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Polymerization of silanes through dehydrogenative Si-Si bond formation on metal surfaces. Nat Chem 2021; 13:350-357. [PMID: 33782562 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Element-element double bonds of group 14 elements can be formed in solution, but generally only by applying harsh reductive conditions using sterically highly shielded tetryl halides as precursors. The two-dimensional confinement in surface-assisted polymerization represents a valuable alternative to access such reactive compounds, as it allows shielding of the labile entities without requiring bulky residues and catalytic activation of the reactive groups. Here, we demonstrate Si-Si bond formation in on-surface chemistry. Polymerization upon multiple Si-H bond dissociation and subsequent Si-Si bond formation was achieved on Au(111) and Cu(111) surfaces by using two different monomers, each containing two silicon functional groups (CH3SiH2 or SiH3) attached to an aromatic backbone, leading to polymeric disilenes that interact with the surface. A combination of experimental and theoretical studies corroborates the formation of covalent Si-Si bonds between the long, highly ordered polymer chains with high diastereoselectivity. The reactive Si=Si bonds formally generated via double dehydrogenative coupling are stabilized via covalent Si-surface interaction.
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Huang J, Pan Y, Wang T, Cui S, Feng L, Han D, Zhang W, Zeng Z, Li X, Du P, Wu X, Zhu J. Topology Selectivity in On-Surface Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction: Dendritic Structure versus Porous Graphene Nanoribbon. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4617-4626. [PMID: 33591725 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Selective control on the topology of low-dimensional covalent organic nanostructures in on-surface synthesis has been challenging. Herein, with combined scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), we report a successful topology-selective coupling reaction on the Cu(111) surface by tuning the thermal annealing procedure. The precursor employed is 1,3,5-tris(2-bromophenyl)benzene (TBPB), for which Ullmann coupling is impeded due to the intermolecular steric hindrance. Instead, its chemisorption on the Cu(111) substrate has triggered the ortho C-H bond activation and the following dehydrogenative coupling at room temperature (RT). In the slow annealing experimental procedure, the monomers have been preorganized by their self-assembly at RT, which enhances the formation of dendritic structures upon further annealing. However, the chaotic chirality of dimeric products (obtained at RT) and hindrance from dense molecular island make the fabrication of high-quality porous two-dimensional nanostructures difficult. In sharp contrast, direct deposition of TBPB molecules on a hot surface led to the formation of ordered porous graphene nanoribbons and nanoflakes, which is confirmed to be the energetically favorable reaction pathway through density functional theory-based thermodynamic calculations and control experiments. This work demonstrates that different thermal treatments could have a significant influence on the topology of covalent products in on-surface synthesis and presents an example of the negative effect of molecular self-assembly to the ordered covalent nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Yu Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Shengsheng Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Lin Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhao Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwen Zeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Xingyu Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
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Meng X, Klaasen H, Viergutz L, Schulze Lammers B, Witteler MC, Mönig H, Amirjalayer S, Liu L, Neugebauer J, Gao H, Studer A, Fuchs H. Azo bond formation on metal surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1458-1464. [PMID: 33197115 PMCID: PMC7839811 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The formation of azo compounds via redox cross‐coupling of nitroarenes and arylamines, challenging in solution phase chemistry, is achieved by on‐surface chemistry. Reaction products are analyzed with a cryogenic scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). By using well‐designed precursors containing both an amino and a nitro functionality, azo polymers are prepared on surface via highly efficient nitro‐amino cross‐coupling. Experiments conducted on other substrates and surface orientations reveal that the metal surface has a significant effect on the reaction efficiency. The reaction was further found to proceed from partially oxidized/reduced precursors in dimerization reactions, shedding light on the mechanism that was studied by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhi Meng
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterWilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
- Institution Center for Soft NanoscienceBusso-Peus-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
| | - Henning Klaasen
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Lena Viergutz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Bertram Schulze Lammers
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterWilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Melanie C. Witteler
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
- Center for Multiscale Theory and ComputationWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Harry Mönig
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterWilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterWilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
- Center for Multiscale Theory and ComputationWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Lacheng Liu
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterWilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
- Center for Multiscale Theory and ComputationWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Hong‐Ying Gao
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterWilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
- Institution Center for Soft NanoscienceBusso-Peus-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterWilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstrasse 1148149MünsterGermany
- Institution Center for Soft NanoscienceBusso-Peus-Strasse 1048149MünsterGermany
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Meng X, Klaasen H, Viergutz L, Schulze Lammers B, Witteler MC, Mönig H, Amirjalayer S, Liu L, Neugebauer J, Gao H, Studer A, Fuchs H. Azobindungsbildung auf Metalloberflächen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhi Meng
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Institution Center for Soft Nanoscience Busso-Peus-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Henning Klaasen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Lena Viergutz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Bertram Schulze Lammers
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Melanie C. Witteler
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Harry Mönig
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Lacheng Liu
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Hong‐Ying Gao
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Institution Center for Soft Nanoscience Busso-Peus-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Institution Center for Soft Nanoscience Busso-Peus-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
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Kong N, Fan X, Liu F, Wang L, Lin H, Li Y, Lee ST. Single Vanadium Atoms Anchored on Graphitic Carbon Nitride as a High-Performance Catalyst for Non-oxidative Propane Dehydrogenation. ACS NANO 2020; 14:5772-5779. [PMID: 32374154 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In comparison with oil-based cracking technologies, the on-purpose dehydrogenation of propane (PDH) is a more eco-friendly and profitable approach to produce propylene. By means of density functional theory calculations, the present work reveals that the single vanadium (V) atom anchored on graphitic carbon nitride (V1/g-C3N4) may serve as a promising single-atom catalyst for non-oxidative PDH with industrially practical activity, selectivity, and thermal stability. The high activity of V1/g-C3N4 for PDH is attributed to the low-coordinated 3d orbitals of single V atoms, while the propylene selectivity is originated from the inhibition of the di-σ binding mode of propylene on the single V atoms. This work provides a guideline to design and screen out promising single-atom catalysts for selective dehydrogenation of alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Kong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Fan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Lin
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Youyong Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuit-Tong Lee
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Svane KL, Baviloliaei MS, Hammer B, Diekhöner L. An extended chiral surface coordination network based on Ag7-clusters. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:164710. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5051510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katrine L. Svane
- iNANO, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mahdi S. Baviloliaei
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Bjørk Hammer
- iNANO, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lars Diekhöner
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
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Svane KL, Linderoth TR, Hammer B. Structure and role of metal clusters in a metal-organic coordination network determined by density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:084708. [PMID: 26931719 DOI: 10.1063/1.4942665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a comprehensive theoretical investigation of the structures formed by self-assembly of tetrahydroxybenzene (THB)-derivatives on Cu(111). The THB molecule is known to dehydrogenate completely during annealing, forming a reactive radical which assembles into a close-packed structure or a porous metal-coordinated network depending on the coverage of the system. Here, we present details on how the structures are determined by density functional theory calculations, using scanning tunneling microscopy-derived information on the periodicity. The porous network is based on adatom trimers. By analysing the charge distribution of the structure, it is found that this unusual coordination motif is preferred because it simultaneously provides a good coordination of all oxygen atoms and allows for the formation of a two-dimensional network on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Svane
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T R Linderoth
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - B Hammer
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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