1
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Damour Y, Scemama A, Jacquemin D, Kossoski F, Loos PF. State-Specific Coupled-Cluster Methods for Excited States. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4129-4145. [PMID: 38749498 PMCID: PMC11137840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
We reexamine ΔCCSD, a state-specific coupled-cluster (CC) with single and double excitations (CCSD) approach that targets excited states through the utilization of non-Aufbau determinants. This methodology is particularly efficient when dealing with doubly excited states, a domain in which the standard equation-of-motion CCSD (EOM-CCSD) formalism falls short. Our goal here to evaluate the effectiveness of ΔCCSD when applied to other types of excited states, comparing its consistency and accuracy with EOM-CCSD. To this end, we report a benchmark on excitation energies computed with the ΔCCSD and EOM-CCSD methods for a set of molecular excited-state energies that encompasses not only doubly excited states but also doublet-doublet transitions and (singlet and triplet) singly excited states of closed-shell systems. In the latter case, we rely on a minimalist version of multireference CC known as the two-determinant CCSD method to compute the excited states. Our data set, consisting of 276 excited states stemming from the quest database [Véril et al., WIREs Comput. Mol. Sci. 2021, 11, e1517], provides a significant base to draw general conclusions concerning the accuracy of ΔCCSD. Except for the doubly excited states, we found that ΔCCSD underperforms EOM-CCSD. For doublet-doublet transitions, the difference between the mean absolute errors (MAEs) of the two methodologies (of 0.10 and 0.07 eV) is less pronounced than that obtained for singly excited states of closed-shell systems (MAEs of 0.15 and 0.08 eV). This discrepancy is largely attributed to a greater number of excited states in the latter set exhibiting multiconfigurational characters, which are more challenging for ΔCCSD. We also found typically small improvements by employing state-specific optimized orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Damour
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Anthony Scemama
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes
Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Fábris Kossoski
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre-François Loos
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France
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2
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Selenius E, Sigurdarson AE, Schmerwitz YLA, Levi G. Orbital-Optimized Versus Time-Dependent Density Functional Calculations of Intramolecular Charge Transfer Excited States. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:3809-3822. [PMID: 38695313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
The performance of time-independent, orbital-optimized calculations of excited states is assessed with respect to charge transfer excitations in organic molecules in comparison to the linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) approach. A direct optimization method to converge on saddle points of the electronic energy surface is used to carry out calculations with the local density approximation (LDA) and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functionals PBE and BLYP for a set of 27 excitations in 15 molecules. The time-independent approach is fully variational and provides a relaxed excited state electron density from which the extent of charge transfer is quantified. The TD-DFT calculations are generally found to provide larger charge transfer distances compared to the orbital-optimized calculations, even when including orbital relaxation effects with the Z-vector method. While the error on the excitation energy relative to theoretical best estimates is found to increase with the extent of charge transfer up to ca. -2 eV for TD-DFT, no correlation is observed for the orbital-optimized approach. The orbital-optimized calculations with the LDA and the GGA functionals provide a mean absolute error of ∼0.7 eV, outperforming TD-DFT with both local and global hybrid functionals for excitations with a long-range charge transfer character. Orbital-optimized calculations with the global hybrid functional B3LYP and the range-separated hybrid functional CAM-B3LYP on a selection of states with short- and long-range charge transfer indicate that inclusion of exact exchange has a small effect on the charge transfer distance, while it significantly improves the excitation energy, with the best-performing functional CAM-B3LYP providing an absolute error typically around 0.15 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Selenius
- Science Institute of the University of Iceland, Reykjavík 107, Iceland
| | | | | | - Gianluca Levi
- Science Institute of the University of Iceland, Reykjavík 107, Iceland
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3
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Tuckman H, Neuscamman E. Aufbau Suppressed Coupled Cluster Theory for Electronically Excited States. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:2761-2773. [PMID: 38502102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
We introduce an approach to improve single-reference coupled cluster theory in settings where the Aufbau determinant is absent from or plays only a small role in the true wave function. Using a de-excitation operator that can be efficiently hidden within a similarity transform, we create a coupled cluster wave function in which de-excitations work to suppress the Aufbau determinant and produce wave functions dominated by other determinants. Thanks to an invertible and fully exponential form, the approach is systematically improvable, size consistent, size extensive, and, interestingly, size intensive in a granular way that should make the adoption of some ground state techniques, such as local correlation, relatively straightforward. In this initial study, we apply the general formalism to create a state-specific method for orbital-relaxed, singly excited states. We find that this approach matches the accuracy of similar-cost equation-of-motion methods in valence excitations while offering improved accuracy for charge transfer states. We also find the approach to be more accurate than excited-state-specific perturbation theory in both types of states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Tuckman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eric Neuscamman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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4
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Kossoski F, Loos PF. Seniority and Hierarchy Configuration Interaction for Radicals and Excited States. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 37965728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchy configuration interaction (hCI) has recently been introduced as an alternative configuration interaction (CI) route combining excitation degree and seniority number and has been shown to efficiently recover both dynamic and static correlations for closed-shell molecular systems [ J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2022, 13, 4342]. Here we generalize hCI for an arbitrary reference determinant, allowing calculations for radicals and excited states in a state-specific way. We gauge this route against excitation-based CI (eCI) and seniority-based CI (sCI) by evaluating how different ground-state properties of radicals converge to the full CI limit. We find that hCI outperforms or matches eCI, whereas sCI is far less accurate, in line with previous observations for closed-shell molecules. Employing second-order Epstein-Nesbet (EN2) perturbation theory as a correction significantly accelerates the convergence of hCI and eCI. We further explore various hCI and sCI models to calculate the excitation energies of closed- and open-shell systems. Our results underline that the choice of both the reference determinant and the set of orbitals drives the fine balance between correlation of ground and excited states. State-specific hCI2 and higher-order models perform similarly to their eCI counterparts, whereas lower orders of hCI deliver poor results unless supplemented by the EN2 correction, which substantially improves their accuracy. In turn, sCI1 produces decent excitation energies for radicals, encouraging the development of related seniority-based coupled-cluster methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábris Kossoski
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre-François Loos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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5
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de Sousa LE, de Silva P. Photophysics of Solvated Molecules: Computational Protocol Combining Nuclear Ensemble and Nonequilibrium State-Specific Solvation Methods. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8200-8208. [PMID: 37728994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Efficient calculations of the photophysical properties of molecules are essential for both understanding experimental results and accelerating materials discovery through computational simulations. However, to achieve accurate results, the effects of the surrounding medium must be taken into account. Here, we present a computational protocol that combines the nuclear ensemble method with a nonequilibrium state-specific polarizable continuum model to simulate absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence, and intersystem crossing processes. Additionally, we introduced an extrapolation strategy that enables predictions for multiple solvents without incurring additional computational costs. We demonstrate the method's effectiveness by modeling the photophysical properties of a molecule that exhibits thermally activated delayed fluorescence, showcasing how these properties vary with solvent polarity. We also provide insight into the relationship between the solvent and photophysics by using ensemble analysis to rationalize simulation results. Furthermore, we introduce a metric for the intensity of the charge transfer character of electronic states and demonstrate how vibrations can significantly mix the electronic character of excited states. Overall, this work presents a computational approach that offers new insights into the photophysics of molecules and has the potential to advance materials discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Evaristo de Sousa
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 301, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Piotr de Silva
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 301, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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6
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Tuckman H, Neuscamman E. Excited-State-Specific Pseudoprojected Coupled-Cluster Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:6160-6171. [PMID: 37676752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
We present an excited-state-specific coupled-cluster approach in which both the molecular orbitals and cluster amplitudes are optimized for an individual excited state. The theory is formulated via a pseudoprojection of the traditional coupled-cluster wavefunction that allows correlation effects to be introduced atop an excited-state mean field starting point. The approach shares much in common with ground-state CCSD, including size extensivity and an N6 cost scaling. Preliminary numerical tests show that, when augmented with N5 cost perturbative corrections for key terms, the method can improve over excited-state-specific second-order perturbation theory in valence, charge transfer, and Rydberg states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Tuckman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eric Neuscamman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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7
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Maciaszek M, Žalandauskas V, Silkinis R, Alkauskas A, Razinkovas L. The application of the SCAN density functional to color centers in diamond. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:084708. [PMID: 37642256 DOI: 10.1063/5.0154319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed characterization of deep-level color centers requires understanding their electronic and atomic structure, which is most commonly investigated utilizing the Kohn-Sham density functional theory. Standard semilocal functionals based on the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) are inclined toward an imprecise quantitative description of defects' electronic structure. Hybrid functionals provide an improved prediction of electronic properties, albeit at a much higher computational cost. In this work, we test the newly developed Strongly Constrained and Appropriately Normed (SCAN) family of meta-GGA density functionals for selected color centers in diamond. In particular, we study nitrogen-, silicon-, germanium-, and tin-vacancy centers that have been recently investigated for their use in quantum technological applications. We show that SCAN and its derivatives, the rSCAN and r2SCAN functionals, significantly improve the calculated energies of optical transitions within the delta-self-consistent-field approach, almost reaching the accuracy of the hybrid Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof (HSE) functional. In the case of the NV- center, we also show that the SCAN family of functionals improves the description of the adiabatic potential energy surfaces compared to both GGA and hybrid functionals, improving calculated luminescence lineshapes. As a result of these findings, we recommend using the SCAN family of functionals as a promising alternative for studying color centers in solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Maciaszek
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Rokas Silkinis
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Alkauskas
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Lukas Razinkovas
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
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8
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Wang X, Wang S, Wang J, Yin S. Reverse Designing the Wavelength-Specific Thermally Activation Delayed Fluorescent Molecules Using a Genetic Algorithm Coupled with Cheap QM Methods. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37418642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Genetic algorithm (GA) optimization coupled with the semiempirical intermediate neglect of differential overlap (INDO)/CIS method is presented to inversely design the red thermally activation delayed fluorescent (TADF) molecules. According to the predefined donor-acceptor (DA) library to build an ADn-type TADF candidate, we utilized the chemical notation language SMILES code to generate a TADF molecule and apply the RDKit program to produce the initial 3D molecular structure. A combined fitness function is proposed to evaluate the performance of the functional-lead TADF molecule. The fitness function includes three key parameters, i.e., the emission wavelength, the energy gap (ΔEST) between the lowest singlet (S1)- and triplet (T1)-excited states, and the oscillator strengths for electron transition from S0 and S1. A cheap QM method, i.e., INDO/CIS, on the basis of an xTB-optimized molecular geometry is applied to quickly calculate the fitness function. Finally, the GA approach is utilized to globally search for the wavelength-specific TADF molecules under our predefined DA library, and the optimum 630 nm red and 660 nm deep red TADF molecules are inversely designed according to the evolution of molecular fitness functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubin Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Shiwei Yin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
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9
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Kossoski F, Loos PF. State-Specific Configuration Interaction for Excited States. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:2258-2269. [PMID: 37024102 PMCID: PMC10134430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
We introduce and benchmark a systematically improvable route for excited-state calculations, labeled state-specific configuration interaction (ΔCI), which is a particular realization of multiconfigurational self-consistent field and multireference configuration interaction. Starting with a reference built from optimized configuration state functions, separate CI calculations are performed for each targeted state (hence, state-specific orbitals and determinants). Accounting for single and double excitations produces the ΔCISD model, which can be improved with second-order Epstein-Nesbet perturbation theory (ΔCISD+EN2) or a posteriori Davidson corrections (ΔCISD+Q). These models were gauged against a vast and diverse set of 294 reference excitation energies. We have found that ΔCI is significantly more accurate than standard ground-state-based CI, whereas close performances were found between ΔCISD and EOM-CC2 and between ΔCISD+EN2 and EOM-CCSD. For larger systems, ΔCISD+Q delivers more accurate results than EOM-CC2 and EOM-CCSD. The ΔCI route can handle challenging multireference problems, singly and doubly excited states, from closed- and open-shell species, with overall comparable accuracy and thus represents a promising alternative to more established methodologies. In its current form, however, it is reliable only for relatively low-lying excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábris Kossoski
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre-François Loos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
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10
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Blasco D, Nasibullin RT, Valiev RR, Sundholm D. Gold( i)-containing light-emitting molecules with an inverted singlet–triplet gap †. Chem Sci 2023; 14:3873-3880. [PMID: 37035700 PMCID: PMC10074427 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00345k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed fluorescence from molecules with an inverted singlet–triplet gap (DFIST) is the consequence of the unusual reverse order of the lowest excited singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) states of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters. Heptazine (1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaazaphenalene) derivatives have an inverted singlet–triplet gap thanks to the combination of multiple resonance (MR) effects and a significant double excitation character. Here, we study computationally the effect of gold(i) metalation and coordination on the optical properties of heptazine (molecule 4) and the phosphine-functionalized 2,5,8-tris(dimethylphosphino)heptazine derivatives (molecules 1–3). Ab initio calculations at the approximate second-order coupled cluster (CC2) and extended multiconfigurational quasi degenerate perturbation theory at the second order (XMC-QDPT2) levels show that molecules 1–4 have an inverted singlet–triplet gap due to the alternating spatial localization of the electron and hole of the exciton in the heptazine core. A non-vanishing one-electron spin–orbit coupling operator matrix element between T1 and and a fast S1 ← T1 intersystem crossing rate constant (kISC) calculated at the XMC-QDPT2(12,12) level of theory for molecule 4 suggest that this new family of complexes may be the first organometallic DFIST emitters reported. Substitution with gold(i)-containing moieties results in non-vanishing oscillator strengths and spin–orbit coupling leading to fast intersystem crossing in light-emitting heptazine derivates with an inverted singlet–triplet gap.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Blasco
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55, (A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1)FIN-00014Finland
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La RiojaMadre de Dios 5326006LogroñoSpain
| | | | - Rashid R. Valiev
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55, (A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1)FIN-00014Finland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55, (A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1)FIN-00014Finland
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11
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Annegarn M, Kahk JM, Lischner J. Combining Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory and the ΔSCF Approach for Accurate Core-Electron Spectra. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:7620-7629. [PMID: 36383053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopies that probe electronic excitations from core levels into unoccupied orbitals, such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy, are widely used to gain insight into the electronic and chemical structure of materials. To support the interpretation of experimental spectra, we assess the performance of a first-principles approach that combines linear-response time-dependent density (TDDFT) functional theory with the Δ self-consistent field (ΔSCF) approach. In particular, we first use TDDFT to calculate the core-level spectrum and then shift the spectrum such that the lowest excitation energy from TDDFT agrees with that from ΔSCF. We apply this method to several small molecules and find encouraging agreement between calculated and measured spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Annegarn
- Departments of Materials, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,The Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Juhan Matthias Kahk
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411Tartu, Estonia
| | - Johannes Lischner
- Departments of Materials, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,The Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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12
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Sun H, Jiang H. Combined
DFT
and wave function theory approach to excited states of lanthanide luminescent materials: A case study of
LaF
3
:Ce
3+. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huai‐Yang Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing PR China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing PR China
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13
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de Sousa LE, de Silva P. Diabatic Decomposition Perspective on the Role of Charge Transfer and Local Excitations in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:5459-5470. [PMID: 36007256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is a phenomenon that relies on the upconversion of triplet excitons to singlet excitons by means of reverse intersystem crossing (rISC). It has been shown both experimentally and theoretically that the TADF mechanism depends on the interplay between charge transfer and local excitations. However, the difference between the diabatic and adiabatic character of the involved excited states is rarely discussed in the literature. Here we develop a diabatization procedure to implement a four-state model Hamiltonian to a set of TADF molecules. We provide physical interpretations of the Hamiltonian elements and show their dependence on the electronic state of the equilibrium geometry. We also demonstrate how vibrations affect the TADF efficiency by modifying the diabatic decomposition of the molecule. Finally, we provide a simple model that connects the diabatic Hamiltonian to the electronic properties relevant to TADF and show how this relationship translates into different optimization strategies for rISC, fluorescence, and overall TADF performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Evaristo de Sousa
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 301, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Piotr de Silva
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 301, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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14
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Tučková L, Straka M, Valiev RR, Sundholm D. On the origin of the inverted singlet-triplet gap of the 5th generation light-emitting molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:18713-18721. [PMID: 35899835 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02364d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Excitation energies of the lowest singlet and triplet state of molecules whose first excited singlet state lies energetically below the first triplet state have been studied computationally at (time-dependent) density functional theory, coupled-cluster, and second-order multiconfiguration perturbation theory levels. The calculations at the ab initio levels show that the singlet-triplet gap is inverted as compared to the one expected from Hund's rule, whereas all density functionals yield the triplet state as the lowest excited state. Double excitations responsible for the inverted singlet-triplet gap have been identified. Employing the spin-flip and ΔSCF methods, singlet-triplet inversion was obtained at the density functional theory level for some of the studied molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Tučková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Straka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Rashid R Valiev
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtanens plats 1, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtanens plats 1, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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15
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Majumdar S, Roy AK. Recent Advances in Cartesian-Grid DFT in Atoms and Molecules. Front Chem 2022; 10:926916. [PMID: 35936092 PMCID: PMC9354079 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.926916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past several decades, density functional theory (DFT) has evolved as a leading player across a dazzling variety of fields, from organic chemistry to condensed matter physics. The simple conceptual framework and computational elegance are the underlying driver for this. This article reviews some of the recent developments that have taken place in our laboratory in the past 5 years. Efforts are made to validate a viable alternative for DFT calculations for small to medium systems through a Cartesian coordinate grid- (CCG-) based pseudopotential Kohn–Sham (KS) DFT framework using LCAO-MO ansatz. In order to legitimize its suitability and efficacy, at first, electric response properties, such as dipole moment (μ), static dipole polarizability (α), and first hyperpolarizability (β), are calculated. Next, we present a purely numerical approach in CCG for proficient computation of exact exchange density contribution in certain types of orbital-dependent density functionals. A Fourier convolution theorem combined with a range-separated Coulomb interaction kernel is invoked. This takes motivation from a semi-numerical algorithm, where the rate-deciding factor is the evaluation of electrostatic potential. Its success further leads to a systematic self-consistent approach from first principles, which is desirable in the development of optimally tuned range-separated hybrid and hyper functionals. Next, we discuss a simple, alternative time-independent DFT procedure, for computation of single-particle excitation energies, by means of “adiabatic connection theorem” and virial theorem. Optical gaps in organic chromophores, dyes, linear/non-linear PAHs, and charge transfer complexes are faithfully reproduced. In short, CCG-DFT is shown to be a successful route for various practical applications in electronic systems.
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16
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Stella M, Thapa K, Genovese L, Ratcliff LE. Transition-Based Constrained DFT for the Robust and Reliable Treatment of Excitations in Supramolecular Systems. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:3027-3038. [PMID: 35471972 PMCID: PMC9097287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the variety of available computational approaches, state-of-the-art methods for calculating excitation energies, such as time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), are computationally demanding and thus limited to moderate system sizes. Here, we introduce a new variation of constrained DFT (CDFT), wherein the constraint corresponds to a particular transition (T), or a combination of transitions, between occupied and virtual orbitals, rather than a region of the simulation space as in traditional CDFT. We compare T-CDFT with TDDFT and ΔSCF results for the low-lying excited states (S1 and T1) of a set of gas-phase acene molecules and OLED emitters and with reference results from the literature. At the PBE level of theory, T-CDFT outperforms ΔSCF for both classes of molecules, while also proving to be more robust. For the local excitations seen in the acenes, T-CDFT and TDDFT perform equally well. For the charge transfer (CT)-like excitations seen in the OLED molecules, T-CDFT also performs well, in contrast to the severe energy underestimation seen with TDDFT. In other words, T-CDFT is equally applicable to both local excitations and CT states, providing more reliable excitation energies at a much lower computational cost than TDDFT cost. T-CDFT is designed for large systems and has been implemented in the linear-scaling BigDFT code. It is therefore ideally suited for exploring the effects of explicit environments on excitation energies, paving the way for future simulations of excited states in complex realistic morphologies, such as those which occur in OLED materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Stella
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- The
Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics, Trieste 34151, Italy
| | - Kritam Thapa
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Luigi Genovese
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG-MEM-L_Sim, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Laura E. Ratcliff
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Centre
for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
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17
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Francese T, Kundu A, Gygi F, Galli G. Quantum simulations of thermally activated delayed fluorescence in an all-organic emitter. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10101-10113. [PMID: 35416814 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01147f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the prototypical NAI-DMAC thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter in the gas phase- and high-packing fraction limits at finite temperature, by combining first principles molecular dynamics with a quantum thermostat to account for nuclear quantum effects (NQE). We find a weak dependence of the singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST) on temperature in both the solid and the molecule, and a substantial effect of packing. While the ΔEST vanishes in the perfect crystal, it is of the order of ∼0.3 eV in the molecule, with fluctuations ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 eV at 300 K. The transition probability between the HOMOs and LUMOs has a stronger dependence on temperature than the singlet-triplet gap, with a desirable effect for thermally activated fluorescence; such temperature effect is weaker in the condensed phase than in the molecule. Our results on ΔEST and oscillator strengths, together with our estimates of direct and reverse intersystem crossing rates, show that optimization of packing and geometrical conformation is critical to increase the efficiency of TADF compounds. Our findings highlight the importance of considering thermal fluctuations and NQE to obtain robust predictions of the electronic properties of NAI-DMAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Francese
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Arpan Kundu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Francois Gygi
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Giulia Galli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. .,Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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18
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Kumar C, Luber S. Robust ΔSCF calculations with direct energy functional minimization methods and STEP for molecules and materials. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:154104. [PMID: 35459303 DOI: 10.1063/5.0075927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct energy functional minimization method using the orbital transformation (OT) scheme in the program package CP2K has been employed for Δ self-consistent field (ΔSCF) calculations. The OT method for non-uniform molecular orbitals occupations allows us to apply the ΔSCF method for various kinds of molecules and periodic systems. Vertical excitation energies of heteroaromatic molecules and condensed phase systems, such as solvated ethylene and solvated uracil obeying periodic boundary conditions, are reported using the ΔSCF method. In addition, a Re-phosphate molecule attached to the surface of anatase (TiO2) has been investigated. Additionally, we have implemented a recently proposed state-targeted energy projection ΔSCF algorithm [K. Carter-Fenk and J. M. Herbert, J. Chem. Theory Comput. 16(8), 5067-5082 (2020)] for diagonalization based SCF in CP2K. It is found that the OT scheme provides a smooth and robust SCF convergence for all investigated excitation energies and (non-)periodic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Luber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Vandaele E, Mališ M, Luber S. The ΔSCF method for non-adiabatic dynamics of systems in the liquid phase. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:130901. [PMID: 35395890 DOI: 10.1063/5.0083340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational studies of ultrafast photoinduced processes give valuable insights into the photochemical mechanisms of a broad range of compounds. In order to accurately reproduce, interpret, and predict experimental results, which are typically obtained in a condensed phase, it is indispensable to include the condensed phase environment in the computational model. However, most studies are still performed in vacuum due to the high computational cost of state-of-the-art non-adiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) simulations. The quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) solvation method has been a popular model to perform photodynamics in the liquid phase. Nevertheless, the currently used QM/MM embedding techniques cannot sufficiently capture all solute-solvent interactions. In this Perspective, we will discuss the efficient ΔSCF electronic structure method and its applications with respect to the NAMD of solvated compounds, with a particular focus on explicit quantum mechanical solvation. As more research is required for this method to reach its full potential, some challenges and possible directions for future research are presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vandaele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Momir Mališ
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Luber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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20
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Ghosh S, Bhattacharyya K. Origin of the Failure of Density Functional Theories in Predicting Inverted Singlet-Triplet Gaps. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1378-1385. [PMID: 35147428 PMCID: PMC8900124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Recent experimental
and theoretical studies have shown several
new organic molecules that violate Hund’s rule and have the
first singlet excited state lower in energy than the first triplet
excited state. While many correlated single reference wave function
methods have successfully predicted excited-state energetics of these
low-lying states, conventional linear-response time-dependent density
functional theory (TDDFT) fails to predict the correct excited-state
energy ordering. In this article, we have explored the performance
of combined DFT and wave function methods like doubles-corrected TDDFT
and multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory for the calculation
of inverted singlet–triplet gaps. We have also tested the performance
of the excited-state DFT (eDFT) method for this problem. Our results
have shown that it is possible to obtain inverted singlet–triplet
gaps both by using doubles-corrected TDDFT with a proper choice of
double-hybrid functionals or by using eDFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Ghosh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr D45470, Germany
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21
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Vandaele E, Mališ M, Luber S. The photodissociation of solvated cyclopropanone and its hydrate explored via non-adiabatic molecular dynamics using ΔSCF. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5669-5679. [PMID: 35179527 PMCID: PMC8890323 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05187c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The decay of cyclopropanone is a typical example of a photodecomposition process. Ethylene and carbon monoxide are formed following the excitation to the first singlet excited state through a symmetrical or asymmetrical pathway. The results obtained with non-adiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) using the delta self-consistent field (ΔSCF) method correspond well to previous experimental and multireference theoretical studies carried out in the gas phase. Moreover, this efficient methodology allows NAMD simulations of cyclopropanone in aqueous solution to be performed, which reveal analogue deactivation mechanisms, but a shorter lifetime and reduced photodissociation as compared to the gas-phase. The excited state dynamics of cyclopropanone hydrate, an enzyme inhibitor, in an aqueous environment are reported as well. Cyclopropanone hydrate strongly interacts with the surrounding solvent via the formation of hydrogen bonds. Excitation to the first singlet excited state shows an asymmetric pathway with cyclopropanone hydrate and propionic acid as the main photoproducts. The lifetime and photodissociation of cyclopropanone are reduced in aqueous solution, while the excitation of solvated cyclopropanone hydrate yields a range of photoproducts.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vandaele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Momir Mališ
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Sandra Luber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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22
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Chan B, Dawson W, Nakajima T, Hirao K. Taking Advantage of a Systematic Energy Non-linearity Error in Density Functional Theory for the Calculation of Electronic Energy Levels. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10507-10513. [PMID: 34874170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present an approximate approach for the calculation of ionization potential (IP) and electron affinity (EA) by exploiting the complementary energy non-linearity errors for a species M and its one-electron-ionized counterpart (M+). Reasonable IPs and EAs are thus obtained by averaging the orbital energies of M and M+, even with a low-level method such as BLYP/6-31G(d). By combining the corrected IPs and EAs, we can further obtain reasonable excitation energies. The errors in uncorrected valence IPs and uncorrected virtual-orbital energies show systematic trends. These characteristics provide a convenient and computationally efficient avenue for qualitative estimation of these properties with single corrections for multiple IPs and excitation energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bun Chan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - William Dawson
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science, 7-1-26, Minatojima-minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takahito Nakajima
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science, 7-1-26, Minatojima-minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Hirao
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science, 7-1-26, Minatojima-minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano, Nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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23
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Sotoyama W. Simulation of Low-Lying Singlet and Triplet Excited States of Multiple-Resonance-Type Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters by Delta Self-Consistent Field (ΔSCF) Method. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10373-10378. [PMID: 34851126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The delta self-consistent field (ΔSCF) method was applied to the simulation of low-lying singlet and triplet excited states of multiple-resonance (MR)-type thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules, which form a promising group for organic light-emitting diode (OLED) emitters. A comparison with the experimental values of 13 emitters from the literature showed that ΔSCF gave fairly accurate S1 and T1 excitation energies (mean absolute errors (MAEs) of 0.092 and 0.055 eV, respectively) as well as quite accurate ΔEST (S1-T1 gap, MAE of 0.041 eV), which could not be calculated with sufficient accuracy by the conventional time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). ΔSCF also demonstrated its utility for the analysis of photophysical properties through a simulation of the reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) process of an MR-type emitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Sotoyama
- Samsung R&D Institute Japan (SRJ), 2-7, Sugasawa-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0027, Japan
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24
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Ensemble Density Functional Theory of Neutral and Charged Excitations : Exact Formulations, Standard Approximations, and Open Questions. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 380:4. [PMID: 34825294 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in the field of (time-independent) ensemble density-functional theory (DFT) for excited states are reviewed. Both Gross-Oliveira-Kohn (GOK) and N-centered ensemble formalisms, which are mathematically very similar and allow for an in-principle-exact description of neutral and charged electronic excitations, respectively, are discussed. Key exact results, for example, the equivalence between the infamous derivative discontinuity problem and the description of weight dependencies in the ensemble exchange-correlation density functional, are highlighted. The variational evaluation of orbital-dependent ensemble Hartree-exchange (Hx) energies is discussed in detail. We show in passing that state-averaging individual exact Hx energies can lead to severe (although solvable) v-representability issues. Finally, we explore the possibility of using the concept of density-driven correlation, which has been introduced recently and does not exist in regular ground-state DFT, for improving state-of-the-art correlation density-functional approximations for ensembles. The present review reflects the efforts of a growing community to turn ensemble DFT into a rigorous and reliable low-cost computational method for excited states. We hope that, in the near future, this contribution will stimulate new formal and practical developments in the field.
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25
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Epifanovsky E, Gilbert ATB, Feng X, Lee J, Mao Y, Mardirossian N, Pokhilko P, White AF, Coons MP, Dempwolff AL, Gan Z, Hait D, Horn PR, Jacobson LD, Kaliman I, Kussmann J, Lange AW, Lao KU, Levine DS, Liu J, McKenzie SC, Morrison AF, Nanda KD, Plasser F, Rehn DR, Vidal ML, You ZQ, Zhu Y, Alam B, Albrecht BJ, Aldossary A, Alguire E, Andersen JH, Athavale V, Barton D, Begam K, Behn A, Bellonzi N, Bernard YA, Berquist EJ, Burton HGA, Carreras A, Carter-Fenk K, Chakraborty R, Chien AD, Closser KD, Cofer-Shabica V, Dasgupta S, de Wergifosse M, Deng J, Diedenhofen M, Do H, Ehlert S, Fang PT, Fatehi S, Feng Q, Friedhoff T, Gayvert J, Ge Q, Gidofalvi G, Goldey M, Gomes J, González-Espinoza CE, Gulania S, Gunina AO, Hanson-Heine MWD, Harbach PHP, Hauser A, Herbst MF, Hernández Vera M, Hodecker M, Holden ZC, Houck S, Huang X, Hui K, Huynh BC, Ivanov M, Jász Á, Ji H, Jiang H, Kaduk B, Kähler S, Khistyaev K, Kim J, Kis G, Klunzinger P, Koczor-Benda Z, Koh JH, Kosenkov D, Koulias L, Kowalczyk T, Krauter CM, Kue K, Kunitsa A, Kus T, Ladjánszki I, Landau A, Lawler KV, Lefrancois D, Lehtola S, Li RR, Li YP, Liang J, Liebenthal M, Lin HH, Lin YS, Liu F, Liu KY, Loipersberger M, Luenser A, Manjanath A, Manohar P, Mansoor E, Manzer SF, Mao SP, Marenich AV, Markovich T, Mason S, Maurer SA, McLaughlin PF, Menger MFSJ, Mewes JM, Mewes SA, Morgante P, Mullinax JW, Oosterbaan KJ, Paran G, Paul AC, Paul SK, Pavošević F, Pei Z, Prager S, Proynov EI, Rák Á, Ramos-Cordoba E, Rana B, Rask AE, Rettig A, Richard RM, Rob F, Rossomme E, Scheele T, Scheurer M, Schneider M, Sergueev N, Sharada SM, Skomorowski W, Small DW, Stein CJ, Su YC, Sundstrom EJ, Tao Z, Thirman J, Tornai GJ, Tsuchimochi T, Tubman NM, Veccham SP, Vydrov O, Wenzel J, Witte J, Yamada A, Yao K, Yeganeh S, Yost SR, Zech A, Zhang IY, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zuev D, Aspuru-Guzik A, Bell AT, Besley NA, Bravaya KB, Brooks BR, Casanova D, Chai JD, Coriani S, Cramer CJ, Cserey G, DePrince AE, DiStasio RA, Dreuw A, Dunietz BD, Furlani TR, Goddard WA, Hammes-Schiffer S, Head-Gordon T, Hehre WJ, Hsu CP, Jagau TC, Jung Y, Klamt A, Kong J, Lambrecht DS, Liang W, Mayhall NJ, McCurdy CW, Neaton JB, Ochsenfeld C, Parkhill JA, Peverati R, Rassolov VA, Shao Y, Slipchenko LV, Stauch T, Steele RP, Subotnik JE, Thom AJW, Tkatchenko A, Truhlar DG, Van Voorhis T, Wesolowski TA, Whaley KB, Woodcock HL, Zimmerman PM, Faraji S, Gill PMW, Head-Gordon M, Herbert JM, Krylov AI. Software for the frontiers of quantum chemistry: An overview of developments in the Q-Chem 5 package. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:084801. [PMID: 34470363 PMCID: PMC9984241 DOI: 10.1063/5.0055522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This article summarizes technical advances contained in the fifth major release of the Q-Chem quantum chemistry program package, covering developments since 2015. A comprehensive library of exchange-correlation functionals, along with a suite of correlated many-body methods, continues to be a hallmark of the Q-Chem software. The many-body methods include novel variants of both coupled-cluster and configuration-interaction approaches along with methods based on the algebraic diagrammatic construction and variational reduced density-matrix methods. Methods highlighted in Q-Chem 5 include a suite of tools for modeling core-level spectroscopy, methods for describing metastable resonances, methods for computing vibronic spectra, the nuclear-electronic orbital method, and several different energy decomposition analysis techniques. High-performance capabilities including multithreaded parallelism and support for calculations on graphics processing units are described. Q-Chem boasts a community of well over 100 active academic developers, and the continuing evolution of the software is supported by an "open teamware" model and an increasingly modular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Epifanovsky
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | | | | | - Joonho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yuezhi Mao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Pavel Pokhilko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Alec F. White
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Marc P. Coons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Adrian L. Dempwolff
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhengting Gan
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Diptarka Hait
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Paul R. Horn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Leif D. Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | - Jörg Kussmann
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Adrian W. Lange
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Ka Un Lao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Daniel S. Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Simon C. McKenzie
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Kaushik D. Nanda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Dirk R. Rehn
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marta L. Vidal
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg. 207, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Bushra Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | | | - Ethan Alguire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Josefine H. Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg. 207, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vishikh Athavale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Dennis Barton
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Khadiza Begam
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
| | - Andrew Behn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Nicole Bellonzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yves A. Bernard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Hugh G. A. Burton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Abel Carreras
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Kevin Carter-Fenk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | - Alan D. Chien
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | - Vale Cofer-Shabica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Saswata Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Marc de Wergifosse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Jia Deng
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Hainam Do
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Ehlert
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Po-Tung Fang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Qingguo Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
| | - Triet Friedhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - James Gayvert
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Qinghui Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Gergely Gidofalvi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington 99258, USA
| | - Matthew Goldey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Joe Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Sahil Gulania
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Anastasia O. Gunina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Phillip H. P. Harbach
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hauser
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Mario Hernández Vera
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Manuel Hodecker
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zachary C. Holden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Shannon Houck
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Xunkun Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kerwin Hui
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bang C. Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maxim Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Ádám Jász
- Stream Novation Ltd., Práter utca 50/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hyunjun Ji
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanjie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin Kaduk
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Sven Kähler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Kirill Khistyaev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Jaehoon Kim
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gergely Kis
- Stream Novation Ltd., Práter utca 50/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Zsuzsanna Koczor-Benda
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Joong Hoon Koh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Dimitri Kosenkov
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Laura Koulias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | | | - Caroline M. Krauter
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Kue
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Alexander Kunitsa
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Thomas Kus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Arie Landau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Keith V. Lawler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel Lefrancois
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Run R. Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Yi-Pei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jiashu Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Marcus Liebenthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Hung-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - You-Sheng Lin
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Fenglai Liu
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | | | | | - Arne Luenser
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Aaditya Manjanath
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Prashant Manohar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Erum Mansoor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sam F. Manzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Shan-Ping Mao
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Thomas Markovich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Stephen Mason
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A. Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Peter F. McLaughlin
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | | | - Jan-Michael Mewes
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie A. Mewes
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierpaolo Morgante
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
| | - J. Wayne Mullinax
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander C. Paul
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Suranjan K. Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Fabijan Pavošević
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Zheng Pei
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Stefan Prager
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emil I. Proynov
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Ádám Rák
- Stream Novation Ltd., Práter utca 50/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eloy Ramos-Cordoba
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bhaskar Rana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Alan E. Rask
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Adam Rettig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ryan M. Richard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Fazle Rob
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Elliot Rossomme
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Tarek Scheele
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Scheurer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nickolai Sergueev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
| | - Shaama M. Sharada
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Wojciech Skomorowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - David W. Small
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J. Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yu-Chuan Su
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Eric J. Sundstrom
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jonathan Thirman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Gábor J. Tornai
- Stream Novation Ltd., Práter utca 50/a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Takashi Tsuchimochi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Norm M. Tubman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Oleg Vydrov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jan Wenzel
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jon Witte
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Atsushi Yamada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Sina Yeganeh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Shane R. Yost
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Alexander Zech
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Igor Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Dmitry Zuev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Alexis T. Bell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ksenia B. Bravaya
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Bernard R. Brooks
- Laboratory of Computational Biophysics, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | | | - Sonia Coriani
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg. 207, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - A. Eugene DePrince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Robert A. DiStasio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barry D. Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, USA
| | - Thomas R. Furlani
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | | | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yousung Jung
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas Klamt
- COSMOlogic GmbH & Co. KG, Imbacher Weg 46, D-51379 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Jing Kong
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Daniel S. Lambrecht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | | | | | - C. William McCurdy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Neaton
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstr. 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - John A. Parkhill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Roberto Peverati
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
| | - Vitaly A. Rassolov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ryan P. Steele
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Joseph E. Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Alex J. W. Thom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Tkatchenko
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tomasz A. Wesolowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - K. Birgitta Whaley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - H. Lee Woodcock
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Shirin Faraji
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9774AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA,Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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26
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Zhao R, Grofe A, Wang Z, Bao P, Chen X, Liu W, Gao J. Dynamic-then-Static Approach for Core Excitations of Open-Shell Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7409-7417. [PMID: 34328742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Delta self-consistent-field methods are widely used in studies of electronically excited states. However, the nonaufbau determinants are generally spin-contaminated. Here, we describe a general approach for spin-coupling interactions of open-shell molecules, making use of multistate density functional theory (MSDFT). In particular, the effective exchange integrals that determine spin coupling are obtained by enforcing the multiplet degeneracy of the S+1 state in the MS = S manifold. Consequently, they are consistent with the energy of the high-spin state that is adequately treated by Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT) and, thereby, free of double counting of correlation. The method was applied to core excitations of open-shell molecules and compared with those by spin-adapted time-dependent DFT. An excellent agreement with experiment was found employing the BLYP functional and aug-cc-pCVQZ basis set. Overall, MSDFT provides an effective combination of the strengths of DFT and wave function theory to achieve efficiency and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqi Zhao
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130023, Jilin, China
| | - Adam Grofe
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130023, Jilin, China
| | - Zikuan Wang
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Bao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Jiali Gao
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, Minnesota, United States
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27
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Roy R, Ghosal A, Roy AK. A Simple Effective Δ SCF Method for Computing Optical Gaps in Organic Chromophores. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2729-2739. [PMID: 34331415 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photoluminescence effects in organic chromophores are of significant importance and requires precise description of low lying excited states. In this communication, we put forward an alternative time-independent DFT scheme for computing lowest single-particle excitation energy, especially for singlet excited state. This adopts a recently developed "virial"-theorem based model of singlet-triplet splitting which requires a DFT calculation on closed shell ground state and a restricted open-shell triplet excited state, followed by a simple 2 e - integral evaluation. This produces vertical excitation energies in small molecules, linear and non-linear polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and organic dyes in comparable accuracy to the TDDFT. We also explore the functional dependency of present method with three different functionals (B3LYP, wB97X and CAM-B3LYP) for polyenes and linear acenes. A systematic comparison with literature value illustrates the validity and usefulness of the present scheme in determining optical gap with fair computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Roy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata Nadia, Mohanpur, 741246, WB, India
| | - Abhisek Ghosal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata Nadia, Mohanpur, 741246, WB, India.,Present Address : Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai, 400005, Maharastra, India
| | - Amlan K Roy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata Nadia, Mohanpur, 741246, WB, India
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28
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Ivanov AV, Levi G, Jónsson EÖ, Jónsson H. Method for Calculating Excited Electronic States Using Density Functionals and Direct Orbital Optimization with Real Space Grid or Plane-Wave Basis Set. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:5034-5049. [PMID: 34227810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A direct orbital optimization method is presented for density functional calculations of excited electronic states using either a real space grid or a plane-wave basis set. The method is variational, provides atomic forces in the excited states, and can be applied to Kohn-Sham (KS) functionals as well as orbital-density-dependent (ODD) functionals including explicit self-interaction correction. The implementation for KS functionals involves two nested loops: (1) An inner loop for finding a stationary point in a subspace spanned by the occupied and a few virtual orbitals corresponding to the excited state; (2) an outer loop for minimizing the energy in a tangential direction in the space of the orbitals. For ODD functionals, a third loop is used to find the unitary transformation that minimizes the energy functional among occupied orbitals only. Combined with the maximum overlap method, the algorithm converges in challenging cases where conventional self-consistent field algorithms tend to fail. The benchmark tests presented include two charge-transfer excitations in nitrobenzene and an excitation of CO to degenerate π* orbitals where the importance of complex orbitals is illustrated. The application of this method to several metal-to-ligand charge-transfer and metal-centered excited states of an FeII photosensitizer complex is described, and the results are compared to reported experimental estimates. This method is also used to study the effect of the Perdew-Zunger self-interaction correction on valence and Rydberg excited states of several molecules, both singlet and triplet states, and the performance compared to semilocal and hybrid functionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei V Ivanov
- Science Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland, VR-III, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Gianluca Levi
- Science Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland, VR-III, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Elvar Ö Jónsson
- Science Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland, VR-III, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Hannes Jónsson
- Science Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland, VR-III, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
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29
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Hait D, Head-Gordon M. Orbital Optimized Density Functional Theory for Electronic Excited States. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:4517-4529. [PMID: 33961437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) based modeling of electronic excited states is of importance for investigation of the photophysical/photochemical properties and spectroscopic characterization of large systems. The widely used linear response time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) approach is, however, not effective at modeling many types of excited states, including (but not limited to) charge-transfer states, doubly excited states, and core-level excitations. In this perspective, we discuss state-specific orbital optimized (OO) DFT approaches as an alterative to TDDFT for electronic excited states. We motivate the use of OO-DFT methods and discuss reasons behind their relatively restricted historical usage (vs TDDFT). We subsequently highlight modern developments that address these factors and allow efficient and reliable OO-DFT computations. Several successful applications of OO-DFT for challenging electronic excitations are also presented, indicating their practical efficacy. OO-DFT approaches are thus increasingly becoming a useful route for computing excited states of large chemical systems. We conclude by discussing the limitations and challenges still facing OO-DFT methods, as well as some potential avenues for addressing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptarka Hait
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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30
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Su NQ, Xu X. Perturbation theory made efficient and effective for predictions of ionization potential and electron affinity. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:174101. [PMID: 34241082 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionization potential and electron affinity are essential molecular properties. The most straightforward method is to calculate them by taking the total energy differences of the initial and final states according to the definition. However, it often suffers from a serious convergence problem due to the requirement of the self-consistent field (SCF) calculations for the ionic states with non-Aufbau choices of occupations. In the present work, we have constructed a theoretical framework in view of perturbation theory to bypass the SCF calculations of the ionic states. To address the imbalance issue that arises from the precisely treated neutral ground state followed by the truncated perturbative treatment of the ionic states, an accurate yet effective method has been developed here, which adds back some terms from the higher order perturbations into the lower order to cancel out the most computationally cost terms in the truncated expansion, thus reaching a better convergence with less computation. The validity of the present methodology has been tested out by applying it to the Hartree-Fock (HF) method in combination with the correlation effect described at the second-order Møller-Plesset level in a frozen-orbital approximation. All the derivations in this work are given in a general framework, which are applicable not only to HF but also to a wide range of density functional theory methods from semi-local functionals to hybrid and doubly hybrid functionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Qiang Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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31
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Bourne Worster S, Feighan O, Manby FR. Reliable transition properties from excited-state mean-field calculations. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:124106. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0041233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Bourne Worster
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Feighan
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick R. Manby
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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32
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Essam ZM, Ozmen GE, Setiawan D, Hamid RR, Abd El-Aal RM, Aneja R, Hamelberg D, Henary M. Donor acceptor fluorophores: synthesis, optical properties, TD-DFT and cytotoxicity studies. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1835-1846. [PMID: 33565564 PMCID: PMC8514131 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02313b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) fluorophores consisting of a donor unit, a π linker, and an acceptor moiety have attracted attention in the last decade. In this study, we report the synthesis, characterization, optical properties, TD-DFT, and cytotoxicity studies of 17 near infrared (NIR) D-π-A analogs which have not been reported so far to the best of our knowledge. These fluorophores have chloroacrylic acid as the acceptor unit and various donor units such as indole, benzothiazole, benzo[e]indole, and quinoline. The fluorophores showed strong absorption in the NIR (700-970 nm) region due to their enhanced intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) between chloroacrylic acid and the donor moieties connected with the Vilsmeier-Haack linker. The emission wavelength maxima of the fluorophores were in between 798 and 870 nm. Compound 20 with a 4-quinoline donor moiety showed an emission wavelength above 1000 nm in the NIR II window. The synthesized fluorophores were characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR, and their optical properties were studied. Time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations showed that the charge transfer occurs from the donor groups (indole, benzothiazole, benzo[e]indole, and quinoline) to the acceptor chloroacrylic acid moiety. Fluorophores with [HOMO] to [LUMO+1] transitions were shown to possess a charge separation character. The cytotoxicity of selected fluorophores, 4, 7, 10 and 12 was investigated against breast cancer cell lines and they showed better activity than the anti-cancer agent docetaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa M Essam
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA. and Department of Chemistry, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Guliz Ersoy Ozmen
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.
| | - Dani Setiawan
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.
| | - Riri Rizkianty Hamid
- Department of Biology, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | | | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Donald Hamelberg
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA. and Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Maged Henary
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA. and Center of Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
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33
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Mališ M, Luber S. ΔSCF with Subsystem Density Embedding for Efficient Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics in Condensed-Phase Systems. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:1653-1661. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Momir Mališ
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Luber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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34
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Ghosal A, Gupta T, Mahato K, Roy AK. Excitation energies through Becke’s exciton model within a Cartesian-grid KS DFT. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02699-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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35
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Mao Y, Montoya-Castillo A, Markland TE. Excited state diabatization on the cheap using DFT: Photoinduced electron and hole transfer. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:244111. [PMID: 33380087 DOI: 10.1063/5.0035593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excited state electron and hole transfer underpin fundamental steps in processes such as exciton dissociation at photovoltaic heterojunctions, photoinduced charge transfer at electrodes, and electron transfer in photosynthetic reaction centers. Diabatic states corresponding to charge or excitation localized species, such as locally excited and charge transfer states, provide a physically intuitive framework to simulate and understand these processes. However, obtaining accurate diabatic states and their couplings from adiabatic electronic states generally leads to inaccurate results when combined with low-tier electronic structure methods, such as time-dependent density functional theory, and exorbitant computational cost when combined with high-level wavefunction-based methods. Here, we introduce a density functional theory (DFT)-based diabatization scheme that directly constructs the diabatic states using absolutely localized molecular orbitals (ALMOs), which we denote as Δ-ALMO(MSDFT2). We demonstrate that our method, which combines ALMO calculations with the ΔSCF technique to construct electronically excited diabatic states and obtains their couplings with charge-transfer states using our MSDFT2 scheme, gives accurate results for excited state electron and hole transfer in both charged and uncharged systems that underlie DNA repair, charge separation in donor-acceptor dyads, chromophore-to-solvent electron transfer, and singlet fission. This framework for the accurate and efficient construction of excited state diabats and evaluation of their couplings directly from DFT thus offers a route to simulate and elucidate photoinduced electron and hole transfer in large disordered systems, such as those encountered in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhi Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Thomas E Markland
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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36
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Li X, Parrish RM, Martínez TJ. An ab initio exciton model for singlet fission. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:184116. [PMID: 33187442 DOI: 10.1063/5.0028605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We present an ab initio exciton model that extends the Frenkel exciton model and includes valence, charge-transfer, and multiexcitonic excited states. It serves as a general, parameter-free, yet computationally efficient and scalable approach for simulation of singlet fission processes in multichromophoric systems. A comparison with multiconfigurational methods confirms that our exciton model predicts consistent energies and couplings for the pentacene dimer and captures the correct physics. Calculations of larger pentacene clusters demonstrate the computational scalability of the exciton model and suggest that the mixing between local and charge-transfer excitations narrows the gap between singlet and multiexcitonic states. Local vibrations of pentacene molecules are found to facilitate singlet-multiexcitonic state-crossing and hence are important for understanding singlet fission. The exciton model developed in this work also sets the stage for further implementation of the nuclear gradients and nonadiabatic couplings needed for first principles nonadiabatic quantum molecular dynamics simulations of singlet fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Robert M Parrish
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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37
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Rettig A, Hait D, Bertels LW, Head-Gordon M. Third-Order Møller-Plesset Theory Made More Useful? The Role of Density Functional Theory Orbitals. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:7473-7489. [PMID: 33161713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The practical utility of Møller-Plesset (MP) perturbation theory is severely constrained by the use of Hartree-Fock (HF) orbitals. It has recently been shown that the use of regularized orbital-optimized MP2 orbitals and scaling of MP3 energy could lead to a significant reduction in MP3 error [Bertels, L. W.; J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2019, 10, 4170 4176]. In this work, we examine whether density functional theory (DFT)-optimized orbitals can be similarly employed to improve the performance of MP theory at both the MP2 and MP3 levels. We find that the use of DFT orbitals leads to significantly improved performance for prediction of thermochemistry, barrier heights, noncovalent interactions, and dipole moments relative to the standard HF-based MP theory. Indeed, MP3 (with or without scaling) with DFT orbitals is found to surpass the accuracy of coupled-cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) for several data sets. We also found that the results are not particularly functional sensitive in most cases (although range-separated hybrid functionals with low delocalization error perform the best). MP3 based on DFT orbitals thus appears to be an efficient, noniterative O(N6) scaling wave-function approach for single-reference electronic structure computations. Scaled MP2 with DFT orbitals is also found to be quite accurate in many cases, although modern double hybrid functionals are likely to be considerably more accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Rettig
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Diptarka Hait
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Luke W Bertels
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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38
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DiRisio RJ, Jones CM, Ma H, Rousseau BJG. Viewpoints on the 2020 Virtual Conference on Theoretical Chemistry. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8875-8883. [PMID: 33054223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J DiRisio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Chey M Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - He Ma
- Institute for Molecular engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Benjamin J G Rousseau
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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39
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Levi G, Ivanov AV, Jónsson H. Variational Density Functional Calculations of Excited States via Direct Optimization. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:6968-6982. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Levi
- Science Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Aleksei V. Ivanov
- Science Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
- Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Hannes Jónsson
- Science Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
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40
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Hait D, Haugen EA, Yang Z, Oosterbaan KJ, Leone SR, Head-Gordon M. Accurate prediction of core-level spectra of radicals at density functional theory cost via square gradient minimization and recoupling of mixed configurations. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:134108. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0018833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diptarka Hait
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Eric A. Haugen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Zheyue Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Katherine J. Oosterbaan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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41
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Shee J, Head-Gordon M. Predicting Excitation Energies of Twisted Intramolecular Charge-Transfer States with the Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory: Comparison with Experimental Measurements in the Gas Phase and Solvents Ranging from Hexanes to Acetonitrile. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:6244-6255. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Shee
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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42
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Dong X, Mahler AD, Kempfer-Robertson EM, Thompson LM. Global Elucidation of Self-Consistent Field Solution Space Using Basin Hopping. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5635-5644. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinju Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40205, United States
| | - Andrew D. Mahler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40205, United States
| | | | - Lee M. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40205, United States
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43
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Carter-Fenk K, Herbert JM. State-Targeted Energy Projection: A Simple and Robust Approach to Orbital Relaxation of Non-Aufbau Self-Consistent Field Solutions. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5067-5082. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Carter-Fenk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - John M. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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44
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Mališ M, Luber S. Trajectory Surface Hopping Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics with Kohn–Sham ΔSCF for Condensed-Phase Systems. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:4071-4086. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Momir Mališ
- University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Luber
- University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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45
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Neutral excitation density-functional theory: an efficient and variational first-principles method for simulating neutral excitations in molecules. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8947. [PMID: 32488196 PMCID: PMC7265560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce neutral excitation density-functional theory (XDFT), a computationally light, generally applicable, first-principles technique for calculating neutral electronic excitations. The concept is to generalise constrained density functional theory to free it from any assumptions about the spatial confinement of electrons and holes, but to maintain all the advantages of a variational method. The task of calculating the lowest excited state of a given symmetry is thereby simplified to one of performing a simple, low-cost sequence of coupled DFT calculations. We demonstrate the efficacy of the method by calculating the lowest single-particle singlet and triplet excitation energies in the well-known Thiel molecular test set, with results which are in good agreement with linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (LR-TDDFT). Furthermore, we show that XDFT can successfully capture two-electron excitations, in principle, offering a flexible approach to target specific effects beyond state-of-the-art adiabatic-kernel LR-TDDFT. Overall the method makes optical gaps and electron-hole binding energies readily accessible at a computational cost and scaling comparable to that of standard density functional theory. Owing to its multiple qualities beneficial to high-throughput studies where the optical gap is of particular interest; namely broad applicability, low computational demand, and ease of implementation and automation, XDFT presents as a viable candidate for research within materials discovery and informatics frameworks.
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46
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Gu Y, Xu X. Extended Koopmans' theorem at the second‐order perturbation theory. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1165-1174. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Gu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Xin Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University Shanghai China
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47
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Pavošević F, Culpitt T, Hammes-Schiffer S. Multicomponent Quantum Chemistry: Integrating Electronic and Nuclear Quantum Effects via the Nuclear–Electronic Orbital Method. Chem Rev 2020; 120:4222-4253. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabijan Pavošević
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Tanner Culpitt
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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48
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Hourahine B, Aradi B, Blum V, Bonafé F, Buccheri A, Camacho C, Cevallos C, Deshaye MY, Dumitrică T, Dominguez A, Ehlert S, Elstner M, van der Heide T, Hermann J, Irle S, Kranz JJ, Köhler C, Kowalczyk T, Kubař T, Lee IS, Lutsker V, Maurer RJ, Min SK, Mitchell I, Negre C, Niehaus TA, Niklasson AMN, Page AJ, Pecchia A, Penazzi G, Persson MP, Řezáč J, Sánchez CG, Sternberg M, Stöhr M, Stuckenberg F, Tkatchenko A, Yu VWZ, Frauenheim T. DFTB+, a software package for efficient approximate density functional theory based atomistic simulations. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:124101. [PMID: 32241125 DOI: 10.1063/1.5143190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DFTB+ is a versatile community developed open source software package offering fast and efficient methods for carrying out atomistic quantum mechanical simulations. By implementing various methods approximating density functional theory (DFT), such as the density functional based tight binding (DFTB) and the extended tight binding method, it enables simulations of large systems and long timescales with reasonable accuracy while being considerably faster for typical simulations than the respective ab initio methods. Based on the DFTB framework, it additionally offers approximated versions of various DFT extensions including hybrid functionals, time dependent formalism for treating excited systems, electron transport using non-equilibrium Green's functions, and many more. DFTB+ can be used as a user-friendly standalone application in addition to being embedded into other software packages as a library or acting as a calculation-server accessed by socket communication. We give an overview of the recently developed capabilities of the DFTB+ code, demonstrating with a few use case examples, discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the various features, and also discuss on-going developments and possible future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hourahine
- SUPA, Department of Physics, The University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - B Aradi
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - V Blum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - F Bonafé
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Buccheri
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - C Camacho
- School of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - C Cevallos
- School of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - M Y Deshaye
- Department of Chemistry and Advanced Materials Science and Engineering Center, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA
| | - T Dumitrică
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - A Dominguez
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - S Ehlert
- University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Elstner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T van der Heide
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - J Hermann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Irle
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - J J Kranz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C Köhler
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - T Kowalczyk
- Department of Chemistry and Advanced Materials Science and Engineering Center, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA
| | - T Kubař
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - I S Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - V Lutsker
- Institut I - Theoretische Physik, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - R J Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - S K Min
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - I Mitchell
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - C Negre
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T A Niehaus
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - A M N Niklasson
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A J Page
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - A Pecchia
- CNR-ISMN, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy
| | - G Penazzi
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - M P Persson
- Dassault Systemes, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J Řezáč
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C G Sánchez
- Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - M Sternberg
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M Stöhr
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - F Stuckenberg
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - A Tkatchenko
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - V W-Z Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - T Frauenheim
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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49
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Hait D, Head-Gordon M. Excited State Orbital Optimization via Minimizing the Square of the Gradient: General Approach and Application to Singly and Doubly Excited States via Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:1699-1710. [PMID: 32017554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a general approach to converge excited state solutions to any quantum chemistry orbital optimization process, without the risk of variational collapse. The resulting square gradient minimization (SGM) approach only requires analytic energy/Lagrangian orbital gradients and merely costs 3 times as much as ground state orbital optimization (per iteration), when implemented via a finite difference approach. SGM is applied to both single determinant ΔSCF and spin-purified restricted open-shell Kohn-Sham (ROKS) approaches to study the accuracy of orbital optimized DFT excited states. It is found that SGM can converge challenging states where the maximum overlap method (MOM) or analogues either collapse to the ground state or fail to converge. We also report that ΔSCF/ROKS predict highly accurate excitation energies for doubly excited states (which are inaccessible via TDDFT). Singly excited states obtained via ROKS are also found to be quite accurate, especially for Rydberg states that frustrate (semi)local TDDFT. Our results suggest that orbital optimized excited state DFT methods can be used to push past the limitations of TDDFT to doubly excited, charge-transfer, or Rydberg states, making them a useful tool for the practical quantum chemist's toolbox for studying excited states in large systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptarka Hait
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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50
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Hait D, Head-Gordon M. Highly Accurate Prediction of Core Spectra of Molecules at Density Functional Theory Cost: Attaining Sub-electronvolt Error from a Restricted Open-Shell Kohn-Sham Approach. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:775-786. [PMID: 31917579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present the use of the recently developed square gradient minimization (SGM) algorithm for excited-state orbital optimization to obtain spin-pure restricted open-shell Kohn-Sham (ROKS) energies for core excited states of molecules. The SGM algorithm is robust against variational collapse and offers a reliable route to converging orbitals for target excited states at only 2-3 times the cost of ground-state orbital optimization (per iteration). ROKS/SGM with the modern SCAN/ωB97X-V functionals is found to predict the K-edge of C, N, O, and F to a root mean squared error of ∼0.3 eV. ROKS/SGM is equally effective at predicting L-edge spectra of third period elements, provided a perturbative spin-orbit correction is employed. This high accuracy can be contrasted with traditional time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), which typically has greater than 10 eV error and requires translation of computed spectra to align with experiment. ROKS is computationally affordable (having the same scaling as ground-state DFT and a slightly larger prefactor) and can be applied to geometry optimizations/ab initio molecular dynamics of core excited states, as well as condensed phase simulations. ROKS can also model doubly excited/ionized states with one broken electron pair, which are beyond the ability of linear response based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptarka Hait
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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