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Yin C, Jiang X, Mann S, Tian L, Drinkwater BW. Acoustic Trapping: An Emerging Tool for Microfabrication Technology. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2207917. [PMID: 36942987 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The high throughput deposition of microscale objects with precise spatial arrangement represents a key step in microfabrication technology. This can be done by creating physical boundaries to guide the deposition process or using printing technologies; in both approaches, these microscale objects cannot be further modified after they are formed. The utilization of dynamic acoustic fields offers a novel approach to facilitate real-time reconfigurable miniaturized systems in a contactless manner, which can potentially be used in physics, chemistry, biology, as well as materials science. Here, the physical interactions of microscale objects in an acoustic pressure field are discussed and how to fabricate different acoustic trapping devices and how to tune the spatial arrangement of the microscale objects are explained. Moreover, different approaches that can dynamically modulate microscale objects in acoustic fields are presented, and the potential applications of the microarrays in biomedical engineering, chemical/biochemical sensing, and materials science are highlighted alongside a discussion of future research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengying Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- Max Planck-Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Liangfei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, 66 Dongxin Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Department of Ultrasound, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Bruce W Drinkwater
- Faculty of Engineering, Queen's Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
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2
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Han J, Hu H, Lei Y, Huang Q, Fu C, Gai C, Ning J. Optimization Analysis of Particle Separation Parameters for a Standing Surface Acoustic Wave Acoustofluidic Chip. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:311-323. [PMID: 36643460 PMCID: PMC9835635 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microparticle separation technology is an important technology in many biomedical and chemical engineering applications from sample detection to disease diagnosis. Although a variety of microparticle separation techniques have been developed thus far, surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based microfluidic separation technology shows great potential because of its high throughput, high precision, and integration with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels. In this work, we demonstrate an acoustofluidic separation chip that includes a piezoelectric device that generates tilted-angle standing SAWs and a permanently bonded PDMS microchannel. We established a mathematical model of particle motion in the microchannel, simulated the particle trajectory through finite element simulation and numerical simulation, and then verified the validity of the model through acoustophoresis experiments. To improve the performance of the separation chip, the influences of particle size, flow rate, and input power on the particle deflection distance were studied. These parameters are closely related to the separation purity and separation efficiency. By optimizing the control parameters, the separation of micron and submicron particles under different throughput conditions was achieved. Moreover, the separation samples were quantitatively analyzed by digital light scattering technology and flow cytometry, and the results showed that the maximum purity of the separated particles was ∼95%, while the maximum efficiency was ∼97%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Han
- School
of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Hong Hu
- School
of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Yulin Lei
- School
of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | | | - Chen Fu
- College
of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Chenhui Gai
- School
of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Jia Ning
- School
of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
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3
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Quelennec A, Gorman JJ, Reyes DR. Amontons-Coulomb-like slip dynamics in acousto-microfluidics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1429. [PMID: 35318314 PMCID: PMC8941090 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28823-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acousto-microfluidics uses acoustic waves to manipulate and sense particles and fluids, and its integration into biomedical technologies has grown substantially in recent years. Fluid manipulation and measurement with surface acoustic waves rely on the efficient transmission of acoustic energy from the device to the fluid. Acoustic transmission into the fluid can be reduced significantly by slip at the fluid-solid interface, but, up until now, this phenomenon has been widely neglected during the design of acousto-microfluidic devices. Here our interpretation supports that the slip dynamics at the liquid-solid interface in acousto-microfluidics are highly analogous to the Amontons-Coulomb laws for dry friction between solids. In particular, there is a relationship between the local fluid pressure and shear stress, where we show that pressure-shear stress conditions can be divided into slip and no-slip regions, similar to the cone of friction found in dry friction. This improved understanding of slip will enable more reliable and predictable acousto-microfluidic technologies, thus expanding their use in new applications in biology and medicine. Acoustic waves can be used to manipulate particles and fluids in biomedical applications. The authors show that slip at the fluid-solid interface, characterized by a lower acoustic transmission into the fluid, is similar to Amontons-Coulomb friction, as found between solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Quelennec
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Jason J Gorman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Darwin R Reyes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
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4
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Jiang D, Liu J, Pan Y, Zhuang L, Wang P. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) techniques in tissue engineering. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:215-226. [PMID: 34390407 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the introduction of surface acoustic wave (SAW) technique for microfluidics has drawn a lot of attention. The pattern and mutual communication in cell layers, tissues, and organs play a critical role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration and may contribute to disease occurrence and progression. Tissue engineering aims to repair and regenerate damaged organs, depending on biomimetic scaffolds and advanced fabrication technology. However, traditional bioengineering synthesis approaches are time-consuming, heterogeneous, and unmanageable. It is hard to pattern cells in scaffolds effectively with no impact on cell viability and function. Here, we summarize a biocompatible, easily available, label-free, and non-invasive tool, surface acoustic wave (SAW) technique, which is getting a lot of attention in tissue engineering. SAW technique can realize accurate sorting, manipulation, and cells' pattern and rapid formation of spheroids. By integrating several SAW devices onto lab-on-a-chip platforms, tissue engineering lab-on-a-chip system was proposed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to summarize the application of this novel technique in the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Jiang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yuxiang Pan
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Liujing Zhuang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Sensor Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
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5
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Kandemir MH, Wagterveld RM, Yntema DR, Keesman KJ. Selective particle separation on centimeter scale using a dual frequency dynamic acoustic field. ULTRASONICS 2021; 114:106411. [PMID: 33730595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the application of dual-frequency type dynamic acoustic fields for size-selective particle separation on centimeter scale in a continuous flow. The 3D-printed X-shaped prototype has two inlets and two outlets. The dynamic acoustic field is generated by two transducers positioned under an angle of 60° and operating at slightly different frequencies. The acoustic reflections are eliminated by placing sound-absorbing material inside the prototype and the non-resonant operation is confirmed by the electrical admittance measurements. Numerical calculations suggested that pressure generated by each transducer does not need to have equal amplitude. Computer simulations and lab experiments were carried out for different frequency differences and flow rates. The results demonstrated the ability of dual-frequency dynamic acoustic fields for size-selective particle filtration on centimeter scale, with a total flow rate up to.1Lh-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Kandemir
- Wageningen University & Research, Mathematical and Statistical Methods - Biometris, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wetsus, European Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - R M Wagterveld
- Wetsus, European Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - D R Yntema
- Wetsus, European Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - K J Keesman
- Wageningen University & Research, Mathematical and Statistical Methods - Biometris, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wetsus, European Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
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6
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Collins DJ, O'Rorke R, Neild A, Han J, Ai Y. Acoustic fields and microfluidic patterning around embedded micro-structures subject to surface acoustic waves. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:8691-8705. [PMID: 31657435 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00946a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that interactions between acoustic waves and microfluidic channels can generate microscale interference patterns with the application of a traveling surface acoustic wave (SAW), effectively creating standing wave patterns with a traveling wave. Forces arising from this interference can be utilized for precise manipulation of micron-sized particles and biological cells. The patterns that have been produced with this method, however, have been limited to straight lines and grids from flat channel walls, and where the spacing resulting from this interference has not previously been comprehensively explored. In this work we examine the interaction between both straight and curved channel interfaces with a SAW to derive geometrically deduced analytical models. These models predict the acoustic force-field periodicity near a channel interface as a function of its orientation to an underlying SAW, and are validated with experimental and simulation results. Notably, the spacing is larger for flat walls than for curved ones and is dependent on the ratio of sound speeds in the substrate and fluid. Generating these force-field gradients with only travelling waves has wide applications in acoustofluidic systems, where channel interfaces can potentially support a range of patterning, concentration, focusing and separation activities by creating locally defined acoustic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Collins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Richard O'Rorke
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore.
| | - Adrian Neild
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ye Ai
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore.
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7
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Acoustophoretic Control of Microparticle Transport Using Dual-Wavelength Surface Acoustic Wave Devices. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10010052. [PMID: 30642118 PMCID: PMC6356526 DOI: 10.3390/mi10010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a numerical and experimental study of acoustophoretic manipulation in a microfluidic channel using dual-wavelength standing surface acoustic waves (SSAWs) to transport microparticles into different outlets. The SSAW fields were excited by interdigital transducers (IDTs) composed of two different pitches connected in parallel and series on a lithium niobate substrate such that it yielded spatially superimposed and separated dual-wavelength SSAWs, respectively. SSAWs of a singltablee target wavelength can be efficiently excited by giving an RF voltage of frequency determined by the ratio of the velocity of the SAW to the target IDT pitch (i.e., f = cSAW/p). However, the two-pitch IDTs with similar pitches excite, less efficiently, non-target SSAWs with the wavelength associated with the non-target pitch in addition to target SSAWs by giving the target single-frequency RF voltage. As a result, dual-wavelength SSAWs can be formed. Simulated results revealed variations of acoustic pressure fields induced by the dual-wavelength SSAWs and corresponding influences on the particle motion. The acoustic radiation force in the acoustic pressure field was calculated to pinpoint zero-force positions and simulate particle motion trajectories. Then, dual-wavelength SSAW acoustofluidic devices were fabricated in accordance with the simulation results to experimentally demonstrate switching of SSAW fields as a means of transporting particles. The effects of non-target SSAWs on pre-actuating particles were predicted and observed. The study provides the design considerations needed for the fabrication of acoustofluidic devices with IDT-excited multi-wavelength SSAWs for acoustophoresis of microparticles.
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8
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Connacher W, Zhang N, Huang A, Mei J, Zhang S, Gopesh T, Friend J. Micro/nano acoustofluidics: materials, phenomena, design, devices, and applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1952-1996. [PMID: 29922774 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00112j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic actuation of fluids at small scales may finally enable a comprehensive lab-on-a-chip revolution in microfluidics, overcoming long-standing difficulties in fluid and particle manipulation on-chip. In this comprehensive review, we examine the fundamentals of piezoelectricity, piezoelectric materials, and transducers; revisit the basics of acoustofluidics; and give the reader a detailed look at recent technological advances and current scientific discussions in the discipline. Recent achievements are placed in the context of classic reports for the actuation of fluid and particles via acoustic waves, both within sessile drops and closed channels. Other aspects of micro/nano acoustofluidics are examined: atomization, translation, mixing, jetting, and particle manipulation in the context of sessile drops and fluid mixing and pumping, particle manipulation, and formation of droplets in the context of closed channels, plus the most recent results at the nanoscale. These achievements will enable applications across the disciplines of chemistry, biology, medicine, energy, manufacturing, and we suspect a number of others yet unimagined. Basic design concepts and illustrative applications are highlighted in each section, with an emphasis on lab-on-a-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Connacher
- Medically Advanced Devices Laboratory, Center for Medical Devices and Instrumentation, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA.
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9
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Simon G, Andrade MAB, Reboud J, Marques-Hueso J, Desmulliez MPY, Cooper JM, Riehle MO, Bernassau AL. Particle separation by phase modulated surface acoustic waves. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:054115. [PMID: 29152026 PMCID: PMC5658229 DOI: 10.1063/1.5001998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
High efficiency isolation of cells or particles from a heterogeneous mixture is a critical processing step in lab-on-a-chip devices. Acoustic techniques offer contactless and label-free manipulation, preserve viability of biological cells, and provide versatility as the applied electrical signal can be adapted to various scenarios. Conventional acoustic separation methods use time-of-flight and achieve separation up to distances of quarter wavelength with limited separation power due to slow gradients in the force. The method proposed here allows separation by half of the wavelength and can be extended by repeating the modulation pattern and can ensure maximum force acting on the particles. In this work, we propose an optimised phase modulation scheme for particle separation in a surface acoustic wave microfluidic device. An expression for the acoustic radiation force arising from the interaction between acoustic waves in the fluid was derived. We demonstrated, for the first time, that the expression of the acoustic radiation force differs in surface acoustic wave and bulk devices, due to the presence of a geometric scaling factor. Two phase modulation schemes are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Theoretical findings were experimentally validated for different mixtures of polystyrene particles confirming that the method offers high selectivity. A Monte-Carlo simulation enabled us to assess performance in real situations, including the effects of particle size variation and non-uniform acoustic field on sorting efficiency and purity, validating the ability to separate particles with high purity and high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Simon
- Microsystems Engineering Centre, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Julien Reboud
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Marques-Hueso
- Microsystems Engineering Centre, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marc P Y Desmulliez
- Microsystems Engineering Centre, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Cooper
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mathis O Riehle
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, Centre for Cell Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anne L Bernassau
- Microsystems Engineering Centre, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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10
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Ang KM, Yeo LY, Hung YM, Tan MK. Acoustially-mediated microfluidic nanofiltration through graphene films. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:6497-6508. [PMID: 28466906 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01690e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We exploit the possibility of enhancing the molecular transport of liquids through graphene films using amplitude modulated surface acoustic waves (SAWs) to demonstrate effective and efficient nanoparticle filtration. The use of the SAW, which is an extremely efficient means for driving microfluidic transport, overcomes the need for the large mechanical pumps required to circumvent the large pressure drops encountered in conventional membranes for nanoparticle filtration. 100% filtration efficiency was obtained for micron-dimension particulates, decreasing to only 95% for the filtration of particles of tens of nanometers in dimension, which is comparable to that achieved with other methods. To circumvent clogging of the film, which is typical with all membrane filters, a backwash operation to flush the nanoparticles is incorporated simply by reversing the SAW-induced flow such that 98% recovery of the initial filtration rate is recovered. Given these efficiencies, together with the low cost and compact size of the chipscale SAW devices, we envisage the possibility of scaling out the process by operating a large number of devices in parallel to achieve typical industrial-scale throughputs with potential benefits in terms of substantially lower capital, operating and maintenance costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar M Ang
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Barani A, Paktinat H, Janmaleki M, Mohammadi A, Mosaddegh P, Fadaei-Tehrani A, Sanati-Nezhad A. Microfluidic integrated acoustic waving for manipulation of cells and molecules. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 85:714-725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Drinkwater BW. Dynamic-field devices for the ultrasonic manipulation of microparticles. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2360-75. [PMID: 27256513 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00502k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of acoustic radiation forces in lab-on-a-chip environments has seen a rapid development in recent years. Operations such as particle sieving, sorting and characterisation are becoming increasingly common with a range of applications in the biomedical sciences. Traditionally, these applications rely on static patterns of ultrasonic pressure and are often collectively referred to as ultrasonic standing wave devices. Recent years have also seen the emergence of devices which capitalise on dynamic and reconfigurable ultrasonic fields and these are the subject of this review. Dynamic ultrasonic fields lead to acoustic radiation forces that change with time. They have opened up the possibility of performing a wide range of manipulations such as the transport and rotation of individual particles or agglomerates. In addition, they have led to device reconfigurability, i.e. the ability of a single lab-on-a-chip device to perform multiple functions. This opens up the possibility of channel-less microfluidic devices which would have many applications, for example in biosensing and microscale assembly. This paper reviews the current state of the field of dynamic and reconfigurable ultrasonic particle manipulation devices and then discusses the open problems and future possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce W Drinkwater
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK.
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13
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Collins DJ, Devendran C, Ma Z, Ng JW, Neild A, Ai Y. Acoustic tweezers via sub-time-of-flight regime surface acoustic waves. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600089. [PMID: 27453940 PMCID: PMC4956186 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Micrometer-scale acoustic waves are highly useful for refined optomechanical and acoustofluidic manipulation, where these fields are spatially localized along the transducer aperture but not along the acoustic propagation direction. In the case of acoustic tweezers, such a conventional acoustic standing wave results in particle and cell patterning across the entire width of a microfluidic channel, preventing selective trapping. We demonstrate the use of nanosecond-scale pulsed surface acoustic waves (SAWs) with a pulse period that is less than the time of flight between opposing transducers to generate localized time-averaged patterning regions while using conventional electrode structures. These nodal positions can be readily and arbitrarily positioned in two dimensions and within the patterning region itself through the imposition of pulse delays, frequency modulation, and phase shifts. This straightforward concept adds new spatial dimensions to which acoustic fields can be localized in SAW applications in a manner analogous to optical tweezers, including spatially selective acoustic tweezers and optical waveguides.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Collins
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Citsabehsan Devendran
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Zhichao Ma
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Jia Wei Ng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Adrian Neild
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ye Ai
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
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14
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15
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Jung SY, Notton T, Fong E, Shusteff M, Weinberger LS. Spatial tuning of acoustofluidic pressure nodes by altering net sonic velocity enables high-throughput, efficient cell sorting. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1000-3. [PMID: 25563937 PMCID: PMC4450855 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01342e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Particle sorting using acoustofluidics has enormous potential but widespread adoption has been limited by complex device designs and low throughput. Here, we report high-throughput separation of particles and T lymphocytes (600 μL min(-1)) by altering the net sonic velocity to reposition acoustic pressure nodes in a simple two-channel device. The approach is generalizable to other microfluidic platforms for rapid, high-throughput analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yong Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Fax: +415 355 0855; Tel: +415 734 4857
- Gladstone Institutes (Virology and Immunology), 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Timothy Notton
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Fax: +415 355 0855; Tel: +415 734 4857
- Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Erika Fong
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Maxim Shusteff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Leor S. Weinberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Fax: +415 355 0855; Tel: +415 734 4857
- Gladstone Institutes (Virology and Immunology), 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QB3: California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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16
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Witte C, Reboud J, Wilson R, Cooper JM, Neale SL. Microfluidic resonant cavities enable acoustophoresis on a disposable superstrate. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:4277-83. [PMID: 25224539 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00749b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate surface acoustic wave (SAW) induced microparticle manipulation in a microstructured disposable glass-polymer composite superstrate, positioned on a piezoelectric substrate with a single, slanted SAW transducer. An excited SAW was coupled from the piezoelectric substrate into the superstrate, which acted as a transversal resonator structure. We show that the energy transmitted into the superstrate allowed acoustophoretic particle manipulation, while the wide frequency response of the SAW transducer enabled tuneable pressure distributions confined by the microchannel layout. The configuration provides a significant tolerance in positioning - making assembly easy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Witte
- Biomedical Engineering Research Division, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Li S, Guo F, Chen Y, Ding X, Li P, Wang L, Cameron CE, Huang TJ. Standing surface acoustic wave based cell coculture. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9853-9. [PMID: 25232648 PMCID: PMC4188268 DOI: 10.1021/ac502453z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Precise reconstruction of heterotypic cell-cell interactions in vitro requires the coculture of different cell types in a highly controlled manner. In this article, we report a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW)-based cell coculture platform. In our approach, different types of cells are patterned sequentially in the SSAW field to form an organized cell coculture. To validate our platform, we demonstrate a coculture of epithelial cancer cells and endothelial cells. Real-time monitoring of cell migration dynamics reveals increased cancer cell mobility when cancer cells are cocultured with endothelial cells. Our SSAW-based cell coculture platform has the advantages of contactless cell manipulation, high biocompatibility, high controllability, simplicity, and minimal interference of the cellular microenvironment. The SSAW technique demonstrated here can be a valuable analytical tool for various biological studies involving heterotypic cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixing Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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18
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Shilton RJ, Travagliati M, Beltram F, Cecchini M. Nanoliter-droplet acoustic streaming via ultra high frequency surface acoustic waves. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:4941-6. [PMID: 24677370 PMCID: PMC4173126 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201400091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The relevant length scales in sub-nanometer amplitude surface acoustic wave-driven acoustic streaming are demonstrated. We demonstrate the absence of any physical limitations preventing the downscaling of SAW-driven internal streaming to nanoliter microreactors and beyond by extending SAW microfluidics up to operating frequencies in the GHz range. This method is applied to nanoliter scale fluid mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richie J Shilton
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaPiazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy E-mail:
| | - Marco Travagliati
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaPiazza San Silvestro 12 56127, Pisa, Italy
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNRPiazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Beltram
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaPiazza San Silvestro 12 56127, Pisa, Italy
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNRPiazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNRPiazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy E-mail:
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19
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Tarbell JM, Shi ZD, Dunn J, Jo H. Fluid Mechanics, Arterial Disease, and Gene Expression. ANNUAL REVIEW OF FLUID MECHANICS 2014; 46:591-614. [PMID: 25360054 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-010313-141418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This review places modern research developments in vascular mechanobiology in the context of hemodynamic phenomena in the cardiovascular system and the discrete localization of vascular disease. The modern origins of this field are traced, beginning in the 1960s when associations between flow characteristics, particularly blood flow-induced wall shear stress, and the localization of atherosclerotic plaques were uncovered, and continuing to fluid shear stress effects on the vascular lining endothelial) cells (ECs), including their effects on EC morphology, biochemical production, and gene expression. The earliest single-gene studies and genome-wide analyses are considered. The final section moves from the ECs lining the vessel wall to the smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts within the wall that are fluid me chanically activated by interstitial flow that imposes shear stresses on their surfaces comparable with those of flowing blood on EC surfaces. Interstitial flow stimulates biochemical production and gene expression, much like blood flow on ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Zhong-Dong Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jessilyn Dunn
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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20
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Fong EJ, Johnston AC, Notton T, Jung SY, Rose KA, Weinberger LS, Shusteff M. Acoustic focusing with engineered node locations for high-performance microfluidic particle separation. Analyst 2014; 139:1192-200. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00034j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We present a new approach to acoustofluidic device design with a secondary channel separated from the main channel by a thin wall. This allows off-center placement of acoustic nodes, which enables high-efficiency and high-throughput separation of cell-scale objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika J. Fong
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- Livermore, 94550 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Boston University
- Boston, 02215 USA
| | | | - Timothy Notton
- The Gladstone Institutes (Department of Virology and Immunology)
- San Francisco, USA
- Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering
- University of California
- San Francisco, USA
| | - Seung-Yong Jung
- The Gladstone Institutes (Department of Virology and Immunology)
- San Francisco, USA
- QB3: California Institute for Quantitative Biology
- University of California
- San Francisco, USA
| | - Klint A. Rose
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- Livermore, 94550 USA
| | - Leor S. Weinberger
- The Gladstone Institutes (Department of Virology and Immunology)
- San Francisco, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- University of California
- San Francisco, USA
| | - Maxim Shusteff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- Livermore, 94550 USA
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21
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Ding X, Li P, Lin SCS, Stratton ZS, Nama N, Guo F, Slotcavage D, Mao X, Shi J, Costanzo F, Huang TJ. Surface acoustic wave microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3626-49. [PMID: 23900527 PMCID: PMC3992948 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50361e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The recent introduction of surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology onto lab-on-a-chip platforms has opened a new frontier in microfluidics. The advantages provided by such SAW microfluidics are numerous: simple fabrication, high biocompatibility, fast fluid actuation, versatility, compact and inexpensive devices and accessories, contact-free particle manipulation, and compatibility with other microfluidic components. We believe that these advantages enable SAW microfluidics to play a significant role in a variety of applications in biology, chemistry, engineering and medicine. In this review article, we discuss the theory underpinning SAWs and their interactions with particles and the contacting fluids in which they are suspended. We then review the SAW-enabled microfluidic devices demonstrated to date, starting with devices that accomplish fluid mixing and transport through the use of travelling SAW; we follow that by reviewing the more recent innovations achieved with standing SAW that enable such actions as particle/cell focusing, sorting and patterning. Finally, we look forward and appraise where the discipline of SAW microfluidics could go next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Ding
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sz-Chin Steven Lin
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zackary S. Stratton
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nitesh Nama
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Daniel Slotcavage
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xiaole Mao
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jinjie Shi
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Francesco Costanzo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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22
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Li S, Ding X, Guo F, Chen Y, Lapsley MI, Lin SCS, Wang L, McCoy JP, Cameron CE, Huang TJ. An on-chip, multichannel droplet sorter using standing surface acoustic waves. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5468-74. [PMID: 23647057 PMCID: PMC3988909 DOI: 10.1021/ac400548d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The emerging field of droplet microfluidics requires effective on-chip handling and sorting of droplets. In this work, we demonstrate a microfluidic device that is capable of sorting picoliter water-in-oil droplets into multiple outputs using standing surface acoustic waves (SSAW). This device integrates a single-layer microfluidic channel with interdigital transducers (IDTs) to achieve on-chip droplet generation and sorting. Within the SSAW field, water-in-oil droplets experience an acoustic radiation force and are pushed toward the acoustic pressure node. As a result, by tuning the frequency of the SSAW excitation, the position of the pressure nodes can be changed and droplets can be sorted to different outlets at rates up to 222 droplets s(-1). With its advantages in simplicity, controllability, versatility, noninvasiveness, and capability to be integrated with other on-chip components such as droplet manipulation and optical detection units, the technique presented here could be valuable for the development of droplet-based micro total analysis systems (μTAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixing Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Cell and Developmental Biology (CDB) Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Xiaoyun Ding
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yuchao Chen
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michael Ian Lapsley
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sz-Chin Steven Lin
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Ascent Bio-Nano Technologies Inc., State College, PA 16801
| | - J. Philip McCoy
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute at NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Cell and Developmental Biology (CDB) Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Cell and Developmental Biology (CDB) Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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23
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Lin SCS, Mao X, Huang TJ. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) acoustophoresis: now and beyond. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:2766-70. [PMID: 22781941 PMCID: PMC3992433 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc90076a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
On-chip manipulation of micro-objects has long been sought to facilitate fundamental biological studies and point-of-care diagnostic systems. In recent years, research on surface acoustic wave (SAW) based micro-object manipulation (i.e., SAW acoustophoresis) has gained significant momentum due to its many advantages, such as non-invasiveness, versatility, simple fabrication, easy operation, and convenient integration with other on-chip units. SAW acoustophoresis is especially useful for lab-on-a-chip applications where a compact and non-invasive biomanipulation technique is highly desired. In this Focus article, we discuss recent advancements in SAW acoustophoresis and provide some perspectives on the future development of this dynamic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sz-Chin Steven Lin
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xiaole Mao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed;
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24
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Nam J, Lim H, Kim C, Yoon Kang J, Shin S. Density-dependent separation of encapsulated cells in a microfluidic channel by using a standing surface acoustic wave. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:24120-2412010. [PMID: 22670167 PMCID: PMC3365908 DOI: 10.1063/1.4718719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a method for density-based separation of monodisperse encapsulated cells using a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) in a microchannel. Even though monodisperse polymer beads can be generated by the state-of-the-art technology in microfluidics, the quantity of encapsulated cells cannot be controlled precisely. In the present study, mono-disperse alginate beads in a laminar flow can be separated based on their density using acoustophoresis. A mixture of beads of equal sizes but dissimilar densities was hydrodynamically focused at the entrance and then actively driven toward the sidewalls by a SSAW. The lateral displacement of a bead is proportional to the density of the bead, i.e., the number of encapsulated cells in an alginate bead. Under optimized conditions, the recovery rate of a target bead group (large-cell-quantity alginate beads) reached up to 97% at a rate of 2300 beads per minute. A cell viability test also confirmed that the encapsulated cells were hardly damaged by the acoustic force. Moreover, cell-encapsulating beads that were cultured for 1 day were separated in a similar manner. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that a SSAW can successfully separate monodisperse particles by their density. With the present technique for separating cell-encapsulating beads, the current cell engineering technology can be significantly advanced.
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25
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Toru S, Frenea-Robin M, Haddour N, Buret F. Tunable and label-free bacteria alignment using standing surface acoustic waves. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2012:4998-5001. [PMID: 23367050 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6347115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a new technique for focusing bacteria in a microfluidic channel and subsequently controlling their trajectory. Bacteria alignment is obtained using standing surface acoustic waves (SSAW) generated by two interdigitated transducer electrodes (IDTs) patterned on a piezoelectric wafer. The bacteria are focused in the standing wave pressure nodes, separated by half a wavelength, the electrode geometry and applied voltage frequency being chosen accordingly. Interestingly, the position of a pressure node can be modulated by introducing a phase shift between the electrical signals applied to both IDTs. The bacteria, trapped in this node, follow it and can therefore be deflected. This technique works with label-free bacteria in their culture medium and induces low power consumption, which is very interesting for portable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Toru
- Ecole Centrale Lyon, Ecully, France.
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26
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Orloff ND, Dennis JR, Cecchini M, Schonbrun E, Rocas E, Wang Y, Novotny D, Simmonds RW, Moreland J, Takeuchi I, Booth JC. Manipulating particle trajectories with phase-control in surface acoustic wave microfluidics. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:44107-441079. [PMID: 22662059 PMCID: PMC3364806 DOI: 10.1063/1.3661129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a 91 MHz surface acoustic wave resonator with integrated microfluidics that includes a flow focus, an expansion region, and a binning region in order to manipulate particle trajectories. We demonstrate the ability to change the position of the acoustic nodes by varying the electronic phase of one of the transducers relative to the other in a pseudo-static manner. The measurements were performed at room temperature with 3 μm diameter latex beads dispersed in a water-based solution. We demonstrate the dependence of nodal position on pseudo-static phase and show simultaneous control of 9 bead streams with spatial control of -0.058 μm/deg ± 0.001 μm/deg. As a consequence of changing the position of bead streams perpendicular to their flow direction, we also show that the integrated acoustic-microfluidic device can be used to change the trajectory of a bead stream towards a selected bin with an angular control of 0.008 deg/deg ± 0.000(2) deg/deg.
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