1
|
Vialetto J, Ramakrishna SN, Isa L, Laurati M. Effect of particle stiffness and surface properties on the non-linear viscoelasticity of dense microgel suspensions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 672:814-823. [PMID: 38878623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Particle surface chemistry and internal softness are two fundamental parameters in governing the mechanical properties of dense colloidal suspensions, dictating structure and flow, therefore of interest from materials fabrication to processing. EXPERIMENTS Here, we modulate softness by tuning the crosslinker content of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels, and we adjust their surface properties by co-polymerization with polyethylene glycol chains, controlling adhesion, friction and fuzziness. We investigate the distinct effects of these parameters on the entire mechanical response from restructuring to complete fluidization of jammed samples at varying packing fractions under large-amplitude oscillatory shear experiments, and we complement rheological data with colloidal-probe atomic force microscopy to unravel variations in the particles' surface properties. FINDINGS Our results indicate that surface properties play a fundamental role at smaller packings; decreasing adhesion and friction at contact causes the samples to yield and fluidify in a lower deformation range. Instead, increasing softness or fuzziness has a similar effect at ultra-high densities, making suspensions able to better adapt to the applied shear and reach complete fluidization over a larger deformation range. These findings shed new light on the single-particle parameters governing the mechanical response of dense suspensions subjected to deformation, offering synthetic approaches to design materials with tailored mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Vialetto
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Consorzio interuniversitario per lo sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Shivaprakash N Ramakrishna
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lucio Isa
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Laurati
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; Consorzio interuniversitario per lo sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elancheliyan R, Chauveau E, Truzzolillo D. Impact of polyelectrolyte adsorption on the rheology of concentrated poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) microgel suspensions. SOFT MATTER 2023. [PMID: 37318318 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00317e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We explore the impact of three water-soluble polyelectrolytes (PEs) on the flow of concentrated suspensions of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) microgels with thermoresponsive anionic charge density. By progressively adding the PEs to a jammed suspension of swollen microgels, we show that the rheology of the mixtures is remarkably influenced by the sign of the PE charge, PE concentration and hydrophobicity only when the temperature is increased above the microgel volume phase transition temperature Tc, namely when microgels collapse, they are partially hydrophobic and form a volume-spanning colloidal gel. We find that the original gel is strengthened close to the isoelectric point, attained when microgels are mixed with cationic PEs, while PE hydrophobicity rules the gel strengthening at very high PE concentrations. Surprisingly, we find that polyelectrolyte adsorption or partial embedding of PE chains inside the microgel periphery occurs also when anionic polymers of polystyrene sulfonate with a high degree of sulfonation are added. This gives rise to colloidal stabilization and to the melting of the original gel network above Tc. Contrastingly, the presence of polyelectrolytes in suspensions of swollen, jammed microgels results in a weak softening of the original repulsive glass, even when an apparent isoelectric condition is met. Our study puts forward the crucial role of electrostatics in thermosensitive microgels, unveiling an exciting new way to tailor the flow of these soft colloids and highlighting a largely unexplored path to engineer soft colloidal mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajam Elancheliyan
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Edouard Chauveau
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Domenico Truzzolillo
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ruiz-Franco J, Rivas-Barbosa R, Lara-Peña MA, Villanueva-Valencia JR, Licea-Claverie A, Zaccarelli E, Laurati M. Concentration and temperature dependent interactions and state diagram of dispersions of copolymer microgels. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:3614-3628. [PMID: 37161724 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigate by means of small angle neutron scattering experiments and numerical simulations the interactions and inter-particle arrangements of concentrated dispersions of copolymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate) (PNIPAM-PEGMA) microgels across the volume phase transition (VPT). The scattering data of moderately concentrated dispersions are accurately modeled at all temperatures by using a star polymer form factor and static structure factors calculated from the effective potential obtained from simulations. Interestingly, for temperatures below the VPT temperature (VPTT), the radius of gyration and blob size of the particles significantly decrease with increasing the effective packing fraction in the non-overlapping regime. This is attributed to the presence of charges in the system associated with the use of an ionic initiator in the synthesis. Simulations using the experimentally corroborated interaction potential are used to explore the state diagram in a wide range of effective packing fractions. Below and slightly above the VPTT, the system undergoes an arrest transition mainly driven by the soft repulsion between the particles. Only well above the VPTT the system is found to phase separate before arresting. Our results highlight the versatility and potential of copolymer PNIPAM-PEGMA microgels to explore different kinds of arrested states balancing attraction and repulsion by changing temperature and packing fraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Ruiz-Franco
- CNR Institute of Complex Systems, Uos Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Roma, Italy.
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Rivas-Barbosa
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
- División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Lomas del Bosque 103, 37150 León, Mexico
| | - Mayra A Lara-Peña
- División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Lomas del Bosque 103, 37150 León, Mexico
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CSGI, Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | | | - Angel Licea-Claverie
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química del Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, 22500 Tijuana, Mexico
| | - Emanuela Zaccarelli
- CNR Institute of Complex Systems, Uos Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Roma, Italy.
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Laurati
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CSGI, Università di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Elancheliyan R, Del Monte G, Chauveau E, Sennato S, Zaccarelli E, Truzzolillo D. Role of Charge Content in the Two-Step Deswelling of Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide)-Based Microgels. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajam Elancheliyan
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221, CNRS−Université de Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Giovanni Del Monte
- National Research Council−Institute for Complex Systems (CNR-ISC), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Edouard Chauveau
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221, CNRS−Université de Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Simona Sennato
- National Research Council−Institute for Complex Systems (CNR-ISC), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Zaccarelli
- National Research Council−Institute for Complex Systems (CNR-ISC), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Truzzolillo
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221, CNRS−Université de Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rivas-Barbosa R, Ruiz-Franco J, Lara-Peña MA, Cardellini J, Licea-Claverie A, Camerin F, Zaccarelli E, Laurati M. Link between Morphology, Structure, and Interactions of Composite Microgels. Macromolecules 2022; 55:1834-1843. [PMID: 35283539 PMCID: PMC8908736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Rivas-Barbosa
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
- División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Lomas del Bosque 103, 37150 León, Mexico
| | - José Ruiz-Franco
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
- CNR Institute of Complex Systems, Uos Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mayra A. Lara-Peña
- División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Lomas del Bosque 103, 37150 León, Mexico
| | - Jacopo Cardellini
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CSGI, Universitá di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Angel Licea-Claverie
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química del Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, 22500 Tijuana, Mexico
| | - Fabrizio Camerin
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
- CNR Institute of Complex Systems, Uos Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Zaccarelli
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
- CNR Institute of Complex Systems, Uos Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Laurati
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CSGI, Universitá di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vagias A, Papagiannopoulos A, Kreuzer LP, Giaouzi D, Busch S, Pispas S, Müller-Buschbaum P. Effects of Polymer Block Length Asymmetry and Temperature on the Nanoscale Morphology of Thermoresponsive Double Hydrophilic Block Copolymers in Aqueous Solutions. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Vagias
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Aristeidis Papagiannopoulos
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Lucas P. Kreuzer
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Despoina Giaouzi
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Sebastian Busch
- German Engineering Materials Science Centre (GEMS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wagner DR, Ament K, Mayr L, Martin T, Bloesser A, Schmalz H, Marschall R, Wagner FE, Breu J. Terrestrial solar radiation driven photodecomposition of ciprofloxacin in clinical wastewater applying mesostructured iron(III) oxide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:6222-6231. [PMID: 32996090 PMCID: PMC7838145 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10899-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cationic cylindrical polymer brushes based on polybutadiene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) were applied as structure-directing agent for mesostructuring Fe2O3 nanoparticles into nanotubes. After temperature-controlled template removal, the obtained non-woven catalysts were tested for the photodegradation of ciprofloxacin under terrestrial solar radiation. At a slightly basic pH value, as typically encountered in clinical wastewaters, the mesostructured Fe2O3 shows a 4.5 times faster degradation of ciprofloxacin than commercial Aeroxide® TiO2 P25. Even wide-bandgap ZnO, mesostructured in the same way, is 1.6 times slower. Moreover, the non-woven-like structure of the catalyst allows for easy recovery of the catalyst and operation in a continuous flow reactor. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Wagner
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Kevin Ament
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Lina Mayr
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Martin
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - André Bloesser
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Roland Marschall
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Friedrich E Wagner
- Physics-Department E15, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Josef Breu
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Joseph JP, Miglani C, Bhatt A, Ray D, Singh A, Gupta D, Ali ME, Aswal VK, Pal A. Delineating synchronized control of dynamic covalent and non-covalent interactions for polymer chain collapse towards cargo localization and delivery. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01551b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Synergistic control of photo-responsive dynamic covalent and non-covalent interaction over the chain collapse of single chain thermo-responsive polymers towards cargo localization and augmented release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jojo P. Joseph
- Chemical Biology Unit
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
- Mohali
- India
| | - Chirag Miglani
- Chemical Biology Unit
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
- Mohali
- India
| | - Aashish Bhatt
- Quantum Materials and Devices
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
- Mohali
- India
| | - Debes Ray
- Solid State Physics Division
- BARC
- Mumbai – 400085
- India
| | - Ashmeet Singh
- Chemical Biology Unit
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
- Mohali
- India
| | - Deepika Gupta
- Chemical Biology Unit
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
- Mohali
- India
| | - Md. Ehesan Ali
- Quantum Materials and Devices
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
- Mohali
- India
| | | | - Asish Pal
- Chemical Biology Unit
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
- Mohali
- India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Microstructure-driven self-assembly and rheological properties of multi-responsive soft microgel suspensions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 581:806-815. [PMID: 32814199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESES The deformation and swelling ability of microgels is influenced by the crosslinking distribution. Varying microgels microstructure is expected to obtain suspensions with different flow behavior and thereby, different rheological properties. EXPERIMENTS Different multi-responsive microgels were synthesized using two different crosslinkers and varying their amounts: N,N-methylene bis-acrylamide (MBA) and oligo(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (OEGDA). The rheological results were obtained by zero-shear viscosity and long-time creep measurements on concentrated microgel suspensions Microgel microstructure was analyzed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance transverse relaxation measurements. FINDINGS At a constant crosslinking rate, we show that the viscosity of OEGDA-crosslinked microgels diverges at a higher concentration than MBA ones, suggesting a looser shell and less restricted dangling chains at the periphery for the later. By scaling with the effective volume fraction, the viscosity curves of the different microgel suspensions reduce into a single curve and closely follow hard sphere models up to ϕeff < 0.45. The results from creep tests revealed a much higher yield stress for MBA-crosslinked microgels, strengthening the hypothesis of a looser shell for the later. Finally, transverse relaxation (T2) NMR measurements demonstrated that, although all microgels exhibit a core-shell microstructure, MBA samples present a less crosslinked shell corroborating with the rheological results.
Collapse
|
10
|
Massi L, Najer A, Chapman R, Spicer CD, Nele V, Che J, Booth MA, Doutch JJ, Stevens MM. Tuneable peptide cross-linked nanogels for enzyme-triggered protein delivery. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:8894-8907. [PMID: 33026394 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01546f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many diseases are associated with the dysregulated activity of enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This dysregulation can be leveraged in drug delivery to achieve disease- or site-specific cargo release. Self-assembled polymeric nanoparticles are versatile drug carrier materials due to the accessible diversity of polymer chemistry. However, efficient loading of sensitive cargo, such as proteins, and introducing functional enzyme-responsive behaviour remain challenging. Herein, peptide-crosslinked, temperature-sensitive nanogels for protein delivery were designed to respond to MMP-7, which is overexpressed in many pathologies including cancer and inflammatory diseases. The incorporation of N-cyclopropylacrylamide (NCPAM) into N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM)-based copolymers enabled us to tune the polymer lower critical solution temperature from 33 to 44 °C, allowing the encapsulation of protein cargo and nanogel-crosslinking at slightly elevated temperatures. This approach resulted in nanogels that were held together by MMP-sensitive peptides for enzyme-specific protein delivery. We employed a combination of cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to precisely decipher the morphology, self-assembly mechanism, enzyme-responsiveness, and model protein loading/release properties of our nanogel platform. Simple variation of the peptide linker sequence and combining multiple different crosslinkers will enable us to adjust our platform to target specific diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Massi
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Grinberg VY, Burova TV, Grinberg NV, Buyanovskaya AG, Khokhlov AR, Kozhunova EY, Vyshivannaya OV, Nasimova IR. Functionalized thermoresponsive microgels based on N-isopropylacrylamide: Energetics and mechanism of phase transitions. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
12
|
“Smart” IPN microgels with different network structures: Self-crosslinked vs conventionally crosslinked. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
13
|
Aguirre G, Deniau E, Brûlet A, Chougrani K, Alard V, Billon L. Versatile oligo(ethylene glycol)-based biocompatible microgels for loading/release of active bio(macro)molecules. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 175:445-453. [PMID: 30572152 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims in the understanding of the effect of oligo(ethylene glycol)-based biocompatible microgels inner structure on the encapsulation/release mechanisms of different types of cosmetic active molecules. For that, multi-responsive microgels were synthesized using three types of cross-linkers: ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), oligo(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (OEGDA) and N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA). The inner morphology of the microgels synthesized was studied by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques and no effect of cross-linker type on microgel microstructure was observed in the case of analysing purified microgel dispersions. Moreover, all the microgels synthesized presented conventional swelling/de-swelling behavior as a function of temperature and pH. Two hydrophobic, one hydrophilic, and one macromolecule as cosmetic active molecules were effectively loaded into different microgel particles via hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen-bonding interactions between -OH groups of active molecules and ether oxygens of different microgel particles. Their release profiles as a function of cross-linker type used and encapsulated amounts were studied by Peppas-Sahlin model. No effect of the cross-linker type was observed due to the similar inner structure of all the microgels synthesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garbine Aguirre
- Université de Pau & Pays Adour, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau F-64053, France; Bio-inspired Materials Group: Functionality & Self-assembly, Université de Pau & Pays Adour, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau F-64053, France
| | - Elise Deniau
- Université de Pau & Pays Adour, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau F-64053, France
| | - Annie Brûlet
- UMR12 CEA CNRS CEA Saclay, Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Kamel Chougrani
- LVMH Recherche Parfums et Cosmétiques, 185 Av. De Verdun, St Jean de Braye F-45804, France
| | - Valérie Alard
- LVMH Recherche Parfums et Cosmétiques, 185 Av. De Verdun, St Jean de Braye F-45804, France
| | - Laurent Billon
- Université de Pau & Pays Adour, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau F-64053, France; Bio-inspired Materials Group: Functionality & Self-assembly, Université de Pau & Pays Adour, 2 avenue du Président Angot, Pau F-64053, France.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Au@p4VP core@shell pH-sensitive nanocomposites suitable for drug entrapment. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 514:704-714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
15
|
Delisavva F, Uchman M, Štěpánek M, Kereïche S, Hordyjewicz-Baran Z, Appavou MS, Procházka K. Coassembly of Gemini Surfactants with Double Hydrophilic Block Polyelectrolytes Leading to Complex Nanoassemblies. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Delisavva
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Mariusz Uchman
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Štěpánek
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Sami Kereïche
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Purkynie Ustav,
Albetov 4, 12 801 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zofia Hordyjewicz-Baran
- Institute of Heavy
Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, Energetykow 9, 47-225 Kedzierzyn-Kozle, Poland
| | - Marie-Sousai Appavou
- Jülich
Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum
(MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Battista E, Causa F, Netti PA. Bioengineering Microgels and Hydrogel Microparticles for Sensing Biomolecular Targets. Gels 2017; 3:E20. [PMID: 30920517 PMCID: PMC6318684 DOI: 10.3390/gels3020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels, and in particular microgels, are playing an increasingly important role in a diverse range of applications due to their hydrophilic, biocompatible, and highly flexible chemical characteristics. On this basis, solution-like environment, non-fouling nature, easy probe accessibility and target diffusion, effective inclusion of reporting moieties can be achieved, making them ideal substrates for bio-sensing applications. In fact, hydrogels are already successfully used in immunoassays as well as sensitive nucleic acid assays, also enabling hydrogel-based suspension arrays. In this review, we discuss key parameters of hydrogels in the form of micron-sized particles to be used in sensing applications, paying attention to the protein and oligonucleotides (i.e., miRNAs) targets as most representative kind of biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmondo Battista
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB) and Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Filippo Causa
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB) and Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB) and Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schneider J, Wiemann M, Rabe A, Bartsch E. On tuning microgel character and softness of cross-linked polystyrene particles. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:445-457. [PMID: 27905616 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02007k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) microgel colloids have often been used successfully to model hard sphere behaviour even though the term "gel" invokes inevitably the notion of a more or less soft, deformable object. Here we systematically study the effect of reducing the cross-link density from 1 : 10 (1 cross-link per 10 monomers) to 1 : 100 on particle interactions and "softness". We report on the synthesis and purification of 1 : 10, 1 : 25, 1 : 50, 1 : 75 and 1 : 100 cross-linked PS particles and their characterization in terms of single particle properties, as well as the behaviour of concentrated dispersions. We are able to tune particle softness in the range between soft PNiPAM-microgels and hard PMMA particles while still allowing the mapping of the microgels onto hard sphere behavior with respect to phase diagram and static structure factors. This is mainly due to a rather homogeneous radial distribution of cross-links in contrast to PNiPAM microgels where the cross-link density decreases radially. We find that up to a cross-link density of 1 : 50 particle form factors are perfectly described by a homogeneous sphere model whereas 1 : 75 and 1 : 100 cross-linked spheres are slightly better described as fuzzy spheres. However the fuzziness is rather small compared to typical PNiPAM microgels so that a hard sphere mapping still holds even for these low cross-link densities. Finally, by varying the reaction conditions - changing from batch to semibatch emulsion polymerization and varying the feed rate or by adjusting the monomer to initiator ratio we can tune the fuzziness or significantly alter the inner structure to a more open, star-like architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Schneider
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Malte Wiemann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Anna Rabe
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Eckhard Bartsch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. and Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ledesma-Motolinía M, Braibanti M, Rojas-Ochoa LF, Haro-Pérez C. Interplay between internal structure and optical properties of thermosensitive nanogels. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
19
|
Hyatt JS, Do C, Hu X, Choi HS, Kim JW, Lyon LA, Fernandez-Nieves A. Segregation of mass at the periphery of N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic-acid microgels at high temperatures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:030302. [PMID: 26465408 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) microgels randomly copolymerized with large mol % of protonated acrylic acid (AAc), finding that above the lower critical solution temperature the presence of the acid strongly disrupts pNIPAM's collapse, leading to unexpected new behavior at high temperatures. Specifically, we see a dramatic increase in the ratio between the radius of gyration and the hydrodynamic radius above the theoretical value for homogeneous spheres, and a corresponding increase of the network length scale, which we attribute to the presence of a heterogeneous polymer distribution that forms due to frustration of pNIPAM's coil-to-globule transition by the AAc. We analyze this phenomenon using a Debye-Bueche-like scattering contribution as opposed to the Lorentzian term often used, interpreting the results in terms of mass segregation at the particle periphery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John S Hyatt
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, USA
| | - Changwoo Do
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Xiaobo Hu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Hong Sung Choi
- Shinsegae International, 422 Apgujeong-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-954, South Korea
| | - Jin Woong Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, South Korea
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, South Korea
| | - L Andrew Lyon
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Léonforte F, Müller M. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-Based Mixed Brushes: A Computer Simulation Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:12450-12462. [PMID: 25634688 DOI: 10.1021/am5076309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) polymer brushes of fixed molecular weight and grafting density are modeled in the framework of a coarse-grained model with soft, nonbonded interactions and an implicit solvent. This model has been developed to address experimentally relevant, large invariant degrees of polymerization, and nonbonded interactions are expressed via a third-order (virial) expansion of the equation of state. The choice of interaction parameters is intended to mimic the swelling behavior of PNIPAM in water as the temperature increases toward the lower critical solution temperature (T(LCST)). Results of molecular dynamics simulations for one component brushes are compared to experimental data. Mixed brushes incorporating small and large amounts of grafted poly(ethylene glycol) polymers are then considered. The effects of mixing polymer components on the response of the mixed brushes to temperature changes are monitored, and the results are compared to experimental data. In the end, two design principles for biomolecule triggering using temperature-sensitive mixed polymer brushes with functional and switchable end-groups are proposed and studied. This work is in favor of establishing qualitative rules for the design, optimization, and comprehension of binary polymer brushes for bioengineering purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Léonforte
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Georg-August-Universität, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Müller
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Georg-August-Universität, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Callejas-Fernández J, Ramos J, Forcada J, Moncho-Jordá A. On the scattered light by dilute aqueous dispersions of nanogel particles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 450:310-315. [PMID: 25837408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work deals with the scattered light by nanoparticles formed by a temperature sensitive polymer networks, namely nanogel particles. The scattered light is measured as a function of the scattering angle at temperatures below and above the volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) of nanogel particles. Our experimental results indicate that nanogel particles have a core-shell structure, formed by a uniform highly cross-linked core surrounded by a fuzzy shell where the polymer density decays to zero gradually for swollen configurations and sharply for shrunken states. The theoretical fitting of the experimental curves shows that the scattered light at low angle obeys a decreasing power law with the scattering vector, q(-α). The value of exponent α provides information about the radial dependence of the polymer density at the external shell of the particles for swollen nanogels, and about the degree of roughness of the surface for the case of shrunken nanogels. On the one hand, at low temperatures (below the VPPT), the nanogel particle is in the swollen state and the light scattering data show that its shell structure follows a fractal behaviour, with a polymer density that decays as r(α-3), where r is the distance to the particle centre. On the other hand, above the VPPT the results indicate that nanogel collapses into a core of uniform polymer density and a rough shell, with a fractal surface dimension of 2.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Callejas-Fernández
- Grupo de Física de Fluidos y Biocoloides, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - J Ramos
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and the Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; POLYMAT, Bionanoparticles Group, Departamento de Química Aplicada, UFI/56, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo. 1072, 20080 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - J Forcada
- POLYMAT, Bionanoparticles Group, Departamento de Química Aplicada, UFI/56, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo. 1072, 20080 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - A Moncho-Jordá
- Grupo de Física de Fluidos y Biocoloides, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kureha T, Sato T, Suzuki D. Relationship between temperature-induced changes in internal microscopic structures of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels and organic dye uptake behavior. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:8717-25. [PMID: 25003512 DOI: 10.1021/la501838c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-induced changes in the internal structures of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm) microgels were evaluated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and the results were used to explain organic dye uptake by the microgels. The dye uptake experiments were conducted using two organic dyes: cationic rhodamine 6G (R6G) and anionic erythrosine. In the SAXS investigation, the internal structures of the microgels were characterized in terms of the correlation length, ξ, and the distance, d*, which originated from the local packing of the isopropyl groups of two neighboring chains. With increasing temperature up to the volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) of the microgels, the correlation length, ξ, was increased and the distance, d*, was decreased. At the same time, the amounts of the dyes taken up by the pNIPAm microgels were increased, despite a decrease in the volume of the microgels. The results indicated that the pNIPAm chains were closer to each other due to the hydrophobic association of isopropyl groups, which resulted in the growth of the hydrophobic domains. Thus, the hydrophobic interactions between the dyes and pNIPAm were probably accompanied by the domain formation. With a further increase of temperature above the VPTT, the correlation length, ξ, was decreased and then not defined because the Ornstein-Zernike type contribution disappeared, and the distance, d*, was not largely changed. At the same time, the uptake amounts of the dyes per unit volume of the microgels were also not largely changed, which behaved similar to the distance, d*. It was probably due to the fact that the internal structures of the microgels were not largely changed because the isopropyl groups were in contact with each other. The view was supported by the result of the uptake study of the nonthermoresponsive microgels which did not have the hydrophobic isopropyl groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kureha
- Graduate School of Textile Science & Technology and ‡Division of Smart Textiles, Institute for Fiber Engineering, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University , 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wellert S, Hertle Y, Richter M, Medebach M, Magerl D, Wang W, Demé B, Radulescu A, Müller-Buschbaum P, Hellweg T, von Klitzing R. Inner structure of adsorbed ionic microgel particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:7168-7176. [PMID: 24920223 DOI: 10.1021/la500390j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microgel particles of cross-linked poly(NIPAM-co-acrylic acid) with different acrylic acid contents are investigated in solution and in the adsorbed state. As a substrate, silicon with a poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) coating is used. The temperature dependence of the deswelling of the microgel particles was probed with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The inner structure of the adsorbed microgel particles was detected with grazing incidence small angle neutron scattering (GISANS). Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) on corresponding microgel suspensions was performed for comparison. Whereas the correlation length of the polymer network shows a divergence in the bulk samples, in the adsorbed microgel particles it remains unchanged over the entire temperature range. In addition, GISANS indicates changes in the particles along the surface normal. This suggests that the presence of a solid surface suppresses the divergence of internal fluctuations in the adsorbed microgels close to the volume phase transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wellert
- Stranski Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17 Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Structure and polymer dynamics within PNIPAM-based microgel particles. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 205:113-23. [PMID: 24275613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of temperature-responsive microgels of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) was first reported in 1986 and, since then, there have been hundreds of publications describing the preparation, characterization and applications of these systems. This paper reviews the developments concerning the study of the structure of PNIPAM-based microgels performed over the last years using small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and also the investigations of the polymer-chain dynamics within the microgels carried out with incoherent elastic and quasielastic neutron scattering, and pulse field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR) techniques. Furthermore, the self-diffusion coefficient of the water molecules within the microgel, determined by means of solvent relaxation NMR, is also discussed as a function of the polymer volume fraction of the microgels.
Collapse
|
25
|
Suzuki D, Nagase Y, Kureha T, Sato T. Internal Structures of Thermosensitive Hybrid Microgels Investigated by Means of Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:2194-204. [DOI: 10.1021/jp410983x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Suzuki
- Graduate School of Textile Science & Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567 Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Nagase
- Graduate School of Textile Science & Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567 Japan
| | - Takuma Kureha
- Graduate School of Textile Science & Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567 Japan
| | - Takaaki Sato
- Graduate School of Textile Science & Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567 Japan
| |
Collapse
|