Slawin AMZ, Woollins JD, Arca M. An Experimental and Theoretical Insight into I 2 /Br 2 Oxidation of Bis(pyridin-2-yl)Diselane and Ditellane. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300836. [PMID: 37843415 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity between bis(pyridin-2-yl)diselane o Py2 Se2 and ditellane o Py2 Te2 (L1 and L2, respectively; o Py=pyridyn-2-yl) and I2 /Br2 is discussed. Single-crystal structure analysis revealed that the reaction of L1 with I2 yielded [(HL1+ )(I- )⋅5/2I2 ]∞ (1) in which monoprotonated cations HL1+ template a self-assembled infinite pseudo-cubic polyiodide 3D-network, while the reaction with Br2 yielded the dibromide Ho PySeII Br2 (2). The oxidation of L2 with I2 and Br2 yielded the compounds Ho PyTeII I2 (3) and Ho PyTeIV Br4 (6), respectively, whose structures were elucidated by X-ray diffraction analysis. FT-Raman spectroscopy measurements are consistent with a 3c-4e description of all the X-Ch-X three-body systems (Ch=Se, Te; X=Br, I) in compounds 2, 3, Ho PyTeII Br2 (5), and 6. The structural and spectroscopic observations are supported by extensive theoretical calculations carried out at the DFT level that were employed to study the electronic structure of the investigated compounds, the thermodynamic aspects of their formation, and the role of noncovalent σ-hole halogen and chalcogen bonds in the X⋅⋅⋅X, X⋅⋅⋅Ch and Ch⋅⋅⋅Ch interactions evidenced structurally.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carla Aragoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Enrico Podda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
- Centro Servizi di Ateneo per la Ricerca (CeSAR), Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.S. 554 bivio Sestu, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Savita Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Aman K K Bhasin
- Department of Chemistry, Amity University, Sector 82 A, Mohali, Punjab-140306, India
| | - Kuldip K Bhasin
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - James B Orton
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Francesco Isaia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Vito Lippolis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Anna Pintus
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - J Derek Woollins
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Massimiliano Arca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
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49
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Franco LR, Marchiori C, Araujo CM. Unveiling the impact of exchange-correlation functionals on the description of key electronic properties of non-fullerene acceptors in organic photovoltaics. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:204110. [PMID: 38018752 DOI: 10.1063/5.0163180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-fullerene electron acceptors have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional electron-acceptors in the active layers of organic photovoltaics. This is due to their tunable energy levels, optical response in the visible light spectrum, high electron mobility, and photochemical stability. In this study, the electronic properties of two representative non-fullerene acceptors, ITIC and Y5, have been calculated within the framework of density functional theory using a range of hybrid and non-hybrid density functionals. Screened range-separated hybrid (SRSH) approaches were also tested. The results are analyzed in light of the previously reported experimental outcomes. Specifically, we have calculated the oxidation and reduction potentials, fundamental and optical gaps, the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies, and exciton binding energies. Additionally, we have investigated the effects of the medium dielectric constant on these properties employing a universal implicit solvent model. It was found that hybrid functionals generally perform poorly in predicting oxidation potentials, while non-hybrid functionals tend to overestimate reduction potentials. The inclusion of a large Hartree-Fock contribution to the global or long range was identified as the source of inaccuracy for many hybrid functionals in predicting both redox potentials and the fundamental and optical gaps. Corroborating with the available literature, ∼50% of all tested functionals predicted very small exciton binding energies, within the range of ±0.1 eV, that become even smaller by increasing the dielectric constant of the material. Finally, the OHSE2PBE and tHCTHhyb functionals and the optimal tuning SRSH approach emerged as the best-performing methods, with good accuracy in the description of the electronic properties of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro R Franco
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Cleber Marchiori
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - C Moyses Araujo
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden
- Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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50
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Brothers EN, Bengali AA, Scalmani G, Janesko BG, Verma P, Truhlar DG, Frisch MJ. Comparing Density Functional Theory Metal-Ligand Bond Dissociation Enthalpies with Experimental Solution-Phase Enthalpies of Activation for Bond Dissociation. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9695-9704. [PMID: 37939355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The predictive ability of density functional theory is fundamental to its usefulness in chemical applications. Recent work has compared solution-phase enthalpies of activation for metal-ligand bond dissociation to enthalpies of reaction for bond dissociation, and the present work continues those comparisons for 43 density functional methods. The results for ligand dissociation enthalpies of 30 metal-ligand complexes tested in this work reveal significant inadequacies of some functionals as well as challenges from the dispersion corrections to some functionals. The analysis presented here demonstrates the excellent performance of a recent density functional, M11plus, which contains nonlocal rung-3.5 correlation. We also find a good agreement between theory and experiment for some functionals without empirical dispersion corrections such as M06, r2SCAN, M06-L, and revM11, as well as good performance for some functionals with added dispersion corrections such as ωB97X-D (which always has a correction) and BLYP, B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, and PBE0 when the optional dispersion corrections are added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward N Brothers
- Gaussian, Inc., 340 Quinnipiac Street, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ashfaq A Bengali
- Division of Arts and Sciences, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Giovanni Scalmani
- Gaussian, Inc., 340 Quinnipiac Street, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Benjamin G Janesko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76110, United States
| | - Pragya Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Michael J Frisch
- Gaussian, Inc., 340 Quinnipiac Street, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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