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Shan JY, Morrison N, Chen SD, Wang F, Ma EY. Johnson-noise-limited cancellation-free microwave impedance microscopy with monolithic silicon cantilever probes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5043. [PMID: 38871722 PMCID: PMC11176329 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Microwave impedance microscopy (MIM) is an emerging scanning probe technique for nanoscale complex permittivity mapping and has made significant impacts in diverse fields. To date, the most significant hurdles that limit its widespread use are the requirements of specialized microwave probes and high-precision cancellation circuits. Here, we show that forgoing both elements not only is feasible but also enhances performance. Using monolithic silicon cantilever probes and a cancellation-free architecture, we demonstrate Johnson-noise-limited, drift-free MIM operation with 15 nm spatial resolution, minimal topography crosstalk, and an unprecedented sensitivity of 0.26 zF/√Hz. We accomplish this by taking advantage of the high mechanical resonant frequency and spatial resolution of silicon probes, the inherent common-mode phase noise rejection of self-referenced homodyne detection, and the exceptional stability of the streamlined architecture. Our approach makes MIM drastically more accessible and paves the way for advanced operation modes as well as integration with complementary techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yi Shan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nathaniel Morrison
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Su-Di Chen
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Eric Y Ma
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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2
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Huang B, Yu Y, Zhang F, Liang Y, Su S, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Li C, Xie S, Li J. Mechanically Gated Transistor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305766. [PMID: 37580042 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Silicon-based field effect transistors have underpinned the information revolution in the last 60 years, and there is a strong desire for new materials, devices, and architectures that can help sustain the computing power in the age of big data and artificial intelligence. Inspired by the Piezo channels, a mechanically gated transistor abandoning electric gating altogether, achieving an ON/OFF ratio over three orders of magnitude under a mechanical force of hundreds of nN is developed. The two-terminal device utilizes flexoelectric polarization induced by strain gradient, which modulates the carrier concentration in a Van der Waals structure significantly, and it mimics Piezo channels for artificial tactile perception. This simple device concept can be easily adapted to a wide range of semiconducting materials, helping promote the fusion between mechanics and electronics in a similar way as mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyuan Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ye Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Fengyuan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yuhang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Shengyao Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Changjian Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Shuhong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Jiangyu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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3
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Farokh Payam A, Passian A. Imaging beyond the surface region: Probing hidden materials via atomic force microscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg8292. [PMID: 37379392 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg8292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Probing material properties at surfaces down to the single-particle scale of atoms and molecules has been achieved, but high-resolution subsurface imaging remains a nanometrology challenge due to electromagnetic and acoustic dispersion and diffraction. The atomically sharp probe used in scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has broken these limits at surfaces. Subsurface imaging is possible under certain physical, chemical, electrical, and thermal gradients present in the material. Of all the SPM techniques, atomic force microscopy has entertained unique opportunities for nondestructive and label-free measurements. Here, we explore the physics of the subsurface imaging problem and the emerging solutions that offer exceptional potential for visualization. We discuss materials science, electronics, biology, polymer and composite sciences, and emerging quantum sensing and quantum bio-imaging applications. The perspectives and prospects of subsurface techniques are presented to stimulate further work toward enabling noninvasive high spatial and spectral resolution investigation of materials including meta- and quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Farokh Payam
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre, School of Engineering, Ulster University, Belfast, UK
| | - Ali Passian
- Quantum Computing and Sensing, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
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4
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Peng J, Pu W, Lu S, Yang X, Wu C, Wu N, Sun Z, Wang HT. Inorganic Low k Cage-molecular Crystals. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:203-208. [PMID: 33372783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For the interlayer dielectric in microelectronics, light element compounds are preferably accepted due to less electronic polarization. Here, the nontrivial dielectric nature of the Sb4O6 cage-molecular crystal, known as α-antimony trioxide (α-Sb2O3), is reported. The gas-phase synthesized α-Sb2O3 nanoflakes are of high crystal quality, from which the abnormal local admittance responses were revealed by scanning microwave impedance microscopy (sMIM). The remarkably low dielectric constant (k), 2.0∼2.5, is corroborated by the analysis of the thickness-dependent sMIM-capacitance signal. In light of the theoretical calculations, the ultralow molecular density and the significantly suppressed ionic polarization are both crucial to the highly reduced k. Combining with the excellent optical band gap, thermal stability, and breakdown strength, α-Sb2O3 is a promising low k dielectric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Peng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Weiwen Pu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shengnan Lu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xianzhong Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Congcong Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Nan Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhaoru Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hung-Ta Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
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5
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Chen X, Hu D, Mescall R, You G, Basov DN, Dai Q, Liu M. Modern Scattering-Type Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy for Advanced Material Research. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1804774. [PMID: 30932221 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Infrared and optical spectroscopy represents one of the most informative methods in advanced materials research. As an important branch of modern optical techniques that has blossomed in the past decade, scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) promises deterministic characterization of optical properties over a broad spectral range at the nanoscale. It allows ultrabroadband optical (0.5-3000 µm) nanoimaging, and nanospectroscopy with fine spatial (<10 nm), spectral (<1 cm-1 ), and temporal (<10 fs) resolution. The history of s-SNOM is briefly introduced and recent advances which broaden the horizons of this technique in novel material research are summarized. In particular, this includes the pioneering efforts to study the nanoscale electrodynamic properties of plasmonic metamaterials, strongly correlated quantum materials, and polaritonic systems at room or cryogenic temperatures. Technical details, theoretical modeling, and new experimental methods are also discussed extensively, aiming to identify clear technology trends and unsolved challenges in this exciting field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhong Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Debo Hu
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ryan Mescall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Guanjun You
- Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical Systems and Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Qing Dai
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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6
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Tong B, Zhao M, Toku Y, Morita Y, Ju Y. Local permittivity measurement of dielectric materials based on the non-contact force curve of microwave atomic force microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:033706. [PMID: 30927781 DOI: 10.1063/1.5066599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a non-contact and quantitative method to measure the local permittivity of dielectric materials with a nanometer-scale spatial resolution. A theoretical model based on near-field approximation was developed to describe the effect of a microwave on the interaction between a probe and a sample. Under the non-contact mode, we successfully measured the force curves of Si, Al2O3, Ge, and ZrO2 using microwave atomic force microscopy and observed the variation in the force caused by the microwave. According to the established theoretical model, a quantitative non-contact evaluation of the local permittivity of dielectric materials was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tong
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Minji Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yuhki Toku
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Morita
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yang Ju
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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7
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Wei Z, Xu Y, Xiao B, Gao Z, Zhang BB, Yu J, Dong J, Jie W. Homogenization of Te-rich grown ZnTe bulk crystals by annealing under Zn vapor. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01678j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we reported the structural homogenization of Te-rich grown ZnTe bulk crystals by annealing under saturated Zn vapor. Suitable annealing time was concluded to obtain inclusion free wafers in the temperature range from 873 K to 953 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices
| | - Yadong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices
| | - Bao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices
| | - Zhiming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Bin-Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Jingyi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Jiangpeng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Wanqi Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices
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8
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Ariyaratne A, Bluvstein D, Myers BA, Jayich ACB. Nanoscale electrical conductivity imaging using a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2406. [PMID: 29921836 PMCID: PMC6008463 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrical conductivity of a material can feature subtle, non-trivial, and spatially varying signatures with critical insight into the material’s underlying physics. Here we demonstrate a conductivity imaging technique based on the atom-sized nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond that offers local, quantitative, and non-invasive conductivity imaging with nanoscale spatial resolution. We monitor the spin relaxation rate of a single NV center in a scanning probe geometry to quantitatively image the magnetic fluctuations produced by thermal electron motion in nanopatterned metallic conductors. We achieve 40-nm scale spatial resolution of the conductivity and realize a 25-fold increase in imaging speed by implementing spin-to-charge conversion readout of a shallow NV center. NV-based conductivity imaging can probe condensed-matter systems in a new regime not accessible to existing technologies, and as a model example, we project readily achievable imaging of nanoscale phase separation in complex oxides. Nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond are highly sensitive to their environment, making them well suited to quantum sensing applications. Here, the authors demonstrate the capabilities of a scanning nitrogen-vacancy sensor for nanoscale measurements of electrical conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila Ariyaratne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Dolev Bluvstein
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Bryan A Myers
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Ania C Bleszynski Jayich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
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9
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Wu X, Hao Z, Wu D, Zheng L, Jiang Z, Ganesan V, Wang Y, Lai K. Quantitative measurements of nanoscale permittivity and conductivity using tuning-fork-based microwave impedance microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:043704. [PMID: 29716308 DOI: 10.1063/1.5022997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report quantitative measurements of nanoscale permittivity and conductivity using tuning-fork (TF) based microwave impedance microscopy (MIM). The system is operated under the driving amplitude modulation mode, which ensures satisfactory feedback stability on samples with rough surfaces. The demodulated MIM signals on a series of bulk dielectrics are in good agreement with results simulated by finite-element analysis. Using the TF-MIM, we have visualized the evolution of nanoscale conductance on back-gated MoS2 field effect transistors, and the results are consistent with the transport data. Our work suggests that quantitative analysis of mesoscopic electrical properties can be achieved by near-field microwave imaging with small distance modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wu
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Zhenqi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Bejing 100084, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Lu Zheng
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Zhanzhi Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Vishal Ganesan
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Yayu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Bejing 100084, China
| | - Keji Lai
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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10
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Biagi MC, Badino G, Fabregas R, Gramse G, Fumagalli L, Gomila G. Direct mapping of the electric permittivity of heterogeneous non-planar thin films at gigahertz frequencies by scanning microwave microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:3884-3893. [PMID: 28106185 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08215g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We obtained maps of electric permittivity at ∼19 GHz frequencies on non-planar thin film heterogeneous samples by means of combined atomic force-scanning microwave microscopy (AFM-SMM). We show that the electric permittivity maps can be obtained directly from the capacitance images acquired in contact mode, after removing the topographic cross-talk effects. This result demonstrates the possibility of identifying the electric permittivity of different materials in a thin film sample irrespectively of their thickness by just direct imaging and processing. We show, in addition, that quantitative maps of the electric permittivity can be obtained with no need for any theoretical calculation or complex quantification procedures when the electric permittivity of one of the materials is known. To achieve these results the use of contact mode imaging is a key factor. For non-contact imaging modes the effects of local sample thickness and of the imaging distance make the interpretation of the capacitance images in terms of the electric permittivity properties of the materials much more complex. The present results represent a substantial contribution to the field of nanoscale microwave dielectric characterization of thin film materials with important implications for the characterization of novel 3D electronic devices and 3D nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Biagi
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), c/Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Giorgio Badino
- Keysight Technologies Austria GmbH, Keysight Lab, Gruberst. 40, 4020-Linz, Austria
| | - Rene Fabregas
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), c/Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. and Departament d'Enginyeries: Electrònica, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georg Gramse
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Institute for Biophysics, Gruberst. 40, 4020-Linz, Austria
| | - Laura Fumagalli
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Gabriel Gomila
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), c/Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. and Departament d'Enginyeries: Electrònica, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Tripathi AM, Su WN, Hwang BJ. In situ analytical techniques for battery interface analysis. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:736-851. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interface is a key to high performance and safe lithium-ion batteries or lithium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok M. Tripathi
- Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Wei-Nien Su
- Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Bing Joe Hwang
- Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan
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12
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Gu S, Zhou X, Lin T, Happy H, Lasri T. Broadband non-contact characterization of epitaxial graphene by near-field microwave microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:335702. [PMID: 28726682 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa7a36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a broadband non-destructive and non-contact local characterization of graphene fabricated by epitaxial method on silicon carbide is demonstrated by using an interferometer-based near-field microwave microscope. First, a method has been proposed to extract the dielectric properties of silicon carbide, and finally, the graphene flake has been characterized as a resistance (∼20 kΩ) and a small inductance (360 pH) in the frequency band (2-18 GHz). The advantage of the proposed method is that there is no need to fabricate electrodes on the sample surface for the characterization. The instrument proposed is a good candidate for the local characterization of 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Gu
- Univ.Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520-IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
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13
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Liu M, Sternbach AJ, Basov DN. Nanoscale electrodynamics of strongly correlated quantum materials. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:014501. [PMID: 27811387 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/80/1/014501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electronic, magnetic, and structural phase inhomogeneities are ubiquitous in strongly correlated quantum materials. The characteristic length scales of the phase inhomogeneities can range from atomic to mesoscopic, depending on their microscopic origins as well as various sample dependent factors. Therefore, progress with the understanding of correlated phenomena critically depends on the experimental techniques suitable to provide appropriate spatial resolution. This requirement is difficult to meet for some of the most informative methods in condensed matter physics, including infrared and optical spectroscopy. Yet, recent developments in near-field optics and imaging enabled a detailed characterization of the electromagnetic response with a spatial resolution down to 10 nm. Thus it is now feasible to exploit at the nanoscale well-established capabilities of optical methods for characterization of electronic processes and lattice dynamics in diverse classes of correlated quantum systems. This review offers a concise description of the state-of-the-art near-field techniques applied to prototypical correlated quantum materials. We also discuss complementary microscopic and spectroscopic methods which reveal important mesoscopic dynamics of quantum materials at different energy scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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14
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Cui YT, Ma EY, Shen ZX. Quartz tuning fork based microwave impedance microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:063711. [PMID: 27370463 DOI: 10.1063/1.4954156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microwave impedance microscopy (MIM), a near-field microwave scanning probe technique, has become a powerful tool to characterize local electrical responses in solid state samples. We present the design of a new type of MIM sensor based on quartz tuning fork and electrochemically etched thin metal wires. Due to a higher aspect ratio tip and integration with tuning fork, such design achieves comparable MIM performance and enables easy self-sensing topography feedback in situations where the conventional optical feedback mechanism is not available, thus is complementary to microfabricated shielded stripline-type probes. The new design also enables stable differential mode MIM detection and multiple-frequency MIM measurements with a single sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Tao Cui
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Eric Yue Ma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Zhi-Xun Shen
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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15
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Seabron E, MacLaren S, Xie X, Rotkin SV, Rogers JA, Wilson WL. Scanning Probe Microwave Reflectivity of Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Imaging of Electronic Structure and Quantum Behavior at the Nanoscale. ACS NANO 2016; 10:360-368. [PMID: 26688374 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are 1-dimensional nanomaterials with unique electronic properties that make them excellent candidates for next-generation device technologies. While nanotube growth and processing methods have progressed steadily, significant opportunities remain in advanced methods for their characterization, inspection, and metrology. Microwave near-field imaging offers an extremely versatile "nondestructive" tool for nanomaterials characterization. Herein, we report the application of nanoscale microwave reflectivity to study SWNT electronic properties. Using microwave impedance microscopy (MIM) combined with microwave impedance modulation microscopy (MIM(2)), we imaged horizontal SWNT arrays, showing the microwave reflectivity from individual nanotubes is extremely sensitive to their electronic properties and dependent on the nanotube quantum capacitance under proper experimental conditions. It is shown experimentally that MIM can be a direct probe of the nanotube-free carrier density and the details of their electronic band structure. We demonstrate spatial mapping of local SWNT impedance (MIM), the density of states (MIM(2)), and the nanotube structural morphology (AFM) simultaneously and with lateral resolution down to <50 nm. Nanoscale microwave reflectivity could have tremendous impact, enabling optimization of enriched growth processes and postgrowth purification of SWNT arrays while aiding in the analysis of the quantum physics of these important 1D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Seabron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott MacLaren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xu Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Slava V Rotkin
- Department of Physics and Center for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Lehigh University , Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - William L Wilson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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16
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Biagi MC, Fabregas R, Gramse G, Van Der Hofstadt M, Juárez A, Kienberger F, Fumagalli L, Gomila G. Nanoscale Electric Permittivity of Single Bacterial Cells at Gigahertz Frequencies by Scanning Microwave Microscopy. ACS NANO 2016; 10:280-8. [PMID: 26643251 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We quantified the electric permittivity of single bacterial cells at microwave frequencies and nanoscale spatial resolution by means of near-field scanning microwave microscopy. To this end, calibrated complex admittance images have been obtained at ∼19 GHz and analyzed with a methodology that removes the nonlocal topographic cross-talk contributions and thus provides quantifiable intrinsic dielectric images of the bacterial cells. Results for single Escherichia coli cells provide a relative electric permittivity of ∼4 in dry conditions and ∼20 in humid conditions, with no significant loss contributions. Present findings, together with the ability of microwaves to penetrate the cell membrane, open an important avenue in the microwave label-free imaging of single cells with nanoscale spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Biagi
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), c/Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rene Fabregas
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), c/Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georg Gramse
- Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz , Gruberst. 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Marc Van Der Hofstadt
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), c/Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Juárez
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), c/Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Microbiologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferry Kienberger
- Keysight Lab, Keysight Technologies Austria GmbH , Gruberst. 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Laura Fumagalli
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Gomila
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), c/Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament d'Electrònica, Universitat de Barcelona , C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Wang F, Clément N, Ducatteau D, Troadec D, Tanbakuchi H, Legrand B, Dambrine G, Théron D. Quantitative impedance characterization of sub-10 nm scale capacitors and tunnel junctions with an interferometric scanning microwave microscope. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:405703. [PMID: 25213481 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/40/405703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a method to characterize sub-10 nm capacitors and tunnel junctions by interferometric scanning microwave microscopy (iSMM) at 7.8 GHz. At such device scaling, the small water meniscus surrounding the iSMM tip should be reduced by proper tip tuning. Quantitative impedance characterization of attofarad range capacitors is achieved using an 'on-chip' calibration kit facing thousands of nanodevices. Nanoscale capacitors and tunnel barriers were detected through variations in the amplitude and phase of the reflected microwave signal, respectively. This study promises quantitative impedance characterization of a wide range of emerging functional nanoscale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS UMR 8520, University of Lille, Avenue Poincaré, CS 60069, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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19
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Huber HP, Moertelmaier M, Wallis TM, Chiang CJ, Hochleitner M, Imtiaz A, Oh YJ, Schilcher K, Dieudonne M, Smoliner J, Hinterdorfer P, Rosner SJ, Tanbakuchi H, Kabos P, Kienberger F. Calibrated nanoscale capacitance measurements using a scanning microwave microscope. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:113701. [PMID: 21133472 DOI: 10.1063/1.3491926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A scanning microwave microscope (SMM) for spatially resolved capacitance measurements in the attofarad-to-femtofarad regime is presented. The system is based on the combination of an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a performance network analyzer (PNA). For the determination of absolute capacitance values from PNA reflection amplitudes, a calibration sample of conductive gold pads of various sizes on a SiO(2) staircase structure was used. The thickness of the dielectric SiO(2) staircase ranged from 10 to 200 nm. The quantitative capacitance values determined from the PNA reflection amplitude were compared to control measurements using an external capacitance bridge. Depending on the area of the gold top electrode and the SiO(2) step height, the corresponding capacitance values, as measured with the SMM, ranged from 0.1 to 22 fF at a noise level of ~2 aF and a relative accuracy of 20%. The sample capacitance could be modeled to a good degree as idealized parallel plates with the SiO(2) dielectric sandwiched in between. The cantilever/sample stray capacitance was measured by lifting the tip away from the surface. By bringing the AFM tip into direct contact with the SiO(2) staircase structure, the electrical footprint of the tip was determined, resulting in an effective tip radius of ~60 nm and a tip-sample capacitance of ~20 aF at the smallest dielectric thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Huber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Nanoscopic Methods in Biophysics, University of Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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