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Presel F, Kern CS, Boné TG, Schwarz F, Puschnig P, Ramsey MG, Sterrer M. Charge and adsorption height dependence of the self-metalation of porphyrins on ultrathin MgO(001) films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:28540-28547. [PMID: 36411984 PMCID: PMC9710497 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04688a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
We have experimentally determined the adsorption structure, charge state, and metalation state of porphin, the fundamental building block of porphyrins, on ultrathin Ag(001)-supported MgO(001) films by scanning tunneling microscopy and photoemission spectroscopy, supported by calculations based on density functional theory. By tuning the substrate work function to values below and above the critical work function for charging, we succeeded in the preparation of 2H-P monolayers which contain negatively charged and uncharged molecules. It is shown that the porphin molecules self-metalate at room temperature, forming the corresponding Mg-porphin, irrespective of their charge state. This is in contrast to self-metalation of tetraphenyl porphyrin (TPP), which occurs on planar MgO(001) only if the molecules are negatively charged. The different reactivity is explained by the reduced molecule-substrate distance of the planar porphin molecule compared to the bulkier TPP. The results of this study shed light on the mechanism of porphyrin self-metalation on oxides and highlight the role of the adsorption geometry on the chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Presel
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Christian S Kern
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Thomas G Boné
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Florian Schwarz
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Peter Puschnig
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Michael G Ramsey
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Martin Sterrer
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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2
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Schulze Lammers B, López-Salas N, Stein Siena J, Mirhosseini H, Yesilpinar D, Heske J, Kühne TD, Fuchs H, Antonietti M, Mönig H. Real-Space Identification of Non-Noble Single Atomic Catalytic Sites within Metal-Coordinated Supramolecular Networks. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14284-14296. [PMID: 36053675 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With regard to the development of single atom catalysts (SACs), non-noble metal-organic layers combine a large functional variability with cost efficiency. Here, we characterize reacted layers of melamine and melem molecules on a Cu(111) surface by noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ab initio simulations. Upon deposition on the substrate and subsequent heat treatments in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), these precursors undergo a stepwise dehydrogenation. After full dehydrogenation of the amino groups, the molecular units lie flat and are strongly chemisorbed on the copper substrate. We observe a particularly extreme interaction of the dehydrogenated nitrogen atoms with single copper atoms located at intermolecular sites. In agreement with the nc-AFM measurements performed with an O-terminated copper tip on these triazine- and heptazine-based copper nitride structures, our ab initio simulations confirm a pronounced interaction of oxygen species at these N-Cu-N sites. To investigate the related functional properties of our samples regarding the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), we developed an electrochemical setup for cyclic voltammetry experiments performed at ambient pressure within a drop of electrolyte in a controlled O2 or N2 environment. Both copper nitride structures show a robust activity in irreversibly catalyzing the reduction of oxygen. The activity is assigned to the intermolecular N-Cu-N sites of the triazine- and heptazine-based copper nitrides or corresponding oxygenated versions (N-CuO-N, N-CuO2-N). By combining nc-AFM characterization on the atomic scale with a direct electrochemical proof of performance, our work provides fundamental insights about active sites in a technologically highly relevant reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Schulze Lammers
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nieves López-Salas
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Julya Stein Siena
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hossein Mirhosseini
- Dynamics of Condensed Matter and Center for Sustainable Systems Design, Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Damla Yesilpinar
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Julian Heske
- Dynamics of Condensed Matter and Center for Sustainable Systems Design, Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Thomas D Kühne
- Dynamics of Condensed Matter and Center for Sustainable Systems Design, Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Harry Mönig
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
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3
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Qiu F, Gong ZY, Cao D, Song C, Tian G, Duan S, Luo Y. Optical Images of Molecular Vibronic Couplings from Tip-Enhanced Fluorescence Excitation Spectroscopy. JACS AU 2022; 2:150-158. [PMID: 35098231 PMCID: PMC8790811 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tip-based photoemission spectroscopic techniques have now achieved subnanometer resolution that allows visualization of the chemical structure and even the ground-state vibrational modes of a single molecule. However, the ability to visualize the interplay between electronic and nuclear motions of excited states, i.e., vibronic couplings, is yet to be explored. Herein, we theoretically propose a new technique, namely, tip-enhanced fluorescence excitation (TEFE). TEFE takes advantage of the highly confined plasmonic field and thus can offer a possibility to directly visualize the vibronic effect of a single molecule in real space for arbitrary excited states in a given energy window. Numerical simulations for a single porphine molecule confirm that vibronic couplings originating from Herzberg-Teller (HT) active modes can be visually identified. TEFE further enables high-order vibrational transitions that are normally suppressed in the other plasmon-based processes. Images of the combination vibrational transitions have the same pattern as that of their parental HT active mode's fundamental transition, providing a direct protocol for measurements of the activity of Franck-Condon modes of selected excited states. These findings strongly suggest that TEFE is a powerful strategy to identify the involvement of molecular moieties in the complicated electron-nuclear interactions of the excited states at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Qiu
- State
Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science & Technology and
Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province,
School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P.R. China
| | - Zu-Yong Gong
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key
Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key
Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Dongwei Cao
- State
Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science & Technology and
Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province,
School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P.R. China
| | - Ce Song
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic
Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026 Anhui, P.R. China
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guangjun Tian
- State
Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science & Technology and
Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province,
School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, P.R. China
| | - Sai Duan
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key
Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key
Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic
Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026 Anhui, P.R. China
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4
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Büchner R, Fondell M, Haverkamp R, Pietzsch A, Vaz da Cruz V, Föhlisch A. The porphyrin center as a regulator for metal-ligand covalency and π hybridization in the entire molecule. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:24765-24772. [PMID: 34714305 PMCID: PMC8579471 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03944j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The central moiety of porphyrins is shown to control the charge state of the inner complex and links it by covalent interaction to the peripheral substituents. This link, which enables the versatile functions of porphyrins, is not picked up in the established, reduced four orbital picture [Gouterman, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1961, 6, 138]. X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the N K-edge with density functional theory approaches gives access to the full electronic structure, in particular the π* manifold beyond the Gouterman orbitals. Systematic variation of the central moiety highlights two linked, governing trends: The ionicity of the porphyrin center increases from the aminic N-H to N-Cu to N-Zn to N-Mg to the iminic N:. At the same time covalency with peripheral substituents increases and compensates the buildup of high charge density at the coordinated nitrogen sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robby Büchner
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Robert Haverkamp
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Annette Pietzsch
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Vinícius Vaz da Cruz
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany. .,Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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5
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CO2 electrochemical reduction to methane on transition metal porphyrin nitrogen-doped carbon material M@d-NC: theoretical insight. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Kuliga J, Massicot S, Adhikari R, Ruppel M, Jux N, Steinrück HP, Marbach H. Conformation Controls Mobility: 2H-Tetranaphthylporphyrins on Cu(111). Chemphyschem 2020; 21:423-427. [PMID: 31808603 PMCID: PMC7687165 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201901135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption behavior and the mobility of 2H‐Tetranaphthylporphyrin (2HTNP) on Cu(111) was investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at room temperature (RT). The molecules adsorb, like the structurally related 2HTPP, in the “inverted” structure with the naphthyl plane restricted to an orientation parallel to the Cu surface. The orientation of the four naphthyl groups yields altogether 16 possible conformations. Due to the existence of rotamer pairs, 10 different appearances are expected on the surface, and all of them are identified by STM at RT. Most interestingly, the orientation of the naphthyl groups significantly influences the diffusion behavior of the molecules on Cu(111). We identify three different groups of conformers, which are either immobile, medium or fast diffusing at RT. The mobility seems to decrease with increasing size of the footprint of the conformers on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kuliga
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephen Massicot
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rajan Adhikari
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Ruppel
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hubertus Marbach
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Deimel PS, Feulner P, Barth JV, Allegretti F. Spatial decoupling of macrocyclic metal-organic complexes from a metal support: a 4-fluorothiophenol self-assembled monolayer as a thermally removable spacer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10992-11003. [PMID: 31106802 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01583c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The precise control over the electronic properties and function of metal centres in metal-organic complexes such as metallo-porphyrins (MPs) and metallo-phthalocyanines (MPcs) holds promise for their targeted application in, e.g., nanoscale chemical conversion devices and molecular sensors. However, when immobilizing these flat chelate complexes on solid supports, the influence of the latter on the metal centres can decisively alter their chemistry and functional properties, e.g. through charge transfer and orbital hybridization on metal substrates. In the present work we explore a simple strategy to both spatially and electronically decouple prototypical MP and MPc compounds from a Ag(111) surface, by preventing direct physical contact with the underlying support via insertion of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 4-fluorothiophenol (4-FTP). This spacer layer can be important to preserve the molecular properties of adsorbed MPs and MPcs and to design hybrid functional systems of increasing sophistication such as stacked multilayer architectures. Herein, we show that at low temperature (∼150 K) the 4-FTP SAM on Ag(111) can indeed serve to decouple iron-phthalocyanine (FePc) and ruthenium-tetraphenylporphyrin (Ru(CO)TPP) monolayers from the Ag(111) surface. When the temperature is increased, however, the system's configuration breaks down, resulting in an inverted stacking followed by the complete removal of 4-FTP at elevated temperatures. The SAM can thus play the role of a thermally removable spacer. We elucidate the structural and chemical evolution of the organic double-layer system by combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature-programmed XPS (TP-XPS), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Deimel
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Peter Feulner
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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8
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Duncan DA, Casado Aguilar P, Paszkiewicz M, Diller K, Bondino F, Magnano E, Klappenberger F, Píš I, Rubio A, Barth JV, Pérez Paz A, Allegretti F. Local adsorption structure and bonding of porphine on Cu(111) before and after self-metalation. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:094702. [PMID: 30849887 DOI: 10.1063/1.5084027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have experimentally determined the lateral registry and geometric structure of free-base porphine (2H-P) and copper-metalated porphine (Cu-P) adsorbed on Cu(111), by means of energy-scanned photoelectron diffraction (PhD), and compared the experimental results to density functional theory (DFT) calculations that included van der Waals corrections within the Tkatchenko-Scheffler approach. Both 2H-P and Cu-P adsorb with their center above a surface bridge site. Consistency is obtained between the experimental and DFT-predicted structural models, with a characteristic change in the corrugation of the four N atoms of the molecule's macrocycle following metalation. Interestingly, comparison with previously published data for cobalt porphine adsorbed on the same surface evidences a distinct increase in the average height of the N atoms above the surface through the series 2H-P, Cu-P, and cobalt porphine. Such an increase strikingly anti-correlates the DFT-predicted adsorption strength, with 2H-P having the smallest adsorption height despite the weakest calculated adsorption energy. In addition, our findings suggest that for these macrocyclic compounds, substrate-to-molecule charge transfer and adsorption strength may not be univocally correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Duncan
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - P Casado Aguilar
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Paszkiewicz
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Diller
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - F Bondino
- IOM-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, S.S. 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - E Magnano
- IOM-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, S.S. 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - F Klappenberger
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - I Píš
- IOM-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, S.S. 14-km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Rubio
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - J V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Pérez Paz
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Universidad del País Vasco, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - F Allegretti
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
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9
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Ciccullo F, Calzolari A, Bader K, Neugebauer P, Gallagher NM, Rajca A, van Slageren J, Casu MB. Interfacing a Potential Purely Organic Molecular Quantum Bit with a Real-Life Surface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1571-1578. [PMID: 30520295 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
By using a multidisciplinary and multitechnique approach, we have addressed the issue of attaching a molecular quantum bit to a real surface. First, we demonstrate that an organic derivative of the pyrene-Blatter radical is a potential molecular quantum bit. Our study of the interface of the pyrene-Blatter radical with a copper-based surface reveals that the spin of the interface layer is not canceled by the interaction with the surface and that the Blatter radical is resistant in presence of molecular water. Although the measured pyrene-Blatter derivative quantum coherence time is not the highest value known, this molecule is known as a "super stable" radical. Conversely, other potential qubits show poor thin film stability upon air exposure. Therefore, we discuss strategies to make molecular systems candidates as qubits competitive, bridging the gap between potential and real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ciccullo
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Tübingen , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Arrigo Calzolari
- CNR-NANO Istituto Nanoscienze , Centro S3 , 41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Katharina Bader
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Petr Neugebauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
- Central European Institute of Technology, CEITEC BUT , Purkyňova 656/123 , 61600 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Nolan M Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0304 , United States
| | - Andrzej Rajca
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0304 , United States
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Stuttgart , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Maria Benedetta Casu
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Tübingen , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
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10
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Bischoff F, He Y, Riss A, Seufert K, Auwärter W, Barth JV. Exploration of Interfacial Porphine Coupling Schemes and Hybrid Systems by Bond‐Resolved Scanning Probe Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16030-16035. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bischoff
- Physics Department E20Technical University of Munich James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Yuanqin He
- Physics Department E20Technical University of Munich James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Alexander Riss
- Physics Department E20Technical University of Munich James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Knud Seufert
- Physics Department E20Technical University of Munich James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20Technical University of Munich James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physics Department E20Technical University of Munich James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
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11
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Bischoff F, He Y, Riss A, Seufert K, Auwärter W, Barth JV. Exploration of Interfacial Porphine Coupling Schemes and Hybrid Systems by Bond‐Resolved Scanning Probe Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bischoff
- Physics Department E20Technical University of Munich James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Yuanqin He
- Physics Department E20Technical University of Munich James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Alexander Riss
- Physics Department E20Technical University of Munich James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Knud Seufert
- Physics Department E20Technical University of Munich James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20Technical University of Munich James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physics Department E20Technical University of Munich James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
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12
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Queck F, Krejčí O, Scheuerer P, Bolland F, Otyepka M, Jelínek P, Repp J. Bonding Motifs in Metal–Organic Compounds on Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12884-12889. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Queck
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ondrej Krejčí
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, CZ-16253 Praha, Czech Republic
- COMP Center of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Philipp Scheuerer
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Felix Bolland
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, CZ-16253 Praha, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jascha Repp
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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13
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Aldahhak H, Paszkiewicz M, Rauls E, Allegretti F, Tebi S, Papageorgiou AC, Zhang YQ, Zhang L, Lin T, Paintner T, Koch R, Schmidt WG, Barth JV, Schöfberger W, Müllegger S, Klappenberger F, Gerstmann U. Identifying On-Surface Site-Selective Chemical Conversions by Theory-Aided NEXAFS Spectroscopy: The Case of Free-Base Corroles on Ag(111). Chemistry 2018; 24:6787-6797. [PMID: 29493819 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate here that theory-assisted near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy enables the site-sensitive monitoring of on-surface chemical reactions, thus, providing information not accessible by other techniques. As a prototype example, we have used free-base 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corroles (3H-TpFPC) adsorbed on Ag(111) and present a detailed investigation of the angle-dependent NEXAFS of this molecular species as well as of their thermally induced derivatives. For this, we have recorded experimental C and N K-edge NEXAFS spectra and interpret them based on XAS cross-section calculations by using a continuous fraction approach and core-hole including multiprojector PAW pseudopotentials within DFT. We have characterized the as-deposited low temperature (200 K) phase and unraveled the subsequent changes induced by dehydrogenation (at 330 K) and ring-closure reactions (at 430 K). By exemplarily obtaining profound insight into the on-surface chemistry of free-base corrolic species adsorbed on a noble metal this work highlights how angle-dependent XAS combined with accurate theoretical modeling can serve for the investigation of on-surface reactions, whereby even highly similar molecular structures, such as tautomers and isomers, can be distinguished.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Aldahhak
- Department of Physics, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33095, Paderborn, Germany
| | - M Paszkiewicz
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - E Rauls
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - F Allegretti
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - S Tebi
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - A C Papageorgiou
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Y-Q Zhang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - L Zhang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - T Lin
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - T Paintner
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - R Koch
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - W G Schmidt
- Department of Physics, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33095, Paderborn, Germany
| | - J V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - W Schöfberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - S Müllegger
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - F Klappenberger
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, D-, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - U Gerstmann
- Department of Physics, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33095, Paderborn, Germany
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14
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Kuzmin SM, Chulovskaya SA, Parfenyuk VI. Structures and properties of porphyrin-based film materials part I. The films obtained via vapor-assisted methods. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 253:23-34. [PMID: 29444750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This review is devoted to porphyrin-based film materials. Various technological and scientific applications of ones are close to surface and interface related phenomena. In the part I of review the following topics are discussed the recent progress in field of submonolayers, monolayers and multilayers films on the vapor-solid interfaces, including results on (i) conformational behavior of adsorbed molecules, (ii) aggregation and surface phases formation, (iii) on-surface coordination networks, and (iv) on-surface chemical reactions. The examples of combined approaches to developing materials and porphyrin-based film materials application are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kuzmin
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo, Russia; Ivanovo State Power Engineering University, Ivanovo, Russia.
| | - S A Chulovskaya
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo, Russia
| | - V I Parfenyuk
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo, Russia; Kostroma State University, Kostroma, Russia
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15
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Jiang L, Zhang B, Médard G, Seitsonen AP, Haag F, Allegretti F, Reichert J, Kuster B, Barth JV, Papageorgiou AC. N-Heterocyclic carbenes on close-packed coinage metal surfaces: bis-carbene metal adatom bonding scheme of monolayer films on Au, Ag and Cu. Chem Sci 2017; 8:8301-8308. [PMID: 29619176 PMCID: PMC5858017 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03777e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
By means of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), complementary density functional theory (DFT) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) we investigate the binding and self-assembly of a saturated molecular layer of model N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) on Cu(111), Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. XPS reveals that at room temperature, coverages up to a monolayer exist, with the molecules engaged in metal carbene bonds. On all three surfaces, we resolve similar arrangements, which can be interpreted only in terms of mononuclear M(NHC)2 (M = Cu, Ag, Au) complexes, reminiscent of the paired bonding of thiols to surface gold adatoms. Theoretical investigations for the case of Au unravel the charge distribution of a Au(111) surface covered by Au(NHC)2 and reveal that this is the energetically preferential adsorption configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Chair of Molecular Nanoscience and Chemical Physics of Interfaces (E20) , Department of Physics , Technical University of Munich , D-85748 Garching , Germany .
| | - Bodong Zhang
- Chair of Molecular Nanoscience and Chemical Physics of Interfaces (E20) , Department of Physics , Technical University of Munich , D-85748 Garching , Germany .
| | - Guillaume Médard
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics , Technical University of Munich , Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Ari Paavo Seitsonen
- Département de Chimie , Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) , Paris Cedex 05 F-75230 , France
| | - Felix Haag
- Chair of Molecular Nanoscience and Chemical Physics of Interfaces (E20) , Department of Physics , Technical University of Munich , D-85748 Garching , Germany .
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Chair of Molecular Nanoscience and Chemical Physics of Interfaces (E20) , Department of Physics , Technical University of Munich , D-85748 Garching , Germany .
| | - Joachim Reichert
- Chair of Molecular Nanoscience and Chemical Physics of Interfaces (E20) , Department of Physics , Technical University of Munich , D-85748 Garching , Germany .
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics , Technical University of Munich , Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Chair of Molecular Nanoscience and Chemical Physics of Interfaces (E20) , Department of Physics , Technical University of Munich , D-85748 Garching , Germany .
| | - Anthoula C Papageorgiou
- Chair of Molecular Nanoscience and Chemical Physics of Interfaces (E20) , Department of Physics , Technical University of Munich , D-85748 Garching , Germany .
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16
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Diller K, Maurer RJ, Müller M, Reuter K. Interpretation of x-ray absorption spectroscopy in the presence of surface hybridization. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:214701. [PMID: 28576083 PMCID: PMC5453787 DOI: 10.1063/1.4984072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) yields direct access to the electronic and geometric structure of hybrid inorganic-organic interfaces formed upon adsorption of complex molecules at metal surfaces. The unambiguous interpretation of corresponding spectra is challenged by the intrinsic geometric flexibility of the adsorbates and the chemical interactions with the interface. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations of the extended adsorbate-substrate system are an established tool to guide peak assignment in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of complex interfaces. We extend this to the simulation and interpretation of XAS data in the context of functional organic molecules on metal surfaces using dispersion-corrected DFT calculations within the transition potential approach. For the prototypical case of 2H-porphine adsorbed on Ag(111) and Cu(111) substrates, we follow the two main effects of the molecule/surface interaction onto the X-ray absorption signatures: (1) the substrate-induced chemical shift of the 1s core levels that dominates in physisorbed systems and (2) the hybridization-induced broadening and loss of distinct resonances that dominate in more chemisorbed systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Diller
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Reinhard J Maurer
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Moritz Müller
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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17
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Zhang L, Lepper M, Stark M, Menzel T, Lungerich D, Jux N, Hieringer W, Steinrück HP, Marbach H. On the critical role of the substrate: the adsorption behaviour of tetrabenzoporphyrins on different metal surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:20281-20289. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03731g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2HTPTBPs assemble into different supramolecular structures on different metal surfaces due to different molecule–substrate (molecule) interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
| | - Michael Lepper
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
| | - Michael Stark
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
| | - Teresa Menzel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
| | - Norbert Jux
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
| | - Wolfgang Hieringer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
| | - Hubertus Marbach
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
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18
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Shen K, Narsu B, Ji G, Sun H, Hu J, Liang Z, Gao X, Li H, Li Z, Song B, Jiang Z, Huang H, Wells J, Song F. On-surface manipulation of atom substitution between cobalt phthalocyanine and the Cu(111) substrate. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00636e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An on-surface atom substation has been manipulated by thermal annealing which transmetalizes CoPc to CuPc for various applications.
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19
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Chiang N, Chen X, Goubert G, Chulhai DV, Chen X, Pozzi EA, Jiang N, Hersam MC, Seideman T, Jensen L, Van Duyne RP. Conformational Contrast of Surface-Mediated Molecular Switches Yields Ångstrom-Scale Spatial Resolution in Ultrahigh Vacuum Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:7774-7778. [PMID: 27797525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) combines the ability of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) to resolve atomic-scale surface features with the single-molecule chemical sensitivity of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Here, we report additional insights into the nature of the conformational dynamics of a free-base porphyrin at room temperature adsorbed on a metal surface. We have interrogated the conformational switch between two metastable surface-mediated isomers of meso-tetrakis(3,5-ditertiarybutylphenyl)-porphyrin (H2TBPP) on a Cu(111) surface. At room temperature, the barrier between the porphyrin ring buckled up/down conformations of the H2TBPP-Cu(111) system is easily overcome, and a 2.6 Å lateral resolution by simultaneous TERS and STM analysis is achieved under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. This work demonstrates the first UHV-TERS on Cu(111) and shows TERS can unambiguously distinguish the conformational differences between neighboring molecules with Ångstrom-scale spatial resolution, thereby establishing it as a leading method for the study of metal-adsorbate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | | | - Dhabih V Chulhai
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | | | | | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | | | | | - Lasse Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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20
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Li J, Wäckerlin C, Schnidrig S, Joliat E, Alberto R, Ernst KH. On-Surface Metalation and 2D Self-Assembly of Pyrphyrin Molecules Into Metal-Coordinated Networks on Cu(111). Helv Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201600278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Christian Wäckerlin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Stephan Schnidrig
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Evelyne Joliat
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Roger Alberto
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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21
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Verdini A, Shinde P, Montanari GL, Suran-Brunelli ST, Caputo M, Di Santo G, Pignedoli CA, Floreano L, Passerone D, Goldoni A. Water Formation for the Metalation of Porphyrin Molecules on Oxidized Cu(111). Chemistry 2016; 22:14672-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Verdini
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali-CNR; Laboratorio TASC; s.s. 14 km 163.5 34149 Trieste Italy
| | - Prashant Shinde
- Empa; Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory; Ueberlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Gian Luca Montanari
- Dipartimento di Fisica; Università di Trieste; via A. Valerio 2 34100 Trieste Italy
| | | | - Marco Caputo
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides; CNRS-UMR 8502; Universitè Paris-Sud; 91405 Orsay France
| | - Giovanni Di Santo
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste; s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste Italy
| | - Carlo A. Pignedoli
- Empa; Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory; Ueberlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Luca Floreano
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali-CNR; Laboratorio TASC; s.s. 14 km 163.5 34149 Trieste Italy
| | - Daniele Passerone
- Empa; Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory; Ueberlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Andrea Goldoni
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste; s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste Italy
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22
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Diller K, Papageorgiou AC, Klappenberger F, Allegretti F, Barth JV, Auwärter W. In vacuo interfacial tetrapyrrole metallation. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:1629-56. [PMID: 26781034 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00207a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The metallation of tetrapyrroles at well-defined surfaces under ultra-high vacuum conditions represents an unconventional synthesis approach to achieve tetrapyrrole-based metal-organic complexes and architectures. Different protocols, pioneered over the last decade, and now widely applied in several fields, provide an elegant route to metallo-tetrapyrrole systems often elusive to conventional procedures and give access and exquisite insight into on-surface tetrapyrrole chemistry. As highlighted by the functionality of metallo-porphyrins in biological or other environments and by the eminent role of metallo-phthalocyanines in synthetic materials, the control on the metal centres incorporated into the macrocycle is of utmost importance to achieve tailored properties in tetrapyrrole-based nanosystems. In the on-surface scenario, precise metallation pathways were developed, including reactions of tetrapyrroles with metals supplied by physical vapour deposition, chemical vapour deposition or the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope, and self-metallation by atoms of an underlying support. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of in vacuo tetrapyrrole metallation, addressing two-dimensional as well as three-dimensional systems. Furthermore, we comparatively assess the available library of on-surface metallation protocols and elaborate on the state-of-the-art methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Diller
- Physik-Department E20, Technische Universität München (TUM), James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany. and Institute of Condensed Matter Physics (ICMP), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 3, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Anthoula C Papageorgiou
- Physik-Department E20, Technische Universität München (TUM), James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Physik-Department E20, Technische Universität München (TUM), James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physik-Department E20, Technische Universität München (TUM), James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physik-Department E20, Technische Universität München (TUM), James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physik-Department E20, Technische Universität München (TUM), James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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23
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Müller M, Diller K, Maurer RJ, Reuter K. Interfacial charge rearrangement and intermolecular interactions: Density-functional theory study of free-base porphine adsorbed on Ag(111) and Cu(111). J Chem Phys 2016; 144:024701. [PMID: 26772581 DOI: 10.1063/1.4938259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We employ dispersion-corrected density-functional theory to study the adsorption of tetrapyrrole 2H-porphine (2H-P) at Cu(111) and Ag(111). Various contributions to adsorbate-substrate and adsorbate-adsorbate interactions are systematically extracted to analyze the self-assembly behavior of this basic building block to porphyrin-based metal-organic nanostructures. This analysis reveals a surprising importance of substrate-mediated van der Waals interactions between 2H-P molecules, in contrast to negligible direct dispersive interactions. The resulting net repulsive interactions rationalize the experimentally observed tendency for single molecule adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Müller
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Katharina Diller
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Reinhard J Maurer
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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24
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Mette G, Sutter D, Gurdal Y, Schnidrig S, Probst B, Iannuzzi M, Hutter J, Alberto R, Osterwalder J. From porphyrins to pyrphyrins: adsorption study and metalation of a molecular catalyst on Au(111). NANOSCALE 2016; 8:7958-7968. [PMID: 27006307 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08953k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The molecular ligand pyrphyrin, a tetradentate bipyridine based macrocycle, represents an interesting but widely unexplored class of molecules. It resembles the well-known porphyrin, but consists of pyridyl subunits instead of pyrroles. Metal complexes based on pyrphyrin ligands have recently shown promise as water reduction catalysts in homogeneous photochemical water splitting reactions. In this study, the adsorption and metalation of pyrphyrin on a single crystalline Au(111) surface is investigated in an ultrahigh vacuum by means of scanning tunneling microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory. Pyrphyrin coverages of approximately one monolayer and less are obtained by sublimation of the molecules on the substrate kept at room temperature. The molecules self-assemble in two distinct phases of long-range molecular ordering depending on the surface coverage. The deposition of cobalt metal and subsequent annealing lead to the formation of Co-ligated pyrphyrin molecules accompanied by a pronounced change of the molecular self-assembly. Electronic structure calculations taking the herringbone reconstruction of Au(111) into account show that the molecules are physisorbed, but preferred adsorption sites are identified where Co and the N atoms of the two terminal cyano groups are optimally coordinated to the surface Au atoms. An intermediate state of the metalation reaction is observed and the reaction steps for the Co metalation of pyrphyrin molecules on Au(111) are established in a joint experimental and computational effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson Mette
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Denys Sutter
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Yeliz Gurdal
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Schnidrig
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Probst
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcella Iannuzzi
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Hutter
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Alberto
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Osterwalder
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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25
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Leng X, Lu Y, Wang Z, Li W, Liu X, Wang L. The direct observation of 2H-DPP metalation on Pd(111) and Cu/Pd(111) surface. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Leng
- Department of Physics; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Physics; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Zhongping Wang
- Department of Physics; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Physics; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Department of Physics; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Physics; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031 China
- Nanoscale Science and Technology Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031 China
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26
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Zhang L, Lepper M, Stark M, Schuster R, Lungerich D, Jux N, Steinrück HP, Marbach H. 2H
-Tetrakis(3,5-di-tert
-butyl)phenylporphyrin on a Cu(110) Surface: Room-Temperature Self-Metalation and Surface-Reconstruction-Facilitated Self-Assembly. Chemistry 2016; 22:3347-3354. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Germany
| | - Michael Lepper
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Germany
| | - Michael Stark
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Germany
| | - Ralf Schuster
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Germany
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II; Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II; Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Germany
| | - Hubertus Marbach
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Germany
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Franke M, Marchini F, Steinrück HP, Lytken O, Williams FJ. Surface Porphyrins Metalate with Zn Ions from Solution. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4845-4849. [PMID: 26561724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the metalation of surface porphyrins is a critical process in porphyrin-based devices. Indeed, surface porphyrins are known to metalate in ultrahigh vacuum from codeposited metal atoms or substrate atoms; however, it is not yet known if surface porphyrins could metalate from ions in solution, that is, the most likely environment for porphyrin-based devices. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy we have studied the metalation of monolayers and multilayers of a free-base tetraphenyl porphyrin adsorbed on Au(111) with ions in solution. We found that full metalation with Zn(2+) can be achieved already at room temperature in contrast with the elevated temperatures required for metalation with codeposited metal atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Franke
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florencia Marchini
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Pabellón 2, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ole Lytken
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Federico J Williams
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Pabellón 2, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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Marbach H. Surface-Mediated in Situ Metalation of Porphyrins at the Solid-Vacuum Interface. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:2649-58. [PMID: 26308682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of porphyrin derivatives at the solid-vacuum interface has become a vivid research field with the prospect to tailor functional molecular architectures and as prototype examples to study the fundamental properties of porphyrin derivatives in regard to their vital role in many natural processes. The functional properties of the porphyrin derivatives are mainly determined by the central metal atom. Thus, the recent exploration of the surface-confined in situ metalation of porphyrins is an important step toward the realization of molecule-based functional devices. The corresponding metalation reaction of free base porphyrin derivatives can be conveniently realized in situ in ultrahigh vacuum by post- or predeposition of metal atoms or directly with substrate atoms in the so-called self-metalation. Moderate heating above room temperature (RT) might be necessary either to realize the transport of the metal to the porphyrin via diffusion or to overcome an activation barrier determined by the redox reaction itself. Surface science techniques like scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) are powerful tools to scrutinize the reaction and give valuable insights into the metalation process. For example, the completed metalation can be reflected in an enhanced apparent height of the corresponding porphyrin in STM or can be evidenced by characteristic changes in the N 1s region in XPS. These signatures allow monitoring of the progress of the metalation, and it was found that the reaction generally proceeds with very high yield. Surface diffusion of the coadsorbed metal atoms mediates the reaction and is crucial for the high yields of the corresponding reactions with pre- and postadsorbed metals. It was also demonstrated that the completed metalation can indeed significantly alter the adsorption behavior and the electronic properties and thus the functionality of the porphyrin molecules. These alterations can be used to monitor the kinetics of a particular porphyrin self-metalation reaction by STM and to estimate the activation barrier for that reaction based on isothermal measurements at different temperatures. Also TPD measurements of the H2 and D2 signals allow for the determination of corresponding activation energies for the metalation of free base porphyrins and their deuterized analogues. Gas phase DFT calculations of the metalation of the "bare" free base porphyrin macrocycle identify intermediate reaction steps with the transfer of the first hydrogen atom to the metal center being the main barrier to overcome. The values from these calculations are in fair agreement with experimentally determined ones. However, TPD based results indicate that exchanges of deuterium and hydrogen between the central nitrogen and the surface occur, which indicate an active role of the surface and challenge the findings from gas phase DFT. The in situ metalation of porphyrins at the solid-vacuum interface is established as a novel and convenient route to tailor functional molecular architectures. With different surface science techniques detailed insights into the surface-mediated metalation reaction were achieved for this class of prototype functional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubertus Marbach
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische
Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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29
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Walen H, Liu DJ, Oh J, Lim H, Evans JW, Kim Y, Thiel PA. Reconstruction of steps on the Cu(111) surface induced by sulfur. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:194711. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4921258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Walen
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Da-Jiang Liu
- Ames Laboratory of the USDOE, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Junepyo Oh
- RIKEN Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hyunseob Lim
- RIKEN Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - J. W. Evans
- Ames Laboratory of the USDOE, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Yousoo Kim
- RIKEN Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - P. A. Thiel
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Ames Laboratory of the USDOE, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Abstract
Porphyrins and other tetrapyrrole macrocycles possess an impressive variety of functional properties that have been exploited in natural and artificial systems. Different metal centres incorporated within the tetradentate ligand are key for achieving and regulating vital processes, including reversible axial ligation of adducts, electron transfer, light-harvesting and catalytic transformations. Tailored substituents optimize their performance, dictating their arrangement in specific environments and mediating the assembly of molecular nanoarchitectures. Here we review the current understanding of these species at well-defined interfaces, disclosing exquisite insights into their structural and chemical properties, and also discussing methods by which to manipulate their intramolecular and organizational features. The distinct characteristics arising from the interfacial confinement offer intriguing prospects for molecular science and advanced materials. We assess the role of surface interactions with respect to electronic and physicochemical characteristics, and describe in situ metallation pathways, molecular magnetism, rotation and switching. The engineering of nanostructures, organized layers, interfacial hybrid and bio-inspired systems is also addressed.
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31
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Diller K, Klappenberger F, Allegretti F, Papageorgiou AC, Fischer S, Duncan DA, Maurer RJ, Lloyd JA, Oh SC, Reuter K, Barth JV. Temperature-dependent templated growth of porphine thin films on the (111) facets of copper and silver. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:144703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4896605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Diller
- Physik-Department, E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sybille Fischer
- Physik-Department, E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David A. Duncan
- Physik-Department, E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Reinhard J. Maurer
- Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Julian A. Lloyd
- Physik-Department, E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Seung Cheol Oh
- Physik-Department, E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physik-Department, E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
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32
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Wiengarten A, Seufert K, Auwärter W, Ecija D, Diller K, Allegretti F, Bischoff F, Fischer S, Duncan DA, Papageorgiou AC, Klappenberger F, Acres RG, Ngo TH, Barth JV. Surface-assisted Dehydrogenative Homocoupling of Porphine Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9346-54. [DOI: 10.1021/ja501680n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Wiengarten
- Physik Department
E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Knud Seufert
- Physik Department
E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physik Department
E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 2a, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David Ecija
- Physik Department
E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Katharina Diller
- Physik Department
E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physik Department
E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Bischoff
- Physik Department
E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sybille Fischer
- Physik Department
E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David A. Duncan
- Physik Department
E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Anthoula C. Papageorgiou
- Physik Department
E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Physik Department
E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Robert G. Acres
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale
14, km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Thien H. Ngo
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba-city. Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physik Department
E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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33
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Joshi S, Bischoff F, Koitz R, Ecija D, Seufert K, Seitsonen AP, Hutter J, Diller K, Urgel JI, Sachdev H, Barth JV, Auwärter W. Control of molecular organization and energy level alignment by an electronically nanopatterned boron nitride template. ACS NANO 2014; 8:430-42. [PMID: 24328081 DOI: 10.1021/nn406024m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Suitable templates to steer the formation of nanostructure arrays on surfaces are indispensable in nanoscience. Recently, atomically thin sp(2)-bonded layers such as graphene or boron nitride (BN) grown on metal supports have attracted considerable interest due to their potential geometric corrugation guiding the positioning of atoms, metallic clusters or molecules. Here, we demonstrate three specific functions of a geometrically smooth, but electronically corrugated, sp(2)/metal interface, namely, BN/Cu(111), qualifying it as a unique nanoscale template. As functional adsorbates we employed free-base porphine (2H-P), a prototype tetrapyrrole compound, and tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), a well-known electron acceptor. (i) The electronic moirons of the BN/Cu(111) interface trap both 2H-P and TCNQ, steering self-organized growth of arrays with extended molecular assemblies. (ii) We report an effective decoupling of the trapped molecules from the underlying metal support by the BN, which allows for a direct visualization of frontier orbitals by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). (iii) The lateral molecular positioning in the superstructured surface determines the energetic level alignment; i.e., the energy of the frontier orbitals, and the electronic gap are tunable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushobhan Joshi
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München , James Franck Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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Doyle CM, Cunniffe JP, Krasnikov SA, Preobrajenski AB, Li Z, Sergeeva NN, Senge MO, Cafolla AA. Ni–Cu ion exchange observed for Ni(ii)–porphyrins on Cu(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3447-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48913b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cirera B, Zhang YQ, Björk J, Klyatskaya S, Chen Z, Ruben M, Barth JV, Klappenberger F. Synthesis of extended graphdiyne wires by vicinal surface templating. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:1891-7. [PMID: 24564910 DOI: 10.1021/nl4046747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface-assisted covalent synthesis currently evolves into an important approach for the fabrication of functional nanostructures at interfaces. Here, we employ scanning tunneling microscopy to investigate the homocoupling reaction of linear, terminal alkyne-functionalized polyphenylene building-blocks on noble metal surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum. On the flat Ag(111) surface, thermal activation triggers a variety of side-reactions resulting in irregularly branched polymeric networks. Upon alignment along the step-edges of the Ag(877) vicinal surface drastically improves the chemoselectivity of the linking process permitting the controlled synthesis of extended-graphdiyne wires with lengths reaching 30 nm. The ideal hydrocarbon scaffold is characterized by density functional theory as a 1D, direct band gap semiconductor material with both HOMO and LUMO-derived bands promisingly isolated within the electronic structure. The templating approach should be applicable to related organic precursors and different reaction schemes thus bears general promise for the engineering of novel low-dimensional carbon-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Cirera
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Straße, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Panighel M, Santo GD, Caputo M, Lal C, Taleatu B, Goldoni A. Review of 2H-tetraphenylporphyrins metalation in ultra-high vacuum on metal surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/470/1/012012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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37
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Papageorgiou AC, Fischer S, Oh SC, Sağlam O, Reichert J, Wiengarten A, Seufert K, Vijayaraghavan S, Ecija D, Auwärter W, Allegretti F, Acres RG, Prince KC, Diller K, Klappenberger F, Barth JV. Self-terminating protocol for an interfacial complexation reaction in vacuo by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. ACS NANO 2013; 7:4520-4526. [PMID: 23641683 DOI: 10.1021/nn401171z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication and control of coordination compounds or architectures at well-defined interfaces is a thriving research domain with promise for various research areas, including single-site catalysis, molecular magnetism, light-harvesting, and molecular rotors and machines. To date, such systems have been realized either by grafting or depositing prefabricated metal-organic complexes or by protocols combining molecular linkers and single metal atoms at the interface. Here we report a different pathway employing metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, as exemplified by the reaction of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives on atomistically clean Ag(111) with a metal carbonyl precursor (Ru3(CO)12) under vacuum conditions. Scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy reveal the formation of a meso-tetraphenylporphyrin cyclodehydrogenation product that readily undergoes metalation after exposure to the Ru-carbonyl precursor vapor and thermal treatment. The self-terminating porphyrin metalation protocol proceeds without additional surface-bound byproducts, yielding a single and thermally robust layer of Ru metalloporphyrins. The introduced fabrication scheme presents a new approach toward the realization of complex metal-organic interfaces incorporating metal centers in unique coordination environments.
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