1
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Abdelmagid AG, Qureshi HA, Papachatzakis MA, Siltanen O, Kumar M, Ashokan A, Salman S, Luoma K, Daskalakis KS. Identifying the origin of delayed electroluminescence in a polariton organic light-emitting diode. NANOPHOTONICS 2024; 13:2565-2573. [PMID: 38836100 PMCID: PMC11147497 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Modifying the energy landscape of existing molecular emitters is an attractive challenge with favourable outcomes in chemistry and organic optoelectronic research. It has recently been explored through strong light-matter coupling studies where the organic emitters were placed in an optical cavity. Nonetheless, a debate revolves around whether the observed change in the material properties represents novel coupled system dynamics or the unmasking of pre-existing material properties induced by light-matter interactions. Here, for the first time, we examined the effect of strong coupling in polariton organic light-emitting diodes via time-resolved electroluminescence studies. We accompanied our experimental analysis with theoretical fits using a model of coupled rate equations accounting for all major mechanisms that can result in delayed electroluminescence in organic emitters. We found that in our devices the delayed electroluminescence was dominated by emission from trapped charges and this mechanism remained unmodified in the presence of strong coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan A. Qureshi
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Olli Siltanen
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ajith Ashokan
- Chemistry Department, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA30314, USA
| | - Seyhan Salman
- Chemistry Department, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA30314, USA
| | - Kimmo Luoma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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2
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Sasaki Y, Georgiou K, Wang S, Bossanyi DG, Jayaprakash R, Yanai N, Kimizuka N, Lidzey DG, Musser AJ, Clark J. Radiative pumping in a strongly coupled microcavity filled with a neat molecular film showing excimer emission. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14745-14753. [PMID: 38716658 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00255e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Strong light-matter interactions have attracted much attention as a means to control the physical/chemical properties of organic semiconducting materials with light-matter hybrids called polaritons. To unveil the processes under strong coupling, studies on the dynamics of polaritons are of particular importance. While highly condensed molecular materials with large dipole density are ideal to achieve strong coupling, the emission properties of such films often become a mixture of monomeric and excimeric components, making the role of excimers unclear. Here, we use amorphous neat films of a new bis(phenylethynyl anthracene) derivative showing only excimer emission and investigate the excited-state dynamics of a series of strongly coupled microcavities, with each cavity being characterised by a different exciton-photon detuning. A time-resolved photoluminescence study shows that the excimer radiatively pumps the lower polariton in the relaxation process and the decay profile reflects the density of states. The delayed emission derived from triplet-triplet annihilation is not sensitive to the cavity environment, possibly due to the rapid excimer formation. Our results highlight the importance of controlling intermolecular interactions towards rational design of organic exciton-polariton devices, whose performance depends on efficient polariton relaxation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Kyriacos Georgiou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Shuangqing Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK.
| | - David G Bossanyi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Rahul Jayaprakash
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - David G Lidzey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Andrew J Musser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Jenny Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK.
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3
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Sokolovskii I, Tichauer RH, Morozov D, Feist J, Groenhof G. Multi-scale molecular dynamics simulations of enhanced energy transfer in organic molecules under strong coupling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6613. [PMID: 37857599 PMCID: PMC10587084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Exciton transport can be enhanced in the strong coupling regime where excitons hybridize with confined light modes to form polaritons. Because polaritons have group velocity, their propagation should be ballistic and long-ranged. However, experiments indicate that organic polaritons propagate in a diffusive manner and more slowly than their group velocity. Here, we resolve this controversy by means of molecular dynamics simulations of Rhodamine molecules in a Fabry-Pérot cavity. Our results suggest that polariton propagation is limited by the cavity lifetime and appears diffusive due to reversible population transfers between polaritonic states that propagate ballistically at their group velocity, and dark states that are stationary. Furthermore, because long-lived dark states transiently trap the excitation, propagation is observed on timescales beyond the intrinsic polariton lifetime. These insights not only help to better understand and interpret experimental observations, but also pave the way towards rational design of molecule-cavity systems for coherent exciton transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Sokolovskii
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Ruth H Tichauer
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dmitry Morozov
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland.
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4
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Bhuyan R, Mony J, Kotov O, Castellanos GW, Gómez Rivas J, Shegai TO, Börjesson K. The Rise and Current Status of Polaritonic Photochemistry and Photophysics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10877-10919. [PMID: 37683254 PMCID: PMC10540218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between molecular electronic transitions and electromagnetic fields can be enlarged to the point where distinct hybrid light-matter states, polaritons, emerge. The photonic contribution to these states results in increased complexity as well as an opening to modify the photophysics and photochemistry beyond what normally can be seen in organic molecules. It is today evident that polaritons offer opportunities for molecular photochemistry and photophysics, which has caused an ever-rising interest in the field. Focusing on the experimental landmarks, this review takes its reader from the advent of the field of polaritonic chemistry, over the split into polariton chemistry and photochemistry, to present day status within polaritonic photochemistry and photophysics. To introduce the field, the review starts with a general description of light-matter interactions, how to enhance these, and what characterizes the coupling strength. Then the photochemistry and photophysics of strongly coupled systems using Fabry-Perot and plasmonic cavities are described. This is followed by a description of room-temperature Bose-Einstein condensation/polariton lasing in polaritonic systems. The review ends with a discussion on the benefits, limitations, and future developments of strong exciton-photon coupling using organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhuyan
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Mony
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Oleg Kotov
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gabriel W. Castellanos
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir
Institute and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir
Institute and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timur O. Shegai
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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5
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Zhang Z, Nie X, Lei D, Mukamel S. Multidimensional Coherent Spectroscopy of Molecular Polaritons: Langevin Approach. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:103001. [PMID: 36962020 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a microscopic theory for nonlinear optical spectroscopy of N molecules in an optical cavity. Using the Heisenberg-Langevin equation, an analytical expression is derived for the time- and frequency-resolved signals accounting for arbitrary numbers of vibrational excitations. We identify clear signatures of the polariton-polaron interaction from multidimensional projections of the signal, e.g., pathways and timescales. Cooperative dynamics of cavity polaritons against intramolecular vibrations is revealed, along with a crosstalk between long-range coherence and vibronic coupling that may lead to localization effects. Our results further characterize the polaritonic coherence and the population transfer that is slower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhedong Zhang
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
- City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
| | - Xiaoyu Nie
- School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Dangyuan Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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6
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Cui B, Nitzan A. Collective response in light-matter interactions: The interplay between strong coupling and local dynamics. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:114108. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong molecule-radiation field coupling is often reached when a large number N of molecules respond collectively to the radiation field. In electronic strong coupling, molecular nuclear dynamics following polariton excitation reflects (a) the timescale separation between the fast electronic and photonic dynamics and the slow nuclear motion on one hand, and (b) the interplay between the collective nature of the molecule-field coupling and the local nature of the molecules nuclear response on the other. The first implies that the electronic excitation takes place, in the spirit of the Born approximation, at an approximately fixed nuclear configuration. The second can be rephrased as the intriguing question, can the collective nature of the optical excitation lead to collective nuclear motion following polariton formation, resulting in so-called polaron decoupled dynamics. We address this issue by studying the dynamical properties of a simplified Holstein-Tavis-Cummings type model, in which boson modes representing molecular vibrations are replaced by two-level systems while the boson frequency and the vibronic coupling are represented by the coupling between these levels (that induces Rabi oscillations between them) and electronic state dependence of this coupling. We investigate the short-time behavior of this model following polariton excitation as well as its response to CW driving and its density of states spectrum. We find that, while some aspects of the dynamical behavior appear to adhere to the polaron decoupling picture, the observed dynamics mostly reflect the local nature of the nuclear configuration of the electronic polariton rather than this picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Cui
- University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- University of Pennsylvania Department of Chemistry, United States of America
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7
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Tichauer RH, Morozov D, Sokolovskii I, Toppari JJ, Groenhof G. Identifying Vibrations that Control Non-adiabatic Relaxation of Polaritons in Strongly Coupled Molecule-Cavity Systems. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6259-6267. [PMID: 35771724 PMCID: PMC9289944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The strong light-matter coupling regime, in which excitations of materials hybridize with excitations of confined light modes into polaritons, holds great promise in various areas of science and technology. A key aspect for all applications of polaritonic chemistry is the relaxation into the lower polaritonic states. Polariton relaxation is speculated to involve two separate processes: vibrationally assisted scattering (VAS) and radiative pumping (RP), but the driving forces underlying these two mechanisms are not fully understood. To provide mechanistic insights, we performed multiscale molecular dynamics simulations of tetracene molecules strongly coupled to the confined light modes of an optical cavity. The results suggest that both mechanisms are driven by the same molecular vibrations that induce relaxation through nonadiabatic coupling between dark states and polaritonic states. Identifying these vibrational modes provides a rationale for enhanced relaxation into the lower polariton when the cavity detuning is resonant with specific vibrational transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth H. Tichauer
- Nanoscience
Center and Department of Chemistry, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dmitry Morozov
- Nanoscience
Center and Department of Chemistry, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ilia Sokolovskii
- Nanoscience
Center and Department of Chemistry, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - J. Jussi Toppari
- Nanoscience
Center and Department of Physics, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience
Center and Department of Chemistry, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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8
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Pandya R, Ashoka A, Georgiou K, Sung J, Jayaprakash R, Renken S, Gai L, Shen Z, Rao A, Musser AJ. Tuning the Coherent Propagation of Organic Exciton-Polaritons through Dark State Delocalization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105569. [PMID: 35474309 PMCID: PMC9218652 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While there have been numerous reports of long-range polariton transport at room-temperature in organic cavities, the spatiotemporal evolution of the propagation is scarcely reported, particularly in the initial coherent sub-ps regime, where photon and exciton wavefunctions are inextricably mixed. Hence the detailed process of coherent organic exciton-polariton transport and, in particular, the role of dark states has remained poorly understood. Here, femtosecond transient absorption microscopy is used to directly image coherent polariton motion in microcavities of varying quality factor. The transport is found to be well-described by a model of band-like propagation of an initially Gaussian distribution of exciton-polaritons in real space. The velocity of the polaritons reaches values of ≈ 0.65 × 106 m s-1 , substantially lower than expected from the polariton dispersion. Further, it is found that the velocity is proportional to the quality factor of the microcavity. This unexpected link between the quality-factor and polariton velocity is suggested to be a result of varying admixing between delocalized dark and polariton states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Pandya
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ.J. Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
- Laboratoire Kastler BrosselÉcole Normale Superiéure‐Université PSLCNRSSorbonne UniversitéCollege de FranceParis75005France
| | - Arjun Ashoka
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ.J. Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Kyriacos Georgiou
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS3 7RHUK
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of CyprusP. O. Box 20537Nicosia1678Cyprus
| | - Jooyoung Sung
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ.J. Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Rahul Jayaprakash
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS3 7RHUK
| | - Scott Renken
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Lizhi Gai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination and ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210046China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination and ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210046China
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ.J. Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Andrew J. Musser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
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9
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Lüttgens JM, Kuang Z, Zorn NF, Buckup T, Zaumseil J. Evidence for a Polariton-Mediated Biexciton Transition in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:1567-1576. [PMID: 35607642 PMCID: PMC9121424 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling of excitonic resonances with a cavity gives rise to exciton-polaritons which possess a modified energy landscape compared to the uncoupled emitter. However, due to the femtosecond lifetime of the so-called bright polariton states and transient changes of the cavity reflectivity under excitation, it is challenging to directly measure the polariton excited state dynamics. Here, near-infrared pump-probe spectroscopy is used to investigate the ultrafast dynamics of exciton-polaritons based on strongly coupled (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes in metal-clad microcavities. We present a protocol for fitting the reflectivity-associated response of the cavity using genetic algorithm-assisted transfer-matrix simulations. With this approach, we are able to identify an absorptive exciton-polariton feature in the transient transmission data. This feature appears instantaneously under resonant excitation of the upper polariton but is delayed for off-resonant excitation. The observed transition energy and detuning dependence point toward a direct upper polariton-to-biexciton transition. Our results provide direct evidence for exciton-polariton intrinsic transitions beyond the bright polariton lifetime in strongly coupled microcavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Lüttgens
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhuoran Kuang
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas F. Zorn
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tiago Buckup
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Mony J, Yu Y, Schäfer C, Mallick S, Kushwaha K, Börjesson K. Interplay between Polaritonic and Molecular Trap States. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:7965-7972. [PMID: 35592736 PMCID: PMC9109220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Strong exciton-photon coupling exhibits the possibility to modify the photophysical properties of organic molecules. This is due to the introduction of hybrid light-matter states, called polaritons, which have unique physical and optical properties. Those strongly coupled systems provide altered excited-state dynamics in comparison to the bare molecule case. In this study, we investigate the interplay between polaritonic and molecular trap states, such as excimers. The molecules used in this study show either prompt or delayed emission from trap states. For both cases, a clear dependency on the exciton-photon energy tuning was observed. Polaritonic emission gradually increased with a concurrent removal of aggregation-induced emission when the systems were tuned toward lower energies. For prompt emission, it is not clear whether the experimental results are best explained by a predominant relaxation toward the lower polariton after excitation or by a direct excimer to polariton transition. However, for the delayed emission case, trap states are formed on the initially formed triplet manifold, making it evident that an excimer-to-polariton transition has occurred. These results unveil the possibility to control the trap state population by creating a strongly coupled system, which may form a mitigation strategy to counteract detrimental trap states in photonic applications.
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11
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Principle and Applications of Multimode Strong Coupling Based on Surface Plasmons. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081242. [PMID: 35457950 PMCID: PMC9024653 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, strong coupling between light and matter has transitioned from a theoretical idea to an experimental reality. This represents a new field of quantum light–matter interaction, which makes the coupling strength comparable to the transition frequencies in the system. In addition, the achievement of multimode strong coupling has led to such applications as quantum information processing, lasers, and quantum sensors. This paper introduces the theoretical principle of multimode strong coupling based on surface plasmons and reviews the research related to the multimode interactions between light and matter. Perspectives on the future development of plasmonic multimode coupling are also discussed.
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12
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Satapathy S, Liu B, Deshmukh P, Molinaro PM, Dirnberger F, Khatoniar M, Koder RL, Menon VM. Thermalization of Fluorescent Protein Exciton-Polaritons at Room Temperature. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109107. [PMID: 35165941 PMCID: PMC9022594 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) have recently emerged as a serious contender for realizing ultralow threshold room temperature exciton-polariton condensation and lasing. This contribution investigates the thermalization of FP microcavity exciton-polaritons upon optical pumping under ambient conditions. Polariton cooling is realized using a new FP molecule, called mScarlet, coupled strongly to the optical modes in a Fabry-Pérot cavity. Interestingly, at the threshold excitation energy (fluence) of ≈9 nJ per pulse (15.6 mJ cm-2 ), an effective temperature is observed, Teff ≈ 350 ± 35 K close to the lattice temperature indicative of strongly thermalized exciton-polaritons at equilibrium. This efficient thermalization results from the interplay of radiative pumping facilitated by the energetics of the lower polariton branch and the cavity Q-factor. Direct evidence for dramatic switching from an equilibrium state into a metastable state is observed for the organic cavity polariton device at room temperature via deviation from the Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics at k‖ = 0 above the threshold. Thermalized polariton gases in organic systems at equilibrium hold substantial promise for designing room temperature polaritonic circuits, switches, and lattices for analog simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitakanta Satapathy
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Prathmesh Deshmukh
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- The PhD Program in Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Paul M Molinaro
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Florian Dirnberger
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Mandeep Khatoniar
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- The PhD Program in Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ronald L Koder
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Vinod M Menon
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- The PhD Program in Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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13
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Yang J, Pei Z, Leon EC, Wickizer C, Weng B, Mao Y, Ou Q, Shao Y. Cavity quantum-electrodynamical time-dependent density functional theory within Gaussian atomic basis. II. Analytic energy gradient. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:124104. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0082386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the formulation of cavity quantum-electrodynamical time-dependent density functional theory (cQED-TDDFT) models [Flick et al., ACS Photonics 6, 2757–2778 (2019) and Yang et al., J. Chem. Phys. 155, 064107 (2021)], here, we report the derivation and implementation of the analytic energy gradient for polaritonic states of a single photochrome within the cQED-TDDFT models. Such gradient evaluation is also applicable to a complex of explicitly specified photochromes or, with proper scaling, a set of parallel-oriented, identical-geometry, and non-interacting molecules in the microcavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Zheng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Erick Calderon Leon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Carly Wickizer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Binbin Weng
- Microfabrication Research and Education Center and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Yuezhi Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Qi Ou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- AI for Science Institute, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
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Yuen-Zhou J, Xiong W, Shegai T. Polariton chemistry: Molecules in cavities and plasmonic media. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:030401. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0080134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Timur Shegai
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
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15
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Dovzhenko D, Lednev M, Mochalov K, Vaskan I, Rakovich Y, Karaulov A, Nabiev I. Polariton-assisted manipulation of energy relaxation pathways: donor-acceptor role reversal in a tuneable microcavity. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12794-12805. [PMID: 34703566 PMCID: PMC8494027 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02026a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resonant interaction between excitonic transitions of molecules and localized electromagnetic field allows the formation of hybrid light-matter polaritonic states. This hybridization of the light and the matter states has been shown to significantly alter the intrinsic properties of molecular ensembles placed inside the optical cavity. Here, we have observed strong coupling of excitonic transition in a pair of closely located organic dye molecules demonstrating an efficient donor-to-acceptor resonance energy transfer with the mode of a tuneable open-access cavity. Analysing the dependence of the relaxation pathways between energy states in this system on the cavity detuning, we have demonstrated that predominant strong coupling of the cavity photon to the exciton transition in the donor dye molecule can lead not only to an increase in the donor-acceptor energy transfer, but also to an energy shift large enough to cause inversion between the energy states of the acceptor and the mainly donor lower polariton energy state. Furthermore, we have shown that the polariton-assisted donor-acceptor chromophores' role reversal or "carnival effect" not only changes the relative energy levels of the donor-acceptor pair, but also makes it possible to manipulate the energy flow in the systems with resonant dipole-dipole interaction and direct energy transfer from the acceptor to the mainly donor lower polariton state. Our experimental data are the first confirmation of the theoretically predicted possibility of polariton-assisted energy transfer reversal in FRET systems, thus paving the way to new avenues in FRET-imaging, remote-controlled chemistry, and all-optical switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Dovzhenko
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) 115409 Moscow Russia .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Maksim Lednev
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) 115409 Moscow Russia
| | - Konstantin Mochalov
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) 115409 Moscow Russia .,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences 117997 Moscow Russia
| | - Ivan Vaskan
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) 115409 Moscow Russia .,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences 117997 Moscow Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology Dolgoprudny 141701 Moscow Russia
| | - Yury Rakovich
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science 48009 Bilbao Spain.,Donostia International Physics Center, Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología, UPV-EHU, Centro de Física de Materiales (MPC, CSIC-UPV/EHU) 20018 Donostia - San Sebastian Spain
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) 119146 Moscow Russia
| | - Igor Nabiev
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) 115409 Moscow Russia .,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) 119146 Moscow Russia.,Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN-EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne 51100 Reims France
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16
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Vasista AB, Menghrajani KS, Barnes WL. Polariton assisted photoemission from a layered molecular material: role of vibrational states and molecular absorption. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:14497-14505. [PMID: 34473173 PMCID: PMC8412029 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03913j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The way molecules absorb, transfer, and emit light can be modified by coupling them to optical cavities. The extent of the modification is often defined by the cavity-molecule coupling strength, which depends on the number of coupled molecules. We experimentally and numerically study the evolution of photoemission from a thin layered J-aggregated molecular material strongly coupled to a Fabry-Perot microcavity as a function of the number of coupled layers. We unveil an important difference between the strong coupling signatures obtained from reflection spectroscopy and from polariton assisted photoluminescence. We also study the effect of the vibrational modes supported by the molecular material on the polariton assisted emission both for a focused laser beam and for normally incident excitation, for two different excitation wavelengths: a laser in resonance with the lower polariton branch, and a laser not in resonance. We found that Raman scattered photons appear to play an important role in populating the lower polariton branch, especially when the system was excited with a laser in resonance with the lower polariton branch. We also found that the polariton assisted photoemission depends on the extent of modification of the molecular absorption induced by the molecule-cavity coupling.
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