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Gallo T, Adriano L, Heymann M, Wrona A, Walsh N, Öhrwall G, Callefo F, Skruszewicz S, Namboodiri M, Marinho R, Schulz J, Valerio J. Development of a flat jet delivery system for soft X-ray spectroscopy at MAX IV. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:1285-1292. [PMID: 39172090 PMCID: PMC11371042 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577524006611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
One of the most challenging aspects of X-ray research is the delivery of liquid sample flows into the soft X-ray beam. Currently, cylindrical microjets are the most commonly used sample injection systems for soft X-ray liquid spectroscopy. However, they suffer from several drawbacks, such as complicated geometry due to their curved surface. In this study, we propose a novel 3D-printed nozzle design by introducing microscopic flat sheet jets that provide micrometre-thick liquid sheets with high stability, intending to make this technology more widely available to users. Our research is a collaboration between the EuXFEL and MAX IV research facilities. This collaboration aims to develop and refine a 3D-printed flat sheet nozzle design and a versatile jetting platform that is compatible with multiple endstations and measurement techniques. Our flat sheet jet platform improves the stability of the jet and increases its surface area, enabling more precise scanning and differential measurements in X-ray absorption, scattering, and imaging applications. Here, we demonstrate the performance of this new arrangement for a flat sheet jet setup with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoelectron angular distribution, and soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments performed at the photoemission endstation of the FlexPES beamline at MAX IV Laboratory in Lund, Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Flavia Callefo
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, LNLSBrazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CPNEM)Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Marinho
- Institute of Physics, Brasilia University (UnB), 70.919-970Brasília, Brazil
- Institute of Physics Federal University of Bahia40.170-115SalvadorBrazil
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2
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Gallo T, Michailoudi G, Valerio J, Adriano L, Heymann M, Schulz J, Marinho RDR, Callefo F, Walsh N, Öhrwall G. Aqueous Ammonium Nitrate Investigated Using Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Cylindrical and Flat Liquid Jets. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6866-6875. [PMID: 38976651 PMCID: PMC11264267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Ammonium nitrate in aqueous solution was investigated with synchrotron radiation based photoelectron spectroscopy using two types of liquid jet nozzles. Electron emission from a cylindrical microjet of aqueous ammonium nitrate solution was measured at two different angles relative to the horizontal polarization of the incident synchrotron radiation, 90° and 54.7° (the "magic angle"), for a range of photon energies (470-530 eV). We obtained β parameter values as a function of photon energy, based on a normalization procedure relying on simulations of background intensity with the SESSA (Simulation of Electron Spectra for Surface Analysis) package. The β values are similar to literature data for O 1s ionization of liquid water, and the β value of N 1s from NH4+ is higher than that for NO3-, by ≈0.1. The measurements also show that the photoelectron signal from NO3- exhibits a photon energy dependent cross section variation not observed in NH4+. Additional measurements using a flat jet nozzle found that the ammonium and nitrate peak area ratio was unaffected by changes in the takeoff angle, indicating a similar distribution of both ammonium and nitrate in the surface region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires Gallo
- Synchrotron
Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- MAX
IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Georgia Michailoudi
- Nano
and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University
of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Joana Valerio
- European
XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld 22869, Germany
| | - Luigi Adriano
- European
XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld 22869, Germany
| | - Michael Heymann
- IBBS,
Institut für Biomaterialien und Biomolekulare Systeme, Universität
Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Ricardo dos Reis
Teixeira Marinho
- Institute
of Physics, Brasilia University (UnB), 70.919-970 Brasiliá, Brazil
- Institute
of Physics, Federal University of Bahia, 40.170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Flavia Callefo
- Brazilian
Synchrotron Light Laboratory, LNLS, Brazilian
Center for Research in Energy and Materials, CNPEM, CP 6192, 13085-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Noelle Walsh
- MAX
IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Öhrwall
- MAX
IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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3
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De Angelis D, Longetti L, Bonano G, Pelli Cresi JS, Foglia L, Pancaldi M, Capotondi F, Pedersoli E, Bencivenga F, Krstulovic M, Menk RH, D'Addato S, Orlando S, de Simone M, Ingle RA, Bleiner D, Coreno M, Principi E, Chergui M, Masciovecchio C, Mincigrucci R. A sub-100 nm thickness flat jet for extreme ultraviolet to soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:605-612. [PMID: 38592969 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577524001875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Experimental characterization of the structural, electronic and dynamic properties of dilute systems in aqueous solvents, such as nanoparticles, molecules and proteins, are nowadays an open challenge. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is probably one of the most established approaches to this aim as it is element-specific. However, typical dilute systems of interest are often composed of light elements that require extreme-ultraviolet to soft X-ray photons. In this spectral regime, water and other solvents are rather opaque, thus demanding radical reduction of the solvent volume and removal of the liquid to minimize background absorption. Here, we present an experimental endstation designed to operate a liquid flat jet of sub-micrometre thickness in a vacuum environment compatible with extreme ultraviolet/soft XAS measurements in transmission geometry. The apparatus developed can be easily connected to synchrotron and free-electron-laser user-facility beamlines dedicated to XAS experiments. The conditions for stable generation and control of the liquid flat jet are analyzed and discussed. Preliminary soft XAS measurements on some test solutions are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario De Angelis
- CNR - Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Basovizza, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Longetti
- Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Bonano
- Dipartimento FIM, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | | | - Laura Foglia
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Pancaldi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Flavio Capotondi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pedersoli
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Filippo Bencivenga
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marija Krstulovic
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ralf Hendrik Menk
- Sezione di Trieste, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio D'Addato
- Dipartimento FIM, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/a, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Orlando
- ISM-CNR, Trieste Branch, in Basovizza Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Monica de Simone
- CNR - Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Basovizza, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Rebecca A Ingle
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Bleiner
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, EMPA, Uberlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Coreno
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Emiliano Principi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Majed Chergui
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Masciovecchio
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Riccardo Mincigrucci
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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Yin Z, Chang YP, Balčiūnas T, Shakya Y, Djorović A, Gaulier G, Fazio G, Santra R, Inhester L, Wolf JP, Wörner HJ. Femtosecond proton transfer in urea solutions probed by X-ray spectroscopy. Nature 2023; 619:749-754. [PMID: 37380782 PMCID: PMC10371863 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Proton transfer is one of the most fundamental events in aqueous-phase chemistry and an emblematic case of coupled ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics1,2. Disentangling electronic and nuclear dynamics on the femtosecond timescales remains a formidable challenge, especially in the liquid phase, the natural environment of biochemical processes. Here we exploit the unique features of table-top water-window X-ray absorption spectroscopy3-6 to reveal femtosecond proton-transfer dynamics in ionized urea dimers in aqueous solution. Harnessing the element specificity and the site selectivity of X-ray absorption spectroscopy with the aid of ab initio quantum-mechanical and molecular-mechanics calculations, we show how, in addition to the proton transfer, the subsequent rearrangement of the urea dimer and the associated change of the electronic structure can be identified with site selectivity. These results establish the considerable potential of flat-jet, table-top X-ray absorption spectroscopy7,8 in elucidating solution-phase ultrafast dynamics in biomolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Yin
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Yi-Ping Chang
- GAP-Biophotonics, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
- European XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Tadas Balčiūnas
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- GAP-Biophotonics, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yashoj Shakya
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Fazio
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robin Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Inhester
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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Buttersack T, Haak H, Bluhm H, Hergenhahn U, Meijer G, Winter B. Imaging temperature and thickness of thin planar liquid water jets in vacuum. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:034901. [PMID: 37398627 PMCID: PMC10314331 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
We present spatially resolved measurements of the temperature of a flat liquid water microjet for varying ambient pressures, from vacuum to 100% relative humidity. The entire jet surface is probed in a single shot by a high-resolution infrared camera. Obtained 2D images are substantially influenced by the temperature of the apparatus on the opposite side of the infrared camera; a protocol to correct for the thermal background radiation is presented. In vacuum, we observe cooling rates due to water evaporation on the order of 105 K/s. For our system, this corresponds to a temperature decrease in approximately 15 K between upstream and downstream positions of the flowing leaf. Making reasonable assumptions on the absorption of the thermal background radiation in the flatjet, we can extend our analysis to infer a thickness map. For a reference system, our value for the thickness is in good agreement with the one reported from white light interferometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernd Winter
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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6
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Hoffman DJ, Van Driel TB, Kroll T, Crissman CJ, Ryland ES, Nelson KJ, Cordones AA, Koralek JD, DePonte DP. Microfluidic liquid sheets as large-area targets for high repetition XFELs. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1048932. [PMID: 36567947 PMCID: PMC9780453 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1048932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The high intensity of X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) can damage solution-phase samples on every scale, ranging from the molecular or electronic structure of a sample to the macroscopic structure of a liquid microjet. By using a large surface area liquid sheet microjet as a sample target instead of a standard cylindrical microjet, the incident X-ray spot size can be increased such that the incident intensity falls below the damage threshold. This capability is becoming particularly important for high repetition rate XFELs, where destroying a target with each pulse would require prohibitively large volumes of sample. We present here a study of microfluidic liquid sheet dimensions as a function of liquid flow rate. Sheet lengths, widths and thickness gradients are shown for three styles of nozzles fabricated from isotropically etched glass. In-vacuum operation and sample recirculation using these nozzles is demonstrated. The effects of intense XFEL pulses on the structure of a liquid sheet are also briefly examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Hoffman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Tim B. Van Driel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Thomas Kroll
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Christopher J. Crissman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, United States
- United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth S. Ryland
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford PULSE Institute, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Kacie J. Nelson
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford PULSE Institute, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Amy A. Cordones
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford PULSE Institute, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Jake D. Koralek
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, United States
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Barnard JCT, Lee JP, Alexander O, Jarosch S, Garratt D, Picciuto R, Kowalczyk K, Ferchaud C, Gregory A, Matthews M, Marangos JP. Delivery of stable ultra-thin liquid sheets in vacuum for biochemical spectroscopy. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1044610. [PMID: 36452452 PMCID: PMC9701818 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1044610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of ultra-thin flat liquid sheets capable of running in vacuum has provided an exciting new target for X-ray absorption spectroscopy in the liquid and solution phases. Several methods have become available for delivering in-vacuum sheet jets using different nozzle designs. We compare the sheets produced by two different types of nozzle; a commercially available borosillicate glass chip using microfluidic channels to deliver colliding jets, and an in-house fabricated fan spray nozzle which compresses the liquid on an axis out of a slit to achieve collision conditions. We find in our tests that both nozzles are suitable for use in X-ray absorption spectroscopy with the fan spray nozzle producing thicker but more stable jets than the commercial nozzle. We also provide practical details of how to run these nozzles in vacuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. T. Barnard
- Extreme Light Consortium, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Department of Physics, London, United Kingdom
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