1
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Najera D, Fout AR. Iron-Catalyzed Parahydrogen Induced Polarization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21086-21095. [PMID: 37698953 PMCID: PMC10863066 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) can address the low sensitivity problem intrinsic to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Using a catalyst capable of reacting with parahydrogen and substrate in either a hydrogenative or nonhydrogenative manner can result in signal enhancement of the substrate. This work describes the development of a rare example of an iron catalyst capable of reacting with parahydrogen to hyperpolarize olefins. Complexes of the form (MesCCC)Fe(H)(L)(N2) (L = Py (Py = pyridine), PMe3, PPh3) were synthesized from the reaction of the parent complexes (MesCCC)FeMes(L) (Mes = mesityl) with H2. The isolated low-spin iron(II) hydride compounds were characterized via multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. (MesCCC)Fe(H)(Py)(N2) is competent in the hydrogenation of olefins and demonstrated high activity toward the hydrogenation of monosubstituted terminal olefins. Reactions with p-H2 resulted in the first PHIP effect mediated by iron which requires diamagnetism throughout the reaction sequence. This work represents the development of a new PHIP catalyst featuring iron, unlocking potential to develop more PHIP catalysts based on first-row transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
C. Najera
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alison R. Fout
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
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2
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Borghesani AF, Carugno G, Messineo G, Pazzini J. Electron thermalization length in solid para-hydrogen at low-temperature. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:104501. [PMID: 37694752 DOI: 10.1063/5.0163776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the first ever measurements of the thermalization length of low-energy electrons injected into solid para-hydrogen at a temperature T ≈ 2.8 K. The use of the pulsed Townsend photoinjection technique has allowed us to investigate the behavior of quasi-free electrons rather than of massive, slow negative charges, as reported in all previous literature. We have found an average thermalization length ⟨z0⟩ = 26.1 nm, which is three to five times longer than that in liquid helium at the same temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Borghesani
- CNISM Unit, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Università degli Studi di Padova and Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare, Sez. Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - G Carugno
- Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare, Sez. Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - G Messineo
- Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare, Sez. Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - J Pazzini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Industrial Engineering, and Department of Information Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova and Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare, Sez. Padova, Padova, Italy
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3
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Moore B, Mahoney K, Zeng MF, Djuricanin P, Momose T. Ultraviolet Photodissociation of Proteinogenic Amino Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11045-11055. [PMID: 37167534 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The ultraviolet photochemistry of the amino acids glycine, leucine, proline, and serine in their neutral forms was investigated using parahydrogen matrix-isolation spectroscopy. Irradiation by 213 nm light destroys the chirality of all three chiral amino acids as a result of the α-carbonyl C-C bond cleavage and hydrocarboxyl (HOCO) radical production. The temporal behavior of the Fourier-transform infrared spectra revealed that HOCO radicals rapidly reach a steady state, which occurs predominantly due to photodissociation of HOCO into CO + OH or CO2 + H. In glycine and leucine, the amine radicals generated by the α-carbonyl C-C bond cleavage rapidly undergo hydrogen elimination to yield methanimine and 3-methylbutane-1-imine, respectively. Breaking of the α-carbonyl C-C bond in proline appeared to yield 1-pyrroline, although due to its weak absorption it remains unconfirmed. In serine, additional products were formaldehyde and E/Z ethanimine. The present study shows that the direct production of HOCO previously observed in α-alanine generalizes to other amino acids of varying structure. It also revealed a tendency for amino acid photolysis to form imines rather than amine radicals. HOCO should be useful in the search for amino acids in interstellar space, particularly in combination with simple imine molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Moore
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kyle Mahoney
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Mei Fei Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Pavle Djuricanin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Takamasa Momose
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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4
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Wang W, Wang Q, Xu J, Deng F. Understanding Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation by Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization NMR Spectroscopy. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Wang
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Deng
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Reconversion of Parahydrogen Gas in Surfactant-Coated Glass NMR Tubes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052329. [PMID: 36903572 PMCID: PMC10004819 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of parahydrogen gas to enhance the magnetic resonance signals of a diversity of chemical species has increased substantially in the last decade. Parahydrogen is prepared by lowering the temperature of hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst; this enriches the para spin isomer beyond its normal abundance of 25% at thermal equilibrium. Indeed, parahydrogen fractions that approach unity can be attained at sufficiently low temperatures. Once enriched, the gas will revert to its normal isomeric ratio over the course of hours or days, depending on the surface chemistry of the storage container. Although parahydrogen enjoys long lifetimes when stored in aluminum cylinders, the reconversion rate is significantly faster in glass containers due to the prevalence of paramagnetic impurities that are present within the glass. This accelerated reconversion is especially relevant for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) applications due to the use of glass sample tubes. The work presented here investigates how the parahydrogen reconversion rate is affected by surfactant coatings on the inside surface of valved borosilicate glass NMR sample tubes. Raman spectroscopy was used to monitor changes to the ratio of the (J: 0 → 2) vs. (J: 1 → 3) transitions that are indicative of the para and ortho spin isomers, respectively. Nine different silane and siloxane-based surfactants of varying size and branching structures were examined, and most increased the parahydrogen reconversion time by 1.5×-2× compared with equivalent sample tubes that were not treated with surfactant. This includes expanding the pH2 reconversion time from 280 min in a control sample to 625 min when the same tube is coated with (3-Glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane.
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6
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Bazsó G, Csonka IP, Góbi S, Tarczay G. VIZSLA-Versatile Ice Zigzag Sublimation Setup for Laboratory Astrochemistry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:124104. [PMID: 34972403 DOI: 10.1063/5.0061762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this article, a new multi-functional high-vacuum astrophysical ice setup, VIZSLA (Versatile Ice Zigzag Sublimation Setup for Laboratory Astrochemistry), is introduced. The instrument allows for the investigation of astrophysical processes both in a low-temperature para-H2 matrix and in astrophysical analog ices. In the para-H2 matrix, the reaction of astrochemical molecules with H atoms and H+ ions can be studied effectively. For the investigation of astrophysical analog ices, the setup is equipped with various irradiation and particle sources: an electron gun for modeling cosmic rays, an H atom beam source, a microwave H atom lamp for generating H Lyman-α radiation, and a tunable (213-2800 nm) laser source. For analysis, an FT-IR (and a UV-visible) spectrometer and a quadrupole mass analyzer are available. The setup has two cryostats, offering novel features for analysis. Upon the so-called temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), the molecules, desorbing from the substrate of the first cryogenic head, can be mixed with Ar and can be deposited onto the substrate of the other cryogenic head. The efficiency of the redeposition was measured to be between 8% and 20% depending on the sample and the redeposition conditions. The well-resolved spectrum of the molecules isolated in an Ar matrix serves a unique opportunity to identify the desorbing products of a processed ice. Some examples are provided to show how the para-H2 matrix experiments and the TPD-matrix-isolation recondensation experiments can help understand astrophysically important chemical processes at low temperatures. It is also discussed how these experiments can complement the studies carried out by using similar astrophysical ice setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Bazsó
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Pál Csonka
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Laboratory Astrochemistry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Góbi
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Laboratory Astrochemistry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Tarczay
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Laboratory Astrochemistry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Otani H, Nakahara H, Goto H, Kuma S, Momose T. Electronic spectroscopy of Mg-phthalocyanine embedded in cold hydrogen clusters produced by a pulsed nozzle. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:044309. [PMID: 34340371 DOI: 10.1063/5.0056499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold clusters of molecular hydrogen were created using a pulsed nozzle. The thermodynamical states of the clusters were characterized by measuring the cluster beam velocity and the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra of embedded molecules. Two distinct velocity components were identified in the beam that originates from different clustering mechanisms. The fast velocity component corresponds to the expansion of H2 from the gas phase, while the slow velocity component corresponds to the expansion from the liquid phase. The velocity distribution of these two components showed no significant difference between the expansions of para and normal hydrogen. In this study, LIF spectroscopy of single Mg-phthalocyanine molecules embedded in the H2 clusters consisting of 105 H2 molecules was used to investigate the properties of the fast component. The observed peak frequencies of the LIF signals, compared to those observed in helium droplets, were used to infer the possible presence of the liquid phase in the fast component of the H2 clusters below 5 K. The shift, linewidth, and splitting in the spectra, which strongly depend on the ortho/para ratio, are attributed to the local configurations of hydrogen in the vicinity of the probe molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatsuki Otani
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hiroko Nakahara
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Haruka Goto
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Susumu Kuma
- Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takamasa Momose
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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8
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Bhandari A, Rollings AP, Ratto L, Weinstein JD. High-purity solid parahydrogen. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:073202. [PMID: 34340409 DOI: 10.1063/5.0049006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alkali atoms trapped in solid hydrogen matrices have demonstrated ultralong electron spin coherence times and are promising as quantum sensors. Their spin coherence is limited by magnetic noise from naturally occurring orthohydrogen molecules in the parahydrogen matrix. In the gas phase, the orthohydrogen component of hydrogen can be converted to parahydrogen by flowing it over a catalyst held at cryogenic temperatures, with lower temperatures giving a lower orthohydrogen fraction. In this work, we use a single cryostat to reduce the orthohydrogen fraction of hydrogen gas and grow a solid matrix from the resulting high-purity parahydrogen. We demonstrate the operation of the catalyst down to a temperature of 8 K, and we spectroscopically verify that orthohydrogen impurities in the resulting solid are at a level <10-6. We also find that, at sufficiently low temperatures, the cryogenic catalyst provides isotopic purification, reducing the HD fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Bhandari
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | | | - Levi Ratto
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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9
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Chapman B, Joalland B, Meersman C, Ettedgui J, Swenson RE, Krishna MC, Nikolaou P, Kovtunov KV, Salnikov OG, Koptyug IV, Gemeinhardt ME, Goodson BM, Shchepin RV, Chekmenev EY. Low-Cost High-Pressure Clinical-Scale 50% Parahydrogen Generator Using Liquid Nitrogen at 77 K. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8476-8483. [PMID: 34102835 PMCID: PMC8262381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report on a robust and low-cost parahydrogen generator design employing liquid nitrogen as a coolant. The core of the generator consists of catalyst-filled spiral copper tubing, which can be pressurized to 35 atm. Parahydrogen fraction >48% was obtained at 77 K with three nearly identical generators using paramagnetic hydrated iron oxide catalysts. Parahydrogen quantification was performed on the fly via benchtop NMR spectroscopy to monitor the signal from residual orthohydrogen-parahydrogen is NMR silent. This real-time quantification approach was also used to evaluate catalyst activation at up to 1.0 standard liter per minute flow rate. The reported inexpensive device can be employed for a wide range of studies employing parahydrogen as a source of nuclear spin hyperpolarization. To this end, we demonstrate the utility of this parahydrogen generator for hyperpolarization of concentrated sodium [1-13C]pyruvate, a metabolic contrast agent under investigation in numerous clinical trials. The reported pilot optimization of SABRE-SHEATH (signal amplification by reversible exchange-shield enables alignment transfer to heteronuclei) hyperpolarization yielded 13C signal enhancement of over 14,000-fold at a clinically relevant magnetic field of 1 T corresponding to approximately 1.2% 13C polarization-if near 100% parahydrogen would have been employed, the reported value would be tripled to 13C polarization of 3.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Chapman
- Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E St. Joseph Street Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Baptiste Joalland
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Collier Meersman
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Health Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E St. Joseph Street Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Jessica Ettedgui
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Room #2034, Bethesda, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Rolf E. Swenson
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Room #2034, Bethesda, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Murali C. Krishna
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 31 Center Drive Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Panayiotis Nikolaou
- XeUS Technologies LTD, Georgiou Karaiskaki 2A, Lakatamia 2312, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kirill V. Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Oleg G. Salnikov
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Max E. Gemeinhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
- Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Roman V. Shchepin
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Health Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E St. Joseph Street Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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10
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Tahsildaran F FS, Moore B, Bashiri T, Otani H, Djuricanin P, Malekfar R, Farahbod AH, Momose T. VUV photochemistry and nuclear spin conversion of water and water-orthohydrogen complexes in parahydrogen crystals at 4 K. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:4094-4106. [PMID: 33586746 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04523c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Samples of H2O, HDO, and D2O were isolated in solid parahydrogen (pH2) matrices and irradiated by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation at 147 nm. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra showed a clear depletion of D2O and an enrichment of both HDO and H2O by 147 nm irradiation. These irradiation-dependent changes are attributed to the production of OH and/or OD radicals through photodissociations of H2O, HDO, and D2O. The radicals subsequently react with the hydrogen matrix, leading to the observed enrichment of H2O. No trace of isolated OH or OD was detected in the FTIR spectra, indicating that the OH/OD radicals react with the surrounding matrix hydrogen molecules via quantum tunneling within our experimental timescale. The observed temporal changes in concentrations, especially the increase of HDO concentration during VUV irradiation, can be interpreted by a model with a rapid conversion from orthohydrogen (oH2) to pH2 in water-oH2 complexes upon VUV photodissociation, indicating either the acceleration of the nuclear spin conversion (NSC) of H2 due to the magnetic moment of the intermediate OH/OD radical, or the preferential reaction of the OH/OD radical with a nearby oH2 molecule over other pH2 molecules. We have also identified and quantified an anomalously slow NSC of H2O and D2O complexed with oH2 in solid pH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh S Tahsildaran F
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada. and Atomic and Molecular Physics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Brendan Moore
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Termeh Bashiri
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Hatsuki Otani
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Pavle Djuricanin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Rasoul Malekfar
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Farahbod
- Research School of Plasma Physics and Nuclear Fusion, Research Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, AEOI, Tehran, Iran
| | - Takamasa Momose
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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11
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Nantogma S, Joalland B, Wilkens K, Chekmenev EY. Clinical-Scale Production of Nearly Pure (>98.5%) Parahydrogen and Quantification by Benchtop NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3594-3601. [PMID: 33539068 PMCID: PMC8011325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Because of the extensive chemical, physical, and biomedical applications of parahydrogen, the need exists for the development of highly enriched parahydrogen in a robust and efficient manner. Herein, we present a parahydrogen enrichment equipment which substantially improves upon the previous generators with its ability to enrich parahydrogen to >98.5% and a production rate of up to 4 standard liters per minute with the added advantage of real-time quantification. Our generator employs a pulsed injection system with a 3/16 in. outside diameter copper spiral tubing filled with iron-oxide catalyst. This tubing is mated to a custom-made copper attachment to provide efficient thermal coupling to the cold head. This device allows for robust operation at high pressures up to 34 atm. Real-time quantification by benchtop NMR spectroscopy is made possible by direct coupling of the p-H2 outlet from the generator to a 1.4 T NMR spectrometer using a regular 5 mm NMR tube that is continuously refilled with the exiting parahydrogen gas at ∼8 atm pressure. The use of high hydrogen gas pressure offers two critical NMR signal detection benefits: increased concentration and line narrowing. Our work presents a comprehensive description of the apparatus for a convenient and robust parahydrogen production, distribution, and quantification system, especially for parahydrogen-based hyperpolarization NMR research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiraz Nantogma
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, United States
| | - Baptiste Joalland
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, United States
| | - Ken Wilkens
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, United States
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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12
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Miyazaki J, Toh SY, Moore B, Djuricanin P, Momose T. UV photochemistry of 1,3-cyclohexadiene isolated in solid parahydrogen. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Kovtunov KV, Koptyug IV, Fekete M, Duckett SB, Theis T, Joalland B, Chekmenev EY. Parawasserstoff‐induzierte Hyperpolarisation von Gasen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V. Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russland
- Department of Natural Sciences Novosibirsk State University Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russland
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russland
- Department of Natural Sciences Novosibirsk State University Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russland
| | - Marianna Fekete
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) University of York Heslington York YO10 5NY UK
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) University of York Heslington York YO10 5NY UK
| | - Thomas Theis
- Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
| | - Baptiste Joalland
- Department of Chemistry Integrative Biosciences (Ibio) Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI) Wayne State University Detroit Michigan 48202 USA
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry Integrative Biosciences (Ibio) Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI) Wayne State University Detroit Michigan 48202 USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) Leninskiy Prospekt 14 Moscow 119991 Russland
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14
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Kovtunov KV, Koptyug IV, Fekete M, Duckett SB, Theis T, Joalland B, Chekmenev EY. Parahydrogen-Induced Hyperpolarization of Gases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17788-17797. [PMID: 31972061 PMCID: PMC7453723 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Imaging of gases is a major challenge for any modality including MRI. NMR and MRI signals are directly proportional to the nuclear spin density and the degree of alignment of nuclear spins with applied static magnetic field, which is called nuclear spin polarization. The level of nuclear spin polarization is typically very low, i.e., one hundred thousandth of the potential maximum at 1.5 T and a physiologically relevant temperature. As a result, MRI typically focusses on imaging highly concentrated tissue water. Hyperpolarization methods transiently increase nuclear spin polarizations up to unity, yielding corresponding gains in MRI signal level of several orders of magnitude that enable the 3D imaging of dilute biomolecules including gases. Parahydrogen-induced polarization is a fast, highly scalable, and low-cost hyperpolarization technique. The focus of this Minireview is to highlight selected advances in the field of parahydrogen-induced polarization for the production of hyperpolarized compounds, which can be potentially employed as inhalable contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marianna Fekete
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM), University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NY, UK
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM), University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NY, UK
| | - Thomas Theis
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Baptiste Joalland
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Leninskiy Prospekt 14, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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15
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Semenova O, Richardson PM, Parrott AJ, Nordon A, Halse ME, Duckett SB. Reaction Monitoring Using SABRE-Hyperpolarized Benchtop (1 T) NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6695-6701. [PMID: 30985110 PMCID: PMC6892580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
conversion of [IrCl(COD)(IMes)] (COD = cis,cis-1,5-cyclooctadiene, IMes = 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl)imidazole-2-ylidene)
in the presence of an excess of para-hydrogen (p-H2) and a substrate (4-aminopyridine (4-AP) or 4-methylpyridine (4-MP)) into [Ir(H)2(IMes)(substrate)3]Cl is monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy using a benchtop (1 T) spectrometer in conjunction
with the p-H2-based hyperpolarization
technique signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE). A series
of single-shot 1H NMR measurements are used to monitor
the chemical changes that take place in solution through the lifetime
of the hyperpolarized response. Non-hyperpolarized high-field 1H NMR control measurements were also undertaken to confirm
that the observed time-dependent changes relate directly to the underlying
chemical evolution. The formation of [Ir(H)2(IMes)(substrate)3]Cl is further linked to the hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE)
reaction, which leads to the incorporation of deuterium into the ortho positions of 4-AP, where the source of
deuterium is the solvent, methanol-d4.
Comparable reaction monitoring results are achieved at both high-field
(9.4 T) and low-field (1 T). It is notable that the low sensitivity
of the benchtop (1 T) NMR enables the use of protio solvents, which when used here allows the effects of catalyst formation
and substrate deuteration to be separated. Collectively, these methods illustrate how low-cost low-field NMR
measurements provide unique insight into a complex catalytic process
through a combination of hyperpolarization and relaxation data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Semenova
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Chemistry , The University of York , York YO10 5NY , U.K
| | - Peter M Richardson
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Chemistry , The University of York , York YO10 5NY , U.K
| | - Andrew J Parrott
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and CPACT , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G11XQ , U.K
| | - Alison Nordon
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and CPACT , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G11XQ , U.K
| | - Meghan E Halse
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Chemistry , The University of York , York YO10 5NY , U.K
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Chemistry , The University of York , York YO10 5NY , U.K
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16
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Ghassemizadeh R, Moore B, Momose T, Walter M. Stability and IR Spectroscopy of Zwitterionic Form of β-Alanine in Water Clusters. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4392-4399. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Ghassemizadeh
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Herrmann-Herder-Strasse 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brendan Moore
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Takamasa Momose
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Michael Walter
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Herrmann-Herder-Strasse 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie Centrum μTC, Wöhlerstrasse 11, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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17
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Parrott AJ, Dallin P, Andrews J, Richardson PM, Semenova O, Halse ME, Duckett SB, Nordon A. Quantitative In Situ Monitoring of Parahydrogen Fraction Using Raman Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:88-97. [PMID: 30203662 DOI: 10.1177/0003702818798644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has been used to provide a rapid, noninvasive, and nondestructive quantification method for determining the parahydrogen fraction of hydrogen gas. The basis of the method is the measurement of the ratio of the first two rotational bands of hydrogen at 355 cm-1 and 586 cm-1 corresponding to parahydrogen and orthohydrogen, respectively. The method has been used to determine the parahydrogen content during a production process and a reaction. In the first example, the performance of an in-house liquid nitrogen cooled parahydrogen generator was monitored both at-line and on-line. The Raman measurements showed that it took several hours for the generator to reach steady state and, hence, for maximum parahydrogen production (50%) to be reached. The results obtained using Raman spectroscopy were compared to those obtained by at-line low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. While the results were in good agreement, Raman analysis has several advantages over NMR for this application. The Raman method does not require a reference sample, as both spin isomers (ortho and para) of hydrogen can be directly detected, which simplifies the procedure and eliminates some sources of error. In the second example, the method was used to monitor the fast conversion of parahydrogen to orthohydrogen in situ. Here the ability to acquire Raman spectra every 30 s enabled a conversion process with a rate constant of 27.4×10-4 s-1 to be monitored. The Raman method described here represents an improvement on previously reported work, in that it can be easily applied on-line and is approximately 500 times faster. This offers the potential of an industrially compatible method for determining parahydrogen content in applications that require the storage and usage of hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Parrott
- 1 WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and CPACT, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Peter M Richardson
- 3 Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM), Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Olga Semenova
- 3 Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM), Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Meghan E Halse
- 3 Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM), Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Simon B Duckett
- 3 Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM), Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Alison Nordon
- 1 WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and CPACT, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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18
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Buckenmaier K, Rudolph M, Fehling P, Steffen T, Back C, Bernard R, Pohmann R, Bernarding J, Kleiner R, Koelle D, Plaumann M, Scheffler K. Mutual benefit achieved by combining ultralow-field magnetic resonance and hyperpolarizing techniques. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:125103. [PMID: 30599552 DOI: 10.1063/1.5043369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultralow-field (ULF) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are promising spectroscopy and imaging methods allowing for, e.g., the simultaneous detection of multiple nuclei or imaging in the vicinity of metals. To overcome the inherently low signal-to-noise ratio that usually hampers a wider application, we present an alternative approach to prepolarized ULF MRS employing hyperpolarization techniques like signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) or Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP). Both techniques allow continuous hyperpolarization of 1H as well as other MR-active nuclei. For the implementation, a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)-based ULF MRS/MRI detection scheme was constructed. Due to the very low intrinsic noise level, SQUIDs are superior to conventional Faraday detection coils at ULFs. Additionally, the broadband characteristics of SQUIDs enable them to simultaneously detect the MR signal of different nuclei such as 13C, 19F, or 1H. Since SQUIDs detect the MR signal directly, they are an ideal tool for a quantitative investigation of hyperpolarization techniques such as SABRE or ODNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Buckenmaier
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul Fehling
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Theodor Steffen
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Back
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Quantum Science (CQ) in LISA+, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Bernard
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Pohmann
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Bernarding
- Department for Biometrics and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Reinhold Kleiner
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Quantum Science (CQ) in LISA+, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Koelle
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Quantum Science (CQ) in LISA+, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Plaumann
- Department for Biometrics and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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19
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Abstract
With the use of solid parahydrogen in matrix isolation spectroscopy becoming more commonplace over the past few decades, it is increasingly important to understand the behavior of molecules isolated in this solid. The mobility of molecules in solid parahydrogen can play an important role in the dynamics of the system. Water molecules embedded in solid parahydrogen as deposited were found to be mobile at 4.0 K on the time scale of a few days. The diffusion at this temperature must be due to quantum tunneling in solid parahydrogen. The diffusion dynamics were analyzed based on the theory of nucleation. The concentration dependence on the diffusion rate indicates that there might be correlated motion of water molecules, a signature of quantum diffusion. We find that both water monomers and water dimers migrate in solid parahydrogen and provide insight into the behavior of molecules embedded in this quantum crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Moore
- Department of Chemistry , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Pavle Djuricanin
- Department of Chemistry , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Takamasa Momose
- Department of Chemistry , The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
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20
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Richardson PM, John RO, Parrott AJ, Rayner PJ, Iali W, Nordon A, Halse ME, Duckett SB. Quantification of hyperpolarisation efficiency in SABRE and SABRE-Relay enhanced NMR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:26362-26371. [PMID: 30303501 PMCID: PMC6202922 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05473h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
para-Hydrogen (p-H2) induced polarisation (PHIP) is an increasingly popular method for sensitivity enhancement in NMR spectroscopy. Its growing popularity is due in part to the introduction of the signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) method that generates renewable hyperpolarisation in target analytes in seconds. A key benefit of PHIP and SABRE is that p-H2 can be relatively easily and cheaply produced, with costs increasing with the desired level of p-H2 purity. In this work, the efficiency of the SABRE polarisation transfer is explored by measuring the level of analyte hyperpolarisation as a function of the level of p-H2 enrichment. A linear relationship was found between p-H2 enrichment and analyte 1H hyperpolarisation for a range of molecules, polarisation transfer catalysts, NMR detection fields and for both the SABRE and SABRE-Relay transfer mechanisms over the range 29-99% p-H2 purity. The gradient of these linear relationships were related to a simple theoretical model to define an overall efficiency parameter, E, that quantifies the net fraction of the available p-H2 polarisation that is transferred to the target analyte. We find that the efficiency of SABRE is independent of the NMR detection field and exceeds E = 20% for methyl-4,6-d2-nicotinate when using a previously optimised catalyst system. For the SABRE-Relay transfer mechanism, efficiencies of up to E = 1% were found for 1H polarisation of 1-propanol, when ammonia was used as the polarisation carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Richardson
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK.
| | - Richard O John
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK.
| | - Andrew J Parrott
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and CPACT, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter J Rayner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK.
| | - Wissam Iali
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK.
| | - Alison Nordon
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and CPACT, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Meghan E Halse
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK.
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK.
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21
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Richardson PM, Parrott AJ, Semenova O, Nordon A, Duckett SB, Halse ME. SABRE hyperpolarization enables high-sensitivity 1H and 13C benchtop NMR spectroscopy. Analyst 2018; 143:3442-3450. [PMID: 29917031 PMCID: PMC6040279 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00596f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Benchtop NMR spectrometers operating with low magnetic fields of 1-2 T at sub-ppm resolution show great promise as analytical platforms that can be used outside the traditional laboratory environment for industrial process monitoring. One current limitation that reduces the uptake of benchtop NMR is associated with the detection fields' reduced sensitivity. Here we demonstrate how para-hydrogen (p-H2) based signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE), a simple to achieve hyperpolarization technique, enhances agent detectability within the environment of a benchtop (1 T) NMR spectrometer so that informative 1H and 13C NMR spectra can be readily recorded for low-concentration analytes. SABRE-derived 1H NMR signal enhancements of up to 17 000-fold, corresponding to 1H polarization levels of P = 5.9%, were achieved for 26 mM pyridine in d4-methanol in a matter of seconds. Comparable enhancement levels can be achieved in both deuterated and protio solvents but now the SABRE-enhanced analyte signals dominate due to the comparatively weak thermally-polarized solvent response. The SABRE approach also enables the acquisition of 13C NMR spectra of analytes at natural isotopic abundance in a single scan as evidenced by hyperpolarized 13C NMR spectra of tens of millimolar concentrations of 4-methylpyridine. Now the associated signal enhancement factors are up to 45 500 fold (P = 4.0%) and achieved in just 15 s. Integration of an automated SABRE polarization system with the benchtop NMR spectrometer framework produces renewable and reproducible NMR signal enhancements that can be exploited for the collection of multi-dimensional NMR spectra, exemplified here by a SABRE-enhanced 2D COSY NMR spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Richardson
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
, Department of Chemistry
, University of York
,
UK
.
;
| | - Andrew J. Parrott
- WestCHEM
, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and CPACT
, University of Strathclyde
,
Glasgow
, UK
| | - Olga Semenova
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
, Department of Chemistry
, University of York
,
UK
.
;
| | - Alison Nordon
- WestCHEM
, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and CPACT
, University of Strathclyde
,
Glasgow
, UK
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
, Department of Chemistry
, University of York
,
UK
.
;
| | - Meghan E. Halse
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
, Department of Chemistry
, University of York
,
UK
.
;
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22
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Gillis RC, Cheng YQ, Gallmeier FX, Hartl MA, Huegle T, Iverson EB. A sample holder for simultaneous Raman and neutron vibrational spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:013112. [PMID: 29390719 DOI: 10.1063/1.4997933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We have built a sample holder (called a center stick or sample stick) for performing simultaneous Raman and neutron vibrational spectroscopy on samples of material at the VISION neutron vibrational spectrometer of the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This equipment holds material samples in the neutron beam within the cryogenic environment of the VISION spectrometer, allowing for samples to be studied at temperatures as low as 5 K. It also provides the capability for gas to be loaded to or evacuated from the sample while it is loaded at VISION. The optical components for directing and filtering light are located within the cryogenic volume, in physical proximity to the sample. We describe the construction of this sample holder and discuss our first measurements of simultaneous Raman and neutron vibrational spectra. The samples that we report on were of 4-nitrophenol at a temperature of 20 K and of cryogenic hydrogen of a number of different orthohydrogen fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Gillis
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Y Q Cheng
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - F X Gallmeier
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - M A Hartl
- European Spallation Source ERIC, Box 176, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - T Huegle
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - E B Iverson
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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23
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Tsuge M, Tseng CY, Lee YP. Spectroscopy of prospective interstellar ions and radicals isolated in para-hydrogen matrices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:5344-5358. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05680j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The p-H2 matrix-isolation technique coupled with photolysis in situ or electron bombardment produces protonated or hydrogenated species important in astrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Tsuge
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu 30010
- Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Tseng
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu 30010
- Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Pern Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu 30010
- Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
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24
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Guarise M, Braggio C, Calabrese R, Carugno G, Dainelli A, Khanbekyan A, Luppi E, Mariotti E, Poggi M, Tomassetti L. Experimental setup for the growth of solid crystals of inert gases for particle detection. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:113303. [PMID: 29195346 DOI: 10.1063/1.5003296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Low energy threshold detectors are necessary in many frontier fields of the experimental physics. In this work, we present a novel detection approach based on pure or doped matrices of inert gases solidified at cryogenic temperatures. The small energy release of the incident particle can be transferred directly (in pure crystals) or through a laser-driven ionization (in doped materials) to the electrons of the medium that are then converted into free electrons. The charge collection process of the electrons that consists in their drift within the crystal and their extraction through the solid-vacuum interface gives rise to an electric signal that we exploit for preliminary tests of charge collection and crystal quality. Such tests are carried out in different matrices of neon and methane using an UV-assisted apparatus for electron injection in crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guarise
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Via G. Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - C Braggio
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and INFN Sezione di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy
| | - R Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Via G. Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - G Carugno
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and INFN Sezione di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padua, Italy
| | - A Dainelli
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali Legnaro, Viale dell'Università 2, 35020 Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - A Khanbekyan
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Via G. Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - E Luppi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Via G. Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - E Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente and INFN Siena, Via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M Poggi
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali Legnaro, Viale dell'Università 2, 35020 Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - L Tomassetti
- INFN Sezione di Ferrara, Via G. Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
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25
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Terenzi C, Bouguet-Bonnet S, Canet D. Direct 1H NMR evidence of spin-rotation coupling as a source of para → ortho-H 2 conversion in diamagnetic solvents. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:154203. [PMID: 28433034 DOI: 10.1063/1.4980079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
At ambient temperature, conversion from 100% enriched para-hydrogen (p-H2; singlet state) to ortho-hydrogen (o-H2; triplet state) leads necessarily to the thermodynamic equilibrium proportions: 75% of o-H2 and 25% of p-H2. When p-H2 is dissolved in a diamagnetic organic solvent, conversion is very slow and can be considered as arising from nuclear spin relaxation phenomena. A first relaxation mechanism, specific to the singlet state and involving a combination of auto-correlation and cross correlation spectral densities, can be retained: randomly fluctuating magnetic fields due to inter-molecular dipolar interactions. We demonstrate here that (i) this dipolar mechanism is not sufficient for accounting for the para→ortho conversion rate, (ii) spin-rotation interaction, an intra-molecular mechanism, behaves similarly to random-field interaction and, thus, may be involved in the singlet relaxation rate. Also, as the para→ortho conversion is monitored by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of dissolved o-H2 (p-H2 is NMR-silent), one has to account for H2 exchange between the liquid phase and the gas phase within the NMR tube, as well as for dissolution effects. Experimental evidence of the above statements is brought here in the case of two organic solvents: acetone-d6 and carbon disulfide. The observed temperature dependence of the para→ortho conversion rate shows that spin-rotation can be the dominant contribution to the p-H2 relaxation rate in the absence of tangible dipolar interactions. Our findings shed new light on the "mysterious" mechanism of the para→ortho conversion which has been searched for several decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Terenzi
- Université de Lorraine, CRM2, UMR 7036, Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy F-54506, France
| | | | - Daniel Canet
- Université de Lorraine, IJB, FR 2843, Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy F-54506, France
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26
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Miyamoto Y, Mizoguchi A, Kanamori H. Experimental verification of the cluster model of CH 3F-(ortho-H 2) n in solid para-H 2 by using mid-infrared pump-probe laser spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:114302. [PMID: 28330342 DOI: 10.1063/1.4978227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bleaching process in the C-F stretching mode (ν3 band) of CH3F-(ortho-H2)n [n = 0 and 1] clusters in solid para-H2 was monitored using pump and probe laser spectroscopy on the C-H stretching mode (ν1 and 2ν5 bands). From an analysis of the depleted spectral profiles, the transition frequency and linewidth of each cluster were directly determined. The results agree with the values previously derived from a deconvolution analysis of the broadened ν1/2ν5 spectrum observed by FTIR spectroscopy. The complementary increase and decrease between the n = 0 and 1 components were also verified through monitoring the ν1 and 2ν5 bands, which suggests a closed system among the CH3F-(ortho-H2)n clusters. These observations provide experimental verification of the CH3F-(ortho-H2)n cluster model. On the other hand, a trial to observe the bleaching process by pumping the C-H stretching mode was not successful. This result may be important for understanding the dynamics of vibrational relaxation processes in CH3F-(ortho-H2)n in solid para-H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Miyamoto
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 3-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Asao Mizoguchi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ohokayama 2-12-1, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Hideto Kanamori
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ohokayama 2-12-1, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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27
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Upadhyay S, Kanagin AN, Hartzell C, Christy T, Arnott WP, Momose T, Patterson D, Weinstein JD. Longitudinal Spin Relaxation of Optically Pumped Rubidium Atoms in Solid Parahydrogen. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:175301. [PMID: 27824470 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.175301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have grown crystals of solid parahydrogen using a single closed-cycle cryostat. We have doped the crystals with rubidium atoms at densities on the order of 10^{17} cm^{-3} and used optical pumping to polarize the spin state of the implanted atoms. The optical spectrum of the rubidium atoms shows larger broadening than previous work in which the rubidium was implanted in solid argon or neon. However, the optical pumping behavior is significantly improved, with both a larger optical pumping signal and a longer longitudinal relaxation time. The spin relaxation time shows a strong dependence on orthohydrogen impurity levels in the crystal, as well as the applied magnetic field. Current performance is comparable to state-of-the-art solid state systems at comparable spin densities, with potential for improvement at higher parahydrogen purities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Upadhyay
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Andrew N Kanagin
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Chase Hartzell
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Tim Christy
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - W Patrick Arnott
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Takamasa Momose
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - David Patterson
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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28
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Tokmic K, Markus CR, Zhu L, Fout AR. Well-Defined Cobalt(I) Dihydrogen Catalyst: Experimental Evidence for a Co(I)/Co(III) Redox Process in Olefin Hydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11907-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Tokmic
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles R. Markus
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lingyang Zhu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alison R. Fout
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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29
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Sundararajan K, Sankaran K, Ramanathan N, Gopi R. Production and characterization of para-hydrogen gas for matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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30
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Al-Basheer W. Matrix-isolation IR spectroscopy ofR-(+)-3-methylcyclopentanone in para-hydrogen crystal. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Watheq Al-Basheer
- Department of Physics; King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals; Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
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31
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Yang T, Huang L, Wang T, Xiao C, Xie Y, Sun Z, Dai D, Chen M, Zhang D, Yang X. Effect of Reagent Vibrational Excitation on the Dynamics of F + H2(v = 1, j = 0) → HF(v′, j′) + H Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:12284-90. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiangang Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Electron, and Ion Beams
(Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Optoelectronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 Liaoning, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of
Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Long Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of
Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of
Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, P. R. China
- Synergetic
Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chunlei Xiao
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of
Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yurun Xie
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of
Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of
Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, P. R. China
- Synergetic
Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Dongxu Dai
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of
Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Maodu Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Electron, and Ion Beams
(Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Optoelectronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of
Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, P. R. China
- Synergetic
Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xueming Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of
Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning, P. R. China
- Synergetic
Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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32
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Toh SY, Djuricanin P, Momose T, Miyazaki J. UV Photochemistry of Benzene and Cyclohexadienyl Radical in Solid Parahydrogen. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:2683-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5098537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Yi Toh
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Pavle Djuricanin
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Takamasa Momose
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jun Miyazaki
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department
of Liberal Arts and Basic Sciences, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 2-11-1 Shinei, Narashino, Chiba 275-8576, Japan
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33
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Bahou M, Das P, Lee YF, Wu YJ, Lee YP. Infrared spectra of free radicals and protonated species produced in para-hydrogen matrices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:2200-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54184c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Bahou M, Das P, Lee YF, Wu YJ, Lee YP. Infrared spectra of free radicals and protonated species produced in para-hydrogen matrices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.10.1039/c3cp54184c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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35
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Bahou M, Huang CW, Huang YL, Glatthaar J, Lee YP. Advances in Use ofp-H2as a Novel Host for Matrix IR Spectroscopy. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Miyamoto Y, Tsubouchi M, Momose T. Infrared Spectroscopy of Chloromethyl Radical in Solid Parahydrogen and Its Nuclear Spin Conversion. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:9510-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp312122p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Miyamoto
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver,
British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Masaaki Tsubouchi
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver,
British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Takamasa Momose
- Department
of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver,
British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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37
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Hövener JB, Bär S, Leupold J, Jenne K, Leibfritz D, Hennig J, Duckett SB, von Elverfeldt D. A continuous-flow, high-throughput, high-pressure parahydrogen converter for hyperpolarization in a clinical setting. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:124-131. [PMID: 22833391 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pure parahydrogen (pH(2) ) is the prerequisite for optimal pH(2) -based hyperpolarization experiments, promising approaches to access the hidden orders of magnitude of MR signals. pH(2) production on-site in medical research centers is vital for the proliferation of these technologies in the life sciences. However, previously suggested designs do not meet our requirements for safety or production performance (flow rate, pressure or enrichment). In this article, we present the safety concept, design and installation of a pH(2) converter, operated in a clinical setting. The apparatus produces a continuous flow of four standard liters per minute of ≈98% enriched pH(2) at a pressure maximum of 50 bar. The entire production cycle, including cleaning and cooling to 25 K, takes less than 5 h, only ≈45 min of which are required for actual pH(2) conversion. A fast and simple quantification procedure is described. The lifetimes of pH(2) in a glass vial and aluminum storage cylinder are measured to be T(1C) (glass vial) =822 ± 29 min and T(1C) (Al cylinder) =129 ± 36 days, thus providing sufficiently long storage intervals and allowing the application of pH(2) on demand. A dependence of line width on pH(2) enrichment is observed. As examples, (1) H hyperpolarization of pyridine and (13) C hyperpolarization of hydroxyethylpropionate are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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38
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Miyamoto Y, Momose T, Kanamori H. Cluster size resolving analysis of CH3F-(ortho-H2)n in solid para-hydrogen using FTIR absorption spectroscopy at 3 μm region. J Chem Phys 2012. [PMID: 23181314 DOI: 10.1063/1.4765698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared absorption spectra of methyl fluoride with ortho-hydrogen (ortho-H(2)) clusters in a solid para-hydrogen (para-H(2)) crystal at 3.6 K were studied in the C-H stretching fundamental region (~3000 cm(-1)) using an FTIR spectrometer. As shown previously, the ν(3) C-F stretching fundamental band of CH(3)F-(ortho-H(2))(n) (n = 0, 1, 2, ...) clusters at 1040 cm(-1) shows a series of n discrete absorption lines, which correspond to different-sized clusters. We observed three unresolved broad peaks in the C-H stretching region and applied this cluster model to them assuming the same intensity distribution function as the ν(3) band. A fitting analysis successfully gave us the linewidth and lineshift of the components in each vibrational band. It was found that the separately determined linewidth, matrix shift of the band origin, and cluster shift are dependent on the vibrational mode. From the transition intensities of the monomer component derived from the fitting analysis, we discuss the mixing ratio of the vibrational modes due to Fermi resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 3-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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39
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Crabtree KN, McCall BJ. The ortho : para ratio of H3+ in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2012; 370:5055-5065. [PMID: 23028153 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In diffuse molecular clouds, the nuclear spin temperature of H(3)(+) (approx. 30 K) is much lower than the cloud kinetic temperature (approx. 70 K). To understand this temperature discrepancy, we have measured the ratio of the hop to exchange pathways (α) in the H(3)(+) + H(2) --> H(2) + H(3)(+) reaction (which interconverts ortho- and para-H(3)(+)) using high-resolution spectroscopy of the ν(2) fundamental band of H(3)(+) in a hydrogenic plasma. We find that α decreases from 1.6±0.1 at 350 K to its statistical value of 0.5±0.1 at 135 K. We use this result to model the steady-state chemistry of diffuse molecular clouds, finding good agreement with astronomical data provided the dissociative recombination rates of ortho- and para-H(3)(+) are equal and the identity branching fraction for the H(3)(+) + H(2) reaction is large. Our results highlight the need for further studies of the H(3)(+) + H(2) reaction as well as state-selective measurements of H(3)(+) dissociative recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle N Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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40
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Dohnal P, Hejduk M, Varju J, Rubovič P, Roučka Š, Kotrík T, Plašil R, Glosík J, Johnsen R. Binary and ternary recombination of para-H3+ and ortho-H3+ with electrons: State selective study at 77–200 K. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:244304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4730162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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41
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Feng B, Coffey AM, Colon RD, Chekmenev EY, Waddell KW. A pulsed injection parahydrogen generator and techniques for quantifying enrichment. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2012; 214:258-62. [PMID: 22188975 PMCID: PMC3268554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A device is presented for efficiently enriching parahydrogen by pulsed injection of ambient hydrogen gas. Hydrogen input to the generator is pulsed at high pressure to a catalyst chamber making thermal contact with the cold head of a closed-cycle cryocooler maintained between 15 and 20K. The system enables fast production (0.9 standard liters per minute) and allows for a wide range of production targets. Production rates can be systematically adjusted by varying the actuation sequence of high-pressure solenoid valves, which are controlled via an open source microcontroller to sample all combinations between fast and thorough enrichment by varying duration of hydrogen contact in the catalyst chamber. The entire enrichment cycle from optimization to quantification and storage kinetics are also described. Conversion of the para spin-isomer to orthohydrogen in borosilicate tubes was measured at 8 min intervals over a period of 64 h with a 12 T NMR spectrometer. These relaxation curves were then used to extract initial enrichment by exploiting the known equilibrium (relaxed) distribution of spin isomers with linear least squares fitting to a single exponential decay curve with an estimated error less than or equal to 1%. This procedure is time-consuming, but requires only one sample pressurized to atmosphere. Given that tedious matching to external references are unnecessary with this procedure, we find it to be useful for periodic inspection of generator performance. The equipment and procedures offer a variation in generator design that eliminate the need to meter flow while enabling access to increased rates of production. These tools for enriching and quantifying parahydrogen have been in steady use for 3 years and should be helpful as a template or as reference material for building and operating a parahydrogen production facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibo Feng
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-2310, United States
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42
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Miyamoto Y, Ooe H, Kuma S, Kawaguchi K, Nakajima K, Nakano I, Sasao N, Tang J, Taniguchi T, Yoshimura M. Spectroscopy of HF and HF-Containing Clusters in Solid Parahydrogen. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:14254-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jp207419m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 3-1-1 Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ooe
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 3-1-1 Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Susumu Kuma
- Research Core for Extreme Quantum World, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 3-1-1 Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kentarou Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 3-1-1 Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kyo Nakajima
- Research Core for Extreme Quantum World, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 3-1-1 Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Itsuo Nakano
- Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 3-1-1 Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Noboru Sasao
- Research Core for Extreme Quantum World, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 3-1-1 Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Jian Tang
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 3-1-1 Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Core for Extreme Quantum World, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 3-1-1 Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Motohiko Yoshimura
- Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 3-1-1 Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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43
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McKellar ARW, Mizoguchi A, Kanamori H. High resolution quantum cascade laser studies of the ν3 band of methyl fluoride in solid para-hydrogen. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:124511. [PMID: 21974539 DOI: 10.1063/1.3640888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectra of solid para-H(2) doped with CH(3)F at 1.8 K are studied in the ν(3) region (~1040 cm(-1)) using a quantum cascade laser source. As shown previously, residual ortho-H(2) in the sample (~1000 ppm) gives rise to distinct spectral features due to clusters of the form CH(3)F-(ortho-H(2))(N), with N = 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. Brief annealing at 7 K is found to give narrower spectral lines (≥0.006 cm(-1)) than conventional (5 K) annealing, and causes the N = 3 and 4 lines to fragment into two or more components. The N = 3 line is observed to be particularly stable and persistent. The N = 0 line (no ortho-H(2) neighbors) is resolved into two closely spaced (≈0.007 cm(-1)) components which are assigned to the K = 0 and 1 states of CH(3)F rotating around its C(3v) symmetry axis (ortho- and para-CH(3)F, respectively). Similar K-structure is also evident for other lines. Weak but persistent features ("N = 1/2 lines") are observed mid way between N = 0 and 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R W McKellar
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ohokayama 2-12-1, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
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44
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Fajardo M. Matrix Isolation Spectroscopy in Solid Parahydrogen. PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY AT LOW TEMPERATURES 2011:167-202. [DOI: 10.1201/b11403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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45
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Kuma S, Nakahara H, Tsubouchi M, Takahashi A, Mustafa M, Sim G, Momose T, Vilesov AF. Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Tetracene with Large Ar, Ne, and H2 Clusters in Superfluid He Nanodroplets. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:7392-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp203341r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kuma
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hiroko Nakahara
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Masaaki Tsubouchi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Akira Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Majd Mustafa
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Goeun Sim
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Takamasa Momose
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Andrey F. Vilesov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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46
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Crabtree KN, Kauffman CA, Tom BA, Beçka E, McGuire BA, McCall BJ. Nuclear spin dependence of the reaction of H3+ with H2. II. Experimental measurements. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:194311. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3587246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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47
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Perera M, Tom BA, Miyamoto Y, Porambo MW, Moore LE, Evans WR, Momose T, McCall BJ. Refractive index measurements of solid parahydrogen. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:840-842. [PMID: 21403702 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Solid para-H2 is a promising gain medium for stimulated Raman scattering, due to its high number density and narrow Raman linewidth. In preparation for the design of a cw solid hydrogen Raman laser, we have made the first measurements, to our knowledge, of the index of refraction of a solid para-H2 crystal, in the wavelength range of 430-1100 nm. For a crystal stabilized at 4.4 K, this refractive index is measured to be n(p-H2)=1.130±0.001 at 514 nm. A slight, but significant, dependence on the final crystal-growth temperature is observed, with higher n(p-H2) at higher crystal-growth temperatures. Once a crystal is grown, it can be heated up to 10 K with no change in n(p-H2). The refractive index varies only slightly over the observed wavelength range, and no significant birefringence was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manori Perera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Tom BA, Mills AA, Wiczer MB, Crabtree KN, McCall BJ. Communications: Development and characterization of a source of rotationally cold, enriched para-H3+. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:081103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3322827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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