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Armentrout PB. Perspective: intrinsic interactions of metal ions with biological molecules as studied by threshold collision-induced dissociation and infrared multiple photon dissociation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39042103 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00897a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
In this perspective, gas-phase studies of group 1 monocations and group 12 dications with amino acids and small peptides are highlighted. Although the focus is on two experimental techniques, threshold collision-induced dissociation and infrared multiple photon dissociation action spectroscopy, these methods as well as complementary approaches are summarized. The synergistic interplay with theory, made particularly powerful by the small sizes of the systems explored and the absence of solvent and support, is also elucidated. Importantly, these gas-phase methods permit quantitative insight into the structures and thermodynamics of metal cations interacting with biological molecules. Periodic trends in how these interactions vary as the metal cations get heavier are discussed as are quantitative trends with changes in the amino acid side chain and effects of hydration. Such trends allow these results to transcend the limitations associated with the biomimetic model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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2
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Armentrout PB. Quantitative Aspects of Gas-Phase Metal Ion Chemistry: Conservation of Spin, Participation of f Orbitals, and C-H Activation and C-C Coupling. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9641-9653. [PMID: 37957118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In this Featured Article, I reflect on over 40 years of guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry (GIBMS) studies involving atomic metal cations and their clusters throughout the periodic table. Studies that have considered the role of spin conservation (or lack thereof) are a primary focus with a quantitative assessment of the effects examined. A need for state-specific studies of heavier elements is noted, as is a more quantitative assessment of spin-orbit interactions in reactivity. Because GIBMS experiments explicitly evaluate the kinetic energy dependence of reactions over a wide range, several interesting and unusual observations are highlighted. More detailed studies of such unusual reaction events would be welcome. Activation of C-H bonds and ensuing C-C coupling events are reviewed, with future work encouraged. Finally, studies of lanthanides and actinides are examined with an eye on understanding the role of f orbitals in the chemistry, both as participants (or not) in the bonding and as sources/sinks of electron density. This area seems to be ripe for more quantitative experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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3
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Ieritano C, Haack A, Hopkins WS. Chemical Transformations Can Occur during DMS Separations: Lessons Learned from Beer's Bittering Compounds. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37310853 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While developing a DMS-based separation method for beer's bittering compounds, we observed that the argentinated forms of humulone tautomers (i.e., [Hum + Ag]+) were partially resolvable in a N2 environment seeded with 1.5 mol % of isopropyl alcohol (IPA). Attempting to improve the separation by introducing resolving gas unexpectedly caused the peaks for the cis-keto and trans-keto tautomers of [Hum + Ag]+ to coalesce. To understand why resolution loss occurred, we first confirmed that each of the tautomeric forms (i.e., dienol, cis-keto, and trans-keto) responsible for the three peaks in the [Hum + Ag]+ ionogram were assigned to the correct species by employing collision-induced dissociation, UV photodissociation spectroscopy, and hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX). The observation of HDX indicated that proton transfer was stimulated by dynamic clustering processes between IPA and [Hum + Ag]+ during DMS transit. Because IPA accretion preferentially occurs at Ag+, which can form pseudocovalent bonds with a suitable electron donor, solvent clustering also facilitated the formation of exceptionally stable microsolvated ions. The exceptional stability of these microsolvated configurations disproportionately impacted the compensation voltage (CV) required to elute each tautomer when the temperature within the DMS cell was varied. The disparity in CV response caused the peaks for the cis- and trans-keto species to merge when a temperature gradient was induced by the resolving gas. Moreover, simulations showed that microsolvation with IPA mediates dienol to trans-keto tautomerization during DMS transit, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first observation of keto/enol tautomerization occurring within an ion-mobility device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ieritano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Watermine Innovation, Waterloo, Ontario N0B 2T0, Canada
| | - Alexander Haack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - W Scott Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Watermine Innovation, Waterloo, Ontario N0B 2T0, Canada
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research, 17 W Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong
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4
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Armentrout PB. Energetics and mechanisms for decomposition of cationized amino acids and peptides explored using guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:928-953. [PMID: 34392555 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fragmentation studies of cationized amino acids and small peptides as studied using guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry (GIBMS) are reviewed. After a brief examination of the key attributes of the GIBMS approach, results for a variety of systems are examined, compared, and contrasted. Cationization of amino acids, diglycine, and triglycine with alkali cations generally leads to dissociations in which the intact biomolecule is lost. Exceptions include most lithiated species as well as a few examples for sodiated and one example for potassiated species. Like the lithiated species, cationization by protons leads to numerous dissociation channels. Results for protonated glycine, cysteine, asparagine, diglycine, and a series of tripeptides are reviewed, along with the thermodynamic consequences that can be gleaned. Finally, the important physiological process of the deamidation of asparagine (Asn) residues is explored by the comparison of five dipeptides in which the C-terminal partner (AsnXxx) is altered. The GIBMS thermochemistry is shown to correlate well with kinetic results from solution phase studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Yang F, Armentrout PB. Periodic trends in the hydration energies and critical sizes of alkaline earth and transition metal dication water complexes. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023:e21830. [PMID: 36644985 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review encompasses guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry studies of hydrated metal dication complexes. Metals include the Group 2 alkaline earths (Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba), late first-row transition metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn), along with Cd. In all cases, threshold collision-induced dissociation experiments are used to quantitatively determine the sequential hydration energies for M2+ (H2 O)x complexes ranging in size from one to 11 water molecules. Periodic trends in these bond dissociation energies are examined and discussed. Values are compared to other experimental results when available. In addition to dissociation by simple water ligand loss, complexes at a select size (which differs from metal to metal) are also observed to undergo charge separation to yield a hydrated metal hydroxide cation and a hydrated proton. This leads to the concept of a critical size, xcrit , and the periodic trends in this value are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Jones RM, Nilsson T, Walker S, Armentrout PB. Potassium Binding Interactions with Aliphatic Amino Acids: Thermodynamic and Entropic Effects Analyzed via a Guided Ion Beam and Computational Study. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1427-1442. [PMID: 35535863 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions between alkali metals and amino acids are critical for many biological processes, especially for proper function of protein ion channels; however, many precise binding affinities between alkali metals and amino acids still need to be measured. This study addresses this need by using threshold collision-induced dissociation with a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer to measure binding affinities between potassium cations and the aliphatic amino acids: Gly, Ala, hAla, Val, Leu, and Ile. These measurements are supplemented by theoretical calculations and include commentary on effects of enthalpy, entropy, and structural preference. Notably, all levels of theory indicate that the lowest-lying isomers at 298 K have K+ binding to the carbonyl oxygen in either a monodentate ([CO]) or bidentate ([CO,OH]) fashion, isomers that are linked in a double-well potential. This complicates the analysis of the data, although does not greatly influence the final results. Analysis of the resulting cross sections includes accounting for multiple ion-molecule collisions, internal energy of reactant ions, and unimolecular decay rates. The resulting experimental bond dissociation energies generally increase as the polarizability of the amino acid increases, results that agree well with quantum chemical calculations done at the B3LYP, B3P86, and MP2(full) levels of theory, with B3LYP-GD3BJ predicting systematically larger values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland M Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Taylor Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Samantha Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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7
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Mookherjee A, Armentrout PB. Thermodynamics and Reaction Mechanisms for Decomposition of a Simple Protonated Tripeptide, H +GGA: From H +GGG to H +GAG to H +GGA. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:355-368. [PMID: 34981933 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a thorough characterization of fragmentations observed in threshold collision-induced dissociation (TCID) experiments of protonated glycylglycylalanine (H+GGA) with Xe using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. Kinetic energy dependent cross sections for nine ionic products were obtained and analyzed to provide 0 K barriers for the five primary products, [b2]+, [y1 + 2H]+, [b3]+, [y2 + 2H]+, and [a1]+; and four secondary products, [a2]+, [a3]+, high-energy [y1 + 2H]+, and CH3CHNH2+, after accounting for multiple ion-molecule collisions, the internal energy of reactant ions, unimolecular decay rates, competition between channels, and sequential dissociations. Relaxed potential energy surface scans performed at the B3LYP-GD3BJ/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory are used to identify transition states (TSs) and intermediates of the five primary and three secondary products (with the mechanism of the other secondary product previously established). Geometry optimizations and single point energy calculations of reactants, products, intermediates, and TSs were performed at several levels of theory. These theoretical energies are compared with experimental threshold energies and found to give reasonable agreement, with B3LYP-GD3BJ and M06-2X levels of theory performing slightly better than MP2 and better than B3LYP. The results obtained here are compared with previous results for decomposition of H+GGG and H+GAG to probe the effect of changing the amino acid sequence. Methylation in H+GGA has a significant effect on the competition between the primary sequence products, [b2]+ and [y1 + 2H]+, suppressing the [b2]+ cross section by raising its threshold energy, while enhancing that of [y1 + 2H]+ by lowering its threshold energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhigya Mookherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Demireva M, Armentrout PB. Relative Energetics of the Gas Phase Protomers of p-Aminobenzoic Acid and the Effect of Protonation Site on Fragmentation. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2849-2865. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Demireva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Zamith S, L’Hermite JM, Dontot L, Zheng L, Rapacioli M, Spiegelman F, Joblin C. Threshold collision induced dissociation of pyrene cluster cations. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:054311. [PMID: 32770931 PMCID: PMC7116296 DOI: 10.1063/5.0015385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report threshold collision induced dissociation experiments on cationic pyrene clusters, for sizes n = 2-6. Fragmentation cross sections are recorded as a function of the collision energy and analyzed with a statistical model. This model can account for the dissociation cascades and provides values for the dissociation energies. These values, of the order of 0.7 eV-1 eV, are in excellent agreement with those previously derived from thermal evaporation. They confirm the charge resonance stability enhancement predicted by theoretical calculations. In addition, remarkable agreement is obtained with theoretical predictions for the two smaller sizes n = 2 and 3. For the larger sizes, the agreement remains good, although the theoretical values obtained for the most stable structures are systematically higher by 0.2 eV. This offset could be attributed to approximations in the calculations. Still, there is an indication in the results of an incomplete description of the role of isomerization and/or direct dissociation upon collisions. Finally, by-product clusters containing dehydrogenated species are found to dissociate at energies comparable to the non-dehydrogenated ones, which shows no evidence for covalent bonds within the clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Zamith
- Laboratoire Collision Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR/IRSAMC), UMR5589, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marc L’Hermite
- Laboratoire Collision Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR/IRSAMC), UMR5589, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Léo Dontot
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantique (LCPQ/IRSAMC), UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Linjie Zheng
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantique (LCPQ/IRSAMC), UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Mathias Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantique (LCPQ/IRSAMC), UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Fernand Spiegelman
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantique (LCPQ/IRSAMC), UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Joblin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), UMR5277, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, F-31028 Toulouse, France
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10
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Martin Somer A, Macaluso V, Barnes GL, Yang L, Pratihar S, Song K, Hase WL, Spezia R. Role of Chemical Dynamics Simulations in Mass Spectrometry Studies of Collision-Induced Dissociation and Collisions of Biological Ions with Organic Surfaces. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2-24. [PMID: 32881516 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this article, a perspective is given of chemical dynamics simulations of collisions of biological ions with surfaces and of collision-induced dissociation (CID) of ions. The simulations provide an atomic-level understanding of the collisions and, overall, are in quite good agreement with experiment. An integral component of ion/surface collisions is energy transfer to the internal degrees of freedom of both the ion and the surface. The simulations reveal how this energy transfer depends on the collision energy, incident angle, biological ion, and surface. With energy transfer to the ion's vibration fragmentation may occur, i.e. surface-induced dissociation (SID), and the simulations discovered a new fragmentation mechanism, called shattering, for which the ion fragments as it collides with the surface. The simulations also provide insight into the atomistic dynamics of soft-landing and reactive-landing of ions on surfaces. The CID simulations compared activation by multiple "soft" collisions, resulting in random excitation, versus high energy single collisions and nonrandom excitation. These two activation methods may result in different fragment ions. Simulations provide fragmentation products in agreement with experiments and, hence, can provide additional information regarding the reaction mechanisms taking place in experiment. Such studies paved the way on using simulations as an independent and predictive tool in increasing fundamental understanding of CID and related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martin Somer
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo 13 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica Macaluso
- LAMBE, Univ Evry, CNRS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
| | - George L Barnes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Siena College, Loudonville, New York 12211, United States
| | - Li Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Subha Pratihar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Kihyung Song
- Department of Chemistry, Korea National University of Education, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - William L Hase
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Riccardo Spezia
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, LCT, 4, Place Jussieu, Paris, 75252 Cedex 05, France
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Sun Y, Moe MM, Liu J. Mass spectrometry and computational study of collision-induced dissociation of 9-methylguanine–1-methylcytosine base-pair radical cation: intra-base-pair proton transfer and hydrogen transfer, non-statistical dissociation, and reaction with a water ligand. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:14875-14888. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01788d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combined experimental and theoretical study is presented on the collision-induced dissociation of 9-methylguanine–1-methylcytosine base-pair radical cation ([9MG·1MC]˙+) and its monohydrate ([9MG·1MC]˙+·H2O) with Xe and Ar gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Queens College of the City University of New York
- Queens
- USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry
| | - May Myat Moe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Queens College of the City University of New York
- Queens
- USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Queens College of the City University of New York
- Queens
- USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry
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12
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Mookherjee A, Armentrout PB. Thermodynamics and Reaction Mechanisms for Decomposition of a Simple Protonated Tripeptide, H +GAG: a Guided Ion Beam and Computational Study. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1013-1027. [PMID: 30850973 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a thorough characterization of fragmentations observed in threshold collision-induced dissociation (TCID) experiments of protonated glycylalanylglycine (H+GAG) with Xe using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. Kinetic energy dependent cross sections for nine ionic products were observed and analyzed to provide 0 K barriers for the six primary products: [b2]+, [y1 + 2H]+, [b3]+, CO loss, [y2 + 2H]+, and [a1]+; and three secondary products: [a2]+, [a3]+, and CH3CHNH2+, after accounting for multiple ion-molecule collisions, internal energy of reactant ions, unimolecular decay rates, competition between channels, and sequential dissociations. Relaxed potential energy surface scans performed at the B3LYP-GD3BJ/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory are used to identify transition states (TSs) and intermediates of the six primary and one secondary products (where the other two secondary products have mechanisms previously established). Geometry optimizations and single-point energy calculations were performed at several levels of theory. These theoretical energies are compared with experimental threshold energies and are found to give reasonably good agreement, with B3LYP-GD3BJ and M06-2X levels of theory performing better than other levels. The results obtained here are also compared with previous results for decomposition of H+GGG. The primary difference observed is a lowering of the threshold for the [b2]+ product ion and a concomitant suppression of the directly competing [y1 + 2H]+ product, the result of specific methylation of the [b2]+ product ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mookherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S.1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S.1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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Sander O, Armentrout PB. Hydration Energies of Iron Hydroxide Cation: A Guided Ion Beam and Theoretical Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:1675-1688. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Sander
- Fachbereich Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Boles GC, Wu RR, Rodgers MT, Armentrout PB. Protonated Asparaginyl-Alanine Decomposition: a TCID, SORI-CID, and Computational Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:2341-2359. [PMID: 30159675 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Deamidation of asparagine residues, one of the fastest known post-translational modifications in proteins, plays a significant role in various biological functions and degenerative, aging diseases. Here, we present a full description of deamidation (as well as other key dissociation processes) from protonated asparaginyl-alanine, H+(AsnAla), by studying its kinetic energy-dependent threshold collision-induced dissociation (TCID) with Xe using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. Relative thresholds compare favorably with those acquired by sustained off-resonance irradiation-CID of H+(AsnAla) with Ar in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Absolute threshold energies from the TCID studies are compared to relative single point energies of major reaction species calculated at the B3LYP, B3LYP-GD3BJ, B3P86, MP2(full), and M06-2X levels of theory. Relative energies of key TSs and products allow for the characterization of the important rate-limiting steps involved in H+(AsnAla) decomposition. The influence of water solvation on key TSs is also explored computationally, where bridging the gap between gas-phase and solvated studies is an important aspect of the biological relevance of this analysis. The comprehensive results presented (in addition to complementary studies discussed herein) allow for an insightful comparison to previous deamidation studies such that effects of the C-terminal residue side chain can be elucidated. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia C Boles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm. 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - R R Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - M T Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm. 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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15
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Coates RA, Armentrout PB. Binding energies of hydrated cobalt(ii) by collision-induced dissociation and theoretical studies: evidence for a new critical size. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:802-818. [PMID: 29210383 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05828d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The experimental sequential bond energies for loss of water from Co2+(H2O)x complexes, x = 5-11, are determined by threshold collision-induced dissociation (TCID) using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer with a thermal electrospray ionization source. Kinetic energy dependent TCID cross sections are analyzed to yield 0 K thresholds for sequential loss of neutral water molecules. The thresholds are converted from 0 to 298 K values to give hydration enthalpies and free energies. Theoretical geometry optimizations and single point energy calculations at several levels of theory are performed for the reactant and product ion complexes. Theoretical bond energies for ground structures are used for direct comparison with experimental values to obtain structural information on these complexes. In addition, the dissociative charge separation process, Co2+(H2O)x → CoOH+(H2O)m + H+(H2O)x-m-1, is observed at x = 4, 6, and 7 in competition with primary water loss products. Energies for the charge separation rate-limiting transition states are calculated and compared to experimental threshold measurements. Results suggest that the critical size for which charge separation is energetically favored over water loss is xcrit = 6, in contrast to lower values in previous literature reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Coates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Rezaee M, McNary CP, Armentrout PB. Threshold collision-induced dissociation and theoretical study of protonated azobenzene. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:164308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5000683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Rezaee
- Department of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Christopher P. McNary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm. 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm. 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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17
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Carpenter JE, McNary CP, Furin A, Sweeney AF, Armentrout PB. How Hot are Your Ions Really? A Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation Study of Substituted Benzylpyridinium "Thermometer" Ions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1876-1888. [PMID: 28500582 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The first absolute experimental bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for the main heterolytic bond cleavages of four benzylpyridinium "thermometer" ions are measured using threshold collision-induced dissociation in a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. In this experiment, substituted benzylpyridinium ions are introduced into the apparatus using an electrospray ionization source, thermalized, and collided with Xe at varied kinetic energies to determine absolute cross-sections for these reactions. Various effects are accounted for, including kinetic shifts, multiple collisions, and internal and kinetic energy distributions. These experimentally measured 0 K BDEs are compared with computationally predicted values at the B3LYP-GD3BJ, M06-GD3, and MP2(full) levels of theory with a 6-311+G(2d,2p) basis set using vibrational frequencies and geometries determined at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level. Additional dissociation pathways are observed for nitrobenzylpyridinium experimentally and investigated using these same levels of theory. Experimental BDEs are also compared against values in the literature at the AM1, HF, B3LYP, B3P86, and CCSD(T) levels of theory. Of the calculated values obtained in this work, the MP2(full) level of theory with counterpoise corrections best reproduces the experimental results, as do the similar literature CCSD(T) values. Lastly, the survival yield method is used to determine the characteristic temperature (Tchar) of the electrospray source prior to the thermalization region and to confirm efficient thermalization. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Christopher P McNary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - April Furin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Andrew F Sweeney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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18
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Coates RA, Armentrout PB. Binding energies of hydrated cobalt hydroxide ion complexes: A guided ion beam and theoretical investigation. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:064305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4991557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Coates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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19
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Armentrout PB, Cox RM. Potential energy surface for the reaction Sm + + CO 2 → SmO + + CO: guided ion beam and theoretical studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:11075-11088. [PMID: 28435958 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00914c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential energy surface (PES) for the oxidation of samarium cations by carbon dioxide is explored both experimentally and theoretically. Using guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry, several reactions are examined as a function of kinetic energy. These include the title reaction as well as its reverse along with the collision-induced dissociation of Sm+(CO2) and OSm+(CO) with Xe. Analysis of the kinetic energy dependent cross sections yields barriers for the forward and reverse oxidation reaction of 1.77 ± 0.11 and 2.04 ± 0.13 eV, respectively, and Sm+-OCO and OSm+-CO bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of 0.42 ± 0.03 and 0.97 ± 0.07 eV, respectively. BDEs for Sm+(CO2)x for x = 2 and 3 are also determined as 0.40 ± 0.13 and 0.48 ± 0.12 eV, respectively. The PESs for the title reaction along the sextet and octet spin surfaces are also examined theoretically at the MP2 and CCSD(T) levels using both effective core potential and all-electron basis sets. Reasonable agreement between theory and experiment is obtained for the experimentally characterized intermediates, although all-electron basis sets and spin-orbit effects are needed for quantitative agreement. The observed barrier for oxidation is shown to likely correspond to the energy of the crossing between surfaces corresponding to the ground state electronic configuration of Sm+ (8F,4f66s1) and an excited surface having two electrons in the valence space (excluding 4f), which are needed to form the strong SmO+ bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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20
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Coates RA, Armentrout PB. Thermochemical Investigations of Hydrated Nickel Dication Complexes by Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation and Theory. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3629-3646. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Coates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
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21
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McNary CP, Armentrout PB. Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation of Proton-Bound Hydrazine and Dimethylhydrazine Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9690-9701. [PMID: 27973810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Threshold collision-induced dissociation (TCID) using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer is performed on (N2H4)nH+ where n = 2-4 and on the proton-bound unsymmetrical 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) dimer complex. The primary dissociation pathway for all reactants consists of loss of a single hydrazine (or UDMH) molecule followed by the sequential loss of additional hydrazine molecules at higher collision energies for n = 3 and 4. The data were analyzed using a statistical model after accounting for internal and kinetic energy distributions, multiple collisions, and kinetic shifts to obtain 0 K bond dissociation energies (BDEs). These are also converted to values at room temperature by using a rigid rotor/harmonic oscillator approximation and theoretical molecular constants. Experimental BDEs are compared to theoretical BDEs determined at the B3LYP, M06, mPW1PW91, PBE0, MP2(full), and CCSD(T) levels of theory with and without empirical dispersion with a 6-311+G(2d,2p) basis set. The structures of all clusters are explored and exhibit extensive hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P McNary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 S. 1400 E. Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 S. 1400 E. Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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22
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McNary CP, Armentrout PB. Threshold collision-induced dissociation of protonated hydrazine and dimethylhydrazine clustered with water. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:214311. [PMID: 28799395 DOI: 10.1063/1.4971238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Threshold collision-induced dissociation using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer is performed on (N2H4)H+(H2O)n, where n = 1 and 2, and on the protonated unsymmetrical 1,1-dimethylhydrazine one-water complex. The primary dissociation pathway for all clusters is a loss of a single water molecule, which for n = 2 is followed by the sequential loss of an additional water molecule at higher collision energies. The data are analyzed using a statistical model after accounting for internal and kinetic energy distributions, multiple collisions, and kinetic shifts to obtain 0 K bond dissociation energies (BDEs). These are also converted using a rigid rotor/harmonic oscillator approximation to yield thermodynamic values at room temperature. Experimental BDEs compare favorably to theoretical BDEs determined at the B3LYP, M06, mPW1PW91, PBE0, MP2(full), and CCSD(T) levels of theory with a 6-311+G(2d,2p) basis set both with and without empirical dispersion. These calculations also allow visualization of the structures of these complexes, which are simple hydrogen-bonded donor-acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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23
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Lightcap J, Hester TH, Patterson D, Butler JT, Goebbert DJ. Formation of a Spin-Forbidden Product, 1[MnO 4] −, from Gas-Phase Decomposition of 6[Mn(NO 3) 3] −. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7071-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b06978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Lightcap
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Thomas H. Hester
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Daniel Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Joseph T. Butler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Daniel J. Goebbert
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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24
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Hester TH, Albury RM, Pruitt CJM, Goebbert DJ. Fragmentation of [Ni(NO 3) 3] −: A Study of Nickel–Oxygen Bonding and Oxidation States in Nickel Oxide Fragments. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:6634-42. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Hester
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Rachael M. Albury
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Carrie Jo M. Pruitt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Daniel J. Goebbert
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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25
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Lightcap J, Hester TH, Kamena K, Albury RM, Pruitt CJM, Goebbert DJ. Gas-Phase Fragmentation of Aluminum Oxide Nitrate Anions Driven by Reactive Oxygen Radical Ligands. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:1501-7. [PMID: 26919711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase metal nitrate anions are known to yield a variety of interesting metal oxides upon fragmentation. The aluminum nitrate anion complexes, Al(NO3)4(-) and AlO(NO3)3(-) were generated by electrospray ionization and studied with collision-induced dissociation and energy-resolved mass spectrometry. Four different decomposition processes were observed, the loss of NO3(-), NO3(•), NO2(•), and O2. The oxygen radical ligand in AlO(NO3)3(-) is highly reactive and drives the formation of AlO(NO3)2(-) upon loss of NO3(•), AlO2(NO3)2(-) upon NO2(•) loss, or Al(NO2)(NO3)2(-) upon abstraction of an oxygen atom from a neighboring nitrate ligand followed by loss of O2. The AlO2(NO3)2(-) fragment also undergoes elimination of O2. The mechanism for O2 elimination requires oxygen atom abstraction from a nitrate ligand in both AlO(NO3)3(-) and AlO2(NO3)2(-), revealing the hidden complexity in the fragmentation of these clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Lightcap
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Thomas H Hester
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Kurt Kamena
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Rachael M Albury
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Carrie Jo M Pruitt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Daniel J Goebbert
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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26
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Rodgers MT, Armentrout PB. Cationic Noncovalent Interactions: Energetics and Periodic Trends. Chem Rev 2016; 116:5642-87. [PMID: 26953819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this review, noncovalent interactions of ions with neutral molecules are discussed. After defining the scope of the article, which excludes anionic and most protonated systems, methods associated with measuring thermodynamic information for such systems are briefly recounted. An extensive set of tables detailing available thermodynamic information for the noncovalent interactions of metal cations with a host of ligands is provided. Ligands include small molecules (H2, NH3, CO, CS, H2O, CH3CN, and others), organic ligands (O- and N-donors, crown ethers and related molecules, MALDI matrix molecules), π-ligands (alkenes, alkynes, benzene, and substituted benzenes), miscellaneous inorganic ligands, and biological systems (amino acids, peptides, sugars, nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides). Hydration of metalated biological systems is also included along with selected proton-based systems: 18-crown-6 polyether with protonated peptides and base-pairing energies of nucleobases. In all cases, the literature thermochemistry is evaluated and, in many cases, reanchored or adjusted to 0 K bond dissociation energies. Trends in these values are discussed and related to a variety of simple molecular concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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27
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Discriminating Properties of Alkali Metal Ions Towards the Constituents of Proteins and Nucleic Acids. Conclusions from Gas-Phase and Theoretical Studies. Met Ions Life Sci 2016; 16:103-31. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21756-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Albury RM, Pruitt CJM, Hester TH, Goebbert DJ. Fragmentation of Cr(NO3)4–: Metal Oxidation upon O•– Abstraction. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11471-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M. Albury
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Carrie Jo M. Pruitt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Thomas H. Hester
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Daniel J. Goebbert
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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29
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Rezaee M, Wang Y, Zhang X, Liu G, Bowen K, Bayer AM, Best MD, Compton RN. Negative ion properties of trans 2,2′,6,6′-tetrafluoroazobenzene: Experiment and theory. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:114303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4930599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Rezaee
- Department of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Departments of Chemistry, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Gaoxiang Liu
- Departments of Chemistry, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Kit Bowen
- Departments of Chemistry, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Andrew M. Bayer
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Michel D. Best
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Robert N. Compton
- Department of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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30
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Wheeler OW, Carl DR, Hofstetter TE, Armentrout PB. Hydration Enthalpies of Ba2+(H2O)x, x = 1–8: A Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation and Computational Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3800-15. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar W. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400
East, Room 2020, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Damon R. Carl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400
East, Room 2020, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Theresa E. Hofstetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400
East, Room 2020, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400
East, Room 2020, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
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31
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Wang R, Yang B, Wu RR, Rodgers MT, Schäfer M, Armentrout PB. Guided ion beam and computational studies of the decomposition of a model thiourea protein cross-linker. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:3727-42. [PMID: 25660315 DOI: 10.1021/jp512997z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The dissociation of protonated methyl-d3 thiourea-4-butyric acid methyl amide (1), a model of thiourea-based protein cross-linking compounds, is examined both experimentally and computationally. Using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer (GIBMS), the threshold collision-induced dissociation (TCID) of [1 + H](+) with Xe is examined as a function of collision energy. Analysis of the kinetic energy-dependent CID cross sections provides the 0 K barriers for four primary and four secondary dissociation pathways, after accounting for competition between channels, sequential dissociations, unimolecular decay rates, internal energy of reactant ions, and multiple ion-neutral collisions. Computations are used to explore the pathways for the various processes and elucidation of their rate-limiting transition states. These results indicate that dissociation is initiated by migration of the excess proton from sulfur to one of three nitrogen atoms in 1, similar to the "mobile proton" model of peptide fragmentation. The computational energies for the rate-limiting transition states are generally in good agreement with the experimentally derived threshold energies, with MP2(full)/6-311+G(2d,2p)//B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) results being particularly favorable. This good comparison validates the mechanisms explored theoretically and allows identification of the structures of the various product ions and neutrals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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32
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Abdoul-Carime H, Farizon B, Farizon M, Mulatier JC, Dutasta JP, Chermette H. Solution vs. gas phase relative stability of the choline/acetylcholine cavitand complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4448-57. [PMID: 25579781 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05354k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
How the information obtained from the gas phase experiments can reflect the processes in solution is a crucial question for analytical chemistry, and particularly the selective host-guest recognition mechanisms which are fundamental in biology. Here we combine ElectroSpray Ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and the Collision Induced Dissociation (CID) experiments to the density functional theory to investigate the interaction of acetylcholine and the choline cation with a triphosphonate cavitand. While the relative abundance of the cation complexes in the ESI mass spectrum reflects the preferential capture of the acetylcholine ion over the choline ion by the cavitand in the solution, the gas phase CID measurements indicate that after desolvation the choline cation is the most strongly bound to the host. The experimental results are interpreted by theory that underlines the role of the counterion in the stabilization of the complexes in solution and therefore in the selective recognition of substrates of biological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Abdoul-Carime
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, CNRS/IN2P3 UMR 5822, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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33
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Armentrout PB, Sweeney AF. Hydrated copper ion chemistry: guided ion beam and computational investigation of Cu2+(H2O)n (n = 7-10) complexes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:497-516. [PMID: 26307731 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cross sections for the threshold collision-induced dissociation of Cu(2+)(H(2)O)(n), where n = 8 - 10, are measured using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. The primary dissociation pathway is found to be loss of a single water molecule followed by the sequential loss of additional water molecules until n = 8, at which point charge separation to form CuOH(+)(H(2)O)(4) (+) H(+)(H(2)O)(3) is observed to occur at a slightly lower energy than loss of a water molecule. Competition from charge separation prohibits the formation of appreciable amounts of the n = 7 or smaller complexes as reactants in the source. These findings indicate that Cu(2+) has a critical size of 8. Analysis of the data using statistical modeling techniques that account for energy distributions and lifetime effects yields primary and sequential bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for loss of one and two water molecules from n = 8 - 10 complexes as well as the barrier for charge separation from n = 8. More speculative analysis extends the thermochemistry obtained down to n = 5 and 6. Theoretical BDEs are determined from quantum chemical calculations using structures optimized at the B3LYP/6 311(+)G(d,p) level along with the lowest-energy isomers suggested by single point energies at the MP2(full), M06, B3LYP, and B3P86 levels of theory using a 6- 311(+)G(2d,2p) basis set. BDEs at 0K are converted to 298 K thermodynamic values using a rigid rotor/harmonic oscillator approximation. Experimental and theoretical entropies of activation suggest that a third solvent shell forms at n = 9, in accord with previous findings. The present work represents the first experimentally determined hydration enthalpies for the Cu(2+)(H(2)O)n system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States.
| | - Andrew F Sweeney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States.
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34
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Sweeney AF, Armentrout PB. Guided Ion Beam Studies of the Collision-Induced Dissociation of CuOH+(H2O)n(n= 1–4): Comprehensive Thermodynamic Data for Copper Ion Hydration. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10210-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp508962d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Sweeney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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35
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Armentrout PB, Stennett EMS. Thermodynamics and mechanism of protonated cysteine decomposition: a guided ion beam and computational study. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:512-523. [PMID: 24496599 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative molecular description of the decomposition of protonated cysteine, H(+)Cys, is provided by studying the kinetic energy dependence of threshold collision-induced dissociation (CID) with Xe using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer (GIBMS). Primary dissociation channels are deamidation (yielding both NH3 loss and NH4(+) formation) and (H2O + CO) loss reactions, followed by an additional six subsequent decompositions. Analysis of the kinetic energy-dependent CID cross sections provides the 0 K barriers for six different reactions after accounting for unimolecular decay rates, internal energy of reactant ions, multiple ion-molecule collisions, and competition among the decay channels. To identify the mechanisms associated with these reactions, quantum chemical calculations performed at the B3LYP/6-311 + G(d,p) level were used to locate the transition states (TSs) and intermediates for these processes. Single point energies of the reactants, products, and key optimized TSs and intermediates are calculated at B3LYP, B3P86, and MP2(full) levels using a 6-311 + G(2d,2p) basis set. The computational characterization of the elementary steps of these reactions, including the structures of the final products, is validated by quantitative agreement with the experimental energetics. In agreement with previous work, deamidation is facilitated by anchimeric assistance of the thio group, which also leads to an interesting rearrangement of the intact amino acid identified computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA,
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36
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Armentrout PB. Gas-phase perspective on the thermodynamics and kinetics of heterogeneous catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy00435c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase studies of small transition metal cluster cations provide thermochemistry of utility to surface science and heterogeneous catalysis.
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37
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Smith BH, Buonaugurio A, Chen J, Collins E, Bowen KH, Compton RN, Sommerfeld T. Negative ions of p-nitroaniline: Photodetachment, collisions, and ab initio calculations. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:234304. [PMID: 23802957 DOI: 10.1063/1.4810869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Byron H Smith
- Department of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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38
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Armentrout PB. The power of accurate energetics (or thermochemistry: what is it good for?). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:173-185. [PMID: 23296908 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The utility of measuring the energetics of ion-molecule reactions is discussed. After distinguishing between the terms of thermodynamics (macroscopic, equilibrium quantities) and energetics (microscopic and kinetically relevant quantities), the potential energy surfaces for ion-molecule reactions are reviewed and their implications discussed. Equations describing the kinetic energy dependence of ion-molecule reactions are introduced and the effects of entropy on reaction rates and branching ratios are discussed. Several case histories allow an exploration of the utility of accurate thermochemical information and probe how accurate such energetic information must be to be predictive. These case studies include decomposition of hydrated metal dications, the reaction of FeO(+) with H(2), and fragmentation of a small protonated peptide (GG). These illustrate a range of interesting systems for which accurate energetic information has been influential in understanding the observed reactivity. Comparisons with theory demonstrate that experimental information is still required for truly predictive capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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39
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Carl DR, Armentrout PB. Threshold Collision‐Induced Dissociation of Hydrated Magnesium: Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Binding Energies for Mg
2+
(H
2
O)
x
Complexes (
x
=2–10). Chemphyschem 2012; 14:681-97. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damon R. Carl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (USA)
- Current address: Heritage Research Group, 7901 W. Morris St., Indianapolis, IN 46231 (USA)
| | - Peter B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (USA)
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40
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Hofstetter TE, Armentrout PB. Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation and Theoretical Studies of Hydrated Fe(II): Binding Energies and Coulombic Barrier Heights. J Phys Chem A 2012; 117:1110-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3044829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E. Hofstetter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
United States
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
United States
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41
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Carl DR, Armentrout PB. Experimental Investigation of the Complete Inner Shell Hydration Energies of Ca2+: Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation of Ca2+(H2O)x Complexes (x = 2–8). J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:3802-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jp301446v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damon R. Carl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah
84112, United States
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah
84112, United States
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42
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Armentrout PB, Heaton AL. Thermodynamics and mechanisms of protonated diglycine decomposition: a guided ion beam study. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:632-643. [PMID: 21952768 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a full molecular description of fragmentation reactions of protonated diglycine (H(+)GG) by studying their collision-induced dissociation (CID) with Xe using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer (GIBMS). Analysis of the kinetic energy-dependent CID cross sections provides the 0 K barriers for the sequential H(2)O+CO and CO+NH(3) losses from H(+)GG as well as for the reactions involved in y(1) and a(1) ion formation, after accounting for unimolecular decay rates, internal energy of reactant ions, and multiple ion-molecule collisions. Here, seven energetic barriers are measured for the fragmentation processes of H(+)GG, including the loss of H(2)O and of CO at ~140 and ~156 kJ/mol, the combined loss of (H(2)O+CO) and of (CO+NH(3)) at ~233 and ~185 kJ/mol, and formation of y(1) and a(1) ions at ~191 and ~212 kJ/mol, respectively, with a second channel for a(1) formation opening at ~326 kJ/mol. Theoretical energies from the preceding paper are compared with our experimental energies and found to be in good agreement. This validates the mechanisms explored computationally, including unambiguous identification of the b(2) ion as protonated 2-aminomethyl-5-oxazolone, thereby allowing a complete characterization of the elementary steps of H(+)GG decomposition. These results also demonstrate that all reactive species are available from the ground state conformation, as opposed to involving an initial broad distribution of protonated conformers. This result verifies the utility of the "mobile proton" model for understanding the fragmentation of protonated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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43
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Armentrout PB, Heaton AL, Ye SJ. Thermodynamics and Mechanisms for Decomposition of Protonated Glycine and Its Protonated Dimer. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:11144-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2025939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - A. L. Heaton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - S. J. Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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44
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Cooper TE, Armentrout PB. Sequential bond energies and barrier heights for the water loss and charge separation dissociation pathways of Cd2+(H2O)n, n = 3–11. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:114308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3553813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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45
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Knyazev VD, Stein SE. Monte Carlo/RRKM/Classical Trajectories Modeling of Collisional Excitation and Dissociation of n-Butylbenzene Ion in Multipole Collision Cells of Tandem Mass Spectrometers. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:6384-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp101526m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim D. Knyazev
- Chemical and Biochemical Reference Data Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Research Center for Chemical Kinetics, Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. 20064
| | - Stephen E. Stein
- Chemical and Biochemical Reference Data Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Research Center for Chemical Kinetics, Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. 20064
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46
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Couzijn E, Zocher E, Bach A, Chen P. Gas-Phase Energetics of Reductive Elimination from a Palladium(II) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex. Chemistry 2010; 16:5408-15. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Knyazev VD, Stein SE. Classical trajectories and RRKM modeling of collisional excitation and dissociation of benzylammonium and tert-butyl benzylammonium ions in a quadrupole-hexapole-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:425-439. [PMID: 20060316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Collision-induced dissociation of the benzylammonium and the 4-tert-butyl benzylammonium ions was studied experimentally in an electrospray ionization quadrupole-hexapole-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer. Ion fragmentation efficiencies were determined as functions of the kinetic energy of ions and the collider gas (argon) pressure. A theoretical Monte Carlo model of ion collisional excitation, scattering, and decomposition was developed. The model includes simulation of the trajectories of the parent and the product ions flight through the hexapole collision cell, quasiclassical trajectory modeling of collisional activation and scattering of ions, and Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) modeling of the parent ion decomposition. The results of modeling demonstrate a general agreement between calculations and experiment. Calculated values of ion fragmentation efficiency are sensitive to initial vibrational excitation of ions, scattering of product ions from the collision cell, and distribution of initial ion velocities orthogonal to the axis of the collision cell. Three critical parameters of the model were adjusted to reproduce the experimental data on the dissociation of the benzylammonium ion: reaction enthalpy and initial internal and translational temperatures of the ions. Subsequent application of the model to decomposition of the t-butyl benzylammonium ion required adjustment of the internal ion temperature only. Energy distribution functions obtained in modeling depend on the average numbers of collisions between the ion and the atoms of the collider gas and, in general, have non-Boltzmann shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim D Knyazev
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Physical and Chemical Properties Division, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
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48
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Armentrout PB, Ye SJ, Gabriel A, Moision RM. Energetics and Mechanism for the Deamination of Lithiated Cysteine. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:3938-49. [DOI: 10.1021/jp911222j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Sha Joshua Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Amy Gabriel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - R. M. Moision
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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49
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Cooper TE, Armentrout PB. Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Charge-Separation Energies of Hydrated Zinc(II): Redefinition of the Critical Size. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:13742-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp906241q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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50
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Cooper TE, Carl DR, Armentrout PB. Hydration Energies of Zinc(II): Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation Experiments and Theoretical Studies. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:13727-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp906235y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - D. R. Carl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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