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Coral D, Attard M, Pedrol E, Solé RM, Díaz F, Aguiló M, Mateos X. Computational and experimental microfluidics: Total analysis system for mixing, sorting, and concentrating particles and cells. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:026101. [PMID: 38633837 PMCID: PMC11023705 DOI: 10.1063/5.0158648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Body fluids can potentially indicate the presence of non-small cancer cells. Studying these fluids is an emerging field that could be crucial for cancer detection and monitoring treatment effectiveness. Meanwhile, the examination of fluids on a microscopic level is part of the field of microfluidics. This study focuses on the development of a total analysis system that consists of various interconnected structures that are designed to mix, classify, concentrate, and isolate particles in fluids that mimic the behavior of cancer and normal cells. Using the COMSOL Multiphysics software, the device's performance was optimized to use a pressure input of 35 kPa for water or serum and 29.4 kPa for a mixture of liquid and serum samples, which are the optimal pressure inputs. The numerical models were validated by experiments using two types of polystyrene particles, with diameters of 5 and 20 μm. Moreover, the developed system was applied to monitor the behavior of red blood cells. The microfluidic chip is capable of addressing several challenges through visual detections, including mixing tests of two fluids with similar densities, proper particle size classification using Dean flow fractionation, and single-step recovery of large, labeled particles. Finally, the collected particles were examined using an environmental scanning electron microscope to determine their size, and the results demonstrated that successful size separation was achieved, with particles around 20 μm completely separated from the smaller ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Coral
- University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Physics and Crystallography of Materials (FiCMA), Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Matthew Attard
- University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Physics and Crystallography of Materials (FiCMA), Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Eric Pedrol
- SRCiT - Service for Scientific and Technical Resources Campus Sescelades, N2 building, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Països Catalans 26, Av. 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Solé
- University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Physics and Crystallography of Materials (FiCMA), Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Díaz
- University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Physics and Crystallography of Materials (FiCMA), Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Magdalena Aguiló
- University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Physics and Crystallography of Materials (FiCMA), Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Xavier Mateos
- University Rovira i Virgili (URV), Physics and Crystallography of Materials (FiCMA), Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Zhang X, Ma Y, Wang Y, Liang Z, Zhang X, Chen Y, Wang Q, Qin H, Wang J. Precision Phenotypic Profiling and Capture of Circulating Tumor Cells via a Vertical Laminar Flow-Stacked Microfluidic Chip. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:542. [PMID: 38675353 PMCID: PMC11051858 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of circulating tumor cells has a significant impact on the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of cancer. Research on the subtypes of circulating tumor cells can bring better treatment outcomes for cancer patients. Here, we proposed a microfluidic chip for the magnetic capture of subtypes of circulating tumor cells from the whole blood and phenotypic profiling by stacking laminar flow vertically. Circulating tumor cells were sorted and captured by the three-dimensional regulation of both magnetic fields in the vertical direction and flow fields in the lateral direction. Using EpCAM-magnetic beads, we achieved sorting and sectional capture of target cells in whole blood and analyzed the surface expression levels of the captured cells, confirming the functionality of the microfluidic chip in sorting and capturing subtypes of circulating tumor cells. This microfluidic chip can also aid in the subsequent subtype analysis of other rare cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Zhang
- School of Mechanical-Electronic and Vehicle Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenwei Liang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuanhe Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiqing Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingyi Wang
- School of Mechanical-Electronic and Vehicle Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China
| | - Hua Qin
- School of Mechanical-Electronic and Vehicle Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China
| | - Jiadao Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Zhang T, Di Carlo D, Lim CT, Zhou T, Tian G, Tang T, Shen AQ, Li W, Li M, Yang Y, Goda K, Yan R, Lei C, Hosokawa Y, Yalikun Y. Passive microfluidic devices for cell separation. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 71:108317. [PMID: 38220118 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The separation of specific cell populations is instrumental in gaining insights into cellular processes, elucidating disease mechanisms, and advancing applications in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, diagnostics, and cell therapies. Microfluidic methods for cell separation have propelled the field forward, benefitting from miniaturization, advanced fabrication technologies, a profound understanding of fluid dynamics governing particle separation mechanisms, and a surge in interdisciplinary investigations focused on diverse applications. Cell separation methodologies can be categorized according to their underlying separation mechanisms. Passive microfluidic separation systems rely on channel structures and fluidic rheology, obviating the necessity for external force fields to facilitate label-free cell separation. These passive approaches offer a compelling combination of cost-effectiveness and scalability when compared to active methods that depend on external fields to manipulate cells. This review delves into the extensive utilization of passive microfluidic techniques for cell separation, encompassing various strategies such as filtration, sedimentation, adhesion-based techniques, pinched flow fractionation (PFF), deterministic lateral displacement (DLD), inertial microfluidics, hydrophoresis, viscoelastic microfluidics, and hybrid microfluidics. Besides, the review provides an in-depth discussion concerning cell types, separation markers, and the commercialization of these technologies. Subsequently, it outlines the current challenges faced in the field and presents a forward-looking perspective on potential future developments. This work hopes to aid in facilitating the dissemination of knowledge in cell separation, guiding future research, and informing practical applications across diverse scientific disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Tianyuan Zhou
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Guizhong Tian
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China.
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ming Li
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, Hainan 572000, China
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ruopeng Yan
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cheng Lei
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yaxiaer Yalikun
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
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Wan TY, Hwa HL, Lee TT, Lu YW. High efficiency sperm enrichment from forensic mock samples in bubble-based acoustic filtration devices for short tandem repeat (STR) analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:434-445. [PMID: 38086663 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00632h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
A bubble-based acoustofluidic filtration (BAF) microfluidic device, which employs cross-flow filtration (CFF) and acoustic streaming, separates cells with high efficiency for forensic analysis. Forensic samples are typically complex and contain a substantial number of squamous epithelial cells from the female vagina, which tend to have fouling problems during filtration due to their morphological and cell adhesion differences. To overcome this issue, the BAF device utilizes bubble oscillation by bulk acoustic wave (BAW) to generate acoustic streaming, which offers additional hydrodynamic forces for side flushing cleaning and achieves effective removal within a mere 0.5 seconds. Our device is tested with imbalanced cell mixtures of sperm and epithelial cells with large disparity ratios. By concurrently employing CFF and acoustic streaming, the samples with our sperm-enrichment can achieve 91.72-97.78% for the recovery rate and 74.58-89.26% for the purity in the sperm enrichment. They are further subjected to short tandem repeat (STR) profiling, enabling the identification of perpetrators. Notably, even samples with minimal sperm cells demonstrated a significant increase in the male donor DNA ratio, while the peak heights of female alleles became virtually undetectable. The exceptional cell separation capability demonstrated by our BAF device highlights its potential applications in forensic sciences and other areas of cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Wan
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Lin Hwa
- Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Ting Lee
- Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Wen Lu
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Cai S, Ma Z, Ge Z, Yang W. Recent advances in optically induced di-electrophoresis and its biomedical applications. Biomed Microdevices 2022; 24:22. [PMID: 35689721 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-022-00620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The development of the micro/nano science and technology has promoted the evolvement of human civilization tremendously. The advancement of the micro/nano science and technology highly depends on the progress of the micro/nano manipulation techniques, and the micro/nano-scaled manipulation level is the critical sign of the micro/nano science and technology. This review, aimed at the demand and the challenge of the micro/nano material and biomedical fields and related to the scientific issues and implementation techniques of the optically induced di-electrophoresis (ODEP). We explained its working principle, manipulating method, and influencing factors of ODEP force to a certain extent. A number of application fields based-ODEP technology and specific applications so far are summarized and reviewed. Finally, some perspectives are provided on current development trends, future research directions, and challenges of ODEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiang Cai
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Zheng Ma
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Zhixing Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
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Carvalho Â, Ferreira G, Seixas D, Guimarães-Teixeira C, Henrique R, Monteiro FJ, Jerónimo C. Emerging Lab-on-a-Chip Approaches for Liquid Biopsy in Lung Cancer: Status in CTCs and ctDNA Research and Clinical Validation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092101. [PMID: 33925308 PMCID: PMC8123575 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lung cancer (LCa) remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with late diagnosis and limited therapeutic approaches still constraining patient’s outcome. In recent years, liquid biopsies have significantly improved the disease characterization and brought new insights into LCa diagnosis and management. The integration of microfluidic devices in liquid biopsies have shown promising results regarding circulating biomarkers isolation and analysis and these tools are expected to establish automatized and standardized results for liquid biopsies in the near future. Herein, we review the status of lab-on-a-chip approaches for liquid biopsies in LCa and highlight their current applications for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) research and clinical validation studies. Abstract Despite the intensive efforts dedicated to cancer diagnosis and treatment, lung cancer (LCa) remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality, worldwide. The poor survival rate among lung cancer patients commonly results from diagnosis at late-stage, limitations in characterizing tumor heterogeneity and the lack of non-invasive tools for detection of residual disease and early recurrence. Henceforth, research on liquid biopsies has been increasingly devoted to overcoming these major limitations and improving management of LCa patients. Liquid biopsy is an emerging field that has evolved significantly in recent years due its minimally invasive nature and potential to assess various disease biomarkers. Several strategies for characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) have been developed. With the aim of standardizing diagnostic and follow-up practices, microfluidic devices have been introduced to improve biomarkers isolation efficiency and specificity. Nonetheless, implementation of lab-on-a-chip platforms in clinical practice may face some challenges, considering its recent application to liquid biopsies. In this review, recent advances and strategies for the use of liquid biopsies in LCa management are discussed, focusing on high-throughput microfluidic devices applied for CTCs and ctDNA isolation and detection, current clinical validation studies and potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Carvalho
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (G.F.); (D.S.); (F.J.M.)
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.G.-T.); (R.H.); (C.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-226-074-900
| | - Gabriela Ferreira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (G.F.); (D.S.); (F.J.M.)
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.G.-T.); (R.H.); (C.J.)
| | - Duarte Seixas
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (G.F.); (D.S.); (F.J.M.)
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.G.-T.); (R.H.); (C.J.)
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Guimarães-Teixeira
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.G.-T.); (R.H.); (C.J.)
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.G.-T.); (R.H.); (C.J.)
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando J. Monteiro
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (G.F.); (D.S.); (F.J.M.)
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.G.-T.); (R.H.); (C.J.)
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e Materiais, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (C.G.-T.); (R.H.); (C.J.)
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
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Latest Updates on the Advancement of Polymer-Based Biomicroelectromechanical Systems for Animal Cell Studies. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/8816564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Biological sciences have reached the fundamental unit of life: the cell. Ever-growing field of Biological Microelectromechanical Systems (BioMEMSs) is providing new frontiers in both fundamental cell research and various practical applications in cell-related studies. Among various functions of BioMEMS devices, some of the most fundamental processes that can be carried out in such platforms include cell sorting, cell separation, cell isolation or trapping, cell pairing, cell-cell communication, cell differentiation, cell identification, and cell culture. In this article, we review each mentioned application in great details highlighting the latest advancements in fabrication strategy, mechanism of operation, and application of these tools. Moreover, the review article covers the shortcomings of each specific application which can open windows of opportunity for improvement of these devices.
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Mirzaaghaian A, Ramiar A, Ranjbar AA, Warkiani ME. Application of level-set method in simulation of normal and cancer cells deformability within a microfluidic device. J Biomech 2020; 112:110066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Xu X, Jiang Z, Wang J, Ren Y, Wu A. Microfluidic applications on circulating tumor cell isolation and biomimicking of cancer metastasis. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:933-951. [PMID: 32144938 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The prognosis of malignant tumors is challenged by insufficient means to effectively detect tumors at early stage. Liquid biopsy using circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as biomarkers demonstrates a promising solution to tackle the challenge, because CTCs play a critical role in cancer metastatic process via intravasation, circulation, extravasation, and formation of secondary tumor. However, the effectiveness of the solution is compromised by rarity, heterogeneity, and vulnerability associated with CTCs. Among a plethora of novel approaches for CTC isolation and enrichment, microfluidics leads to isolation and detection of CTCs in a cost-effective and operation-friendly way. Development of microfluidics also makes it feasible to model the cancer metastasis in vitro using a microfluidic system to mimick the in vivo microenvironment, thereby enabling analysis and monitor of tumor metastasis. This paper aims to review the latest advances for exploring the dual-roles microfluidics has played in early cancer diagnosis via CTC isolation and investigating the role of CTCs in cancer metastasis; the merits and drawbacks for dominating microfluidics-based CTC isolation methods are discussed; biomimicking cancer metastasis using microfluidics are presented with example applications on modelling of tumor microenvironment, tumor cell dissemination, tumor migration, and tumor angiogenesis. The future perspectives and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiawei Xu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P. R. China.,Research Group for Fluids and Thermal Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, P. R. China.,Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Zhenqi Jiang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Yong Ren
- Research Group for Fluids and Thermal Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, P. R. China.,Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P. R. China
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Lombodorj B, Tseng HC, Chang HY, Lu YW, Tumurpurev N, Lee CW, Ganbat B, Wu RG, Tseng FG. High-Throughput White Blood Cell (Leukocyte) Enrichment from Whole Blood Using Hydrodynamic and Inertial Forces. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030275. [PMID: 32155862 PMCID: PMC7143169 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic chip, which can separate and enrich leukocytes from whole blood, is proposed. The chip has 10 switchback curve channels, which are connected by straight channels. The straight channels are designed to permit the inertial migration effect and to concentrate the blood cells, while the curve channels allow the Dean flow to further classify the blood cells based on the cell sizes. Hydrodynamic suction is also utilized to remove smaller blood cells (e.g., red blood cell (RBC)) in the curve channels for higher separation purity. By employing the inertial migration, Dean flow force, and hydrodynamic suction in a continuous flow system, our chip successfully separates large white blood cells (WBCs) from the whole blood with the processing rates as high as 1 × 108 cells/sec at a high recovery rate at 93.2% and very few RBCs (~0.1%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Batzorig Lombodorj
- School of Information and Communication Technology, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia;
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
| | - Horas Cendana Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
| | - Hwan-You Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Wen Lu
- Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.L.); (R.-G.W.); (F.-G.T.)
| | - Namnan Tumurpurev
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia;
| | - Chun-Wei Lee
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
| | - Batdemberel Ganbat
- Department of Physics, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia;
| | - Ren-Guei Wu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.L.); (R.-G.W.); (F.-G.T.)
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (H.C.T.); (C.-W.L.)
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.L.); (R.-G.W.); (F.-G.T.)
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11
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Xie Y, Mao Z, Bachman H, Li P, Zhang P, Ren L, Wu M, Huang TJ. Acoustic Cell Separation Based on Density and Mechanical Properties. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:031005. [PMID: 32006021 PMCID: PMC7104781 DOI: 10.1115/1.4046180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Density and mechanical properties (e.g., compressibility or bulk modulus) are important cellular biophysical markers. As such, developing a method to separate cells directly based on these properties can benefit various applications including biological research, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics. As a potential solution, surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based cell separation has demonstrated advantages in terms of biocompatibility and compact device size. However, most SAW-reliant cell separations are achieved using an entangled effect of density, various mechanical properties, and size. In this work, we demonstrate SAW-based separation of cells/particles based on their density and compressibility, irrespective of their sizes, by manipulating the acoustic properties of the fluidic medium. Using our platform, SAW-based separation is achieved by varying the dimensions of the microfluidic channels, the wavelengths of acoustic signals, and the properties of the fluid media. Our method was applied to separate paraformaldehyde-treated and fresh Hela cells based on differences in mechanical properties; a recovery rate of 85% for fixed cells was achieved. It was also applied to separate red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) which have different densities. A recovery rate of 80.5% for WBCs was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, State College, PA
16802
| | - Zhangming Mao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The
Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, State College, PA 16802
| | - Hunter Bachman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The
Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, State College, PA 16802
| | - Peiran Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Liqiang Ren
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The
Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, State College, PA 16802
| | - Mengxi Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
e-mail:
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12
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Iliescu FS, Poenar DP, Yu F, Ni M, Chan KH, Cima I, Taylor HK, Cima I, Iliescu C. Recent advances in microfluidic methods in cancer liquid biopsy. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:041503. [PMID: 31431816 PMCID: PMC6697033 DOI: 10.1063/1.5087690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Early cancer detection, its monitoring, and therapeutical prediction are highly valuable, though extremely challenging targets in oncology. Significant progress has been made recently, resulting in a group of devices and techniques that are now capable of successfully detecting, interpreting, and monitoring cancer biomarkers in body fluids. Precise information about malignancies can be obtained from liquid biopsies by isolating and analyzing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or nucleic acids, tumor-derived vesicles or proteins, and metabolites. The current work provides a general overview of the latest on-chip technological developments for cancer liquid biopsy. Current challenges for their translation and their application in various clinical settings are discussed. Microfluidic solutions for each set of biomarkers are compared, and a global overview of the major trends and ongoing research challenges is given. A detailed analysis of the microfluidic isolation of CTCs with recent efforts that aimed at increasing purity and capture efficiency is provided as well. Although CTCs have been the focus of a vast microfluidic research effort as the key element for obtaining relevant information, important clinical insights can also be achieved from alternative biomarkers, such as classical protein biomarkers, exosomes, or circulating-free nucleic acids. Finally, while most work has been devoted to the analysis of blood-based biomarkers, we highlight the less explored potential of urine as an ideal source of molecular cancer biomarkers for point-of-care lab-on-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina S. Iliescu
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore 738964, Singapore
| | - Daniel P. Poenar
- VALENS-Centre for Bio Devices and Signal Analysis, School of EEE, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Fang Yu
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Ming Ni
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Technological University, San Miguel de Urcuquí 100105, Ecuador
| | - Kiat Hwa Chan
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore
| | | | - Hayden K. Taylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Igor Cima
- DKFZ-Division of Translational Oncology/Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg and University Hospital Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
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13
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Yin J, Mou L, Yang M, Zou W, Du C, Zhang W, Jiang X. Highly efficient capture of circulating tumor cells with low background signals by using pyramidal microcavity array. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1060:133-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Cho H, Kim J, Song H, Sohn KY, Jeon M, Han KH. Microfluidic technologies for circulating tumor cell isolation. Analyst 2019; 143:2936-2970. [PMID: 29796523 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01979c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of tumor-related death, and the dispersal of tumor cells through the circulatory system is a critical step in the metastatic process. Early detection and analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is therefore important for early diagnosis, prognosis, and effective treatment of cancer, enabling favorable clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Accurate and reliable methods for isolating and detecting CTCs are necessary to obtain this clinical information. Over the past two decades, microfluidic technologies have demonstrated great potential for isolating and detecting CTCs from blood. The present paper reviews current advanced microfluidic technologies for isolating CTCs based on various biological and physical principles, and discusses their fundamental advantages and drawbacks for subsequent cellular and molecular assays. Owing to significant genetic heterogeneity among CTCs, microfluidic technologies for isolating individual CTCs have recently been developed. We discuss these single-cell isolation methods, as well as approaches to overcoming the limitations of current microfluidic CTC isolation technologies. Finally, we provide an overview of future innovative microfluidic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungseok Cho
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Center for Nano Manufacturing, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea.
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15
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S Iliescu F, Sim WJ, Heidari H, P Poenar D, Miao J, Taylor HK, Iliescu C. Highlighting the uniqueness in dielectrophoretic enrichment of circulating tumor cells. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1457-1477. [PMID: 30676660 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play an essential role in the metastasis of tumors, and thus can serve as a valuable prognostic factor for malignant diseases. As a result, the ability to isolate and characterize CTCs is essential. This review underlines the potential of dielectrophoresis for CTCs enrichment. It begins by summarizing the key performance parameters and challenges of CTCs isolation using microfluidics. The two main categories of CTCs enrichment-affinity-based and label-free methods-are analysed, emphasising the advantages and disadvantages of each as well as their clinical potential. While the main argument in favour of affinity-based methods is the strong specificity of CTCs isolation, the major advantage of the label-free technologies is in preserving the integrity of the cellular membrane, an essential requirement for downstream characterization. Moving forward, we try to answer the main question: "What makes dielectrophoresis a method of choice in CTCs isolation?" The uniqueness of dielectrophoretic CTCs enrichment resides in coupling the specificity of the isolation process with the conservation of the membrane surface. The specificity of the dielectrophoretic method stems from the differences in the dielectric properties between CTCs and other cells in the blood: the capacitances of the malignantly transformed cellular membranes of CTCs differ from those of other cells. Examples of dielectrophoretic devices are described and their performance evaluated. Critical requirements for using dielectrophoresis to isolate CTCs are highlighted. Finally, we consider that DEP has the potential of becoming a cytometric method for large-scale sorting and characterization of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen Jing Sim
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hossein Heidari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel P Poenar
- VALENS-Centre for Bio Devices and Signal Analysis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jianmin Miao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Hayden K Taylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ciprian Iliescu
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research & Technology (BIGHEART), National University of Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Becton M, Averett RD, Wang X. Flow plate separation of cells based on elastic properties: a computational study. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 18:425-433. [PMID: 30417230 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-1093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Medical studies have consistently shown that the best defense against cancer is early detection. Due to this, many efforts have been made to develop methods of screening patient blood quickly and cheaply. These methods range from separation via differences in size, electrostatic potential, chemical potential, antibody-binding affinity, among others. We propose a method of separating cells which have similar size and outer coatings, but which differ in their elastic properties. Such a method would be useful in detecting cancerous cells, which may have similar properties to leukocytes or erythrocytes but differ in their stiffness and deformation response. Here, we use coarse-grained model of a cell with membrane, cytoskeleton, and inner fluid to determine how small changes in the cell stiffness may be used to quickly and efficiently separate out irregular cells such as circulating tumor cells from a sample of blood. We focus specifically on the effects of volumetric flux and plate geometry on the ability of a separation plate to differentiate cells of similar but disparate stiffnesses. We show that volumetric flux is crucial in determining the stiffness cutoff for separating out cells of similar sizes, while the angle of the separation plate plays a less important role. With this work, we provide a comprehensive approach to the design factors of cell separation via elastic properties and hope to offer a guideline for the development of novel cytometry devices for the detection of irregular cells such as circulating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Becton
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Rodney D Averett
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xianqiao Wang
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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17
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Khan M, Mao S, Li W, Lin J. Microfluidic Devices in the Fast‐Growing Domain of Single‐Cell Analysis. Chemistry 2018; 24:15398-15420. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mashooq Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry, & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Sifeng Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry, & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry, & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jin‐Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry, & Chemical Biology Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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18
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Kim D, Luo J, Arriaga EA, Ros A. Deterministic Ratchet for Sub-micrometer (Bio)particle Separation. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4370-4379. [PMID: 29506379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Resolving the heterogeneity of particle populations by size is important when the particle size is a signature of abnormal biological properties leading to disease. Accessing size heterogeneity in the sub-micrometer regime is particularly important to resolve populations of subcellular species or diagnostically relevant bioparticles. Here, we demonstrate a ratchet migration mechanism capable of separating sub-micrometer sized species by size and apply it to biological particles. The phenomenon is based on a deterministic ratchet effect, is realized in a microfluidic device, and exhibits fast migration allowing separation in tens of seconds. We characterize this phenomenon extensively with the aid of a numerical model allowing one to predict the speed and resolution of this method. We further demonstrate the deterministic ratchet migration with two sub-micrometer sized beads as model system experimentally as well as size-heterogeneous mouse liver mitochondria and liposomes as model system for other organelles. We demonstrate excellent agreement between experimentally observed migration and the numerical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daihyun Kim
- School of Molecular Sciences , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287 , United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85281 , United States
| | - Jinghui Luo
- School of Molecular Sciences , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287 , United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85281 , United States
| | - Edgar A Arriaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287 , United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85281 , United States
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19
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Shukla VC, Kuang TR, Senthilvelan A, Higuita-Castro N, Duarte-Sanmiguel S, Ghadiali SN, Gallego-Perez D. Lab-on-a-Chip Platforms for Biophysical Studies of Cancer with Single-Cell Resolution. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:549-561. [PMID: 29559164 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent cancer research has more strongly emphasized the biophysical aspects of tumor development, progression, and microenvironment. In addition to genetic modifications and mutations in cancer cells, it is now well accepted that the physical properties of cancer cells such as stiffness, electrical impedance, and refractive index vary with tumor progression and can identify a malignant phenotype. Moreover, cancer heterogeneity renders population-based characterization techniques inadequate, as individual cellular features are lost in the average. Hence, platforms for fast and accurate characterization of biophysical properties of cancer cells at the single-cell level are required. Here, we highlight some of the recent advances in the field of cancer biophysics and the development of lab-on-a-chip platforms for single-cell biophysical analyses of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha C Shukla
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tai-Rong Kuang
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China; These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Abirami Senthilvelan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Natalia Higuita-Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine), Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Silvia Duarte-Sanmiguel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Human Sciences (Human Nutrition), College of Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Samir N Ghadiali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine), Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel Gallego-Perez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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20
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Garg N, Westerhof TM, Liu V, Liu R, Nelson EL, Lee AP. Whole-blood sorting, enrichment and in situ immunolabeling of cellular subsets using acoustic microstreaming. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2018; 4:17085. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2017.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAnalyzing undiluted whole human blood is a challenge due to its complex composition of hematopoietic cellular populations, nucleic acids, metabolites, and proteins. We present a novel multi-functional microfluidic acoustic streaming platform that enables sorting, enrichment and in situ identification of cellular subsets from whole blood. This single device platform, based on lateral cavity acoustic transducers (LCAT), enables (1) the sorting of undiluted donor whole blood into its cellular subsets (platelets, RBCs, and WBCs), (2) the enrichment and retrieval of breast cancer cells (MCF-7) spiked in donor whole blood at rare cell relevant concentrations (10 mL−1), and (3) on-chip immunofluorescent labeling for the detection of specific target cellular populations by their known marker expression patterns. Our approach thus demonstrates a compact system that integrates upstream sample processing with downstream separation/enrichment, to carry out multi-parametric cell analysis for blood-based diagnosis and liquid biopsy blood sampling.
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21
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Chan JY, Ahmad Kayani AB, Md Ali MA, Kok CK, Yeop Majlis B, Hoe SLL, Marzuki M, Khoo ASB, Ostrikov K(K, Ataur Rahman M, Sriram S. Dielectrophoresis-based microfluidic platforms for cancer diagnostics. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:011503. [PMID: 29531634 PMCID: PMC5825230 DOI: 10.1063/1.5010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The recent advancement of dielectrophoresis (DEP)-enabled microfluidic platforms is opening new opportunities for potential use in cancer disease diagnostics. DEP is advantageous because of its specificity, low cost, small sample volume requirement, and tuneable property for microfluidic platforms. These intrinsic advantages have made it especially suitable for developing microfluidic cancer diagnostic platforms. This review focuses on a comprehensive analysis of the recent developments of DEP enabled microfluidic platforms sorted according to the target cancer cell. Each study is critically analyzed, and the features of each platform, the performance, added functionality for clinical use, and the types of samples, used are discussed. We address the novelty of the techniques, strategies, and design configuration used in improving on existing technologies or previous studies. A summary of comparing the developmental extent of each study is made, and we conclude with a treatment of future trends and a brief summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yuan Chan
- Center for Advanced Materials and Green Technology, Multimedia University, 75450 Melaka, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Anuar Md Ali
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee Kuang Kok
- Center for Advanced Materials and Green Technology, Multimedia University, 75450 Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Susan Ling Ling Hoe
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marini Marzuki
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Md. Ataur Rahman
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group, Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Sharath Sriram
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group, Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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22
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Che J, Yu V, Dhar M, Renier C, Matsumoto M, Heirich K, Garon EB, Goldman J, Rao J, Sledge GW, Pegram MD, Sheth S, Jeffrey SS, Kulkarni RP, Sollier E, Di Carlo D. Classification of large circulating tumor cells isolated with ultra-high throughput microfluidic Vortex technology. Oncotarget 2017; 7:12748-60. [PMID: 26863573 PMCID: PMC4914319 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are emerging as rare but clinically significant non-invasive cellular biomarkers for cancer patient prognosis, treatment selection, and treatment monitoring. Current CTC isolation approaches, such as immunoaffinity, filtration, or size-based techniques, are often limited by throughput, purity, large output volumes, or inability to obtain viable cells for downstream analysis. For all technologies, traditional immunofluorescent staining alone has been employed to distinguish and confirm the presence of isolated CTCs among contaminating blood cells, although cells isolated by size may express vastly different phenotypes. Consequently, CTC definitions have been non-trivial, researcher-dependent, and evolving. Here we describe a complete set of objective criteria, leveraging well-established cytomorphological features of malignancy, by which we identify large CTCs. We apply the criteria to CTCs enriched from stage IV lung and breast cancer patient blood samples using the High Throughput Vortex Chip (Vortex HT), an improved microfluidic technology for the label-free, size-based enrichment and concentration of rare cells. We achieve improved capture efficiency (up to 83%), high speed of processing (8 mL/min of 10x diluted blood, or 800 μL/min of whole blood), and high purity (avg. background of 28.8±23.6 white blood cells per mL of whole blood). We show markedly improved performance of CTC capture (84% positive test rate) in comparison to previous Vortex designs and the current FDA-approved gold standard CellSearch assay. The results demonstrate the ability to quickly collect viable and pure populations of abnormal large circulating cells unbiased by molecular characteristics, which helps uncover further heterogeneity in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Che
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Vortex Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Victor Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Manjima Dhar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Corinne Renier
- Vortex Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Melissa Matsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kyra Heirich
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Edward B Garon
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Goldman
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jianyu Rao
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Mark D Pegram
- Stanford Women's Cancer Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shruti Sheth
- Stanford Women's Cancer Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stefanie S Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Stanford Women's Cancer Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rajan P Kulkarni
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Dermatology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elodie Sollier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Vortex Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,California NanoSystems Institue, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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23
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Che J, Yu V, Garon EB, Goldman JW, Di Carlo D. Biophysical isolation and identification of circulating tumor cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1452-1461. [PMID: 28352869 PMCID: PMC5507599 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00038c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Isolation and enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood is important for determining patient prognosis and monitoring treatment. Methods based on affinity to cell surface markers have been applied to both purify (via immunoseparation) and identify (via immunofluorescence) CTCs. However, variability of cell biomarker expression associated with tumor heterogeneity and evolution and cross-reactivity of antibody probes have long complicated CTC enrichment and immunostaining. Here, we report a truly label-free high-throughput microfluidic approach to isolate, enumerate, and characterize the biophysical properties of CTCs using an integrated microfluidic device. Vortex-mediated deformability cytometry (VDC) consists of an initial vortex region which enriches large CTCs, followed by release into a downstream hydrodynamic stretching region which deforms the cells. Visualization and quantification of cell deformation with a high-speed camera revealed populations of large (>15 μm diameter) and deformable (aspect ratio >1.2) CTCs from 16 stage IV lung cancer samples, that are clearly distinguished by increased deformability compared to contaminating blood cells and rare large cells isolated from healthy patients. The VDC technology demonstrated a comparable positive detection rate of putative CTCs above healthy baseline (93.8%) with respect to standard immunofluorescence (71.4%). Automation allows full enumeration of CTCs from a 10 mL vial of blood within <1 h after sample acquisition, compared with 4+ hours with standard approaches. Moreover, cells are released into any collection vessel for further downstream analysis. VDC shows potential for accurate CTC enumeration without labels and confirms the unique highly deformable biophysical properties of large CTCs circulating in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Che
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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24
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Ramachandraiah H, Svahn HA, Russom A. Inertial microfluidics combined with selective cell lysis for high throughput separation of nucleated cells from whole blood. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02992f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to rapidly analyze blood cells provides a wealth of information about our health. Here, we report on an automated, high-throughput, method that completely removes red blood cells and sort cells into subpopulation for downstream analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harisha Ramachandraiah
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology
- Science for Life Laboratory
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Helene A. Svahn
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology
- Science for Life Laboratory
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Aman Russom
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology
- Science for Life Laboratory
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Stockholm
- Sweden
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25
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Park ES, Duffy SP, Ma H. Microfluidic Separation of Circulating Tumor Cells Based on Size and Deformability. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1634:21-32. [PMID: 28819838 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7144-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been implicated as the seeds of cancer metastasis and therefore have the potential to provide significant prognostic and diagnostic values. Here, we describe a procedure for separating CTCs from whole blood based on size and deformability using the microfluidic ratchet device. This device leverages the ratcheting motion of single cells created as they are deformed through funnel-shaped constrictions using oscillatory flow in order to divert cells based on differences in size and deformability. Subsequent methods for CTC identification and enumeration using immunofluorescence after separation are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Simon P Duffy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Hongshen Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4.
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26
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Todenhöfer T, Park ES, Duffy S, Deng X, Jin C, Abdi H, Ma H, Black PC. Microfluidic enrichment of circulating tumor cells in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2016; 34:483.e9-483.e16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Deformability-Based Electrokinetic Particle Separation. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7090170. [PMID: 30404343 PMCID: PMC6189855 DOI: 10.3390/mi7090170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Deformability is an effective property that can be used in the separation of colloidal particles and cells. In this study, a microfluidic device is proposed and tested numerically for the sorting of deformable particles of various degrees. The separation process is numerically investigated by a direct numerical simulation of the fluid–particle–electric field interactions with an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian finite-element method. The separation performance is investigated with the shear modulus of particles, the strength of the applied electric field, and the design of the contracted microfluidic devices as the main parameters. The results show that the particles with different shear moduli take different shapes and trajectories when passing through a microchannel contraction, enabling the separation of particles based on their difference in deformability.
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28
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Park ES, Jin C, Guo Q, Ang RR, Duffy SP, Matthews K, Azad A, Abdi H, Todenhöfer T, Bazov J, Chi KN, Black PC, Ma H. Continuous Flow Deformability-Based Separation of Circulating Tumor Cells Using Microfluidic Ratchets. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:1909-19. [PMID: 26917414 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) offer tremendous potential for the detection and characterization of cancer. A key challenge for their isolation and subsequent analysis is the extreme rarity of these cells in circulation. Here, a novel label-free method is described to enrich viable CTCs directly from whole blood based on their distinct deformability relative to hematological cells. This mechanism leverages the deformation of single cells through tapered micrometer scale constrictions using oscillatory flow in order to generate a ratcheting effect that produces distinct flow paths for CTCs, leukocytes, and erythrocytes. A label-free separation of circulating tumor cells from whole blood is demonstrated, where target cells can be separated from background cells based on deformability despite their nearly identical size. In doping experiments, this microfluidic device is able to capture >90% of cancer cells from unprocessed whole blood to achieve 10(4) -fold enrichment of target cells relative to leukocytes. In patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, where CTCs are not significantly larger than leukocytes, CTCs can be captured based on deformability at 25× greater yield than with the conventional CellSearch system. Finally, the CTCs separated using this approach are collected in suspension and are available for downstream molecular characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Chao Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Quan Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Richard R Ang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Simon P Duffy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kerryn Matthews
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Arun Azad
- BC Cancer Agency-Vancouver Cancer Centre, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Hamidreza Abdi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Tilman Todenhöfer
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Jenny Bazov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Kim N Chi
- BC Cancer Agency-Vancouver Cancer Centre, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Peter C Black
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hongshen Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
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29
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Chiu YY, Huang CK, Lu YW. Enhancement of microfluidic particle separation using cross-flow filters with hydrodynamic focusing. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:011906. [PMID: 26858812 PMCID: PMC4723399 DOI: 10.1063/1.4939944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic chip is proposed to separate microparticles using cross-flow filtration enhanced with hydrodynamic focusing. By exploiting a buffer flow from the side, the microparticles in the sample flow are pushed on one side of the microchannels, lining up to pass through the filters. Meanwhile a larger pressure gradient in the filters is obtained to enhance separation efficiency. Compared with the traditional cross-flow filtration, our proposed mechanism has the buffer flow to create a moving virtual boundary for the sample flow to actively push all the particles to reach the filters for separation. It further allows higher flow rates. The device only requires soft lithograph fabrication to create microchannels and a novel pressurized bonding technique to make high-aspect-ratio filtration structures. A mixture of polystyrene microparticles with 2.7 μm and 10.6 μm diameters are successfully separated. 96.2 ± 2.8% of the large particle are recovered with a purity of 97.9 ± 0.5%, while 97.5 ± 0.4% of the small particle are depleted with a purity of 99.2 ± 0.4% at a sample throughput of 10 μl/min. The experiment is also conducted to show the feasibility of this mechanism to separate biological cells with the sample solutions of spiked PC3 cells in whole blood. By virtue of its high separation efficiency, our device offers a label-free separation technique and potential integration with other components, thereby serving as a promising tool for continuous cell filtration and analysis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yen Chiu
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chen-Kang Huang
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Wen Lu
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) facilitate distant metastasis of malignancies by shielding circulating tumor cells (CTC) from immune surveillance. Med Hypotheses 2015; 87:34-9. [PMID: 26826638 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of distant metastasis of malignancies largely remain unknown. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) derived from the primary cancer initiate distant metastasis by entering and traversing the bloodstream. Current methods to detect CTC are based on the notion that CTC do not express the common leukocyte antigen CD45. However, these methods neglect the fact that CTC can directly adhere to platelets and immune cells and therefore appear to be CD45-positive. The potential effects of interactions between CTC and adhesive immune cells have been largely overlooked, despite the fact that most CTC are killed by immune effector cells and only those that evade immune surveillance result in clonal expansion and metastatic lesions. It is crucial to define the characteristics that allow a select CTC population to escape immune surveillance; particularly, it must be determined whether interactions between CTC and adhesive immune cells provide a protective effect on CTC survival. If interactions between CTC and adhesive immune cells offer a selective advantage to those CTC cells, the next consideration is which characteristics of a CTC-immune cell population allow sufficient protection to facilitate immune evasion. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a large heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells that accumulate during cancer progression to induce extensively systemic and local immunosuppression, a phenomenon that has been demonstrated to facilitate cancer distant metastasis. We hypothesize, therefore, that CTC populations interacting with adhesive immune cells will have different biological behavior than CTC populations alone. Further, we hypothesize that CTC can create a defensive shield consisting of adhesive MDSC, which allows evasion of immune surveillance and therefore facilitates distant metastatic lesions. This possibility highlights the importance of direct interactions between CTC and adhesive immune cells and suggests the potential target that the CTC-MDSC cluster represents for prevention and treatment of distant metastasis of malignancies.
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31
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Nanoparticle-Surface Interactions in Geometrical Separation Devices. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography2030567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Abstract
Traditionally, cell analysis has focused on using molecular biomarkers for basic research, cell preparation, and clinical diagnostics; however, new microtechnologies are enabling evaluation of the mechanical properties of cells at throughputs that make them amenable to widespread use. We review the current understanding of how the mechanical characteristics of cells relate to underlying molecular and architectural changes, describe how these changes evolve with cell-state and disease processes, and propose promising biomedical applications that will be facilitated by the increased throughput of mechanical testing: from diagnosing cancer and monitoring immune states to preparing cells for regenerative medicine. We provide background about techniques that laid the groundwork for the quantitative understanding of cell mechanics and discuss current efforts to develop robust techniques for rapid analysis that aim to implement mechanophenotyping as a routine tool in biomedicine. Looking forward, we describe additional milestones that will facilitate broad adoption, as well as new directions not only in mechanically assessing cells but also in perturbing them to passively engineer cell state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Darling
- Center for Biomedical Engineering.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology.,Department of Orthopaedics, and.,School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912;
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering.,California NanoSystems Institute, and.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
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33
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Fan X, Jia C, Yang J, Li G, Mao H, Jin Q, Zhao J. A microfluidic chip integrated with a high-density PDMS-based microfiltration membrane for rapid isolation and detection of circulating tumor cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 71:380-386. [PMID: 25950932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) by size exclusion is a widely researched technique that offers the advantage of capturing tumor cells without reliance on cell surface expression markers. In this work, we report the development of a novel polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane filter-based microdevice for rapid and highly efficient isolation of CTCs from peripheral blood. A precise and highly porous PDMS microfilter was fabricated and integrated into the microfiltration chip by combining a sacrificial transferring film with a sandwich molding method. We achieved >90% recovery when isolating lung cancer cells from spiked blood samples, with a relatively high processing throughput of 10 mL/h. In contrast to existing CTC filtration systems, which rely on low-porosity track-etch filters or expensive lithography-based filters, our microfiltration chip does not require complex e-beam lithography or the reactive ion etching process, therefore it offers a low-cost alternative tool for highly efficient CTC enrichment and in situ analysis. Thus, this new microdevice has the potential for use in routine monitoring of cancer development and cancer therapy in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Chunping Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Tumor Chemotherapy, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Hongju Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Qinghui Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
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34
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Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are important targets for cancer biology studies. To further elucidate the role of CTCs in cancer metastasis and prognosis, effective methods for isolating extremely rare tumor cells from peripheral blood must be developed. Acoustic-based methods, which are known to preserve the integrity, functionality, and viability of biological cells using label-free and contact-free sorting, have thus far not been successfully developed to isolate rare CTCs using clinical samples from cancer patients owing to technical constraints, insufficient throughput, and lack of long-term device stability. In this work, we demonstrate the development of an acoustic-based microfluidic device that is capable of high-throughput separation of CTCs from peripheral blood samples obtained from cancer patients. Our method uses tilted-angle standing surface acoustic waves. Parametric numerical simulations were performed to design optimum device geometry, tilt angle, and cell throughput that is more than 20 times higher than previously possible for such devices. We first validated the capability of this device by successfully separating low concentrations (∼100 cells/mL) of a variety of cancer cells from cell culture lines from WBCs with a recovery rate better than 83%. We then demonstrated the isolation of CTCs in blood samples obtained from patients with breast cancer. Our acoustic-based separation method thus offers the potential to serve as an invaluable supplemental tool in cancer research, diagnostics, drug efficacy assessment, and therapeutics owing to its excellent biocompatibility, simple design, and label-free automated operation while offering the capability to isolate rare CTCs in a viable state.
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35
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Faigle C, Lautenschläger F, Whyte G, Homewood P, Martín-Badosa E, Guck J. A monolithic glass chip for active single-cell sorting based on mechanical phenotyping. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1267-1275. [PMID: 25537986 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of biological cells have long been considered as inherent markers of biological function and disease. However, the screening and active sorting of heterogeneous populations based on serial single-cell mechanical measurements has not been demonstrated. Here we present a novel monolithic glass chip for combined fluorescence detection and mechanical phenotyping using an optical stretcher. A new design and manufacturing process, involving the bonding of two asymmetrically etched glass plates, combines exact optical fiber alignment, low laser damage threshold and high imaging quality with the possibility of several microfluidic inlet and outlet channels. We show the utility of such a custom-built optical stretcher glass chip by measuring and sorting single cells in a heterogeneous population based on their different mechanical properties and verify sorting accuracy by simultaneous fluorescence detection. This offers new possibilities of exact characterization and sorting of small populations based on rheological properties for biological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Faigle
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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36
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Lee A, Park J, Lim M, Sunkara V, Kim SY, Kim GH, Kim MH, Cho YK. All-in-one centrifugal microfluidic device for size-selective circulating tumor cell isolation with high purity. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11349-56. [PMID: 25317565 DOI: 10.1021/ac5035049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have gained increasing attention owing to their roles in cancer recurrence and progression. Due to the rarity of CTCs in the bloodstream, an enrichment process is essential for effective target cell characterization. However, in a typical pressure-driven microfluidic system, the enrichment process generally requires complicated equipment and long processing times. Furthermore, the commonly used immunoaffinity-based positive selection method is limited, as its recovery rate relies on EpCAM expression of target CTCs, which shows heterogeneity among cell types. Here, we propose a centrifugal-force-based size-selective CTC isolation platform that can isolate and enumerate CTCs from whole blood within 30 s with high purity. The device was validated using the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line spiked in phosphate-buffered saline and whole blood, and an average capture efficiency of 61% was achieved, which is typical for size-based filtration. The capture efficiency for whole blood samples varied from 44% to 84% under various flow conditions and dilution factors. Under the optimized operating conditions, a few hundred white blood cells per 1 mL of whole blood were captured, representing a 20-fold decrease compared to those obtained using a commercialized size-based CTC isolation device. In clinical validation, normalized CTC counts varied from 10 to 60 per 7.5 mL of blood from gastric and lung cancer patients, yielding a detection rate of 50% and 38%, respectively. Overall, our CTC isolation device enables rapid and label-free isolation of CTCs with high purity, which should greatly improve downstream molecular analyses of captured CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
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37
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Fan LL, He XK, Han Y, Du L, Zhao L, Zhe J. Continuous size-based separation of microparticles in a microchannel with symmetric sharp corner structures. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:024108. [PMID: 24738015 PMCID: PMC3976469 DOI: 10.1063/1.4870253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A new microchannel with a series of symmetric sharp corner structures is reported for passive size-dependent particle separation. Micro particles of different sizes can be completely separated based on the combination of the inertial lift force and the centrifugal force induced by the sharp corner structures in the microchannel. At appropriate flow rate and Reynolds number, the centrifugal force effect on large particles, induced by the sharp corner structures, is stronger than that on small particles; hence after passing a series of symmetric sharp corner structures, large particles are focused to the center of the microchannel, while small particles are focused at two particle streams near the two side walls of the microchannel. Particles of different sizes can then be completely separated. Particle separation with this device was demonstrated using 7.32 μm and 15.5 μm micro particles. Experiments show that in comparison with the prior multi-orifice flow fractionation microchannel and multistage-multiorifice flow fractionation microchannel, this device can completely separate two-size particles with narrower particle stream band and larger separation distance between particle streams. In addition, it requires no sheath flow and complex multi-stage separation structures, avoiding the dilution of analyte sample and complex operations. The device has potentials to be used for continuous, complete particle separation in a variety of lab-on-a-chip and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Kun He
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3903, USA
| | - Li Du
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3903, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Zhe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3903, USA
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38
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Jin C, McFaul SM, Duffy SP, Deng X, Tavassoli P, Black PC, Ma H. Technologies for label-free separation of circulating tumor cells: from historical foundations to recent developments. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:32-44. [PMID: 23963515 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50625h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are malignant cells shed into the bloodstream from a tumor that have the potential to establish metastases in different anatomical sites. The separation and subsequent characterization of these cells is emerging as an important tool for both biomarker discovery and the elucidation of mechanisms of metastasis. Established methods for separating CTCs rely on biochemical markers of epithelial cells that are known to be unreliable because of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which reduces expression for epithelial markers. Emerging label-free separation methods based on the biophysical and biomechanical properties of CTCs have the potential to address this key shortcoming and present greater flexibility in the subsequent characterization of these cells. In this review we first present what is known about the biophysical and biomechanical properties of CTCs from historical studies and recent research. We then review biophysical label-free technologies that have been developed for CTC separation, including techniques based on filtration, hydrodynamic chromatography, and dielectrophoresis. Finally, we evaluate these separation methods and discuss requirements for subsequent characterization of CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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39
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Lin BK, McFaul SM, Jin C, Black PC, Ma H. Highly selective biomechanical separation of cancer cells from leukocytes using microfluidic ratchets and hydrodynamic concentrator. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:34114. [PMID: 24404034 PMCID: PMC3710247 DOI: 10.1063/1.4812688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The separation of cells based on their biomechanical properties, such as size and deformability, is important in applications such as the identification of circulating tumor cells, where morphological differences can be used to distinguish target cancer cells from contaminant leukocytes. Existing filtration-based separation processes are limited in their selectivity and their ability to extract the separated cells because of clogging in the filter microstructures. We present a cell separation device consisting of a hydrodynamic concentrator and a microfluidic ratchet mechanism operating in tandem. The hydrodynamic concentrator removes the majority of the fluid and a fraction of leukocytes based on size, while the microfluidic ratchet mechanism separates cancer cells from leukocytes based on a combination of size and deformability. The irreversible ratcheting process enables highly selective separation and robust extraction of separated cells. Using cancer cells spiked into leukocyte suspensions, the complete system demonstrated a yield of 97%, while enriching the concentration of target cancer cells 3000 fold relative to the concentration of leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill K Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Sarah M McFaul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Chao Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Peter C Black
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Level 6, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 1M9 ; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H 3Z6
| | - Hongshen Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 ; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Level 6, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 1M9 ; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H 3Z6
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40
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Chung J, Issadore D, Ullal A, Lee K, Weissleder R, Lee H. Rare cell isolation and profiling on a hybrid magnetic/size-sorting chip. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:54107. [PMID: 24404070 PMCID: PMC3790798 DOI: 10.1063/1.4821923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a hybrid magnetic/size-sorting (HMSS) chip for isolation and molecular analyses of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The chip employs both negative and positive cell selection in order to provide high throughput, unbiased CTC enrichment. Specifically, the system utilizes a self-assembled magnet to generate high magnetic forces and a weir-style structure for cell sorting. The resulting device thus can perform multiple functions, including magnetic depletion, size-selective cell capture, and on-chip molecular staining. With such capacities, the HMSS device allowed one-step CTC isolation and single cell detection from whole blood, tested with spiked cancer cells. The system further facilitated the study of individual CTCs for heterogeneity in molecular marker expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Chung
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN 5206, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - David Issadore
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN 5206, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Adeeti Ullal
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN 5206, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Kyungheon Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN 5206, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN 5206, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA ; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN 5206, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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