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Ungerer MJ, van Sittert CGCE, de Leeuw NH. Behavior of S, SO, and SO 3 on Pt (001), (011), and (111) surfaces: A DFT study. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:194701. [PMID: 34240906 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the hybrid sulfur (HyS) cycle, the reaction between SO2 and H2O is manipulated to produce hydrogen with water and sulfuric acid as by-products. However, sulfur poisoning of the catalyst has been widely reported to occur in this cycle, which is due to strong chemisorption of sulfur on the metal surface. The catalysts may deactivate as a result of these impurities present in the reactants or incorporated in the catalyst during its preparation and operation of the HyS cycle. Here, we report a density functional theory investigation of the interaction between S, SO, and SO3 with the Pt (001), (011), and (111) surfaces. First, we have investigated the adsorption of single gas phase molecules on the three Pt surfaces. During adsorption, the 4F hollow sites on the (001) and (011) surfaces and the fcc hollow site on the (111) surface were preferred. S adsorption followed the trend of (001)4F > (011)4F > (111)fcc, while SO adsorption showed (001)4F > (011)bridge/4F > (111)fcc and SO3 adsorption was most stable in a S,O,O bound configuration on the (001)4F > (011)4F > (111)fcc sites. The surface coverage was increased on all the surfaces until a monolayer was obtained. The highest surface coverage for S shows the trend (001)S = (111)S > (011)S, and for SO it is (001)SO > (011)SO > (111)SO, similar to SO3 where we found (001)SO3 > (011)SO3 > (111)SO3. These trends indicate that the (001) surface is more susceptible to S species poisoning. It is also evident that both the (001) and (111) surfaces were reactive toward S, leading to the formation of S2. The high coverage of SO3 showed the formation of SO2 and SO4, especially on the (011) surface. The thermodynamics indicated that an increased temperature of up to 2000 K resulted in Pt surfaces fully covered with elemental S. The SO coverage showed θ ≥ 1.00 on both the (001) and (011) surfaces and θ = 0.78 for the (111) surface in the experimental region where the HyS cycle is operated. Lower coverages of SO3 were observed due to the size of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietjie J Ungerer
- Laboratory for Applied Molecular Modelling, Research Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Cornelia G C E van Sittert
- Laboratory for Applied Molecular Modelling, Research Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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Bahamon D, Khalil M, Belabbes A, Alwahedi Y, Vega LF, Polychronopoulou K. A DFT study of the adsorption energy and electronic interactions of the SO 2 molecule on a CoP hydrotreating catalyst. RSC Adv 2021; 11:2947-2957. [PMID: 35424234 PMCID: PMC8693793 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10634k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The adsorption energy and electronic properties of sulfur dioxide (SO2) adsorbed on different low-Miller index cobalt phosphide (CoP) surfaces were examined using density functional theory (DFT). Different surface atomic terminations and initial molecular orientations were systematically investigated in detail to determine the most active and stable surface for use as a hydrotreating catalyst. It was found that the surface catalytic reactivity of CoP and its performance were highly sensitive to the crystal plane, where the surface orientation/termination had a remarkable impact on the interfacial chemical bonding and electronic states toward the adsorption of the SO2 molecule. Specifically, analysis of the surface energy adsorption revealed that SO2 on Co-terminated surfaces, especially in (010), (101) and (110) facets, is energetically more favorable compared to other low index surfaces. Charge density difference, density of states (DOS) and Gibbs free energy studies were also carried out to further understand the bonding mechanism and the electronic interactions with the adsorbate. It is anticipated that the current findings will support experimental research towards the design of catalysts for SO2 hydrodesulfurization based on cobalt phosphide nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bahamon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University P. O. Box 127788 Abu Dhabi UAE
- Center on Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Khalifa University P. O. Box 127788 Abu Dhabi UAE
- Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and H2 (RICH), Khalifa University P. O. 127788 Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Malathe Khalil
- Center on Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Khalifa University P. O. Box 127788 Abu Dhabi UAE
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University P. O. Box 127788 Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Abderrezak Belabbes
- Center on Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Khalifa University P. O. Box 127788 Abu Dhabi UAE
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University P. O. Box 127788 Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Yasser Alwahedi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University P. O. Box 127788 Abu Dhabi UAE
- Center on Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Khalifa University P. O. Box 127788 Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Lourdes F Vega
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University P. O. Box 127788 Abu Dhabi UAE
- Center on Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Khalifa University P. O. Box 127788 Abu Dhabi UAE
- Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and H2 (RICH), Khalifa University P. O. 127788 Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Kyriaki Polychronopoulou
- Center on Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Khalifa University P. O. Box 127788 Abu Dhabi UAE
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University P. O. Box 127788 Abu Dhabi UAE
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Abstract
Given the importance of SO2 as a pollutant species in the environment and its role in the hybrid sulphur (HyS) cycle for hydrogen production, we carried out a density functional theory study of its interaction with the Pt (001), (011), and (111) surfaces. First, we investigated the adsorption of a single SO2 molecule on the three Pt surfaces. On both the (001) and (111) surfaces, the SO2 had a S,O-bonded geometry, while on the (011) surface, it had a co-pyramidal and bridge geometry. The largest adsorption energy was obtained on the (001) surface (Eads = −2.47 eV), followed by the (011) surface (Eads = −2.39 and −2.28 eV for co-pyramidal and bridge geometries, respectively) and the (111) surface (Eads = −1.85 eV). When the surface coverage was increased up to a monolayer, we noted an increase of Eads/SO2 for all the surfaces, but the (001) surface remained the most favourable overall for SO2 adsorption. On the (111) surface, we found that when the surface coverage was θ > 0.78, two neighbouring SO2 molecules reacted to form SO and SO3. Considering the experimental conditions, we observed that the highest coverage in terms of the number of SO2 molecules per metal surface area was (111) > (001) > (011). As expected, when the temperature increased, the surface coverage decreased on all the surfaces, and gradual desorption of SO2 would occur above 500 K. Total desorption occurred at temperatures higher than 700 K for the (011) and (111) surfaces. It was seen that at 0 and 800 K, only the (001) and (111) surfaces were expressed in the morphology, but at 298 and 400 K, the (011) surface was present as well. Taking into account these data and those from a previous paper on water adsorption on Pt, it was evident that at temperatures between 400 and 450 K, where the HyS cycle operates, most of the water would desorb from the surface, thereby increasing the SO2 concentration, which in turn may lead to sulphur poisoning of the catalyst.
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Boldrin P, Ruiz-Trejo E, Mermelstein J, Bermúdez Menéndez JM, Ramı Rez Reina T, Brandon NP. Strategies for Carbon and Sulfur Tolerant Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Materials, Incorporating Lessons from Heterogeneous Catalysis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13633-13684. [PMID: 27933769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are a rapidly emerging energy technology for a low carbon world, providing high efficiency, potential to use carbonaceous fuels, and compatibility with carbon capture and storage. However, current state-of-the-art materials have low tolerance to sulfur, a common contaminant of many fuels, and are vulnerable to deactivation due to carbon deposition when using carbon-containing compounds. In this review, we first study the theoretical basis behind carbon and sulfur poisoning, before examining the strategies toward carbon and sulfur tolerance used so far in the SOFC literature. We then study the more extensive relevant heterogeneous catalysis literature for strategies and materials which could be incorporated into carbon and sulfur tolerant fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Boldrin
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Enrique Ruiz-Trejo
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Mermelstein
- The Boeing Company , 5301 Bolsa Ave., Huntington Beach, CA 92647, United States
| | | | - Tomás Ramı Rez Reina
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey , Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel P Brandon
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Gao G, Wei S, Duan X, Pan X. Influence of charge state on catalytic properties of PtAu(CO) in reduction of SO2 by CO. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lu P, Lu N, Wang J, Kim MJ, Xia Y. Site-selective sulfurization of bromide-capped palladium nanocubes by polysulfide and the underlying mechanism. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:014003. [PMID: 24334403 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/1/014003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This article describes site-selective sulfurization of Pd nanocubes capped by a monolayer of chemisorbed Br(-) ions. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and high-angle annular dark-field scanning TEM observations showed that PdS was not formed until a certain quantity of polysulfide (S(x)(2-)) ions had been introduced (300 μl, or 18.8 ppm in the final reaction solution). Spot energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses confirmed that the surface-chemisorbed Br(-) ions were completely substituted by S(x)(2-) ions before the initiation of the sulfurization reaction. In the presence of sufficient S(x)(2-) ions (>300 μl or >18.8 ppm), PdS phase was selectively developed from the highly active corners, which then moved to the edges and finally towards the center until the entire nanocube was converted into PdS. The resultant PdS was found to be amorphous by electron microscopy and powder x-ray diffraction measurements. The amorphous structure of PdS facilitated the penetration and diffusion of S(x)(2-) species and thus acceleration of the reaction kinetics. As a result, the sulfurization of 13 nm Pd nanocubes was completed within a few minutes after the addition of adequate Na2Sx, leading to a much more severe poisoning effect, compared with other noble metals such as Ag, by sulfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- The Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Behavior of adsorbed diphenyl-sulfide on the Pd/C catalyst for o-chloronitrobenzene hydrogenation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Luckas N, Gotterbarm K, Streber R, Lorenz MPA, Höfert O, Viñes F, Papp C, Görling A, Steinrück HP. Adsorption and reaction of SO2 on clean and oxygen precovered Pd(100)—a combined HR-XPS and DF study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:16227-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21694e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Gan LY, Zhao YJ. Charge effect in S enhanced CO adsorption: A theoretical study of CO on Au, Ag, Cu, and Pd (111) surfaces coadsorbed with S, O, Cl, and Na. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:094703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3483235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Chaplin BP, Shapley JR, Werth CJ. Regeneration of sulfur-fouled bimetallic Pd-based catalysts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:5491-7. [PMID: 17822122 DOI: 10.1021/es0704333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pd-based catalysts provide efficient and selective reduction of several drinking water contaminants, but their long-term application requires effective treatments for catalyst regeneration following fouling by constituents in natural waters. This studytested alumina-supported Pd-Cu and Pd-In bimetallic catalysts for nitrate reduction with H2 after sulfide fouling and oxidative regeneration procedures. Both catalysts were severely deactivated after treatment with microM levels of sulfide. Regeneration was attempted with dissolved oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and heated air. Only sodium hypochlorite and heated air were effective regenerants, specifically restoring nitrate reduction rates for a Pd-In/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst from 20% to between 39 and 60% of original levels. Results from ICP-MS revealed that sodium hypochlorite caused dissolution of Cu from the Pd-Cu catalyst but that the Pd-In catalyst was chemically stable over a range of sulfide fouling and oxidative regenerative conditions. Analysis byXPS indicated that PdS and In2S3 complexes form during sulfide fouling, where sulfur is present as S2-, and that regeneration with sodium hypochlorite converts a portion of the S2- to S6+, with a corresponding increase in reduction rates. These results indicate that Pd-In catalysts show exceptional promise for being robust under fouling and regeneration conditions that may occur when treating natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Chaplin
- Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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12
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De Sarkar A, Khanra BC. CO oxidation and NO reduction over supported Pt-Rh and Pd-Rh nanocatalysts: a comparative study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2004.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Neurock M, Wasileski SA, Mei D. From first principles to catalytic performance: tracking molecular transformations. Chem Eng Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2004.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liu P, Rodriguez JA, Muckerman JT. Desulfurization of SO2 and Thiophene on Surfaces and Nanoparticles of Molybdenum Carbide: Unexpected Ligand and Steric Effects. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp040267a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 555, Upton, New York 11973
| | - José A. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 555, Upton, New York 11973
| | - James T. Muckerman
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 555, Upton, New York 11973
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15
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Liu P, Rodriguez JA. Interaction of sulfur dioxide with titanium–carbide nanoparticles and surfaces: A density functional study. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1619945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rodriguez JA, Liu G, Jirsak T, Hrbek J, Chang Z, Dvorak J, Maiti A. Activation of gold on titania: adsorption and reaction of SO(2) on Au/TiO(2)(110). J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:5242-50. [PMID: 11982389 DOI: 10.1021/ja020115y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synchrotron-based high-resolution photoemission and first-principles density-functional slab calculations were used to study the interaction of gold with titania and the chemistry of SO(2) on Au/TiO(2)(110) surfaces. The deposition of Au nanoparticles on TiO(2)(110) produces a system with an extraordinary ability to adsorb and dissociate SO(2). In this respect, Au/TiO(2) is much more chemically active than metallic gold or stoichiometric titania. On Au(111) and rough polycrystalline surfaces of gold, SO(2) bonds weakly and desorbs intact at temperatures below 200 K. For the adsorption of SO(2) on TiO(2)(110) at 300 K, SO(4) is the only product (SO(2) + O(oxide) --> SO(4,ads)). In contrast, Au/TiO(2)(110) surfaces (theta;(Au) < or = 0.5 ML) fully dissociate the SO(2) molecule under identical reaction conditions. Interactions with titania electronically perturb gold, making it more chemically active. Furthermore, our experimental and theoretical results show quite clearly that not only gold is perturbed when gold and titania interact. The adsorbed gold, on its part, enhances the reactivity of titania by facilitating the migration of O vacancies from the bulk to the surface of the oxide. In general, the complex coupling of these phenomena must be taken into consideration when trying to explain the unusual chemical and catalytic activity of Au/TiO(2). In many situations, the oxide support can be much more than a simple spectator.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
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Hrbek J, Rodriguez JA, Dvorak J, Jirsak T. Sulfur Adsorption and Reaction with a TiO2(110) Surface: O↔S Exchange and Sulfide Formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20011149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Upon sulfur adsorption on TiO2(110) at 600 K, all surface oxygen is replaced by sulfur. High-resolution photoemission data show a complete loss of oxygen from the surface layer, a large binding energy shift and attenuation of Ti core levels, and the presence of three different S species. The bonding of sulfur is examined using first-principles density-functional calculations and the periodic supercell approach. At saturation the top layer of the oxide surface is converted to sulfide, with the majority of sulfur buckled above the Ti lattice plane and the remaining sulfur bonded in bridging sites. A mechanism for this self-limiting thermodynamically unlikely surface reaction is proposed.
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Rodriguez JA, Hrbek J, Kuhn M, Jirsak T, Chaturvedi S, Maiti A. Interaction of sulfur with Pt(111) and Sn/Pt(111): Effects of coverage and metal–metal bonding on reactivity toward sulfur. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1327249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rodriguez JA, Hrbek J. Interaction of Sulfur with Well-Defined Metal and Oxide Surfaces: Unraveling the Mysteries behind Catalyst Poisoning and Desulfurization. Acc Chem Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ar9801191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Rodriguez
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Jan Hrbek
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
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Rodriguez JA, Jirsak T, Hrbek J. Reaction of SO2 with Cesium and Cesium-Promoted ZnO and MoO2. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp984318d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Tomas Jirsak
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Jan Hrbek
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
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