1
|
Guggolz L, Dehnen S. Systematic DFT Studies on Binary Pseudo-tetrahedral Zintl Anions: Relative Stabilities and Reactivities towards Protons, Trimethylsilyl Groups, and Iron Complex Fragments. Chemistry 2020; 26:11819-11828. [PMID: 32285972 PMCID: PMC7540718 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Binary pseudo-tetrahedral Zintl anions composed of (semi)metal atoms of the p-block elements have proven to be excellent starting materials for the synthesis of a variety of heterometallic and intermetalloid transition metal-main group metal cluster anions. However, only ten of the theoretically possible 48 anions have been experimentally accessed to date as isolable salts. This brings up the question whether the other species are generally not achievable, or whether synthetic chemists just have not succeeded in their preparation so far. To contribute to a possible answer to this question, global minimum structures were calculated for all anions of the type (TrTt3 )5- , (TrPn3 )2- , and (Tt2 Pn2 )2- , comprising elements of periods 3 to 6 (Tr: triel, Al⋅⋅⋅Tl; Tt: tetrel, Si⋅⋅⋅Pb; Pn: pnictogen, P⋅⋅⋅Bi). By analyzing the computational results, a concept was developed to predict which of the yet missing anions should be synthesizable and why. Additionally, the results of an electrophilic attack by protons or trimethylsilyl groups or a nucleophilic attack by transition metal complex fragments are described. The latter yields butterfly-like structures that can be viewed as a new form of adaptable tridentate chelating ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Guggolz
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)Philipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435043MarburgGermany
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)Philipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435043MarburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lobayan RM, Bochicchio RC. Do Organometallic CH4-Me(+p) Adducts and X4H(+) (X = P, As) Clusters Undergo Two-Electron Three-Center Interactions? Some Aspects of Discussion. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:7000-12. [PMID: 26061421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most of the systems possessing true two-electron three-center interactions are electron deficient compounds like boron hydrids, closo-boranes, and some organic ions such as butonium cations. In this work, we perform a detailed study of the electron distribution for two different types of systems to which likewise interactions has been adjudicated: organometallic CH4-Me(+p) (p = 1, 2) adducts with Me, alkaline and earth alkaline metallic ions of Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca in their stable gaseous phase and X4H(+) (X = P, As) simple clusters. For this purpose, topological analysis of the electron density decomposed into its effectively paired and unpaired contributions has been carried out looking for complex interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana M Lobayan
- †Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Roberto C Bochicchio
- ‡IFIBA-CONICET and Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Probing the electronic structures and properties of neutral and charged arsenic sulfides [As n S2 (−1,0,+1), n = 1–6] with Gaussian-3 theory. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2443. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
4
|
Prokeš L, Peña-Méndez EM, Conde JE, Panyala NR, Alberti M, Havel J. Laser ablation synthesis of new gold arsenides using nano-gold and arsenic as precursors. Laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry and spectrophotometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:577-586. [PMID: 24519820 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Currently, a limited number of gold arsenides have been described, some of which have important industrial applications, Laser ablation synthesis (LAS) has been employed in an attempt to generate some novel gold arsenide compounds. METHODS LAS of gold arsenides was performed using nano-gold (NG) and arsenic as precursors. The clusters formed during laser desorption ionisation (LDI) were analysed by mass spectrometry using a quadrupole ion trap and reflectron time-of-flight analyser to determine the stoichiometry. UV/VIS spectrophotometry was used to follow possible hydrothermal synthesis of gold arsenides. RESULTS LAS of NG yielded singly charged gold clusters Aum (+(-)) (m = 1-35). LAS of bulk arsenic and nano-arsenic produced Asn (+(-)) clusters with n = 2-10 and n = 2-20, respectively. Laser ablation of Au-As nano-composites or NG-As mixtures generated Aum (+(-)) (m = 1-12), Asn (+(-)) (n = 3-4), and several series of Aum Asn (+(-)) (m = 1-60, n = 1-18) clusters. Over 450 species of gold arsenide clusters and 212 mixed chlorinated Aum Asn Clx clusters were detected and their stoichiometry determined. CONCLUSIONS Many new gold arsenides were synthesised via LAS for the first time with Au-As composites and NG-As mixtures of different Au:As ratios using mass spectrometry to determine cluster stoichiometry. The resolved stoichiometry of Aum Asn clusters determined in this study could accelerate the development of advanced Au-As nano-materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lubomír Prokeš
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A14, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic; CEPLANT, R&D Center for Low-Cost Plasma and Nanotechnology Surface Modifications, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang J, Kang Y, Wang X, Bai X. Probing the electronic structures and properties of neutral and charged arsenic sulfides (As n S(−1,0,+1), n = 1–7) using Gaussian-3 theory. J Mol Model 2013; 19:5199-211. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-2017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Bai X, Zhang Q, Gao A, Yang J. Arsenic clusters Asn (n=6–16) and their anions: Structures, thermochemistry, and electron affinities. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
7
|
Bai X, Zhang Q, Yang J, Ning H. Probing the Electronic Structures and Properties of Neutral and Charged Monomethylated Arsenic Species (CH3Asn(−1,0,+1), n = 1–7) Using Gaussian-3 Theory. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:9382-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3056569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051,
P.R. China
| | - Qiancheng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051,
P.R. China
| | - Jucai Yang
- School of Energy
and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051,
P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Ning
- School of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051,
P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liang G, Wu Q, Yang J. Probing the Electronic Structure and Property of Neutral and Charged Arsenic Clusters (Asn(+1,0,–1), n ≤ 8) Using Gaussian-3 Theory. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:8302-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp203585p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liang
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 10083, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wu
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 10083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jucai Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Naumann W. Fluorescence quenching by excimer formation: Quenching constant approximations for excimer formation-dissociation by classical potential models. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:64505. [PMID: 16122324 DOI: 10.1063/1.1989316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence quenching by excimer formation is studied on the assumption that the excimer formation and dissociation can be modeled as overdamped motion in an attractive potential (classical potential models). An approach to the zeroth-order, concentration-independent quenching constants is proposed which starts from a mean reaction-time ansatz and reduces the calculation essentially to the solution of the eigenvalue problem for the Smoluchowski operator which describes the excimer equilibration. For a square-well potential model it is shown that a quenching constant expansion in terms of relaxation modes, truncated at the kinetic level, gives a satisfactory approximation of the recently obtained exact zeroth-order result under defined conditions. It is demonstrated how this two-mode approach can be applied for a quenching constant estimation if the excimer formation and dissociation are modeled by more realistic interaction potentials, as for instance, Morse- or Gaussian-type ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Naumann
- Interdisciplinary Group Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, University of Leipzig, Permoserstrasse 15, 04303 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Naumann W. Fluorescence quenching by reversible excimer formation: Kinetics and yield predictions for a classical potential association–dissociation model. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:9618-23. [PMID: 15267974 DOI: 10.1063/1.1718156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence quenching by reversible excimer formation is studied on the assumption that excimer formation and dissociation can be modelled as entering and leaving the attractive region of an monomer excited-monomer interaction potential by diffusion. To get some general insight in the kinetic consequences of such a type of modelling, the simple case of an attractive square-well potential is investigated. It is shown that three different kinetic regimes have to be distinguished: Two "reversible" ones in case of slow excimer radiative decay, in which the quenching kinetics can be formulated by Markovian or non-Markovian rate equations with both excimer formation and excimer dissociation terms, and an effectively "irreversible" regime if the excimer radiative decay is too rapid to allow the excimer equilibration. In the latter case a dissociation coefficient can no longer be defined and the quenching kinetics can only be predicted on the basis of generalized rate equations of a net-excimer-formation type. It is shown how the quenching constant formula must be generalized to be applicable in all kinetic situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Naumann
- Interdisciplinary Group Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, University of Leipzig, Permoserstrasse 15, 04303 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhai HJ, Wang LS, Kuznetsov AE, Boldyrev AI. Probing the Electronic Structure and Aromaticity of Pentapnictogen Cluster Anions Pn5- (Pn = P, As, Sb, and Bi) Using Photoelectron Spectroscopy and ab Initio Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020115k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
Alcamí M, Mó O, Yáñez M. Computational chemistry: a useful (sometimes mandatory) tool in mass spectrometry studies. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2001; 20:195-245. [PMID: 11835306 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present a brief summary of the theoretical methods most frequently used in gas-phase ion chemistry. In subsequent sections, the performance of these methods is analyzed, paying attention to the reliability of geometries, vibrational frequencies, energies, and entropies. The possible pathologies of the different methods, in the form of instabilities of the wave function or spin contamination problems, are discussed. Several examples are presented to illustrate the usefulness of ab initio or density functional theory (DFT) methods to predict the existence of elusive molecules and/or to characterize non-conventional structures, and to rationalize the charge redistributions normally associated with ion-molecule interactions and which result in bond-weakening or bond-reinforcement effects. Finally, the role of non-classical structures in ion-molecule interactions is also illustrated with different examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Alcamí
- Departamento de Química, C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
González AI, Mó O, Yáñez M. The structure and stability of Sb4H+ clusters: The importance of nonclassical structures. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|