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Zissler UM, Esser-von Bieren J, Jakwerth CA, Chaker AM, Schmidt-Weber CB. Current and future biomarkers in allergic asthma. Allergy 2016; 71:475-94. [PMID: 26706728 DOI: 10.1111/all.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis early in life, sensitization, asthma endotypes, monitoring of disease and treatment progression are key motivations for the exploration of biomarkers for allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. The number of genes related to allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma increases steadily; however, prognostic genes have not yet entered clinical application. We hypothesize that the combination of multiple genes may generate biomarkers with prognostic potential. The current review attempts to group more than 161 different potential biomarkers involved in respiratory inflammation to pave the way for future classifiers. The potential biomarkers are categorized into either epithelial or infiltrate-derived or mixed origin, epithelial biomarkers. Furthermore, surface markers were grouped into cell-type-specific categories. The current literature provides multiple biomarkers for potential asthma endotypes that are related to T-cell phenotypes such as Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22 and Tregs and their lead cytokines. Eosinophilic and neutrophilic asthma endotypes are also classified by epithelium-derived CCL-26 and osteopontin, respectively. There are currently about 20 epithelium-derived biomarkers exclusively derived from epithelium, which are likely to innovate biomarker panels as they are easy to sample. This article systematically reviews and categorizes genes and collects current evidence that may promote these biomarkers to become part of allergic rhinitis or allergic asthma classifiers with high prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. M. Zissler
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - J. Esser-von Bieren
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - C. A. Jakwerth
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - A. M. Chaker
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery; Medical School; Technical University of Munich; Munich Germany
| | - C. B. Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
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Liravi B, Piedrafita D, Nguyen G, Bischof RJ. Dynamics of IL-4 and IL-13 expression in the airways of sheep following allergen challenge. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:101. [PMID: 26362930 PMCID: PMC4566292 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background IL-4 and IL-13 play a critical yet poorly understood role in orchestrating the recruitment and activation of effector cells of the asthmatic response and driving the pathophysiology of allergic asthma. The house dust mite (HDM) sheep asthma model displays many features of the human condition and is an ideal model to further elucidate the involvement of these critical Th2 cytokines. We hypothesized that airway exposure to HDM allergen would induce or elevate the expression profile of IL-4 and IL-13 during the allergic airway response in this large animal model of asthma. Methods Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were collected from saline- and house dust mite (HDM)- challenged lung lobes of sensitized sheep from 0 to 48 h post-challenge. BAL cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) were each measured by ELISA. IL-4 and IL-13 expression was assessed in BAL leukocytes by flow cytometry and in airway tissue sections by immunohistology. Results IL-4 and IL-13 were increased in BAL samples following airway allergen challenge. HDM challenge resulted in a significant increase in BAL IL-4 levels at 4 h compared to saline-challenged airways, while BAL IL-13 levels were elevated at all time-points after allergen challenge. IL-6 levels were maintained following HDM challenge but declined after saline challenge, while HDM administration resulted in an acute elevation in IL-10 at 4 h but no change in TNF-α levels over time. Lymphocytes were the main early source of IL-4, with IL-4 release by alveolar macrophages (AMs) prominent from 24 h post-allergen challenge. IL-13 producing AMs were increased at 4 and 24 h following HDM compared to saline challenge, and tissue staining provided evidence of IL-13 expression in airway epithelium as well as immune cells in airway tissue. Conclusion In a sheep model of allergic asthma, airway inflammation is accompanied by the temporal release of key cytokines following allergen exposure that primarily reflects the Th2-driven nature of the immune response in asthma. The present study demonstrates for the first time the involvement of IL-4 and IL-13 in a relevant large animal model of allergic airways disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Liravi
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia.
| | - David Piedrafita
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, 3842, VIC, Australia.
| | - Gary Nguyen
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia.
| | - Robert J Bischof
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia. .,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, 3168, VIC, Australia.
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Takeda K, Shiraishi Y, Ashino S, Han J, Jia Y, Wang M, Lee NA, Lee JJ, Gelfand EW. Eosinophils contribute to the resolution of lung-allergic responses following repeated allergen challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:451-60. [PMID: 25312762 PMCID: PMC4587899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils accumulate at the site of allergic inflammation and are critical effector cells in allergic diseases. Recent studies have also suggested a role for eosinophils in the resolution of inflammation. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of eosinophils in the resolution phase of the response to repeated allergen challenge. METHODS Eosinophil-deficient (PHIL) and wild-type (WT) littermates were sensitized and challenged to ovalbumin (OVA) 7 or 11 times. Airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to inhaled methacholine, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytokine levels, and lung histology were monitored. Intracellular cytokine levels in BAL leukocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry. Groups of OVA-sensitized PHIL mice received bone marrow from WT or IL-10(-/-) donors 30 days before the OVA challenge. RESULTS PHIL and WT mice developed similar levels of AHR and numbers of leukocytes and cytokine levels in BAL fluid after OVA sensitization and 7 airway challenges; no eosinophils were detected in the PHIL mice. Unlike WT mice, sensitized PHIL mice maintained AHR, lung inflammation, and increased levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in BAL fluid after 11 challenges whereas IL-10 and TGF-β levels were decreased. Restoration of eosinophil numbers after injection of bone marrow from WT but not IL-10-deficient mice restored levels of IL-10 and TGF-β in BAL fluid as well as suppressed AHR and inflammation. Intracellular staining of BAL leukocytes revealed the capacity of eosinophils to produce IL-10. CONCLUSIONS After repeated allergen challenge, eosinophils appeared not essential for the development of AHR and lung inflammation but contributed to the resolution of AHR and inflammation by producing IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Takeda
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Yoshiki Shiraishi
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Shigeru Ashino
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Junyan Han
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Yi Jia
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Meiqin Wang
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Nancy A Lee
- Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - James J Lee
- Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Erwin W Gelfand
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo.
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Zdrenghea MT, Makrinioti H, Muresan A, Johnston SL, Stanciu LA. The role of macrophage IL-10/innate IFN interplay during virus-induced asthma. Rev Med Virol 2014; 25:33-49. [PMID: 25430775 PMCID: PMC4316183 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activation through different signaling pathways results in two functionally different types of macrophages, the pro-inflammatory (M1) and the anti-inflammatory (M2). The polarization of macrophages toward the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype is considered to be critical for efficient antiviral immune responses in the lung. Among the various cell types that are present in the asthmatic airways, macrophages have emerged as significant participants in disease pathogenesis, because of their activation during both the inflammatory and resolution phases, with an impact on disease progression. Polarized M1 and M2 macrophages are able to reversibly undergo functional redifferentiation into anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory macrophages, respectively, and therefore, macrophages mediate both processes. Recent studies have indicated a predominance of M2 macrophages in asthmatic airways. During a virus infection, it is likely that M2 macrophages would secrete higher amounts of the suppressor cytokine IL-10, and less innate IFNs. However, the interactions between IL-10 and innate IFNs during virus-induced exacerbations of asthma have not been well studied. The possible role of IL-10 as a therapy in allergic asthma has already been suggested, but the divergent roles of this suppressor molecule in the antiviral immune response raise concerns. This review attempts to shed light on macrophage IL-10-IFNs interactions and discusses the role of IL-10 in virus-induced asthma exacerbations. Whereas IL-10 is important in terminating pro-inflammatory and antiviral immune responses, the presence of this immune regulatory cytokine at the beginning of virus infection could impair the response to viruses and play a role in virus-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihnea T Zdrenghea
- Ion Chiricuta Oncology InstituteCluj-Napoca, Romania
- Iuliu Hatieganu, University of Medicine and PharmacyCluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Heidi Makrinioti
- Airways Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaLondon, UK
- Centre for Respiratory InfectionsLondon, UK
| | - Adriana Muresan
- Iuliu Hatieganu, University of Medicine and PharmacyCluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Airways Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaLondon, UK
- Centre for Respiratory InfectionsLondon, UK
| | - Luminita A Stanciu
- Iuliu Hatieganu, University of Medicine and PharmacyCluj-Napoca, Romania
- Airways Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaLondon, UK
- Centre for Respiratory InfectionsLondon, UK
- *
Correspondence to: Dr. L. A. Stanciu, MD, PhD, Airway Disease Infection Section, Imperial College London, London, UK., E-mail:
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Jan RH, Lin YL, Chen CJ, Lin TY, Hsu YC, Chen LK, Chiang BL. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen can activate human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by nuclear factor kappa B and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediated signaling. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 56:719-27. [PMID: 22853328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus Ag (HBsAg), a major antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBV), is also a vaccine component for prevention of HBV infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) of HBV carriers reportedly exhibit functional impairment. In this study, the aim was to investigate the effect of HBsAg on activation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MD-DCs), and the subsequent signal transduction pathway. Treatment of MD-DCs with HBsAg resulted in enhanced cell surface expression of cluster of differentiation 80, CD83, CD86 and major histocompatibility complex class II, and increased interleukin (IL)-12 p40, IL-12p70, and IL-10 production. Furthermore, HBsAg treatment of MD-DCs with HBsAg resulted in enhanced T cell-stimulatory capacity and increased T cell secretion of interferon and IL-10. The pathway of MD-DCs activation by HBsAg was further investigated in the present study. Inhibition of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B (κB) by helenalin and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) by SB203580 prevented production of IL-12 p40, IL-12 p70, and IL-10. HBsAg also augmented MAPK phosphorylation. Thus, cytokine secretion of human MD-DCs by HBsAg is blocked by inhibition of the NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways. Likewise, decreased inhibition of kappa B alpha concentrations and MAPK phosphorylation are critical for MD-DC maturation by HBsAg. These findings may provide a strategy for improving the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of vaccines and tumor therapies that utilize these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Hwa Jan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Baraket M, Oliver BGG, Burgess JK, Lim S, King GG, Black JL. Is low dose inhaled corticosteroid therapy as effective for inflammation and remodeling in asthma? A randomized, parallel group study. Respir Res 2012; 13:11. [PMID: 22300506 PMCID: PMC3296667 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While most of the clinical benefits of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy may occur at low doses, results of dose-ranging studies are inconsistent. Although symptom/lung function response to low and high dose ICS medication is comparable, it is uncertain whether low dose ICSs are as effective as high dose in the treatment of inflammation and remodeling. Methods 22 mild or moderate asthmatic adult subjects (corticosteroid free for > 2 months) participated in a randomized, parallel group study to compare effects of fluticasone propionate (FP) 200 mcg/day and 1000 mcg/day. Alveolar macrophage (AM)-derived cytokines and basement membrane thickness (BMT) were measured at baseline and after 7 weeks treatment while symptoms, spirometry, exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to mannitol at baseline and 6 weeks. Results FP improved spirometry, eNO, symptoms and AHR with no difference between low and high dose FP. Both high and low dose FP reduced GM-CSF, TNF-alpha and IL-1ra, with no change in BMT and with no differences between low and high dose FP. Conclusions 200 μg/day of FP was as effective as 1000 μg/day in improving asthma control, airway inflammation, lung function and AHR in adults in the short term. Future studies should examine potential differential effects between low and high dose combination therapy (ICS/long acting beta agonist) on inflammation and airway remodeling over longer treatment periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Baraket
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Nivenius E, Van der Ploeg I, Gafvelin G, Van Hage M, Montan PG. Conjunctival provocation with airborne allergen in patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 42:58-65. [PMID: 22092652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) is a chronic eye disease with periods of exacerbations. Many patients experience no obvious seasonal variation, although a majority of patients are allergic to common airborne allergens. OBJECTIVE To investigate the allergic reaction, to conjunctival provocation with airborne allergens, in patients with AKC. METHODS Eleven patients with AKC and birch and/or grass pollen allergy participated in the study, which was performed outside the pollen season. Five patients with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) and five healthy subjects were included for validation purposes. The challenge was performed in one eye with the allergen, to which the patient was reactive, and with dilution buffer in the other eye. Signs and symptoms from both eyes were graded at baseline and at 10 min, 8 and 48 h after provocation. Tear fluid was collected from both eyes for cytokine analyses at baseline and at 8 and 48 h. RESULTS A significant change in clinical symptoms and signs, (redness and chemosis) was evident 10 min after provocation compared with baseline (P = 0.005) and compared with the unprovoked eye (P = 0.005) in AKC subjects. These parameters were normalized after 8 and 48 h. A significant increase for IFN-γ (P = 0.021) and IL-6 (P = 0.015), and a near significant increase for IL-10 (P = 0.066) were seen in the tear fluid of the challenged eye at 48 h after provocation vs. baseline and vs. the control eye for IFN-γ (P = 0.005), IL-6 (P = 0.028) and IL-10 (P = 0.008) in AKC subjects. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this single dose allergen provocation study, AKC patients responded with a typical IgE-mediated allergic reaction. An increase in cytokines at 48 h after the challenge was demonstrated and might, with further studies, give us a better understanding of the nature of inflammation in AKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nivenius
- Division of Ophthalmology and Vision, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, St. Erik's Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Zhang G, Hayden CM, Goldblatt J, Holt P, Le Souëf PN. Th2 Cytokine Levels Distort the Association of IL-10 and IFN-γ with Allergic Phenotypes. ISRN ALLERGY 2011; 2011:405813. [PMID: 23724228 PMCID: PMC3658504 DOI: 10.5402/2011/405813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The expression of allergic phenotypes involves complex inter-relationships among several Th2 and Th1 cytokines as well as the regulator cytokine interleukin (IL)-10. These direct or indirect interrelationships may distort the true associations of cytokine responses with these phenotypes. In this study, we aimed to clarify the effects of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 and Th1 cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) on allergic phenotypes after adjusting for the correlations with Th2 cytokines. After adjusting for Th2 cytokines, IL-10 and IFN-γ were protective against atopy. Adjusted levels of IL-10 and IFN-γ stimulated with house-dust mite (HDM) were significantly lower in atopics than non-atopics, for IL-10 adjusting for IL-5 (P = 0.002), IL-13 (P = 0.012), IL-9 (P = 0.016), and IL-4 (P = 0.043), and for IFN-γ adjusting for IL-5 (P = 0.005), IL-13 (P = 0.005), and IL-9 (P = 0.037). IL-10 and IFN-γ levels stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) exhibited a similar pattern. The adjusted levels of IL-10 and IFN-γ stimulated with HDM, PHA or SEB were all significantly negatively correlated with total serum IgE, except for IFN-γ stimulated with SEB. Levels of Th2 cytokines distort the associations of IL-10 and IFN-γ with allergic phenotypes. Removing the covariance with Th2 cytokines, both IL-10 and IFN-γ were protective against atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guicheng Zhang
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, WA 6840, Australia ; Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and UWA Centre for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, WA 6840, Australia
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Cytokine production by peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in atopic childhood asthma. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:606139. [PMID: 21197090 PMCID: PMC3004408 DOI: 10.1155/2010/606139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There are conflicting studies on T cell cytokine production in childhood asthma. In this study intracellular cytokine expression of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in children with atopic asthma were measured by flow cytometry. Results. A significant increase in the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IL-4 and IL-13 and decrease in the percentage of CD4+ producing IFN-γ in asthmatic children was found. The percentage of CD4+/IL-13+ was significantly higher in severe asthma than in children with intermittent disease symptoms. Severity of asthma was associated with increased both serum IgE and frequencies of CD4+/IL-13+ T cells, as well as duration of disease. Moreover, a decrease in FEV1, FEV1/FVC was observed in relation to the severity of asthma. Changes in cytokine profile in CD8+ subpopulation didn't depend on the severity of the disease. Conclusions. Increased production of IL-4 and IL-13 in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells accompanied by decreased IFN-γ expression in CD4+ T cells may be evidence that both lymphocyte subpopulations are implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Relationship of CD4+/IL-13+ T cells with disease activity suggests that this lymphocyte subset may have a prominent role in childhood asthma.
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Hollams EM, Deverell M, Serralha M, Suriyaarachchi D, Parsons F, Zhang G, de Klerk N, Holt BJ, Ladyman C, Sadowska A, Rowe J, Loh R, Sly PD, Holt PG. Elucidation of asthma phenotypes in atopic teenagers through parallel immunophenotypic and clinical profiling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:463-70, 470.e1-16. [PMID: 19733295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatment strategies for asthma in teenagers derive primarily from information on chronic disease in adults. More detailed understanding of risk factors related to teenage asthma might aid in the development of improved preventive and treatment strategies for this age group. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify biomarkers associated with asthma phenotypes in teenagers, particularly atopic asthma, and to identify markers that aid in discriminating between atopic subjects at high versus low risk of asthma. METHODS We studied 1380 unselected 14-year-olds and collected data on clinical history, allergic sensitization, and respiratory and immunoinflammatory function. The latter comprised measurements of circulating inflammatory markers and in vitro innate and adaptive immune functions, including house dust mite T-cell responses. We integrated the data into regression models to identify variables most strongly associated with asthma risk and severity among atopic subjects. RESULTS Eight hundred twenty-seven subjects were atopic, 140 subjects were asthmatic, and 81% of asthmatic subjects were also atopic. We identified asthma risk variables related to atopy intensity, including specific IgE and eosinophil levels, plus an additional series external to the T(H)2 cascade but that modified risk only in atopic subjects, including IFN-gamma, IL-10, and IL-12 responses and neutrophil numbers in blood. Moreover, bronchial hyperresponsiveness was associated strongly with atopic but not nonatopic asthma, and the bronchial hyperresponsiveness risk profile was itself dominated by atopy-associated variables. CONCLUSIONS Asthma in teenagers is predominantly driven by atopy acting in concert with a second tier of T(H)2-independent immunoinflammatory mechanisms, which contribute to pathogenesis only against the background of pre-existing inhalant allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysia M Hollams
- Division of Cell Biology, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Verstraelen S, Nelissen I, Hooyberghs J, Witters H, Schoeters G, Van Cauwenberge P, Van Den Heuvel R. Gene profiles of THP-1 macrophages after in vitro exposure to respiratory (non-)sensitizing chemicals: Identification of discriminating genetic markers and pathway analysis. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1151-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dittrich AM, Erbacher A, Specht S, Diesner F, Krokowski M, Avagyan A, Stock P, Ahrens B, Hoffmann WH, Hoerauf A, Hamelmann E. Helminth Infection with Litomosoides sigmodontis Induces Regulatory T Cells and Inhibits Allergic Sensitization, Airway Inflammation, and Hyperreactivity in a Murine Asthma Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1792-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Effect of parasitosis on allergic sensitization in rats sensitized with ovalbumin: interaction between parasitosis and allergic sensitization. Adv Ther 2007; 24:1305-13. [PMID: 18165213 DOI: 10.1007/bf02877777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Some helminthic infections, especially nematode infections, may behave as allergens and induce allergic sensitization. In this study, the investigators explored whether infections with Syphacia muris and Aspiculuris tetraptera have any effect on the development of allergen-induced cytokine responses and serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized rats. Four groups of male Wistar rats were studied. OVA sensitization was generated in 2 groups of rats; the rats in 1 group were infected and those in the other group were not. On day 21 after sensitization, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-10, and total IgE levels in serum samples of rats were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that average concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-10 were significantly greater in the group of rats infected with parasites and sensitized to OVA compared with the group uninfected with parasites and sensitized to OVA (P=.043 and P=.046, respectively). Upon comparison of total IgE concentrations, the group of rats infected with parasites and given saline solution showed higher levels compared with the group uninfected with parasites and given saline (P=.004). In conclusion, the investigators were unable to show a protective effect of an existing parasitic infection against the development of allergic sensitization upon exposure to OVA.
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Matsumoto K, Inoue H, Tsuda M, Nakano T, Komori M, Fukuyama S, Nakanishi Y. Different profiles of IL-10+IFN-gamma-IL-4-CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood in atopic and non-atopic asthmatics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 75:281-7. [PMID: 17396024 DOI: 10.1159/000101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impaired production of interleukin (IL) 10 from regulatory T cells has been proposed as a causal mechanism of asthma. Although IL-10-producing (IL-10+) T cells are detectable in the peripheral blood, their significance in the pathophysiology of asthma remains uncertain. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the profile of circulating IL-10+CD4+ T cells in atopic and non-atopic asthma. METHODS Atopic and non-atopic asthmatics were divided into a mild and severe group. Their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies and then processed for triple cytokine flow cytometry directed to IL-10, interferon (IFN) gamma and IL-4. RESULTS IL-10+CD4+ cells were exclusively detected in the IFN-gamma-IL-4- population. In atopic asthma, the frequency of IL-10+IFN-gamma-IL-4-CD4+ cells in the severe group was significantly lower than that in the mild group. The frequency of IL-10+IFN-gamma-IL-4-CD4+ cells in the severe group was not significantly different from that in the mild group of those with non-atopic asthma. The frequency of IL-4+IFN-gamma-IL-10-CD4+ cells (Th2) was significantly higher in the group with mild atopic asthma than in that with mild non-atopic asthma. IFN-gamma+IL-4-IL-10-CD4+ cells (Th1) did not differ between groups, irrespective whether the subjects suffered from atopic or non-atopic asthma. CONCLUSIONS IL-10+CD4+ cells in PBMCs may be distinct from Th1 or Th2 and likely have the profile of regulatory T cells. The differential association of IL-10+IFN-gamma-IL-4-CD4+ cells with clinical severity between atopic and non-atopic asthma implies that its pathophysiological significance may differ among asthma phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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15
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Hastie AT, Wu M, Foster GC, Hawkins GA, Batra V, Rybinski KA, Cirelli R, Zangrilli JG, Peters SP. Alterations in vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) phosphorylation: associations with asthmatic phenotype, airway inflammation and beta2-agonist use. Respir Res 2006; 7:25. [PMID: 16480498 PMCID: PMC1388207 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) mediates focal adhesion, actin filament binding and polymerization in a variety of cells, thereby inhibiting cell movement. Phosphorylation of VASP via cAMP and cGMP dependent protein kinases releases this "brake" on cell motility. Thus, phosphorylation of VASP may be necessary for epithelial cell repair of damage from allergen-induced inflammation. Two hypotheses were examined: (1) injury from segmental allergen challenge increases VASP phosphorylation in airway epithelium in asthmatic but not nonasthmatic normal subjects, (2) regular in vivo beta2-agonist use increases VASP phosphorylation in asthmatic epithelium, altering cell adhesion. METHODS Bronchial epithelium was obtained from asthmatic and non-asthmatic normal subjects before and after segmental allergen challenge, and after regularly inhaled albuterol, in three separate protocols. VASP phosphorylation was examined in Western blots of epithelial samples. DNA was obtained for beta2-adrenergic receptor haplotype determination. RESULTS Although VASP phosphorylation increased, it was not significantly greater after allergen challenge in asthmatics or normals. However, VASP phosphorylation in epithelium of nonasthmatic normal subjects was double that observed in asthmatic subjects, both at baseline and after challenge. Regularly inhaled albuterol significantly increased VASP phosphorylation in asthmatic subjects in both unchallenged and antigen challenged lung segment epithelium. There was also a significant increase in epithelial cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage of the unchallenged lung segment after regular inhalation of albuterol but not of placebo. The haplotypes of the beta2-adrenergic receptor did not appear to associate with increased or decreased phosphorylation of VASP. CONCLUSION Decreased VASP phosphorylation was observed in epithelial cells of asthmatics compared to nonasthmatic normals, despite response to beta-agonist. The decreased phosphorylation does not appear to be associated with a particular beta2-adrenergic receptor haplotype. The observed decrease in VASP phosphorylation suggests greater inhibition of actin reorganization which is necessary for altering attachment and migration required during epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette T Hastie
- Department of Internal Medicine, & Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, & Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Gayle C Foster
- Department of Internal Medicine, & Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Gregory A Hawkins
- Department of Internal Medicine, & Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Vikas Batra
- Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Rosemary Cirelli
- Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James G Zangrilli
- Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen P Peters
- Department of Internal Medicine, & Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Abstract
Bronchiolitis and asthma are common wheezing illnesses of childhood. Respiratory syncytial virus is the main causative agent of Bronchiolitis. Rhinovirus is the most common trigger of exacerbations of asthma, but also has been detected increasingly in doing children with Bronchiolitis. Reportedly, childhood asthma develops in 40% of children with a history of Bronchiolitis. No convincing link has been reported between Bronchiolitis and development of atopy, although atopy generally is regarded as the main risk factor for chronic asthma. This article focuses on the association between bronchiolitis and the development of asthma. The authors address the question how respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus infections in young children, together with genetics and immunologic immaturity, may contribute to the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Finland
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17
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Dong CC, Yin XJ, Ma JYC, Millecchia L, Barger MW, Roberts JR, Zhang XD, Antonini JM, Ma JKH. Exposure of Brown Norway Rats to Diesel Exhaust Particles Prior to Ovalbumin (OVA) Sensitization Elicits IgE Adjuvant Activity but Attenuates OVA-Induced Airway Inflammation. Toxicol Sci 2005; 88:150-60. [PMID: 16120749 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) during the sensitization process has been shown to increase antigen-specific IgE production and aggravate allergic airway inflammation in human and animal models. In this study, we evaluated the effect of short-term DEP exposure on ovalbumin (OVA)-mediated responses using a post-sensitization model. Brown Norway rats were first exposed to filtered air or DEP (20.6 +/- 2.7 mg/m3) for 4 h/day for five consecutive days. One day after the final air or DEP exposure (day 1), rats were sensitized with aerosolized OVA (40.5 +/- 6.3 mg/m3), and then again on days 8 and 15, challenged with OVA on day 29, and sacrificed on days 9 or 30, 24 h after the second OVA exposure or the final OVA challenge, respectively. Control animals received aerosolized saline instead of OVA. DEP were shown to elicit an adjuvant effect on the production of antigen-specific IgE and IgG on day 30. At both time points, no significant airway inflammatory responses and lung injury were found for DEP exposure alone. However, the OVA-induced inflammatory cell infiltration, acellular lactate dehydrogenase activity and albumin content in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and numbers of T cells and their CD4+ and CD8+ subsets in lung-draining lymph nodes were markedly reduced by DEP on day 30 compared with the air-plus-OVA exposure group. The OVA-induced nitric oxide (NO) in the BAL fluid and production of NO, interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-12 by alveolar macrophages (AM) were also significantly lowered by DEP on day 30 as well as day 9. DEP or OVA alone decreased intracellular glutathione (GSH) in AM and lymphocytes on days 9 and 30. The combined DEP and OVA exposure resulted in further depletion of GSH in both cell types. These results show that short-term DEP exposure prior to sensitization had a delayed effect on enhancement of the sensitization in terms of allergen-specific IgE and IgG production, but caused an attenuation of the allergen-induced airway inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Dong
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9530, USA
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18
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Matsumoto K, Inoue H, Tsuda M, Honda Y, Kibe A, Machida K, Yoshiura Y, Nakanishi Y. Different roles of interleukin-10 in onset and resolution of asthmatic responses in allergen-challenged mice. Respirology 2005; 10:18-26. [PMID: 15691233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2005.00647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although interleukin (IL)-10 is an immunoregulatory cytokine produced by various cells including T cells, its precise role in asthma remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of IL-10 in experimental asthma using ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice. METHODOLOGY Mice were challenged with OVA aerosol, and airway responsiveness and inflammation were measured. OVA-specific IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells were counted from lung cells collected by enzymatic digestion and stimulated ex vivo with OVA. The effects of an anti-IL-10 antibody on airway responsiveness and inflammation were also evaluated. RESULTS The OVA challenge caused airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilic inflammation. A significant increase in IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells was observed, mainly in the CD45RB(low) subset, for several days after the OVA challenge. Anti-IL-10 antibody treatment before the OVA challenge did not affect eosinophilic inflammation but significantly inhibited airway hyperresponsiveness 24 h after the OVA challenge. However, anti-IL-10 antibody treatment just before the last OVA challenge significantly attenuated the resolution of eosinophilic inflammation without affecting airway responsiveness 2 weeks after the OVA challenge. CONCLUSIONS Intrinsic IL-10 may have a distinct role in the early and late phases of asthmatic responses. In the early phase, IL-10 induces airway hyperresponsiveness, while in the late phase IL-10 contributes to the resolution of eosinophilic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Schaub B, Westlake RM, He H, Arestides R, Haley KJ, Campo M, Velasco G, Bellou A, Hawgood S, Poulain FR, Perkins DL, Finn PW. Surfactant protein D deficiency influences allergic immune responses. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 34:1819-26. [PMID: 15663554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The collectin surfactant protein D (SP-D) confers protection against pulmonary infection and inflammation. Recent data suggest a role for SP-D in the modulation of allergic inflammation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to characterize the immune responses of SP-D-deficient (SP-D(-/-)) mice in a kinetic model of allergic inflammation. We determined whether allergic parameters were enhanced in SP-D(-/-) mice in vivo. Further, we examined whether functional immune responses in vitro such as lymphocyte proliferation (LP) and cytokine production were modulated in the absence of SP-D. METHODS In vivo, wild-type (WT) and SP-D(-/-) mice were sensitized and challenged with the allergen ovalbumin (OVA) and assessed for allergic parameters (bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) eosinophils, IL-13 production, pulmonary IFN-gamma, IL-10 expression) at early time points (1 and 3 days of challenge) in comparison with late time points (7 days of challenge). In vitro, spleen cells from WT and SP-D(-/-) mice were stimulated with the mitogen concanavalin A (ConA) and lipid A (LpA) and analysed for LP, IL-13 and IFN-gamma production. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), ligand for LpA, was assessed by mRNA expression and immunohistochemistry in vivo. RESULTS Following allergen exposure in vivo, SP-D(-/-) mice expressed higher BAL eosinophils and IL-13 concentrations and lower IFN-gamma expression at early time points compared with WT mice. IL-10 expression was increased at early time points in SP-D(-/-) compared with WT mice. Allergen-induced TLR4 expression was increased in WT, but not in SP-D(-/-) mice. After stimulation with LpA and ConA in vitro LP was increased and IFN-gamma concentration was decreased in SP-D(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION SP-D may be critical for the modulation of early stages of allergic inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schaub
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Heaton T, Rowe J, Turner S, Aalberse RC, de Klerk N, Suriyaarachchi D, Serralha M, Holt BJ, Hollams E, Yerkovich S, Holt K, Sly PD, Goldblatt J, Le Souef P, Holt PG. An immunoepidemiological approach to asthma: identification of in-vitro T-cell response patterns associated with different wheezing phenotypes in children. Lancet 2005; 365:142-9. [PMID: 15639296 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)17704-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that patterns of T-cell immunity to inhalant allergens in genetically diverse human populations are more heterogeneous than previously assumed, and that covert differences in expression patterns might underlie variations in airway disease phenotypes. We tested this proposition in a community sample of children. METHODS We analysed data from 172 individuals who had been recruited antenatally to a longitudinal birth cohort study. Of the 194 birth cohort participants, data from the 147 probands (age range 8.6-13.5 years) who consented to blood collection were included along with data from 25 consenting siblings (mean age 11 years [range 7.4-17.4]). We ascertained clinical phenotypes related to asthma and allergy. We measured T-cell responses to allergens and mitogens, together with blood eosinophils and IgE/IgG antibodies, and assessed associations between these indices and clinical phenotypes. FINDINGS Atopy was associated with allergen-specific T-helper (Th)2 responses dominated by interleukin 4, interleukin 5, interleukin 9, interleukin 13, whereas interleukin 10, tumour necrosis factor alpha, and interferon gamma responses were common to both atopics and non-atopics. The wheal size from skin prick with allergen was positively associated with in-vitro interleukin 5 and interferon gamma responses, and negatively associated with interleukin 10. Asthma, especially in atopics, was strongly associated with eosinophilia/interleukin 5, and bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) was associated with eosinophilia plus polyclonal interferon gamma production. BHR in non-atopics was associated with elevated allergen-specific and polyclonal interleukin 10 production. INTERPRETATION Parallel immunological and clinical profiling of children identified distinctive immune response patterns related to asthma and wheeze compared with BHR, in atopics non-atopics. Immunological hyper-responsiveness, including within the Th1 cytokine compartment, is identified as a hallmark of BHR. RELEVANCE TO PRACTICE These findings highlight the heterogeneity of immune response patterns in asthmatic children, including those with seemingly homogeneous Th2-driven atopic asthma. Further elucidation of the covert relationships between wheezing phenotypes and underlying immunophenotypes in this age group will potentially lead to more effective treatments for what is an unexpectedly heterogeneous collection of disease subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Heaton
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Robertson NM, Rosemiller M, Lindemeyer RG, Steplewski A, Zangrilli JG, Litwack G. TRAIL in the airways. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2004; 67:149-67. [PMID: 15110176 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(04)67009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an important immunomodulatory factor that may play a role in the structural changes observed in the asthmatic airways. In vitro as well as in vivo studies have evidenced a dual role for TRAIL: it can either function as a pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokine on inflammatory cells, participating in the initiation and resolution of inflammatory and immune responses. TRAIL is expressed in the airways by inflammatory cells infiltrated in the bronchial mucosa, as well as by structural cells of the airway wall including fibroblasts, epithelial, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells. By releasing TRAIL, these different cell types may then participate in the increased levels of TRAIL observed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asthmatic patients. Taken together, this suggests that TRAIL may play a role in inflammation in asthma. However, concerning its role is dual in the modulation of inflammation, further studies are needed to elucidate the precise role of TRAIL in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen M Robertson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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22
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Matsumoto K, Inoue H, Fukuyama S, Tsuda M, Ikegami T, Kibe A, Yoshiura Y, Komori M, Hamasaki N, Aizawa H, Nakanishi Y. Decrease of interleukin-10-producing T cells in the peripheral blood of severe unstable atopic asthmatics. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004; 134:295-302. [PMID: 15205561 DOI: 10.1159/000079167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Accepted: 04/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although IL-10 is known as an immunoregulatory cytokine produced by various cells including T cells, its basic profile in atopic asthma remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE The profiles of IL-10 production in circulating CD4+ T cells of atopic asthmatics were investigated with respect to clinical severity. METHODS Forty atopic asthmatics were divided into three groups: mild, and severe but stable and severe unstable asthmatics. Eosinophils were counted in the peripheral blood and sputum, and exhaled nitric oxide was assessed. PBMCs were stimulated with or without anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies and then processed for detecting IL-10-producing CD4+ cells using flow cytometry. RESULTS There was no difference in the eosinophil count in blood or sputum and in nitric oxide level among the three groups. IL-10-producing CD4+ cells were mainly detected in a CD45RO+ memory population. The frequency of IL-10-producing cells after stimulation was significantly lower in the severe unstable group compared to the mild group. In addition, the frequency of IL-10-producing cells in the severe unstable group was significantly lower than that in the severe stable group despite the fact that both groups received similar treatments with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids. The IL-10 production of CD4+CD45RO+ cells in response to dexamethasone did not differ among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS IL-10-producing CD4+CD45RO+ cells in the peripheral blood are decreased in severe unstable asthmatics, which is not explained by the effect of high-dose inhaled corticosteroid medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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23
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Robertson NM, Zangrilli JG, Steplewski A, Hastie A, Lindemeyer RG, Planeta MA, Smith MK, Innocent N, Musani A, Pascual R, Peters S, Litwack G. Differential expression of TRAIL and TRAIL receptors in allergic asthmatics following segmental antigen challenge: evidence for a role of TRAIL in eosinophil survival. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:5986-96. [PMID: 12421985 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.10.5986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic lung disease exhibiting airway obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation, characterized by the infiltration of eosinophils into the airways and the underlying tissue. Prolonged eosinophilic inflammation depends on the balance between the cell's inherent tendency to undergo apoptosis and the local eosinophil-viability enhancing activity. TRAIL, a member of the TNF family, induces apoptosis in most transformed cells; however, its role in health and disease remains unknown. To test the hypothesis that Ag-induced inflammation is associated with TRAIL/TRAIL-R interactions, we used a segmental Ag challenge (SAC) model in ragweed-allergic asthmatics and nonasthmatic patients and analyzed bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) material for 2 wk. In asthmatic patients, the level of TRAIL in BAL fluid dramatically increased 24 h after SAC, which significantly correlated with BAL eosinophil counts. Immunohistochemical analysis of bronchial biopsies from asthmatic patients demonstrated that TRAIL staining was increased in epithelial, airway smooth muscle, and vascular smooth muscle cells and throughout the interstitial tissue after SAC. This was confirmed by quantitative immunocytochemical image analysis of BAL eosinophils and alveolar macrophages, which demonstrated that expression levels of TRAIL and DcR2 increased, whereas expression levels of the TRAIL-Rs DR4 and DR5 decreased in asthmatic subjects after SAC. We also determined that TRAIL prolongs eosinophil survival ex vivo. These data provide the first in vivo evidence that TRAIL expression is increased in asthmatics following Ag provocation and suggest that modulation of TRAIL and TRAIL-R interactions may play a crucial role in promoting eosinophil survival in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen M Robertson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Jefferson Medical College, Bluemle Life Science Building, Suite 331, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Lee CG, Homer RJ, Cohn L, Link H, Jung S, Craft JE, Graham BS, Johnson TR, Elias JA. Transgenic overexpression of interleukin (IL)-10 in the lung causes mucus metaplasia, tissue inflammation, and airway remodeling via IL-13-dependent and -independent pathways. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:35466-74. [PMID: 12107190 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206395200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the complex chronic effector properties of interleukin (IL)-10, we generated transgenic mice in which IL-10 was overexpressed in the lung. In these mice, IL-10 inhibited endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis factor production and neutrophil accumulation. IL-10 also caused mucus metaplasia, B and T cell-rich inflammation, and subepithelial fibrosis and augmented the levels of mRNA encoding Gob-5, mucins, and IL-13. In mice bred to have null mutations of IL-13, IL-4R(alpha), or STAT-6, transgenic IL-10 did not induce mucus metaplasia but did induce inflammation and fibrosis. IL-10 was also a critical mucin regulator of virus-induced mucus metaplasia. Thus, IL-10, although inhibiting lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, also causes mucus metaplasia, tissue inflammation, and airway fibrosis. These responses are mediated by multiple mechanisms with mucus metaplasia being dependent on and the inflammation and fibrosis being independent of an IL-13/IL-4R(alpha)/STAT-6 activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Geun Lee
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department. of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8057, USA
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Riffo-Vasquez Y, Spina D. Role of cytokines and chemokines in bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2002; 94:185-211. [PMID: 12113798 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(02)00217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade there has been an intense interest in the potential role of cytokines and chemokines as important mediators in various atopic diseases, including asthma and the mechanisms by which these mediators regulate airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. This research effort has recently culminated in the publication of clinical studies that have assessed the role of interleukin (IL)-4 [Borish et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160, 1816-1823 (1999)], IL-5 [Leckie et al., Lancet 356, 2144-2148 (2000)], and IL-12 [Bryan et al., Lancet 356, 2149-2153 (2000)] in allergic asthma, and the results have been disappointing. This is not surprising given the pleiotropic role cytokines play in the allergic response confirmed by numerous animal studies providing evidence of functional redundancy. The alternative view is that our current concepts in asthma pathogenesis need significant revision. This review will summarise the evidence for the role of cytokines and chemokines in various aspects of asthma pathophysiology; namely, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, eosinophil recruitment to the airways, mucus secretion, and airway remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Riffo-Vasquez
- The Sacker Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, 5th Floor Hodgkin Building, GKT School of Biomedical Science, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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