1
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Mootz M, Iadecola T, Yao YX. Adaptive Variational Quantum Computing Approaches for Green's Functions and Nonlinear Susceptibilities. J Chem Theory Comput 2024. [PMID: 39331732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
We present and benchmark quantum computing approaches for calculating real-time single-particle Green's functions and nonlinear susceptibilities of Hamiltonian systems. The approaches leverage adaptive variational quantum algorithms for state preparation and propagation. Using automatically generated compact circuits, the dynamical evolution is performed over sufficiently long times to achieve adequate frequency resolution of the response functions. We showcase accurate Green's function calculations using a statevector simulator on classical hardware for Fermi-Hubbard chains of 4 and 6 sites, with maximal ansatz circuit depths of 65 and 424 layers, respectively, and for the molecule LiH with a maximal ansatz circuit depth of 81 layers. Additionally, we consider an antiferromagnetic quantum spin-1 model that incorporates the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction to illustrate calculations of the third-order nonlinear susceptibilities, which can be measured in two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy experiments. These results demonstrate that real-time approaches using adaptive parametrized circuits to evaluate linear and nonlinear response functions can be feasible with near-term quantum processors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mootz
- Ames National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Thomas Iadecola
- Ames National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Yong-Xin Yao
- Ames National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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2
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Gill TB, Pavlov S, Kidd CS, Dean P, Burnett AD, Dunn A, Li L, Abrosimov NV, Hübers HW, Linfield EH, Davies AG, Freeman JR. 2D Time-Domain Spectroscopy for Determination of Energy and Momentum Relaxation Rates of Hydrogen-Like Donor States in Germanium. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:1447-1455. [PMID: 38645998 PMCID: PMC11027176 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
We present measurements of the coherence times of excited states of hydrogen-like arsenic impurities in germanium (Ge:As) using a table-top two-dimensional time-domain spectroscopy (2D-TDS) system. We show that this laboratory system is capable of resolving the coherence lifetimes of atomic-like excited levels of impurity centers in semiconductors, such as those used in solid-state quantum information technologies, on a subpicosecond time scale. By fitting the coherent nonlinear response of the system with the known intracenter transition frequencies, we are able to monitor coherent population transfer and decay of the transitions from the 2p0 and 2p± states for different low excitation pulse fields. Furthermore, by examining the off-diagonal resonances in the 2D frequency-domain map, we are able to identify coherences between excited electronic states that are not visible via conventional single-frequency pump-probe or Hahn-echo measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Gill
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Sergei Pavlov
- Institute
of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace
Center (DLR), Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Connor S. Kidd
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Paul Dean
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Andrew D. Burnett
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Aniela Dunn
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Lianhe Li
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | | | - Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers
- Institute
of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace
Center (DLR), Berlin 12489, Germany
- Institut
für Physik, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Edmund H. Linfield
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - A. Giles Davies
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Joshua R. Freeman
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
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3
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Huang C, Luo L, Mootz M, Shang J, Man P, Su L, Perakis IE, Yao YX, Wu A, Wang J. Extreme terahertz magnon multiplication induced by resonant magnetic pulse pairs. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3214. [PMID: 38615025 PMCID: PMC11016094 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear interactions of spin-waves and their quanta, magnons, have emerged as prominent candidates for interference-based technology, ranging from quantum transduction to antiferromagnetic spintronics. Yet magnon multiplication in the terahertz (THz) spectral region represents a major challenge. Intense, resonant magnetic fields from THz pulse-pairs with controllable phases and amplitudes enable high order THz magnon multiplication, distinct from non-resonant nonlinearities such as the high harmonic generation by below-band gap electric fields. Here, we demonstrate exceptionally high-order THz nonlinear magnonics. It manifests as 7th-order spin-wave-mixing and 6th harmonic magnon generation in an antiferromagnetic orthoferrite. We use THz two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy to achieve high-sensitivity detection of nonlinear magnon interactions up to six-magnon quanta in strongly-driven many-magnon correlated states. The high-order magnon multiplication, supported by classical and quantum spin simulations, elucidates the significance of four-fold magnetic anisotropy and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya symmetry breaking. Moreover, our results shed light on the potential quantum fluctuation properties inherent in nonlinear magnons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Huang
- Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - L Luo
- Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - M Mootz
- Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - J Shang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201899, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - P Man
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201899, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - L Su
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201899, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - I E Perakis
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1170, USA
| | - Y X Yao
- Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - A Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201899, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - J Wang
- Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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4
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Zhang S, Sun Z, Liu Q, Wang Z, Wu Q, Yue L, Xu S, Hu T, Li R, Zhou X, Yuan J, Gu G, Dong T, Wang N. Revealing the frequency-dependent oscillations in the nonlinear terahertz response induced by the Josephson current. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad163. [PMID: 37818116 PMCID: PMC10561709 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear responses of superconductors to intense terahertz radiation has been an active research frontier. Using terahertz pump-terahertz probe spectroscopy, we investigate the c-axis nonlinear optical response of a high-temperature superconducting cuprate. After excitation by a single-cycle terahertz pump pulse, the reflectivity of the probe pulse oscillates as the pump-probe delay is varied. Interestingly, the oscillatory central frequency scales linearly with the probe frequency, a fact widely overlooked in pump-probe experiments. By theoretically solving the nonlinear optical reflection problem on the interface, we show that our observation is well explained by the Josephson-type third-order nonlinear electrodynamics, together with the emission coefficient from inside the material into free space. The latter results in a strong enhancement of the emitted signal whose physical frequency is around the Josephson plasma edge. Our result offers a benchmark for and new insights into strong-field terahertz spectroscopy of related quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Zhang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiaomei Liu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zixiao Wang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Yue
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuxiang Xu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianchen Hu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rongsheng Li
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiayu Yuan
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Genda Gu
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Tao Dong
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nanlin Wang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100913, China
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5
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Gelin MF, Chen L, Domcke W. Equation-of-Motion Methods for the Calculation of Femtosecond Time-Resolved 4-Wave-Mixing and N-Wave-Mixing Signals. Chem Rev 2022; 122:17339-17396. [PMID: 36278801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond nonlinear spectroscopy is the main tool for the time-resolved detection of photophysical and photochemical processes. Since most systems of chemical interest are rather complex, theoretical support is indispensable for the extraction of the intrinsic system dynamics from the detected spectroscopic responses. There exist two alternative theoretical formalisms for the calculation of spectroscopic signals, the nonlinear response-function (NRF) approach and the spectroscopic equation-of-motion (EOM) approach. In the NRF formalism, the system-field interaction is assumed to be sufficiently weak and is treated in lowest-order perturbation theory for each laser pulse interacting with the sample. The conceptual alternative to the NRF method is the extraction of the spectroscopic signals from the solutions of quantum mechanical, semiclassical, or quasiclassical EOMs which govern the time evolution of the material system interacting with the radiation field of the laser pulses. The NRF formalism and its applications to a broad range of material systems and spectroscopic signals have been comprehensively reviewed in the literature. This article provides a detailed review of the suite of EOM methods, including applications to 4-wave-mixing and N-wave-mixing signals detected with weak or strong fields. Under certain circumstances, the spectroscopic EOM methods may be more efficient than the NRF method for the computation of various nonlinear spectroscopic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim F Gelin
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lipeng Chen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85747 Garching,Germany
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6
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Mousavi SJ, Berger A, Hamm P, Shalit A. Low-frequency anharmonic couplings in bromoform revealed from 2D Raman-THz spectroscopy: from the liquid to the crystalline phase. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:174501. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0090520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) Raman-THz spectroscopy in the frequency up to 7 THz has been applied to study the crystalline beta-phase of bromoform (CHBr3). As for liquid CHBr3, cross peaks are observed, which however sharpen up in the crystalline sample and split into assignable sub-contributions. In the Raman dimension, the frequency positions of these cross peaks coincide with the intramolecular bending modes of the CHBr3 molecules, and in the THz dimension with the IR active lattice modes of the crystal. This work expands the applicability of this new 2D spectroscopic technique to solid samples at cryogenic temperatures. Furthermore, it provides new experimental evidence that the cross peaks indeed originate from the coupling between intra- and intermolecular vibrational modes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arian Berger
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universitaet Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Hamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Koll LM, Maikowski L, Drescher L, Vrakking MJJ, Witting T. Phase-locking of time-delayed attosecond XUV pulse pairs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:7082-7095. [PMID: 35299479 DOI: 10.1364/oe.452018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a setup for the generation of phase-locked attosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulse pairs. The attosecond pulse pairs are generated by high harmonic generation (HHG) driven by two phase-locked near-infrared (NIR) pulses that are produced using an actively stabilized Mach-Zehnder interferometer compatible with near-single cycle pulses. The attosecond XUV pulses can be delayed over a range of 400 fs with a sub-10-as delay jitter. We validate the precision and the accuracy of the setup by XUV optical interferometry and by retrieving the energies of Rydberg states of helium in an XUV pump-NIR probe photoelectron spectroscopy experiment.
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8
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Mornhinweg J, Halbhuber M, Ciuti C, Bougeard D, Huber R, Lange C. Tailored Subcycle Nonlinearities of Ultrastrong Light-Matter Coupling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:177404. [PMID: 33988443 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.177404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We explore the nonlinear response of tailor-cut light-matter hybrid states in a novel regime, where both the Rabi frequency induced by a coherent driving field and the vacuum Rabi frequency set by a cavity field are comparable to the carrier frequency of light. In this previously unexplored strong-field limit of ultrastrong coupling, subcycle pump-probe and multiwave mixing nonlinearities between different polariton states violate the normal-mode approximation while ultrastrong coupling remains intact, as confirmed by our mean-field model. We expect such custom-cut nonlinearities of hybridized elementary excitations to facilitate nonclassical light sources, quantum phase transitions, or cavity chemistry with virtual photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mornhinweg
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Halbhuber
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Ciuti
- Université de Paris, laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - D Bougeard
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - R Huber
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Lange
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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9
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Woerner M, Ghalgaoui A, Reimann K, Elsaesser T. Two-color two-dimensional terahertz spectroscopy: A new approach for exploring even-order nonlinearities in the nonperturbative regime. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:154203. [PMID: 33887936 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear two-dimensional terahertz (2D-THz) spectroscopy at frequencies of the emitted THz signal different from the driving frequencies allows for exploring the regime of (off-)resonant even-order nonlinearities in condensed matter. To demonstrate the potential of this method, we study two phenomena in the nonlinear THz response of bulk GaAs: (i) The nonlinear THz response to a pair of femtosecond near-infrared pulses unravels novel fourth- and sixth-order contributions involving interband shift currents, Raman-like excitations of transverse-optical phonon and intervalence-band coherences. (ii) Transient interband tunneling of electrons driven by ultrashort mid-infrared pulses can be effectively controlled by a low-frequency THz field with amplitudes below 50 kV/cm. The THz field controls the electron-hole separation modifying decoherence and the irreversibility of carrier generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Woerner
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghalgaoui
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Reimann
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Elsaesser
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Reimann K, Woerner M, Elsaesser T. Two-dimensional terahertz spectroscopy of condensed-phase molecular systems. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:120901. [PMID: 33810677 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear terahertz (THz) spectroscopy relies on the interaction of matter with few-cycle THz pulses of electric field amplitudes up to megavolts/centimeter (MV/cm). In condensed-phase molecular systems, both resonant interactions with elementary excitations at low frequencies such as intra- and intermolecular vibrations and nonresonant field-driven processes are relevant. Two-dimensional THz (2D-THz) spectroscopy is a key method for following nonequilibrium processes and dynamics of excitations to decipher the underlying interactions and molecular couplings. This article addresses the state of the art in 2D-THz spectroscopy by discussing the main concepts and illustrating them with recent results. The latter include the response of vibrational excitations in molecular crystals up to the nonperturbative regime of light-matter interaction and field-driven ionization processes and electron transport in liquid water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Reimann
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Woerner
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Elsaesser
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Raab J, Mezzapesa FP, Viti L, Dessmann N, Diebel LK, Li L, Davies AG, Linfield EH, Lange C, Huber R, Vitiello MS. Ultrafast terahertz saturable absorbers using tailored intersubband polaritons. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4290. [PMID: 32855392 PMCID: PMC7453201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor heterostructures have enabled a great variety of applications ranging from GHz electronics to photonic quantum devices. While nonlinearities play a central role for cutting-edge functionality, they require strong field amplitudes owing to the weak light-matter coupling of electronic resonances of naturally occurring materials. Here, we ultrastrongly couple intersubband transitions of semiconductor quantum wells to the photonic mode of a metallic cavity in order to custom-tailor the population and polarization dynamics of intersubband cavity polaritons in the saturation regime. Two-dimensional THz spectroscopy reveals strong subcycle nonlinearities including six-wave mixing and a collapse of light-matter coupling within 900 fs. This collapse bleaches the absorption, at a peak intensity one order of magnitude lower than previous all-integrated approaches and well achievable by state-of-the-art QCLs, as demonstrated by a saturation of the structure under cw-excitation. We complement our data by a quantitative theory. Our results highlight a path towards passively mode-locked QCLs based on polaritonic saturable absorbers in a monolithic single-chip design. Structures that can enhance the capabilities of quantum cascade lasers are highly sought after to improve their practicality for a range of applications. Here the authors demonstrate such a structure in a saturable absorber that takes advantage of intersubband polaritons in the terahertz range and study coherent nonlinear dynamics in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Raab
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Francesco P Mezzapesa
- NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, I-56127, Italy
| | - Leonardo Viti
- NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, I-56127, Italy
| | - Nils Dessmann
- NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, I-56127, Italy
| | - Laura K Diebel
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lianhe Li
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A Giles Davies
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Edmund H Linfield
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christoph Lange
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.,Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rupert Huber
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Miriam S Vitiello
- NEST, CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, I-56127, Italy.
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12
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Sidler D, Hamm P. A Feynman diagram description of the 2D-Raman-THz response of amorphous ice. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:044502. [PMID: 32752676 DOI: 10.1063/5.0018485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2D-Raman-THz response in all possible time-orderings (Raman-THz-THz, THz-Raman-THz, and THz-THz-Raman) of amorphous water ice is calculated in two ways: from atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and with the help of a Feynman diagram model, the latter of which power-expands the potential energy surface and the dipole and polarizability surfaces up to leading order. Comparing both results allows one to dissect the 2D-Raman-THz response into contributions from mechanical anharmonicity, as well as electrical dipole and polarizability anharmonicities. Mechanical anharmonicity dominates the 2D-Raman-THz response of the hydrogen-bond stretching and hydrogen-bond bending bands of water, and dipole anharmonicity dominates that of the librational band, while the contribution of polarizability anharmonicity is comparably weak. A distinct echo of the hydrogen-bond stretching band is observed for the THz-Raman-THz pulse sequence, again dominated by mechanical anharmonicity. A peculiar mechanism is discussed, which is based on the coupling between the many normal modes within the hydrogen-bond stretching band and which will inevitably generate such an echo for an amorphous structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sidler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Hamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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13
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Ghalgaoui A, Reimann K, Woerner M, Elsaesser T, Flytzanis C, Biermann K. Frequency Upshift of the Transverse Optical Phonon Resonance in GaAs by Femtosecond Electron-Hole Excitation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:027401. [PMID: 32701339 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.027401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The impact of transient electric currents on the transverse optical (TO) phonon resonance is studied after excitation by two femtosecond near-infrared pulses via the fourth-order nonlinear terahertz emission. Nonlinear signals due to interband shift currents and heavy-hole-light-hole polarizations are separated from Raman-induced TO phonon coherences. The latter display a frequency upshift by some 100 GHz upon interband excitation of an electron-hole plasma. The frequency shift is caused by transverse electronic shift currents, which modify the dielectric function. A local-field model based on microscopic current densities reproduces the observed frequency upshift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ghalgaoui
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Reimann
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Woerner
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Elsaesser
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christos Flytzanis
- Laboratoire de Physique, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Klaus Biermann
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, 10117 Berlin. Germany
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14
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Ciardi G, Berger A, Hamm P, Shalit A. Signatures of Intra- and Intermolecular Vibrational Coupling in Halogenated Liquids Revealed by Two-Dimensional Raman-Terahertz Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4463-4468. [PMID: 31318212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid two-dimensional (2D) Raman-terahertz spectroscopy with the Raman-terahertz-terahertz (RTT) pulse sequence is used to explore the ultrafast intra- and intermolecular degrees of freedom of liquid bromoform (CHBr3) in the frequency range of 1-8 THz. Cross peaks observed in these 2D spectra are assigned to the coupling between the narrow intramolecular modes of the molecules and the much broader intermolecular degrees of freedom of the liquid. This assignment is based on the frequency position of the cross peaks; however, it is shown that these frequency positions can be deduced accurately only when properly taking into account the convolution of the molecular response with the instrument response function of the experimental setup, the latter of which distorts the 2D spectra considerably. The assignment is supported by additional experiments on diiodomethane (CH2I2), which has only one intramolecular mode in the frequency range of the experiment, and hence excludes the possibility of intramolecular couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ciardi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Arian Berger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Peter Hamm
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Andrey Shalit
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
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15
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Diederich GM, Siemens ME. Absolute phase calibration in phase-modulated multidimensional coherent spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3054-3057. [PMID: 31199379 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Establishing the correct phase in multidimensional coherent spectroscopy (MDCS) experiments is critical because the interpretation of quantum pathways is based on the phase of their associated spectral features but is not trivial because the phase introduced by experimental conditions can contaminate the signal. Most phase-modulated MDCS (PM-MDCS) experiments study molecular systems for which the spectra can be phased to produce absorptive lineshapes, but this assumption of absorptive lineshapes can break down in more complicated systems. We present a robust technique for correcting the phase in PM-MDCS experiments and demonstrate accurate spectrum phasing for an anharmonic system.
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Raab J, Lange C, Boland JL, Laepple I, Furthmeier M, Dardanis E, Dessmann N, Li L, Linfield EH, Davies AG, Vitiello MS, Huber R. Ultrafast two-dimensional field spectroscopy of terahertz intersubband saturable absorbers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:2248-2257. [PMID: 30732264 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.002248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intersubband (ISB) transitions in semiconductor multi-quantum well (MQW) structures are promising candidates for the development of saturable absorbers at terahertz (THz) frequencies. Here, we exploit amplitude and phase-resolved two-dimensional (2D) THz spectroscopy on the sub-cycle time scale to observe directly the saturation dynamics and coherent control of ISB transitions in a metal-insulator MQW structure. Clear signatures of incoherent pump-probe and coherent four-wave mixing signals are recorded as a function of the peak electric field of the single-cycle THz pulses. All nonlinear signals reach a pronounced maximum for a THz electric field amplitude of 11 kV/cm and decrease for higher fields. We demonstrate that this behavior is a fingerprint of THz-driven carrier-wave Rabi flopping. A numerical solution of the Maxwell-Bloch equations reproduces our experimental findings quantitatively and traces the trajectory of the Bloch vector. This microscopic model allows us to design tailored MQW structures with optimized dynamical properties for saturable absorbers that could be used in future compact semiconductor-based single-cycle THz sources.
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17
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Sidler D, Hamm P. Feynman diagram description of 2D-Raman-THz spectroscopy applied to water. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:044202. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5079497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Sidler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Hamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Diederich GM, Autry TM, Siemens ME. Diagonal slice four-wave mixing: natural separation of coherent broadening mechanisms. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:6061-6064. [PMID: 30548004 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.006061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present an ultrafast coherent spectroscopy data acquisition scheme that samples slices of the time domain used in multidimensional coherent spectroscopy to achieve faster data collection than full spectra. We derive analytical expressions for resonance lineshapes using this technique that completely separate homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening contributions into separate projected lineshapes for arbitrary inhomogeneous broadening. These lineshape expressions are also valid for slices taken from full multidimensional spectra and allow direct measurement of the parameters contributing to the lineshapes in those spectra as well as our own.
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19
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Gingras L, Cui W, Schiff-Kearn AW, Ménard JM, Cooke DG. Active phase control of terahertz pulses using a dynamic waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:13876-13882. [PMID: 29877433 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.013876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Control over the spectral phase of a light pulse is a fundamental step toward arbitrary signal generation in a spectral band. For the terahertz spectral regime, pulse shaping holds the key for applications ranging from ultra-high speed wireless data transmission to quantum control with shaped fields. In this work, we demonstrate a technique for all-optical and reconfigurable control of the spectral phase of a light pulse in the important terahertz (THz) band. The technique is based on interaction of a guided THz pulse with patterned photoexcited regions within a uniform silicon-filled parallel-plate waveguide. We use this platform to demonstrate broadband and tunable positive and negative chirp of a THz pulse, as well as control of the pulse carrier envelope phase.
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20
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Grechko M, Hasegawa T, D'Angelo F, Ito H, Turchinovich D, Nagata Y, Bonn M. Coupling between intra- and intermolecular motions in liquid water revealed by two-dimensional terahertz-infrared-visible spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:885. [PMID: 29491413 PMCID: PMC5830436 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between intramolecular and intermolecular degrees of freedom in liquid water underlies fundamental chemical and physical phenomena such as energy dissipation and proton transfer. Yet, it has been challenging to elucidate the coupling between these different types of modes. Here, we report on the direct observation and quantification of the coupling between intermolecular and intramolecular coordinates using two-dimensional, ultra-broadband, terahertz-infrared-visible (2D TIRV) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics calculations. Our study reveals strong coupling of the O-H stretch vibration, independent of the degree of delocalization of this high-frequency mode, to low-frequency intermolecular motions over a wide frequency range from 50 to 250 cm-1, corresponding to both the intermolecular hydrogen bond bending (≈ 60 cm-1) and stretching (≈ 180 cm-1) modes. Our results provide mechanistic insights into the coupling of the O-H stretch vibration to collective, delocalized intermolecular modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Grechko
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Taisuke Hasegawa
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Francesco D'Angelo
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hironobu Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, 422-8529, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Dmitry Turchinovich
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Yuki Nagata
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
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21
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Hamm P, Meuwly M, Johnson SL, Beaud P, Staub U. Perspective: THz-driven nuclear dynamics from solids to molecules. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:061601. [PMID: 29308420 PMCID: PMC5741436 DOI: 10.1063/1.4992050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen dramatic developments in the technology of intense pulsed light sources in the THz frequency range. Since many dipole-active excitations in solids and molecules also lie in this range, there is now a tremendous potential to use these light sources to study linear and nonlinear dynamics in such systems. While several experimental investigations of THz-driven dynamics in solid-state systems have demonstrated a variety of interesting linear and nonlinear phenomena, comparatively few efforts have been made to drive analogous dynamics in molecular systems. In the present Perspective article, we discuss the similarities and differences between THz-driven dynamics in solid-state and molecular systems on both conceptual and practical levels. We also discuss the experimental parameters needed for these types of experiments and thereby provide design criteria for a further development of this new research branch. Finally, we present a few recent examples to illustrate the rich physics that may be learned from nonlinear THz excitations of phonons in solids as well as inter-molecular vibrations in liquid and gas-phase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steve L Johnson
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Beaud
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Urs Staub
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
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22
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23
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Rao BJ, Gelin MF, Domcke W. Resonant femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy with an intense actinic
pump pulse: Application to conical intersections. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:084105. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4976317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. Jayachander Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München,
D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Maxim F. Gelin
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München,
D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München,
D-85747 Garching, Germany
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24
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Somma C, Folpini G, Reimann K, Woerner M, Elsaesser T. Phase-resolved two-dimensional terahertz spectroscopy including off-resonant interactions beyond the χ((3)) limit. J Chem Phys 2017; 144:184202. [PMID: 27179477 DOI: 10.1063/1.4948639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the first two-dimensional (2D) terahertz (THz) experiment with three phase-locked THz pulses and a fully phase-resolved detection of the nonlinearly emitted field by electrooptic sampling. In a prototype experiment we study the ultrafast dynamics of nonlinear two-phonon and two-photon interband coherences in the narrow-gap semiconductor InSb. Due to the extraordinarily large optical interband dipole of InSb the experiments were performed in the strongly nonperturbative regime of light-matter interaction allowing for impulsive off-resonant excitation of both two-phonon coherences and two-photon interband coherences, the ultrafast dynamics of which is experimentally observed as a function of the waiting time in the three-pulse 2D experiment. Our novel three-pulse 2D THz spectroscopy paves the way for the detailed investigation of nonlinear quantum coherences in solids and holds potential for an extension to other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Somma
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Giulia Folpini
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Reimann
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Woerner
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Elsaesser
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Shen H, Zhang Y, Yan TM, Wang Z, Jiang Y. Moderately strong pump-induced ultrafast dynamics in solution. Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Abstract
We present 2D terahertz-terahertz-Raman (2D TTR) spectroscopy, the first technique, to our knowledge, to interrogate a liquid with multiple pulses of terahertz (THz) light. This hybrid approach isolates nonlinear signatures in isotropic media, and is sensitive to the coupling and anharmonicity of thermally activated THz modes that play a central role in liquid-phase chemistry. Specifically, by varying the timing between two intense THz pulses, we control the orientational alignment of molecules in a liquid, and nonlinearly excite vibrational coherences. A comparison of experimental and simulated 2D TTR spectra of bromoform (CHBr3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and dibromodichloromethane (CBr2Cl2) shows previously unobserved off-diagonal anharmonic coupling between thermally populated vibrational modes.
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27
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Allodi MA, Finneran IA, Blake GA. Nonlinear terahertz coherent excitation of vibrational modes of liquids. J Chem Phys 2016; 143:234204. [PMID: 26696055 DOI: 10.1063/1.4938165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first coherent excitation of intramolecular vibrational modes via the nonlinear interaction of a TeraHertz (THz) light field with molecular liquids. A terahertz-terahertz-Raman pulse sequence prepares the coherences with a broadband, high-energy, (sub)picosecond terahertz pulse, that are then measured in a terahertz Kerr effect spectrometer via phase-sensitive, heterodyne detection with an optical pulse. The spectrometer reported here has broader terahertz frequency coverage, and an increased sensitivity relative to previously reported terahertz Kerr effect experiments. Vibrational coherences are observed in liquid diiodomethane at 3.66 THz (122 cm(-1)), and in carbon tetrachloride at 6.50 THz (217 cm(-1)), in exact agreement with literature values of those intramolecular modes. This work opens the door to 2D spectroscopies, nonlinear in terahertz field, that can study the dynamics of condensed-phase molecular systems, as well as coherent control at terahertz frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Allodi
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Ian A Finneran
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Blake
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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28
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Elsaesser T, Reimann K, Woerner M. Focus: Phase-resolved nonlinear terahertz spectroscopy--From charge dynamics in solids to molecular excitations in liquids. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:212301. [PMID: 26049419 DOI: 10.1063/1.4916522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense terahertz (THz) electric field transients with amplitudes up to several megavolts/centimeter and novel multidimensional techniques are the key ingredients of nonlinear THz spectroscopy, a new area of basic research. Both nonlinear light-matter interactions including the non-perturbative regime and THz driven charge transport give new insight into the character and dynamics of low-energy excitations of condensed matter and into quantum kinetic phenomena. This article provides an overview of recent progress in this field, combining an account of technological developments with selected prototype results for liquids and solids. The potential of nonlinear THz methods for future studies of low-frequency excitations of condensed-phase molecular systems is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Elsaesser
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Reimann
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Woerner
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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29
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Ito H, Hasegawa T, Tanimura Y. Calculating two-dimensional THz-Raman-THz and Raman-THz-THz signals for various molecular liquids: The samplers. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:124503. [PMID: 25273447 DOI: 10.1063/1.4895908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Taisuke Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Centre for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yoshitaka Tanimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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30
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Somma C, Reimann K, Flytzanis C, Elsaesser T, Woerner M. High-field terahertz bulk photovoltaic effect in lithium niobate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:146602. [PMID: 24765999 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.146602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The terahertz (THz) response of the ferroelectric prototype material lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is studied in the nonperturbative regime of light-matter interaction. Applying two-dimensional THz spectroscopy with few-cycle pulses of an amplitude E≈100 kV/cm and a center frequency of 2 THz, we dissect the overall nonlinear response into different orders in the electric field. The underlying nonlinear current is of interband character and consists of a strong low-frequency shift current (SC) and higher harmonics of the THz fundamental. The SC component originates from the lack of inversion symmetry and the strong interband decoherence for long electron trajectories in k space as shown by theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Somma
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Reimann
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Flytzanis
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - T Elsaesser
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Woerner
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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31
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Courtney TL, Park SD, Hill RJ, Cho B, Jonas DM. Enhanced interferometric detection in two-dimensional spectroscopy with a Sagnac interferometer. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:513-516. [PMID: 24487853 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An intrinsically phase-stable Sagnac interferometer is introduced for optimized interferometric detection in partially collinear two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy. With a pump-pulse pair from an actively stabilized Mach-Zehnder interferometer, the Sagnac scheme is demonstrated in broadband, short-wave IR (1-2 μm), 2D electronic spectroscopy of IR-26 dye.
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32
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Gelin MF, Rao BJ, Nest M, Domcke W. Domain of validity of the perturbative approach to femtosecond optical spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:224107. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4836636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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33
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Gelin MF, Tanimura Y, Domcke W. Simulation of femtosecond “double-slit” experiments for a chromophore in a dissipative environment. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:214302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4832876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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34
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Abstract
Two-dimensional Raman-terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is presented as a multidimensional spectroscopy directly in the far-IR regime. The method is used to explore the dynamics of the collective intermolecular modes of liquid water at ambient temperatures that emerge from the hydrogen-bond networks water forming. Two-dimensional Raman-THz spectroscopy interrogates these modes twice and as such can elucidate couplings and inhomogeneities of the various degrees of freedoms. An echo in the 2D Raman-THz response is indeed identified, indicating that a heterogeneous distribution of hydrogen-bond networks exists, albeit only on a very short 100-fs timescale. This timescale appears to be too short to be compatible with more extended, persistent structures assumed within a two-state model of water.
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35
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Gopal A, Singh P, Herzer S, Reinhard A, Schmidt A, Dillner U, May T, Meyer HG, Ziegler W, Paulus GG. Characterization of 700 μJ T rays generated during high-power laser solid interaction. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:4705-4707. [PMID: 24322111 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.004705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Laser-produced solid density plasmas are well-known as table-top sources of electromagnetic radiation. Recent studies have shown that energetic broadband terahertz pulses (T rays) can also be generated from laser-driven compact ion accelerators. Here we report the measurement of record-breaking T-Ray pulses with energies no less than 0.7 mJ. The terahertz spectrum has been characterized for frequencies ranging from 0.1-133 THz. The dependence of T-Ray yield on incident laser energy is linear and shows no tendencies of saturation. The noncollinear emission pattern and the high yield reveal that the T rays are generated by the transient field at the rear surface of the solid target.
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36
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Gopal A, Herzer S, Schmidt A, Singh P, Reinhard A, Ziegler W, Brömmel D, Karmakar A, Gibbon P, Dillner U, May T, Meyer HG, Paulus GG. Observation of gigawatt-class THz pulses from a compact laser-driven particle accelerator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:074802. [PMID: 23992071 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.074802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of subpicosecond terahertz (T-ray) pulses with energies ≥460 μJ from a laser-driven ion accelerator, thus rendering the peak power of the source higher even than that of state-of-the-art synchrotrons. Experiments were performed with intense laser pulses (up to 5×10(19) W/cm(2)) to irradiate thin metal foil targets. Ion spectra measured simultaneously showed a square law dependence of the T-ray yield on particle number. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show the presence of transient currents at the target rear surface which could be responsible for the strong T-ray emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gopal
- Institute of Optics and Quantumelectronics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany.
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37
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Matsunaga R, Hamada YI, Makise K, Uzawa Y, Terai H, Wang Z, Shimano R. Higgs amplitude mode in the BCS superconductors Nb1-xTi(x)N induced by terahertz pulse excitation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:057002. [PMID: 23952432 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.057002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast responses of BCS superconductor Nb(1-x)Ti(x)N films in a nonadiabatic excitation regime were investigated by using terahertz (THz) pump-THz probe spectroscopy. After an instantaneous excitation with the monocycle THz pump pulse, a transient oscillation emerges in the electromagnetic response in the BCS gap energy region. The oscillation frequency coincides with the asymptotic value of the BCS gap energy, indicating the appearance of the theoretically anticipated collective amplitude mode of the order parameter, namely the Higgs amplitude mode. Our result opens a new pathway to the ultrafast manipulation of the superconducting order parameter by optical means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Matsunaga
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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38
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Krčmář J, Gelin MF, Domcke W. Calculation of third-order signals via driven Schrödinger equations: General results and application to electronic 2D photon echo spectroscopy. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gelin MF, Egorova D, Domcke W. Strong-pump strong-probe spectroscopy: effects of higher excited electronic states. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:8119-31. [PMID: 23588665 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44454f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present paper is devoted to the simulation of (integral and dispersed) pump-probe signals in the nonperturbative regime for a series of material systems with multiple electronic states and excited-state absorption. We show that strong-pump strong-probe spectroscopy permits the probing of vibrational wavepackets in high-lying and/or short-lived excited electronic states with a time resolution which is not limited by the pulse durations. The field strength can be regarded as an additional experimentally controllable parameter, which can be tuned to maximize the spectroscopic information for a given material system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim F Gelin
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany.
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Mayer B, Junginger F, Schmidt C, Mährlein S, Schubert O, Pashkin A, Huber R, Leitenstorfer A. Non-perturbative four-wave mixing in InSb with intense off-resonant multi-THz pulses. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20134104004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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41
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Schmidt C, Mayer B, Junginger F, Rebholz M, Grupp A, Brida D, Huber R, Leitenstorfer A, Pashkin A. Ultrafast low-energy dynamics of graphite studied by nonlinear multi-THz spectroscopy. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20134104023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bowlan P, Martinez Moreno E, Reimann K, Woerner M, Elsaesser T. Ultrafast two-dimensional THz spectroscopy of graphene. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20134104024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Junginger F, Mayer B, Schmidt C, Schubert O, Mährlein S, Leitenstorfer A, Huber R, Pashkin A. Nonperturbative interband response of a bulk InSb semiconductor driven off resonantly by terahertz electromagnetic few-cycle pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:147403. [PMID: 23083284 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.147403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Intense multiterahertz pulses are used to study the coherent nonlinear response of bulk InSb by means of field-resolved four-wave mixing spectroscopy. At amplitudes above 5 MV/cm the signals show a clear temporal substructure which is unexpected in perturbative nonlinear optics. Simulations based on a model of a two-level quantum system demonstrate that in spite of the strongly off-resonant character of the excitation the high-field few-cycle pulses drive the interband resonances into a nonperturbative regime of Rabi flopping. The rotating wave approximation breaks down in this case and the system reaches a complete population inversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Junginger
- Department of Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Hamm P, Savolainen J. Two-dimensional-Raman-terahertz spectroscopy of water: Theory. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:094516. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3691601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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45
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Kuehn W, Reimann K, Woerner M, Elsaesser T, Hey R, Schade U. Strong correlation of electronic and lattice excitations in GaAs/AlGaAs semiconductor quantum wells revealed by two-dimensional terahertz spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:067401. [PMID: 21902366 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.067401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Coulomb-mediated interactions between intersubband excitations of electrons in GaAs/AlGaAs double quantum wells and longitudinal optical phonons are studied by two-dimensional spectroscopy in the terahertz frequency range. The multitude of diagonal and off-diagonal peaks in the 2D spectrum gives evidence of strong polaronic signatures in the nonlinear response. A quantitative theoretical analysis reveals a dipole coupling of electrons to the polar lattice that is much stronger than in bulk GaAs, due to a dynamic localization of the electron wave function by scattering processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kuehn
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Berlin, Germany
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Kuehn W, Reimann K, Woerner M, Elsaesser T, Hey R. Two-dimensional terahertz correlation spectra of electronic excitations in semiconductor quantum wells. J Phys Chem B 2010; 115:5448-55. [PMID: 21171588 DOI: 10.1021/jp1099046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We discuss a novel approach for nonlinear two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy in the terahertz (THz) frequency range which is based on a collinear interaction geometry of a sequence of THz pulses with the sample. The nonlinear polarization is determined by a phase-resolved measurement of the electric field transmitted through the sample as a function of the delay τ between two phase-locked pulses and the "real" time t. The information provided by a single 2D scan along the τ and t axes is equivalent to that from a noncollinear photon-echo setup equipped with four local oscillators, each interacting with a different diffracted order. We address basic concepts of collinear 2D THz spectroscopy, in particular data analysis and phasing issues. Different rephasing and nonrephasing contributions to the third-order response are separated and 2D correlation spectra derived. As a prototype application, 2D correlation spectra of intersubband excitations of electrons in semiconductor quantum wells are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kuehn
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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