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Kirchner KA, Cassar DR, Zanotto ED, Ono M, Kim SH, Doss K, Bødker ML, Smedskjaer MM, Kohara S, Tang L, Bauchy M, Wilkinson CJ, Yang Y, Welch RS, Mancini M, Mauro JC. Beyond the Average: Spatial and Temporal Fluctuations in Oxide Glass-Forming Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 123:1774-1840. [PMID: 35511603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Atomic structure dictates the performance of all materials systems; the characteristic of disordered materials is the significance of spatial and temporal fluctuations on composition-structure-property-performance relationships. Glass has a disordered atomic arrangement, which induces localized distributions in physical properties that are conventionally defined by average values. Quantifying these statistical distributions (including variances, fluctuations, and heterogeneities) is necessary to describe the complexity of glass-forming systems. Only recently have rigorous theories been developed to predict heterogeneities to manipulate and optimize glass properties. This article provides a comprehensive review of experimental, computational, and theoretical approaches to characterize and demonstrate the effects of short-, medium-, and long-range statistical fluctuations on physical properties (e.g., thermodynamic, kinetic, mechanical, and optical) and processes (e.g., relaxation, crystallization, and phase separation), focusing primarily on commercially relevant oxide glasses. Rigorous investigations of fluctuations enable researchers to improve the fundamental understanding of the chemistry and physics governing glass-forming systems and optimize structure-property-performance relationships for next-generation technological applications of glass, including damage-resistant electronic displays, safer pharmaceutical vials to store and transport vaccines, and lower-attenuation fiber optics. We invite the reader to join us in exploring what can be discovered by going beyond the average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn A Kirchner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Daniel R Cassar
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Sao Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
- Ilum School of Science, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Edgar D Zanotto
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Sao Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Madoka Ono
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- Materials Integration Laboratories, AGC Incorporated, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Karan Doss
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mikkel L Bødker
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Morten M Smedskjaer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Shinji Kohara
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Longwen Tang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mathieu Bauchy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Collin J Wilkinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Research and Development, GlassWRX, Beaufort, South Carolina 29906, United States
| | - Yongjian Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Rebecca S Welch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Matthew Mancini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - John C Mauro
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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King EA, Sen S, Takeda W, Boussard-Pledel C, Bureau B, Guin JP, Lucas P. Extended aging of Ge-Se glasses below the glass transition temperature. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:164502. [PMID: 33940843 DOI: 10.1063/5.0050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Germanium selenide glasses of compositions spanning the whole glass-formation range are aged at room temperature for up to 20 years. A prominent enthalpy relaxation process is observed in all glasses, and its structural origin is analyzed by Raman spectroscopy. The structural relaxation is manifested in the Raman spectra as a decrease in the ratio of edge- to corner-sharing GeSe4/2 tetrahedral units. This structural evolution can be explained in terms of configurational entropy and density changes. Changes in Raman features and enthalpy follow an identical stretched exponential relaxation function characteristic of aging in glasses. The compositional dependence of enthalpy relaxation after 20 years is in agreement with kinetic considerations based on the glass transition temperature of each glass. The relaxation behavior and heat capacity curves are consistent with standard glass relaxation models for all compositions. These results indicate that the non-reversing enthalpy obtained by modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC), which suggests the existence of non-aging glasses, is not a reliable measure of the ability of a glass to relax. Instead, it is suggested that an interpretation of MDSC data in terms of complex heat capacity provides a more complete and reliable assessment of the relaxation properties of glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellyn A King
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Sabyasachi Sen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Wataru Takeda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Catherine Boussard-Pledel
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Bruno Bureau
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Guin
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) - UMR 6251, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Lucas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Jin Y, Bond CW, Leonard RL, Liu Y, Johnson JA, Petford-Long AK. The effect of annealing on optical transmittance and structure of ZLANI fluorozirconate glass thin films. Micron 2020; 140:102977. [PMID: 33207295 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2020.102977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the effect of thermal annealing on structure, composition, optical transmittance and thickness of a novel fluorozirconate glass (ZLANI) containing Zr, La, Al, Na and In fluorides. In this work, pulsed laser deposition was used to grow thin films of ZLANI, and thermal annealing at different temperatures was performed on the films. Annealing did not change the composition, but a clear structural evolution of the ZLANI glass was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), showing that we can control microstructure independent of composition. An increase in transmittance after the film was subject to a 100 °C thermal anneal was ascribed to the removal of defects and structural relaxation in the amorphous state. Following an anneal of 200 °C, the transmittance decreases due to heterogeneous formation of crystalline nuclei and changes in the local bonding. After the final annealing at 300 °C, a wider-scale crystallization occurred, with some major crystal phases formed as Zr2F8(H2O)6 and ZrO2, which alters the shape of the transmittance curve. The crystalline content of the crystal phases that form in the annealed films was quantified using hollow cone dark field TEM imaging. The 100 °C or 200 °C annealing decreases the film thickness by inducing structural relaxation and densification of the amorphous films, while the thickness increase of the 300 °C annealed film resulted from the formed large crystals. These results provide insights for the design of multilayer nanocomposites with a ZLANI glass matrix, which have potential applications as up-/down-conversion luminescent materials and X-ray storage phosphors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States; Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439, United States.
| | - Charles W Bond
- Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN 37388, United States
| | - Russell L Leonard
- Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN 37388, United States
| | - Yuzi Liu
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, United States
| | - Jacqueline A Johnson
- Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN 37388, United States
| | - Amanda K Petford-Long
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States; Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439, United States
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Kirchner KA, Bødker MS, Smedskjaer MM, Kim SH, Mauro JC. Statistical Mechanical Model of Topological Fluctuations and the Intermediate Phase in Binary Phosphate Glasses. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:7640-7648. [PMID: 31404490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b05932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glasses are topologically disordered materials with varying degrees of fluctuations in structure and topology. This study links statistical mechanics and topological constraint theory to quantify the degree of topological fluctuations in binary phosphate glasses. Because fluctuations are a potential mechanism enabling self-organization, we investigated the ability of phosphate glasses to adapt their topology to mitigate localized stresses, e.g., in the formation of a stress-free intermediate phase. Results revealed the dependency of both glass composition and temperature in governing the ability of a glass network to relax localized stresses and achieve an ideal, isostatic state; also, the possibility of a second intermediate phase at higher modifier content was found.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikkel S Bødker
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Morten M Smedskjaer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
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Zheng Q, Zhang Y, Montazerian M, Gulbiten O, Mauro JC, Zanotto ED, Yue Y. Understanding Glass through Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Chem Rev 2019; 119:7848-7939. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Maziar Montazerian
- Vitreous Materials Laboratory (LaMaV), Department of Materials Engineering (DEMa), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13.565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ozgur Gulbiten
- Science and Technology Division, Corning Incorporated, Corning, New York 14831, United States
| | - John C. Mauro
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Edgar D. Zanotto
- Vitreous Materials Laboratory (LaMaV), Department of Materials Engineering (DEMa), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13.565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Yuanzheng Yue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
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