1
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Kumar S, Kaushal JB, Lee HP. Sustainable Sensing with Paper Microfluidics: Applications in Health, Environment, and Food Safety. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:300. [PMID: 38920604 PMCID: PMC11202065 DOI: 10.3390/bios14060300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
This manuscript offers a concise overview of paper microfluidics, emphasizing its sustainable sensing applications in healthcare, environmental monitoring, and food safety. Researchers have developed innovative sensing platforms for detecting pathogens, pollutants, and contaminants by leveraging the paper's unique properties, such as biodegradability and affordability. These portable, low-cost sensors facilitate rapid diagnostics and on-site analysis, making them invaluable tools for resource-limited settings. This review discusses the fabrication techniques, principles, and applications of paper microfluidics, showcasing its potential to address pressing challenges and enhance human health and environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Scott Campus, Omaha, NE 68182-0816, USA
| | - Jyoti Bala Kaushal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Heow Pueh Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore;
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2
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Rasekh M, Harrison S, Schobesberger S, Ertl P, Balachandran W. Reagent storage and delivery on integrated microfluidic chips for point-of-care diagnostics. Biomed Microdevices 2024; 26:28. [PMID: 38825594 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-024-00709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic-based point-of-care diagnostics offer several unique advantages over existing bioanalytical solutions, such as automation, miniaturisation, and integration of sensors to rapidly detect on-site specific biomarkers. It is important to highlight that a microfluidic POC system needs to perform a number of steps, including sample preparation, nucleic acid extraction, amplification, and detection. Each of these stages involves mixing and elution to go from sample to result. To address these complex sample preparation procedures, a vast number of different approaches have been developed to solve the problem of reagent storage and delivery. However, to date, no universal method has been proposed that can be applied as a working solution for all cases. Herein, both current self-contained (stored within the chip) and off-chip (stored in a separate device and brought together at the point of use) are reviewed, and their merits and limitations are discussed. This review focuses on reagent storage devices that could be integrated with microfluidic devices, discussing further issues or merits of these storage solutions in two different sections: direct on-chip storage and external storage with their application devices. Furthermore, the different microvalves and micropumps are considered to provide guidelines for designing appropriate integrated microfluidic point-of-care devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoochehr Rasekh
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - Sam Harrison
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Silvia Schobesberger
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wamadeva Balachandran
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
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3
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Ma H, Kinzer-Ursem TL, Linnes JC. Two-phase Porous Media Flow Model Based on the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equation. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5265-5273. [PMID: 38502904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Two-phase porous media flow is important in many applications from drug delivery to groundwater diffusion and oil recovery and is of particular interest to biomedical diagnostic test developers using cellulose and nitrocellulose membranes with limited fluid sample volumes. This work presents a new two-phase porous media flow model based on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation. The model aims to address the limitations of existing methods by incorporating a partial saturation distribution in porous media to account for limited fluid volumes. The basic parameters of the model are the pore size distribution and the contact angle. To validate the model, we solved five analytical solutions and compared them to corresponding experimental data. The experimentally measured penetration length data agreed with the model predictions, demonstrating model accuracy. Our findings suggest that this new two-phase porous media flow model can provide a valuable tool for researchers developing fluidic assays in paper and other porous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tamara L Kinzer-Ursem
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jacqueline C Linnes
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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4
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Vloemans D, Van Hileghem L, Ordutowski H, Dal Dosso F, Spasic D, Lammertyn J. Self-Powered Microfluidics for Point-of-Care Solutions: From Sampling to Detection of Proteins and Nucleic Acids. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2804:3-50. [PMID: 38753138 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3850-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Self-powered microfluidics presents a revolutionary approach to address the challenges of healthcare in decentralized and point-of-care settings where limited access to resources and infrastructure prevails or rapid clinical decision-making is critical. These microfluidic systems exploit physical and chemical phenomena, such as capillary forces and surface tension, to manipulate tiny volumes of fluids without the need for external power sources, making them cost-effective and highly portable. Recent technological advancements have demonstrated the ability to preprogram complex multistep liquid operations within the microfluidic circuit of these standalone systems, which enabled the integration of sensitive detection and readout principles. This chapter first addresses how the accessibility to in vitro diagnostics can be improved by shifting toward decentralized approaches like remote microsampling and point-of-care testing. Next, the crucial role of self-powered microfluidic technologies to enable this patient-centric healthcare transition is emphasized using various state-of-the-art examples, with a primary focus on applications related to biofluid collection and the detection of either proteins or nucleic acids. This chapter concludes with a summary of the main findings and our vision of the future perspectives in the field of self-powered microfluidic technologies and their use for in vitro diagnostics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries Vloemans
- Department of Biosystems - Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Henry Ordutowski
- Department of Biosystems - Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Dragana Spasic
- Department of Biosystems - Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- Department of Biosystems - Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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Holman JB, Shi Z, Fadahunsi AA, Li C, Ding W. Advances on microfluidic paper-based electroanalytical devices. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108093. [PMID: 36603801 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the inception of the first electrochemical devices on paper substrates, many different reports of microfluidic paper-based electroanalytical devices (μPEDs), innovative hydrophobic barriers and electrode fabrication processes have allowed the incorporation of diverse materials, resulting in different applications and a boost in performance. These advancements have led to the creation of paper-based devices with comparable performance to many standard conventional devices, with the added benefits of pumpless fluidic transport, component separation and reagent storage that can be exploited to automate and handle sample preprocessing. Herein, we review μPEDs, summarize the characteristics and functionalities of μPEDs, such as separation, fluid flow control and storage, and outline the conventional and emerging fabrication and modification approaches for μPEDs. We also examine the recent application of μPEDs in biomedicine, the environment, and food and water safety, as well as some limitations and challenges that must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Benjamin Holman
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zhengdi Shi
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Adeola A Fadahunsi
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Chengpan Li
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Weiping Ding
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China.
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6
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Shah SF, Jafry AT, Hussain G, Kazim AH, Ali M. A passive and programmable 3D paper-based microfluidic pump for variable flow microfluidic applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:064106. [PMID: 36536792 PMCID: PMC9759353 DOI: 10.1063/5.0125937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Paper has attracted significant attention recently as a microfluidic component and platform, especially in passive pumping devices due to its porous and uniform absorbing nature. Many investigations on 1D and 2D fluid flows were carried out. However, no experimental work has been reported on the three-dimensional effect in porous geometry to improve pumping characteristics in microchannels. Therefore, in this study, the fluid flow in 3D paper-based passive pumps was investigated in microchannels using cylindrical pumps. The effect of pump diameter, porosity, and programmability was investigated to achieve desired flow variations. The results indicated that the flow rate of water increased with an increase in the diameter and porosity of paper pumps. Maximum flow rates achieved for 14 mm diameter pumps of 0.5 and 0.7 porosities were 5.29 mm3/s (317.4 μl/min) and 6.97 mm3/s (418.2 μl/min), respectively. The total volume of fluid imbibition ranged between 266 and 567 μl for 8 and 14 mm diameter pumps, respectively. Moreover, 3D passive pumps can transport larger volumes of liquid with an improved flow rate, programmability, and control, in addition to being inexpensive and simple to design and fabricate. Most importantly, a single 3D paper pump showed an increasing, decreasing, and constant flow rate all in a single microchannel. With these benefits, the passive pumps can further improve the pumping characteristics of microfluidic platforms enabling a cost effective and programmable point-of-care diagnostic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Farhad Shah
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan
| | - Ali Turab Jafry
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan
| | - Gohar Hussain
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan
| | - Ali Hussain Kazim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mubashar Ali
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan
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7
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Zhang H, Qiu Y, Yu S, Ding C, Hu J, Qi H, Tian Y, Zhang Z, Liu A, Wu H. Wearable microfluidic patch with integrated capillary valves and pumps for sweat management and multiple biomarker analysis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:044104. [PMID: 35915777 PMCID: PMC9338840 DOI: 10.1063/5.0092084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors are essential for providing insight into human physiological health. The currently developed microfluidic sweat sensors have demonstrated the function of collecting and storing sweat. However, they detect more average concentrations of substances based on time periods, which leads to the fact that in situ real-time measurement for multiple biomarkers remains a grand challenge. Here, we propose a wearable epidermal microfluidic patch with integrated microfluidic pumps and micro-valves for accelerated and continuous collection of the sweat, where the micro-pumps ensure the complete separation of old and new sweat for real-time detection of real concentration of biomarkers in sweat. The biomarker concentration at different time periods is detected by introducing a burst valve, which is used to assist in the analysis of the real-time detection. A quantitative relationship between the minimum burst pressure difference required for sequential collection and the size of the microchannel structure is established to overcome the effects of additional resistance at the gas-liquid interface. Additionally, the sensing modules, including sodium ion, chlorine ion, glucose, and pH level in sweat, are integrated into the patch to realize in situ, real-time detection of multiple biomarkers in the human sweat, decoding the correlation between changes in substance concentrations and physiological conditions. This work provides a unique and simplifying strategy for developing wearable sweat sensors for potential applications in health monitoring and disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, People’s Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | - Aiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaping Wu
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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8
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Microfluidic chain reaction of structurally programmed capillary flow events. Nature 2022; 605:464-469. [PMID: 35585345 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chain reactions, characterized by initiation, propagation and termination, are stochastic at microscopic scales and underlie vital chemical (for example, combustion engines), nuclear and biotechnological (for example, polymerase chain reaction) applications1-5. At macroscopic scales, chain reactions are deterministic and limited to applications for entertainment and art such as falling dominoes and Rube Goldberg machines. On the other hand, the microfluidic lab-on-a-chip (also called a micro-total analysis system)6,7 was visualized as an integrated chip, akin to microelectronic integrated circuits, yet in practice remains dependent on cumbersome peripherals, connections and a computer for automation8-11. Capillary microfluidics integrate energy supply and flow control onto a single chip by using capillary phenomena, but programmability remains rudimentary with at most a handful (eight) operations possible12-19. Here we introduce the microfluidic chain reaction (MCR) as the conditional, structurally programmed propagation of capillary flow events. Monolithic chips integrating a MCR are three-dimensionally printed, and powered by the free energy of a paper pump, autonomously execute liquid handling algorithms step-by-step. With MCR, we automated (1) the sequential release of 300 aliquots across chained, interconnected chips, (2) a protocol for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies detection in saliva and (3) a thrombin generation assay by continuous subsampling and analysis of coagulation-activated plasma with parallel operations including timers, iterative cycles of synchronous flow and stop-flow operations. MCRs are untethered from and unencumbered by peripherals, encode programs structurally in situ and can form a frugal, versatile, bona fide lab-on-a-chip with wide-ranging applications in liquid handling and point-of-care diagnostics.
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9
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Bacchin P, Leng J, Salmon JB. Microfluidic Evaporation, Pervaporation, and Osmosis: From Passive Pumping to Solute Concentration. Chem Rev 2021; 122:6938-6985. [PMID: 34882390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evaporation, pervaporation, and forward osmosis are processes leading to a mass transfer of solvent across an interface: gas/liquid for evaporation and solid/liquid (membrane) for pervaporation and osmosis. This Review provides comprehensive insight into the use of these processes at the microfluidic scales for applications ranging from passive pumping to the screening of phase diagrams and micromaterials engineering. Indeed, for a fixed interface relative to the microfluidic chip, these processes passively induce flows driven only by gradients of chemical potential. As a consequence, these passive-transport phenomena lead to an accumulation of solutes that cannot cross the interface and thus concentrate solutions in the microfluidic chip up to high concentration regimes, possibly up to solidification. The purpose of this Review is to provide a unified description of these processes and associated microfluidic applications to highlight the differences and similarities between these three passive-transport phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Bacchin
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Leng
- CNRS, Solvay, LOF, UMR 5258, Université de Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France
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10
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Imbibition of Newtonian Fluids in Paper-like Materials with the Infinitesimal Control Volume Method. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12111391. [PMID: 34832802 PMCID: PMC8626007 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidic devices are widely used in point-of-care testing applications. Imbibition study of paper porous media is important for fluid controlling, and then significant to the applications of paper-based microfluidic devices. Here we propose an analytical approach based on the infinitesimal control volume method to study the imbibition of Newtonian fluids in commonly used paper-like materials. Three common paper shapes (rectangular paper strips, fan-shaped and circular paper sheets) are investigated with three modeling methods (corresponding to equivalent tiny pores with circle, square and regular triangle cross section respectively). A model is derived for liquid imbibition in rectangular paper strips, and the control equations for liquid imbibition in fan-shaped and circular paper sheets are also derived. The model is verified by imbibition experiments done using the mixed cellulose ester filter paper and pure water. The relation of imbibition distance and time is similar to that of the Lucas−Washburn (L−W) model. In addition, a new porosity measurement method based on the imbibition in circular paper sheets is proposed and verified. Finally, the flow rates are investigated. This study can provide guidance for the design of different shapes of paper, and for better applications of paper-based microfluidic devices.
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11
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Kwak B, Choi S, Maeng J, Bae J. Marangoni effect inspired robotic self-propulsion over a water surface using a flow-imbibition-powered microfluidic pump. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17469. [PMID: 34471178 PMCID: PMC8410760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain aquatic insects rapidly traverse water by secreting surfactants that exploit the Marangoni effect, inspiring the development of many self-propulsion systems. In this research, to demonstrate a new way of delivering liquid fuel to a water surface for Marangoni propulsion, a microfluidic pump driven by the flow-imbibition by a porous medium was integrated to create a novel self-propelling robot. After triggered by a small magnet, the liquid fuel stored in a microchannel is autonomously transported to an outlet in a mechanically tunable manner. We also comprehensively analyzed the effects of various design parameters on the robot's locomotory behavior. It was shown that the traveled distance, energy density of fuel, operation time, and motion directionality were tunable by adjusting porous media, nozzle diameter, keel-extrusion, and the distance between the nozzle and water surface. The utilization of a microfluidic device in bioinspired robot is expected to bring out new possibilities in future development of self-propulsion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokeon Kwak
- Bio-Robotics and Control (BiRC), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Engineering (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Choi
- Bio-Robotics and Control (BiRC), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Engineering (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Maeng
- Bio-Robotics and Control (BiRC), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Engineering (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonbum Bae
- Bio-Robotics and Control (BiRC), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Engineering (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Baldwin SA, Van Bruggen SM, Koelbl JM, Appalabhotla R, Bear JE, Haugh JM. Microfluidic devices fitted with "flowver" paper pumps generate steady, tunable gradients for extended observation of chemotactic cell migration. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:044101. [PMID: 34290842 PMCID: PMC8282348 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics approaches have gained popularity in the field of directed cell migration, enabling control of the extracellular environment and integration with live-cell microscopy; however, technical hurdles remain. Among the challenges are the stability and predictability of the environment, which are especially critical for the observation of fibroblasts and other slow-moving cells. Such experiments require several hours and are typically plagued by the introduction of bubbles and other disturbances that naturally arise in standard microfluidics protocols. Here, we report on the development of a passive pumping strategy, driven by the high capillary pressure and evaporative capacity of paper, and its application to study fibroblast chemotaxis. The paper pumps-flowvers (flow + clover)-are inexpensive, compact, and scalable, and they allow nearly bubble-free operation, with a predictable volumetric flow rate on the order of μl/min, for several hours. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we combined the flowver pumping strategy with a Y-junction microfluidic device to generate a chemoattractant gradient landscape that is both stable (6+ h) and predictable (by finite-element modeling calculations). Integrated with fluorescence microscopy, we were able to recapitulate previous, live-cell imaging studies of fibroblast chemotaxis to platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), with an order-of-magnitude gain in throughput. The increased throughput of single-cell analysis allowed us to more precisely define PDGF gradient conditions conducive for chemotaxis; we were also able to interpret how the orientation of signaling through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway affects the cells' sensing of and response to conducive gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Baldwin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Shawn M. Van Bruggen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Joseph M. Koelbl
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Ravikanth Appalabhotla
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - James E. Bear
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jason M. Haugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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13
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Mathematical characterization of ink diffusion and imbibition processes in chromatography paper as a potential biosensing platform. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2021.100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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14
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Wang C, Shim E, Chang HK, Lee N, Kim HR, Park J. Sustainable and high-power wearable glucose biofuel cell using long-term and high-speed flow in sportswear fabrics. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 169:112652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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Xu L, Wang A, Li X, Oh KW. Passive micropumping in microfluidics for point-of-care testing. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:031503. [PMID: 32509049 PMCID: PMC7263483 DOI: 10.1063/5.0002169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Suitable micropumping methods for flow control represent a major technical hurdle in the development of microfluidic systems for point-of-care testing (POCT). Passive micropumping for point-of-care microfluidic systems provides a promising solution to such challenges, in particular, passive micropumping based on capillary force and air transfer based on the air solubility and air permeability of specific materials. There have been numerous developments and applications of micropumping techniques that are relevant to the use in POCT. Compared with active pumping methods such as syringe pumps or pressure pumps, where the flow rate can be well-tuned independent of the design of the microfluidic devices or the property of the liquids, most passive micropumping methods still suffer flow-control problems. For example, the flow rate may be set once the device has been made, and the properties of liquids may affect the flow rate. However, the advantages of passive micropumping, which include simplicity, ease of use, and low cost, make it the best choice for POCT. Here, we present a systematic review of different types of passive micropumping that are suitable for POCT, alongside existing applications based on passive micropumping. Future trends in passive micropumping are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Xu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic
Sciences, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of California San
Francisco, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall 304, San Francisco, California
94158, USA
| | - Anyang Wang
- SMALL (Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab),
Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New
York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - Xiangpeng Li
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic
Sciences, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of California San
Francisco, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall 304, San Francisco, California
94158, USA
| | - Kwang W. Oh
- SMALL (Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab),
Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New
York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
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16
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Shay T, Saha T, Dickey MD, Velev OD. Principles of long-term fluids handling in paper-based wearables with capillary-evaporative transport. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:034112. [PMID: 32566070 PMCID: PMC7286699 DOI: 10.1063/5.0010417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We construct and investigate paper-based microfluidic devices, which model long-term fluid harvesting, transport, sensing, and analysis in new wearables for sweat analysis. Such devices can continuously wick fluid mimicking sweat and dispose of it on evaporation pads. We characterize and analyze how the action of capillarity and evaporation can cooperatively be used to transport and process sweat mimics containing dissolved salts and model analytes. The results point out that non-invasive osmotic extraction combined with paper microfluidics and evaporative disposal can enable sweat collection and monitoring for durations longer than 10 days. We model the fluid flow in the new capillary-evaporative devices and identify the parameters enabling their long-term operation. We show that the transport rates are sufficiently large to handle natural sweat rates, while we envision that such handling can be interfaced with osmotic harvesting of sweat, a concept that we demonstrated recently. Finally, we illustrate that the salt film deposited at the evaporation pad would eventually lead to cessation of the process but at the same time will preserve a record of analytes that may be used for long-term biomarker monitoring in sweat. These principles can be implemented in future platforms for wearable skin-interfacing assays or electronic biomarker monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Shay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, USA
| | - Tamoghna Saha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, USA
| | - Michael D. Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, USA
| | - Orlin D. Velev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, USA
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17
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Lai YT, Tsai CH, Hsu JC, Lu YW. Microfluidic Time-Delay Valve Mechanism on Paper-Based Devices for Automated Competitive ELISA. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E837. [PMID: 31801238 PMCID: PMC6953116 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based technologies have been drawing increasing attentions in the biosensor field due to their economical, ecofriendly, and easy-to-fabricate features. In this paper, we present a time-delay valve mechanism to automate a series of procedures for conducting competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on a paper-based device. The mechanism employs a controllable time-delay valve, which has surfactants to dissolve the hydrophobic barriers, in a fluid pathway. The valves can regulate the liquid and sequentially deliver the sample flow for automating ELISA procedures in microchannels. Competitive ELISA is achieved in a single step once the sample, or small molecule pesticide (e.g., Imidacloprid), is applied onto the paper-based device with a comparable sensitivity to plate-based competitive ELISA. The results further demonstrate the appositeness of using paper-based devices with the valve designs for on-the-go ELISA detection in agriculture and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Lai
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10016, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Hsin Tsai
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10016, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (J.-C.H.)
| | - Ju-Chun Hsu
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10016, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (J.-C.H.)
| | - Yen-Wen Lu
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10016, Taiwan;
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18
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Sotoudegan MS, Mohd O, Ligler FS, Walker GM. Paper-based passive pumps to generate controllable whole blood flow through microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3787-3795. [PMID: 31612163 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00822e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fluid manipulation in microfluidic systems is often controlled by active pumps that are relatively large in size and require external power sources which limit their portability and use in limited-resource settings. In this work, portable, detachable, low-cost, and power-free paper pumps with engineered capillary tubes (referred to as "grooves") that can passively drive viscous fluids based on capillary action are presented. The proposed grooved paper pumps are capable of generating a controllable flow of complex biofluids within microfluidic devices with minimal user intervention and no external power sources. The pumping performance of grooved paper pumps in this study is tested with undiluted, unseparated whole blood samples - demonstrating successful transport of approximately 150 μL of blood within an average time of 5 minutes to 50 minutes, depending on their design parameters. Results for the flow rate of grooved paper pumps indicate that the number of grooves created within the porous paper determines the profile of the generated flow rate. The experimental data also show that as the number of grooves in the pumps is increased, the flow rate approaches a constant value for the entire duration of pumping before the pump becomes saturated. The promising performance of grooved paper pumps with whole blood offers potential applications of these small, disposable pumps in point-of-care diagnostics in which time is crucial and access to external power is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad S Sotoudegan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Omar Mohd
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Frances S Ligler
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Glenn M Walker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Open microfluidic capillary systems are a rapidly evolving branch of microfluidics where fluids are manipulated by capillary forces in channels lacking physical walls on all sides. Typical channel geometries include grooves, rails, or beams and complex systems with multiple air-liquid interfaces. Removing channel walls allows access for retrieval (fluid sampling) and addition (pipetting reagents or adding objects like tissue scaffolds) at any point in the channel; the entire channel becomes a "device-to-world" interface, whereas such interfaces are limited to device inlets and outlets in traditional closed-channel microfluidics. Open microfluidic capillary systems are simple to fabricate and reliable to operate. Prototyping methods (e.g., 3D printing) and manufacturing methods (e.g., injection molding) can be used seamlessly, accelerating development. This Perspective highlights fundamentals of open microfluidic capillary systems including unique advantages, design considerations, fabrication methods, and analytical considerations for flow; device features that can be combined to create a "toolbox" for fluid manipulation; and applications in biology, diagnostics, chemistry, sensing, and biphasic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Berthier
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Ashley M. Dostie
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Ulri N. Lee
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jean Berthier
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Ashleigh B. Theberge
- University of Washington, Department of Chemistry, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
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20
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Seo J, Wang C, Chang S, Park J, Kim W. A hydrogel-driven microfluidic suction pump with a high flow rate. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1790-1796. [PMID: 30964487 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00062c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose a portable, non-powered, long-term working suction pump with a high flow rate for microfluidic devices. The pump is driven by a superabsorbent polymer enclosed in a housing with porous fins to accelerate water absorption. We experimentally demonstrate that the pump creates an outstanding flow rate of more than 80 μl min-1 and an absorption volume of ∼20 ml. We address the key design principles underlying the outstanding performance of the pump. As an exemplary application, we constructed a portable power generator by combining the hydrogel pump with a reverse electrodialysis (RED) device. This portable system, powered only by KCl solutions with different ion concentrations, exhibited an output density of ∼70 μW cm-2 for more than an hour. The proposed versatile hydrogel pump could provide a breakthrough for developing various portable microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaedeok Seo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Biswas GC, Rana MM, Kazuhiro T, Suzuki H. A simple micropump based on a freeze-dried superabsorbent polymer for multiplex solution processing in disposable devices. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:182213. [PMID: 31032056 PMCID: PMC6458371 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.182213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple micropump for disposable microfluidic devices. The pump is constructed using a freeze-dried disc of a superabsorbent polymer (SAP). The disc absorbs a solution in a flow channel and swells upward in a pumping chamber. Despite the simple structure of this device, the rate of absorption remains constant and can be adjusted by changing the composition of the SAP, its size, the dimensions of the flow channel and the medium to be absorbed. The pumping action can be initiated by applying an electrical signal using a switchable hydrophobic valve. The integrated approach of the SAP pump and switchable valve could facilitate the automatic processing of many solutions required for bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Chandra Biswas
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Md. Mohosin Rana
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Takekoshi Kazuhiro
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8675, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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22
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Olanrewaju A, Beaugrand M, Yafia M, Juncker D. Capillary microfluidics in microchannels: from microfluidic networks to capillaric circuits. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2323-2347. [PMID: 30010168 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00458g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics offer economy of reagents, rapid liquid delivery, and potential for automation of many reactions, but often require peripheral equipment for flow control. Capillary microfluidics can deliver liquids in a pre-programmed manner without peripheral equipment by exploiting surface tension effects encoded by the geometry and surface chemistry of a microchannel. Here, we review the history and progress of microchannel-based capillary microfluidics spanning over three decades. To both reflect recent experimental and conceptual progress, and distinguish from paper-based capillary microfluidics, we adopt the more recent terminology of capillaric circuits (CCs). We identify three distinct waves of development driven by microfabrication technologies starting with early implementations in industry using machining and lamination, followed by development in the context of micro total analysis systems (μTAS) and lab-on-a-chip devices using cleanroom microfabrication, and finally a third wave that arose with advances in rapid prototyping technologies. We discuss the basic physical laws governing capillary flow, deconstruct CCs into basic circuit elements including capillary pumps, stop valves, trigger valves, retention valves, and so on, and describe their operating principle and limitations. We discuss applications of CCs starting with the most common usage in automating liquid delivery steps for immunoassays, and highlight emerging applications such as DNA analysis. Finally, we highlight recent developments in rapid prototyping of CCs and the benefits offered including speed, low cost, and greater degrees of freedom in CC design. The combination of better analytical models and lower entry barriers (thanks to advances in rapid manufacturing) make CCs both a fertile research area and an increasingly capable technology for user-friendly and high-performance laboratory and diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayokunle Olanrewaju
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Genome Quebec and McGill University Innovation Centre, Canada.
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23
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24
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Das SS, Kar S, Anwar T, Saha P, Chakraborty S. Hydroelectric power plant on a paper strip. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1560-1568. [PMID: 29722772 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01350g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We exploit the combinatorial advantage of electrokinetics and tortuosity of a cellulose-based paper network on laboratory grade filter paper for the development of a simple, inexpensive, yet extremely robust (shows constant performance for 12 days) 'paper-and-pencil'-based device for energy harvesting applications. We successfully achieve harvesting of a maximum output power of ∼640 pW in a single channel, while the same is significantly improved (by ∼100 times) with the use of a multichannel microfluidic array (maximum of up to 20 channels). Furthermore, we also provide theoretical insights into the observed phenomenon and show that the experimentally predicted trends agree well with our theoretical calculations. Thus, we envisage that such ultra-low cost devices may turn out to be extremely useful in energizing analytical microdevices in resource limited settings, for instance, in extreme point of care diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankha Shuvra Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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25
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Chatterjee S, Sinha Mahapatra P, Ibrahim A, Ganguly R, Yu L, Dodge R, Megaridis CM. Precise Liquid Transport on and through Thin Porous Materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:2865-2875. [PMID: 29377702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Porous substrates have the ability to transport liquids not only laterally on their open surfaces but also transversally through their thickness. Directionality of the fluid transport can be achieved through spatial wettability patterning of these substrates. Different designs of wettability patterns are implemented herein to attain different schemes (modes) of three-dimensional transport in a high-density paper towel, which acts as a thin porous matrix directing the fluid. All schemes facilitate precise transport of metered liquid microvolumes (dispensed as droplets) on the surface and through the substrate. One selected mode features lateral fluid transport along the bottom surface of the substrate, with the top surface remaining dry, except at the initial droplet dispension point. This configuration is investigated in further detail, and an analytical model is developed to predict the temporal variation of the penetrating drop shape. The analysis and respective measurements agree within the experimental error limits, thus confirming the model's ability to account for the main transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvick Chatterjee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Pallab Sinha Mahapatra
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036, India
| | - Ali Ibrahim
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Ranjan Ganguly
- Department of Power Engineering, Jadavpur University , Kolkata 700098, India
| | - Lisha Yu
- Corporate Research and Engineering, Kimberly-Clark Corporation , Neenah, Wisconsin 54956, United States
| | - Richard Dodge
- Corporate Research and Engineering, Kimberly-Clark Corporation , Neenah, Wisconsin 54956, United States
| | - Constantine M Megaridis
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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26
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Wu W. A pressure-driven gas-diffusion/permeation micropump for self-activated sample transport in an extreme micro-environment. Analyst 2018; 143:4819-4835. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01120f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The pressure-driven gas-diffusion/permeation micropump is highlighted for stable microdroplet/liquid delivery under extreme conditions,e.g.high temperature, and a three-dimensional, long-distance and complex-topology microchannel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics
- Changchun Institute of Optics
- Fine Mechanics and Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
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27
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Lee M, Lim H, Lee J. Fabrication of Artificial Leaf to Develop Fluid Pump Driven by Surface Tension and Evaporation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14735. [PMID: 29116152 PMCID: PMC5676738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants transport water from roots to leaves via xylem through transpiration, which is an evaporation process that occurs at the leaves. During transpiration, suction pressure is generated by the porous structure of mesophyll cells in the leaves. Here, we fabricate artificial leaf consisting of micro and nano hierarchy structures similar to the mesophyll cells and veins of a leaf using cryo-gel method. We show that the microchannels in agarose gel greatly decrease the flow resistance in dye diffusion and permeability experiments. Capillary tube and silicone oil are used for measuring the suction pressure of the artificial leaf. We maintain low humidity (20%) condition for measuring suction pressure that is limited by Laplace pressure, which is smaller than the water potential of air followed by the Kelvin-Laplace relation. Suction pressure of the artificial leaf is maximized by changing physical conditions, e.g., pore size, wettability of the structure. We change the agarose gel’s concentration to decrease the pore size down to 200 nm and add the titanium nano particles to increase the wettability by changing contact angle from 63.6° to 49.4°. As a result, the measured suction pressure of the artificial leaf can be as large as 7.9 kPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minki Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosub Lim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkee Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Juang YJ, Li WS, Chen PS. Fabrication of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices by filtration-assisted screen printing. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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29
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Altundemir S, Uguz AK, Ulgen K. A review on wax printed microfluidic paper-based devices for international health. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:041501. [PMID: 28936274 PMCID: PMC5577007 DOI: 10.1063/1.4991504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidics has attracted attention for the last ten years due to its advantages such as low sample volume requirement, ease of use, portability, high sensitivity, and no necessity to well-equipped laboratory equipment and well-trained manpower. These characteristics have made paper platforms a promising alternative for a variety of applications such as clinical diagnosis and quantitative analysis of chemical and biological substances. Among the wide range of fabrication methods for microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), the wax printing method is suitable for high throughput production and requires only a commercial printer and a heating source to fabricate complex two or three-dimensional structures for multipurpose systems. μPADs can be used by anyone for in situ diagnosis and analysis; therefore, wax printed μPADs are promising especially in resource limited environments where people cannot get sensitive and fast diagnosis of their serious health problems and where food, water, and related products are not able to be screened for toxic elements. This review paper is focused on the applications of paper-based microfluidic devices fabricated by the wax printing technique and used for international health. Besides presenting the current limitations and advantages, the future directions of this technology including the commercial aspects are discussed. As a conclusion, the wax printing technology continues to overcome the current limitations and to be one of the promising fabrication techniques. In the near future, with the increase of the current interest of the industrial companies on the paper-based technology, the wax-printed paper-based platforms are expected to take place especially in the healthcare industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Altundemir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A K Uguz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - K Ulgen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
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30
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Syms R. Rapid evaporation-driven chemical pre-concentration and separation on paper. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:044116. [PMID: 28868109 PMCID: PMC5570596 DOI: 10.1063/1.4989627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Airflow-enhanced evaporation is investigated as a method for rapid chemical preconcentration on a thin porous substrate. The mechanism is described by combining 1D models of capillary rise, chromatography, and pervaporation concentration. It is shown that the effective length of the column can be shorter than its actual length, allowing concentrate to be held at a stagnation point and then released for separation, and that the Péclet number, which determines the concentration performance, is determined only by the substrate properties. The differential equations are solved dynamically, and it is shown that faster concentration can be achieved during capillary filling. Experiments are carried out using chromatography paper in a ducted airflow, and concentration is quantified by optical imaging of water-soluble food dyes. Good agreement with the model is obtained, and concentration factors of ≈100 are achieved in 10 min using Brilliant Blue FCF. Partial separation of Brilliant Blue from Tartrazine is demonstrated immediately following concentration, on a single unpatterned substrate. The mechanism may provide a method for improving the sensitivity of lab-on-paper devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Syms
- EEE Department, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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31
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Rackus DG, de Campos RPS, Chan C, Karcz MM, Seale B, Narahari T, Dixon C, Chamberlain MD, Wheeler AR. Pre-concentration by liquid intake by paper (P-CLIP): a new technique for large volumes and digital microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2272-2280. [PMID: 28604891 PMCID: PMC7734381 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00440k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic platforms are an attractive option for incorporating complex fluid handling into low-cost and rapid diagnostic tests. A persistent challenge for microfluidics, however, is the mismatch in the "world-to-chip" interface - it is challenging to detect analytes present at low concentrations in systems that can only handle small volumes of sample. Here we describe a new technique termed pre-concentration by liquid intake by paper (P-CLIP) that addresses this mismatch, allowing digital microfluidics to interface with volumes on the order of hundreds of microliters. In P-CLIP, a virtual microchannel is generated to pass a large volume through the device; analytes captured on magnetic particles can be isolated and then resuspended into smaller volumes for further processing and analysis. We characterize this method and demonstrate its utility with an immunoassay for Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase, a malaria biomarker, and propose that the P-CLIP strategy may be useful for a wide range of applications that are currently limited by low-abundance analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius G Rackus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada. and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Richard P S de Campos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada. and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Calvin Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Maria M Karcz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada. and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Brendon Seale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Tanya Narahari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada. and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Christopher Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - M Dean Chamberlain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada. and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada. and Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada and Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
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32
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Cummins BM, Chinthapatla R, Ligler FS, Walker GM. Time-Dependent Model for Fluid Flow in Porous Materials with Multiple Pore Sizes. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4377-4381. [PMID: 28350460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of fluid transport through porous materials is critical for the development of lateral flow assays and analytical devices based on paper microfluidics. Models of fluid transport within porous materials often assume a single capillary pressure and permeability value for the material, implying that the material comprises a single pore size and that the porous material is fully saturated behind the visible wetted front. As a result, current models can lead to inaccuracies when modeling transport over long distances and/or times. A new transport model is presented that incorporates a range of pore sizes to more accurately predict the capillary transport of fluid in porous materials. The model effectively predicts the time-dependent saturation of rectangular strips of Whatman filter no. 1 paper using the manufacturer's data, published pore-size distribution measurements, and the fluid's properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Cummins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Rukesh Chinthapatla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Frances S Ligler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Glenn M Walker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Yang J, Kwak TJ, Zhang X, McClain R, Chang WJ, Gunasekaran S. Digital pH Test Strips for In-Field pH Monitoring Using Iridium Oxide-Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Thin Films. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yang
- Department
of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 460 Henry Mall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Environment,
Energy and Natural Resources Center, Department of Environmental Science
and Engineering, Fudan University, No. 220, Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Tae Joon Kwak
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department
of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300354, China
| | - Robert McClain
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Woo-Jin Chang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
- School of
Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 East Greenfield, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, United States
| | - Sundaram Gunasekaran
- Department
of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 460 Henry Mall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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34
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Seale B, Lam C, Rackus DG, Chamberlain MD, Liu C, Wheeler AR. Digital Microfluidics for Immunoprecipitation. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10223-10230. [PMID: 27700039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunoprecipitation (IP) is a common method for isolating a targeted protein from a complex sample such as blood, serum, or cell lysate. In particular, IP is often used as the primary means of target purification for the analysis by mass spectrometry of novel biologically derived pharmaceuticals, with particular utility for the identification of molecules bound to a protein target. Unfortunately, IP is a labor-intensive technique, is difficult to perform in parallel, and has limited options for automation. Furthermore, the technique is typically limited to large sample volumes, making the application of IP cleanup to precious samples nearly impossible. In recognition of these challenges, we introduce a method for performing microscale IP using magnetic particles and digital microfluidics (DMF-IP). The new method allows for 80% recovery of model proteins from approximately microliter volumes of serum in a sample-to-answer run time of approximately 25 min. Uniquely, analytes are eluted from these small samples in a format compatible with direct analysis by mass spectrometry. To extend the technique to be useful for large samples, we also developed a macro-to-microscale interface called preconcentration using liquid intake by paper (P-CLIP). This technique allows for efficient analysis of samples >100× larger than are typically processed on microfluidic devices. As described herein, DMF-IP and P-CLIP-DMF-IP are rapid, automated, and multiplexed methods that have the potential to reduce the time and effort required for IP sample preparations with applications in the fields of pharmacy, biomarker discovery, and protein biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Seale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Charis Lam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Darius G Rackus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research , 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - M Dean Chamberlain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research , 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Chang Liu
- SCIEX , 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research , 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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35
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Liu M, Wu J, Gan Y, Hanaor DAH, Chen CQ. Evaporation Limited Radial Capillary Penetration in Porous Media. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:9899-904. [PMID: 27583455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The capillary penetration of fluids in thin porous layers is of fundamental interest in nature and various industrial applications. When capillary flows occur in porous media, the extent of penetration is known to increase with the square root of time following the Lucas-Washburn law. In practice, volatile liquid evaporates at the surface of porous media, which restricts penetration to a limited region. In this work, on the basis of Darcy's law and mass conservation, a general theoretical model is developed for the evaporation-limited radial capillary penetration in porous media. The presented model predicts that evaporation decreases the rate of fluid penetration and limits it to a critical radius. Furthermore, we construct a unified phase diagram that describes the limited penetration in an annular porous medium, in which the boundaries of outward and inward liquid are predicted quantitatively. It is expected that the proposed theoretical model will advance the understanding of penetration dynamics in porous media and facilitate the design of engineered porous architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yixiang Gan
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dorian A H Hanaor
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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36
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Wong WSY, Li M, Nisbet DR, Craig VSJ, Wang Z, Tricoli A. Mimosa Origami: A nanostructure-enabled directional self-organization regime of materials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600417. [PMID: 28861471 PMCID: PMC5566163 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the innate fundamentals of living systems is their ability to respond toward distinct stimuli by various self-organization behaviors. Despite extensive progress, the engineering of spontaneous motion in man-made inorganic materials still lacks the directionality and scale observed in nature. We report the directional self-organization of soft materials into three-dimensional geometries by the rapid propagation of a folding stimulus along a predetermined path. We engineer a unique Janus bilayer architecture with superior chemical and mechanical properties that enables the efficient transformation of surface energy into directional kinetic and elastic energies. This Janus bilayer can respond to pinpoint water stimuli by a rapid, several-centimeters-long self-assembly that is reminiscent of the Mimosa pudica's leaflet folding. The Janus bilayers also shuttle water at flow rates up to two orders of magnitude higher than traditional wicking-based devices, reaching velocities of 8 cm/s and flow rates of 4.7 μl/s. This self-organization regime enables the ease of fabricating curved, bent, and split flexible channels with lengths greater than 10 cm, demonstrating immense potential for microfluidics, biosensors, and water purification applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S. Y. Wong
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of
Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital
Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Minfei Li
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - David R. Nisbet
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Research School of
Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital
Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Vincent S. J. Craig
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of
Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian
Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Zuankai Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Corresponding author. (A.T.);
(Z.W.)
| | - Antonio Tricoli
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of
Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital
Territory 2601, Australia
- Corresponding author. (A.T.);
(Z.W.)
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37
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Tang RH, Yang H, Choi JR, Gong Y, Feng SS, Pingguan-Murphy B, Huang QS, Shi JL, Mei QB, Xu F. Advances in paper-based sample pretreatment for point-of-care testing. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:411-428. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2016.1164664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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38
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Rodriguez NM, Linnes JC, Fan A, Ellenson CK, Pollock NR, Klapperich CM. Paper-Based RNA Extraction, in Situ Isothermal Amplification, and Lateral Flow Detection for Low-Cost, Rapid Diagnosis of Influenza A (H1N1) from Clinical Specimens. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7872-9. [PMID: 26125635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) pandemic disproportionately affected the developing world and highlighted the key inadequacies of traditional diagnostic methods that make them unsuitable for use in resource-limited settings, from expensive equipment and infrastructure requirements to unacceptably long turnaround times. While rapid immunoassay diagnostic tests were much less costly and more context-appropriate, they suffered from drastically low sensitivities and high false negative rates. An accurate, sensitive, and specific molecular diagnostic that is also rapid, low-cost, and independent of laboratory infrastructure is needed for effective point-of-care detection and epidemiological control in these developing regions. We developed a paper-based assay that allows for the extraction and purification of RNA directly from human clinical nasopharyngeal specimens through a poly(ether sulfone) paper matrix, H1N1-specific in situ isothermal amplification directly within the same paper matrix, and immediate visual detection on lateral flow strips. The complete sample-to-answer assay can be performed at the point-of-care in just 45 min, without the need for expensive equipment or laboratory infrastructure, and it has a clinically relevant viral load detection limit of 10(6) copies/mL, offering a 10-fold improvement over current rapid immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M Rodriguez
- †Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jacqueline C Linnes
- †Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Andy Fan
- †Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Courtney K Ellenson
- †Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Nira R Pollock
- ‡Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Catherine M Klapperich
- †Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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39
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Elizalde E, Urteaga R, Berli CLA. Rational design of capillary-driven flows for paper-based microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2173-80. [PMID: 25813247 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The design of paper-based assays that integrate passive pumping requires a precise programming of the fluid transport, which has to be encoded in the geometrical shape of the substrate. This requirement becomes critical in multiple-step processes, where fluid handling must be accurate and reproducible for each operation. The present work theoretically investigates the capillary imbibition in paper-like substrates to better understand fluid transport in terms of the macroscopic geometry of the flow domain. A fluid dynamic model was derived for homogeneous porous substrates with arbitrary cross-sectional shapes, which allows one to determine the cross-sectional profile required for a prescribed fluid velocity or mass transport rate. An extension of the model to slit microchannels is also demonstrated. Calculations were validated by experiments with prototypes fabricated in our lab. The proposed method constitutes a valuable tool for the rational design of paper-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Elizalde
- IFIS-Litoral (UNL-CONICET) Güemes 3450, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
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40
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Shou D, Fan J. Structural optimization of porous media for fast and controlled capillary flows. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:053021. [PMID: 26066262 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.053021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A general quantitative model of capillary flow in homogeneous porous media with varying cross-sectional sizes is presented. We optimize the porous structure for the minimization of the penetration time under global constraints. Programmable capillary flows with constant volumetric flow rate and linear evolution of flow distance to time are also obtained. The controlled innovative flow behaviors are derived based on a dynamic competition between capillary force and viscous resistance. A comparison of dynamic transport on the basis of the present design with Washburn's equation is presented. The regulation and maximization of flow velocity in porous materials is significant for a variety of applications including biomedical diagnostics, oil recovery, microfluidic transport, and water management of fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahua Shou
- Department of Fiber Science & Apparel Design, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Jintu Fan
- Department of Fiber Science & Apparel Design, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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41
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Kokalj T, Park Y, Vencelj M, Jenko M, Lee LP. Self-powered Imbibing Microfluidic Pump by Liquid Encapsulation: SIMPLE. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:4329-33. [PMID: 25231831 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00920g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Reliable, autonomous, internally self-powered microfluidic pumps are in critical demand for rapid point-of-care (POC) devices, integrated molecular-diagnostic platforms, and drug delivery systems. Here we report on a Self-powered Imbibing Microfluidic Pump by Liquid Encapsulation (SIMPLE), which is disposable, autonomous, easy to use and fabricate, robust, and cost efficient, as a solution for self-powered microfluidic POC devices. The imbibition pump introduces the working liquid which is sucked into a porous material (paper) upon activation. The suction of the working liquid creates a reduced pressure in the analytical channel and induces the sequential sample flow into the microfluidic circuits. It requires no external power or control and can be simply activated by a fingertip press. The flow rate can be programmed by defining the shape of utilized porous material: by using three different paper shapes with circular section angles 20°, 40° and 60°, three different volume flow rates of 0.07 μL s(-1), 0.12 μL s(-1) and 0.17 μL s(-1) are demonstrated at 200 μm × 600 μm channel cross-section. We established the SIMPLE pumping of 17 μL of sample; however, the sample volume can be increased to several hundreds of μL. To demonstrate the design, fabrication, and characterization of SIMPLE, we used a simple, robust and cheap foil-laminating fabrication technique. The SIMPLE can be integrated into hydrophilic or hydrophobic materials-based microfluidic POC devices. Since it is also applicable to large-scale manufacturing processes, we anticipate that a new chapter of a cost effective, disposable, autonomous POC diagnostic chip is addressed with this technical innovation.
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42
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Hattori K, Sugiura S, Kanamori T. Pressure-Driven Microfluidic Perfusion Culture Device for Integrated Dose-Response Assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:437-45. [DOI: 10.1177/2211068213503155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Wang YN, Tsai CH, Fu LM, Lin Liou LK. Microfluidic rectifier based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) membrane and its application to a micropump. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:44118. [PMID: 24404051 PMCID: PMC3758359 DOI: 10.1063/1.4818905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic rectifier incorporating an obstructed microchannel and a PDMS membrane is proposed. During forward flow, the membrane deflects in the upward direction; thereby allowing the fluid to pass over the obstacle. Conversely, during reverse flow, the membrane seals against the obstacle, thereby closing the channel and preventing flow. It is shown that the proposed device can operate over a wide pressure range by increasing or decreasing the membrane thickness as required. A microfluidic pump is realized by integrating the rectifier with a simple stepper motor mechanism. The experimental results show that the pump can achieve a vertical left height of more than 2 m. Moreover, it is shown that a maximum flow rate of 6.3 ml/min can be obtained given a membrane thickness of 200 μm and a motor velocity of 80 rpm. In other words, the proposed microfluidic rectifier not only provides an effective means of preventing reverse flow but also permits the realization of a highly efficient microfluidic pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Nan Wang
- Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiung Tsai
- Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Ming Fu
- Graduate Institute of Materials Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Kai Lin Liou
- Graduate Institute of Materials Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
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44
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Wang X, Hagen JA, Papautsky I. Paper pump for passive and programmable transport. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:14107. [PMID: 24403999 PMCID: PMC3579862 DOI: 10.1063/1.4790819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In microfluidic systems, a pump for fluid-driving is often necessary. To keep the size of microfluidic systems small, a pump that is small in size, light-weight and needs no external power source is advantageous. In this work, we present a passive, simple, ultra-low-cost, and easily controlled pumping method based on capillary action of paper that pumps fluid through conventional polymer-based microfluidic channels with steady flow rate. By using inexpensive cutting tools, paper can be shaped and placed at the outlet port of a conventional microfluidic channel, providing a wide range of pumping rates. A theoretical model was developed to describe the pumping mechanism and aid in the design of paper pumps. As we show, paper pumps can provide steady flow rates from 0.3 μl/s to 1.7 μl/s and can be cascaded to achieve programmable flow-rate tuning during the pumping process. We also successfully demonstrate transport of the most common biofluids (urine, serum, and blood). With these capabilities, the paper pump has the potential to become a powerful fluid-driving approach that will benefit the fielding of microfluidic systems for point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- BioMicroSystems Laboratory, School of Electronic and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Joshua A Hagen
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Ian Papautsky
- BioMicroSystems Laboratory, School of Electronic and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
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45
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Chumo B, Muluneh M, Issadore D. Laser micromachined hybrid open/paper microfluidic chips. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:64109. [PMID: 24396543 PMCID: PMC3869825 DOI: 10.1063/1.4840575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidics are an increasingly popular alternative to devices with conventional open channel geometries. The low cost of fabrication and the absence of external instrumentation needed to drive paper microchannels make them especially well suited for medical diagnostics in resource-limited settings. Despite the advantages of paper microfluidics, many assays performed using conventional open channel microfluidics are challenging to translate onto paper, such as bead, emulsion, and cell-based assays. To overcome this challenge, we have developed a hybrid open-channel/paper channel microfluidic device. In this design, wick-driven paper channels control the flow rates within conventional microfluidics. We fabricate these hybrid chips using laser-micromachined polymer sheets and filter paper. In contrast to previous efforts that utilized external, macroscopic paper-based pumps, we integrated micro-scale paper and open channels onto a single chip to control multiple open channels and control complex laminar flow-pattern within individual channels. We demonstrated that flow patterns within the open channels can be quantitatively controlled by modulating the geometry of the paper channels, and that these flow rates agree with Darcy's law. The utility of these hybrid chips, for applications such as bead-, cell-, or emulsion-based assays, was demonstrated by constructing a hybrid chip that hydrodynamically focused micrometer-sized polystyrene beads stably for >10 min, as well as cells, without external instrumentation to drive fluid flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chumo
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, Suite 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6321, USA
| | - M Muluneh
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, Suite 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6321, USA
| | - D Issadore
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, Suite 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6321, USA
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