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Álvarez D, Morales-Prieto DM, Cadavid ÁP. Interaction between endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles and monocytes: A potential link between vascular thrombosis and pregnancy-related morbidity in antiphospholipid syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2023; 22:103274. [PMID: 36649876 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease driven by a wide group of autoantibodies primarily directed against phospholipid-binding proteins (antiphospholipid antibodies). APS is defined by two main kinds of clinical manifestations: vascular thrombosis and pregnancy-related morbidity. In recent years, in vitro and in vivo assays, as well as the study of large groups of patients with APS, have led some authors to suggest that obstetric and vascular manifestations of the disease are probably the result of different pathogenic mechanisms. According to this hypothesis, the disease could be differentiated into two parallel entities: Vascular APS and obstetric APS. Thus, vascular APS is understood as an acquired thrombophilia in which a generalised phenomenon of endothelial activation and dysfunction (coupled with a triggering factor) causes thrombosis at any location. In contrast, obstetric APS seems to be due to an inflammatory phenomenon accompanied by trophoblast cell dysfunction. The recent approach to APS raises new issues; for instance, the mechanisms by which a single set of autoantibodies can lead to two different clinical entities are unclear. This review will address the monocyte, a cell with well-known roles in haemostasis and pregnancy, as a potential participant in vascular thrombosis and pregnancy-related morbidity in APS. We will discuss how in a steady state the monocyte-endothelial interaction occurs via extracellular vesicles (EVs), and how antiphospholipid antibodies, by inducing endothelial activation and dysfunction, may disturb this interaction to promote the release of monocyte-targeted procoagulant and inflammatory messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Álvarez
- Grupo Reproducción, Departamento Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Diana M Morales-Prieto
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Ángela P Cadavid
- Grupo Reproducción, Departamento Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación en Trombosis, Departamento Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.
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2
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Chen D, Wang W, Wu L, Liang L, Wang S, Cheng Y, Zhang T, Chai C, Luo Q, Sun C, Zhao W, Lv Z, Gao Y, Wu X, Sun N, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Chen Y, Tong J, Wang X, Bai Y, Sun C, Jin X, Niu J. Single-cell atlas of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pregnant women. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e821. [PMID: 35522918 PMCID: PMC9076016 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During pregnancy, mother–child interactions trigger a variety of subtle changes in the maternal body, which may be reflected in the status of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Although these cells are easy to access and monitor, a PBMC atlas for pregnant women has not yet been constructed. Methods We applied single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) to profile 198,356 PBMCs derived from 136 pregnant women (gestation weeks 6 to 40) and a control cohort. We also used scRNA‐seq data to establish a transcriptomic clock and thereby predicted the gestational age of normal pregnancy. Results We identified reconfiguration of the peripheral immune cell phenotype during pregnancy, including interferon‐stimulated gene upregulation, activation of RNA splicing‐related pathways and immune activity of cell subpopulations. We also developed a cell‐type‐specific model to predict gestational age of normal pregnancy. Conclusions We constructed a single‐cell atlas of PBMCs in pregnant women spanning the entire gestation period, which should help improve our understanding of PBMC composition turnover in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Linlin Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Langchao Liang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyou Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Cheng
- Jinshan Hospital Centre for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Chaochao Chai
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Chengcheng Sun
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wandong Zhao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiyuan Lv
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya Gao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Birth Defects Screening, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixuan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianing Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Jinshan Hospital Centre for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.,Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Chaoyang Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Jin
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Niu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Gomez-Lopez N, Romero R, Tao L, Gershater M, Leng Y, Zou C, Farias-Jofre M, Galaz J, Miller D, Tarca AL, Arenas-Hernandez M, Bhatti G, Garcia-Flores V, Liu Z, Para R, Kanninen T, Hadaya O, Paredes C, Xu Y. Distinct Cellular Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Pregnant Women. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1857-1872. [PMID: 35379748 PMCID: PMC9180665 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant women are at increased risk of adverse outcomes, including preeclampsia and preterm birth, that may result from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Pregnancy imprints specific maternal immune responses that can modulate host susceptibility to microbial infection; therefore, recent studies have focused on the humoral response against SARS-CoV-2 in pregnant women. However, the pregnancy-specific cellular immune responses triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection are poorly understood. In this study, we undertook an extensive in vitro investigation to determine the cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 particles and proteins/peptides in pregnant women. First, we show that SARS-CoV-2 particles do not alter the pregnancy-specific oxidative burst of neutrophils and monocytes. Yet, SARS-CoV-2 particles/proteins shift monocyte activation from the classical to intermediate states in pregnant, but not in nonpregnant, women. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 proteins, but not particles or peptide pools, mildly enhance T cell activation during pregnancy. As expected, B cell phenotypes are heavily modulated by SARS-CoV-2 particles in all women; yet, pregnancy itself further modified such responses in these adaptive immune cells. Lastly, we report that pregnancy itself governs cytokine responses in the maternal circulation, of which IFN-β and IL-8 were diminished upon SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Collectively, these findings highlight the differential in vitro responses to SARS-CoV-2 in pregnant and nonpregnant women and shed light on the immune mechanisms implicated in coronavirus disease 2019 during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI; .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI; .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.,Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI; and
| | - Li Tao
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Meyer Gershater
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Yaozhu Leng
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Chengrui Zou
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Marcelo Farias-Jofre
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Jose Galaz
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Derek Miller
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.,Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI
| | - Marcia Arenas-Hernandez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Gaurav Bhatti
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Valeria Garcia-Flores
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Zhenjie Liu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Robert Para
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Tomi Kanninen
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Ola Hadaya
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Carmen Paredes
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Yi Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
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4
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Arenas-Hernandez M, Romero R, Gershater M, Tao L, Xu Y, Garcia-Flores V, Pusod E, Miller D, Galaz J, Motomura K, Schwenkel G, Para R, Gomez-Lopez N. Specific innate immune cells uptake fetal antigen and display homeostatic phenotypes in the maternal circulation. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 111:519-538. [PMID: 34889468 PMCID: PMC8881318 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5hi0321-179rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy represents a period when the mother undergoes significant immunological changes to promote tolerance of the fetal semi-allograft. Such tolerance results from the exposure of the maternal immune system to fetal antigens (Ags), a process that has been widely investigated at the maternal-fetal interface and in the adjacent draining lymph nodes. However, the peripheral mechanisms of maternal-fetal crosstalk are poorly understood. Herein, we hypothesized that specific innate immune cells interact with fetal Ags in the maternal circulation. To test this hypothesis, a mouse model was utilized in which transgenic male mice expressing the chicken ovalbumin (OVA) Ag under the beta-actin promoter were allogeneically mated with wild-type females to allow for tracking of the fetal Ag. Fetal Ag-carrying Ly6G+ and F4/80+ cells were identified in the maternal circulation, where they were more abundant in the second half of pregnancy. Such innate immune cells displayed unique phenotypes: while Ly6G+ cells expressed high levels of MHC-II and CD80 together with low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, F4/80+ cells up-regulated the expression of CD86 as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β. In vitro studies using allogeneic GFP+ placental particles revealed that maternal peripheral Ly6G+ and F4/80+ cells phagocytose fetal Ags in mid and late murine pregnancy. Importantly, cytotrophoblast-derived particles were also engulfed in vitro by CD15+ and CD14+ cells from women in the second and third trimester, providing translational evidence that this process also occurs in humans. Collectively, this study demonstrates novel interactions between specific maternal circulating innate immune cells and fetal Ags, thereby shedding light on the systemic mechanisms of maternal-fetal crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Arenas-Hernandez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Meyer Gershater
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Li Tao
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Valeria Garcia-Flores
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Errile Pusod
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Derek Miller
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jose Galaz
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kenichiro Motomura
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - George Schwenkel
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Robert Para
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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5
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Rees A, Richards O, Chambers M, Jenkins BJ, Cronin JG, Thornton CA. Immunometabolic adaptation and immune plasticity in pregnancy and the bi-directional effects of obesity. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 208:132-146. [PMID: 35348641 PMCID: PMC9188350 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mandatory maternal metabolic and immunological changes are essential to pregnancy success. Parallel changes in metabolism and immune function make immunometabolism an attractive mechanism to enable dynamic immune adaptation during pregnancy. Immunometabolism is a burgeoning field with the underlying principle being that cellular metabolism underpins immune cell function. With whole body changes to the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein and lipids well recognised to occur in pregnancy and our growing understanding of immunometabolism as a determinant of immunoinflammatory effector responses, it would seem reasonable to expect immune plasticity during pregnancy to be linked to changes in the availability and handling of multiple nutrient energy sources by immune cells. While studies of immunometabolism in pregnancy are only just beginning, the recognised bi-directional interaction between metabolism and immune function in the metabolic disorder obesity might provide some of the earliest insights into the role of immunometabolism in immune plasticity in pregnancy. Characterised by chronic low-grade inflammation including in pregnant women, obesity is associated with numerous adverse outcomes during pregnancy and beyond for both mother and child. Concurrent changes in metabolism and immunoinflammation are consistently described but any causative link is not well established. Here we provide an overview of the metabolic and immunological changes that occur in pregnancy and how these might contribute to healthy versus adverse pregnancy outcomes with special consideration of possible interactions with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Rees
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Oliver Richards
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Megan Chambers
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Benjamin J Jenkins
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, UK
| | - James G Cronin
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Catherine A Thornton
- Corresponding author: Cathy Thornton, ILS1, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, UK.
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6
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Reiss JD, Peterson LS, Nesamoney SN, Chang AL, Pasca AM, Marić I, Shaw GM, Gaudilliere B, Wong RJ, Sylvester KG, Bonifacio SL, Aghaeepour N, Gibbs RS, Stevenson DK. Perinatal infection, inflammation, preterm birth, and brain injury: A review with proposals for future investigations. Exp Neurol 2022; 351:113988. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.113988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Shepherd R, Cheung AS, Pang K, Saffery R, Novakovic B. Sexual Dimorphism in Innate Immunity: The Role of Sex Hormones and Epigenetics. Front Immunol 2021; 11:604000. [PMID: 33584674 PMCID: PMC7873844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism refers to differences between biological sexes that extend beyond sexual characteristics. In humans, sexual dimorphism in the immune response has been well demonstrated, with females exhibiting lower infection rates than males for a variety of bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens. There is also a substantially increased incidence of autoimmune disease in females compared to males. Together, these trends indicate that females have a heightened immune reactogenicity to both self and non-self-molecular patterns. However, the molecular mechanisms driving the sexually dimorphic immune response are not fully understood. The female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, as well as the male androgens, such as testosterone, elicit direct effects on the function and inflammatory capacity of immune cells. Several studies have identified a sex-specific transcriptome and methylome, independent of the well-described phenomenon of X-chromosome inactivation, suggesting that sexual dimorphism also occurs at the epigenetic level. Moreover, distinct alterations to the transcriptome and epigenetic landscape occur in synchrony with periods of hormonal change, such as puberty, pregnancy, menopause, and exogenous hormone therapy. These changes are also mirrored by changes in immune cell function. This review will outline the evidence for sex hormones and pregnancy-associated hormones as drivers of epigenetic change, and how this may contribute to the sexual dimorphism. Determining the effects of sex hormones on innate immune function is important for understanding sexually dimorphic autoimmune diseases, sex-specific responses to pathogens and vaccines, and how innate immunity is altered during periods of hormonal change (endogenous or exogenous).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Shepherd
- Epigenetics Group, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ada S. Cheung
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Ken Pang
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Brain and Mitochondrial Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Adolescent Medicine, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Saffery
- Epigenetics Group, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Boris Novakovic
- Epigenetics Group, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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8
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Abu-Raya B, Michalski C, Sadarangani M, Lavoie PM. Maternal Immunological Adaptation During Normal Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:575197. [PMID: 33133091 PMCID: PMC7579415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk and severity of specific infections are increased during pregnancy due to a combination of physiological and immunological changes. Characterizing the maternal immune system during pregnancy is important to understand how the maternal immune system maintains tolerance towards the allogeneic fetus. This may also inform strategies to prevent maternal fatalities due to infections and optimize maternal vaccination to best protect the mother-fetus dyad and the infant after birth. In this review, we describe what is known about the immunological changes that occur during a normal pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa Abu-Raya
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christina Michalski
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pascal M Lavoie
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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9
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Extracellular vesicles: Mediators of embryo-maternal crosstalk during pregnancy and a new weapon to fight against infertility. Eur J Cell Biol 2020; 99:151125. [PMID: 33059931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2020.151125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In modern-day life, infertility is one of the major issues that can affect an individual, both physically and psychologically. Several anatomical, physiological, and genetic factors might contribute to the infertility of an individual. Intercellular communication between trophectoderm and endometrial epithelium triggers successful embryo implantation and thereby establishes pregnancy. Recent studies demonstrate that Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as one of the crucial components that are involved in embryo-maternal communication and promote pregnancy. Membrane-bound EVs release several secreted factors within the uterine fluid, which mediates an intermolecular transfer of EVs' cargos between blastocysts and endometrium. Emerging evidences indicate that several events like imbalance in the release of endometrial or placenta-derived EVs (exosomes/MVs), uptake of their content, failure of embryo selection might lead to implantation failure. Here in this review, we have discussed the current knowledge of the involvement of EVs in maternal-fetal communications during implantation and also highlighted the EVs' rejuvenating ability to overcome infertility-related issues. We also discussed the alteration of the EVs' cargo in different pathological conditions that lead to infertility. Therefore, this review would give a better understanding of EVs' contribution in successful embryo implantation, which could help in the development of new diagnostic tools and cell-free biologics to improve the in vivo reproductive process and to treat infertility by restoring normal reproductive functions.
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10
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Stojanovska V, Zenclussen AC. Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in HELLP Syndrome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:667. [PMID: 32351511 PMCID: PMC7174768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune involvement in hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet (HELLP) syndrome is an understudied field, although it is of high clinical importance. This syndrome implies a risk of serious morbidity and mortality to both the mother and the fetus during pregnancy. It was proposed that HELLP syndrome occurs in a circulatory inflammatory milieu, that might in turn participate in a complex interplay between the secreted inflammatory immunomodulators and immune cell surface receptors. Meanwhile, reported immune cell attenuation during HELLP may consequently lead to a prolonged immunoactivation and tissue damage. In this regard, learning more about the immune components of this syndrome should widen the understanding of the HELLP pathophysiology and eventually enable development of novel immune-based therapeutics. This review aims to summarize and discuss the recent and previous findings of the innate and adaptive immune responses during HELLP in order to update the current knowledge of the immune involvement in HELLP pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Stojanovska
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ana Claudia Zenclussen
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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11
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Faas MM, Liu Y, Borghuis T, van Loo-Bouwman CA, Harmsen H, de Vos P. Microbiota Induced Changes in the Immune Response in Pregnant Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2976. [PMID: 31998293 PMCID: PMC6962187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is associated with adaptations of the immune response and with changes in the gutmicrobiota. We hypothesized the gut microbiota are involved in inducing (part of) the immunological adaptations during pregnancy. To test this hypothesis, we collected feces from pregnant conventional mice before and during pregnancy (days 7, 14, and 18) and microbiota were measured using 16S RNA sequencing. At day 18, mice were sacrificed and splenic (various Th cell populations) and blood immune cells (monocyte subsets) were measured by flow cytometry. The data were compared with splenic and blood immune cell populations from pregnant (day 18) germfree mice and non-pregnant conventional and germfree mice. Finally, the abundances of the individual gut bacteria in the microbiota of each conventional pregnant mouse were correlated to the parameters of the immune response of the same mouse. The microbiota of conventional mice were significantly different at the end of pregnancy (day 18) as compared with pre-pregnancy (Permanova, p < 0.05). The Shannon index was decreased and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was increased (Friedman followed by Dunn's test, p < 0.05), while abundances of various species (such as Allobaculum stercoricanis, Barnesiella intestihominis, and Roseburia faecis) were significantly different at day 18 compared with pre-pregnancy. In pregnant conventional mice, the percentage of Th1 cells was decreased, while the percentages of Treg cells and Th2 cells were or tended to be increased vs. non-pregnant mice. In germfree mice, only the percentage of Th1 cells was decreased in pregnant vs. non-pregnant mice, with no effect of pregnancy on Treg and Th2 cells. The percentages of monocyte subsets were affected by pregnancy similarly in conventional and germfree mice. However, the activation status of monocytes (expression of CD80 and MHCII) was affected by pregnancy mainly in conventional mice, and not in germfree mice. Correlation (Spearman's coefficient) of pregnancy affected microbiota with pregnancy affected immune cells, i.e., immune cells that were only affected differently in conventional mice and germfree mice, showed 4 clusters of bacteria and 4 clusters of immune cells, some of these clusters were correlated with each other. For instance, the microbiota in cluster 1 and 2 (in which there were various short chain fatty acid producing microbiota) are positively correlated with immune cells in cluster B, containing Treg cells and Th2 cells. Microbiota and immune cells are affected by pregnancy in mice. The different immunological adaptations to pregnancy between conventional and germfree mice, such as the increase in Treg and tendency to an increase in Th2 cells in conventional pregnant mice only, may suggest that the microbiota may play a role in adapting the maternal immune response to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke M Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Yuanrui Liu
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Theo Borghuis
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Hermie Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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12
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Groen B, Links TP, van den Berg PP, de Vos P, Faas MM. The role of autoimmunity in women with type 1 diabetes and adverse pregnancy outcome: A missing link. Immunobiology 2019; 224:334-338. [PMID: 30819511 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of pregnancy complications in women with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D) is greater than in healthy pregnant women. This has mostly been attributed to hyperglycemia. However, despite the implementation of stricter guidelines regarding glycemic control, pregnancy complications remain more common in women with T1D. This may suggest that other etiological factors are involved. We suggest that the immune response may play a role, since the immune response has to adapt during pregnancy in order to facilitate implantation, placental and fetal development, and aberrant immunological adaptations to pregnancy are involved in various pregnancy complications. Since T1D is an autoimmune disorder, the question rises whether the immune response of women with T1D is able to adapt properly during pregnancy. Here we review the current proof and views on the role of aberrant immunological adaptations in pregnancy complications and whether such aberrant adaptations could be involved in the pregnancy complications of T1D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Groen
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - T P Links
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - P P van den Berg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - P de Vos
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Div. of Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M M Faas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Div. of Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
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13
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Ziegler SM, Feldmann CN, Hagen SH, Richert L, Barkhausen T, Goletzke J, Jazbutyte V, Martrus G, Salzberger W, Renné T, Hecher K, Diemert A, Arck PC, Altfeld M. Innate immune responses to toll-like receptor stimulation are altered during the course of pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 2018; 128:30-37. [PMID: 29886307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy the maternal immune system has to develop tolerance towards the developing fetus. These changes in maternal immunity can result in increased severity of certain infections, but also in amelioration of autoimmune diseases. Pregnancy-related hormones have been suggested to play a central role in the adaptation of the maternal immune system, but their specific effects on innate immune function is not well understood. In a longitudinal study of pregnant women, we investigated innate immune cell function in response to toll-like receptors (TLR) 4 and 7 stimulation, two TLR pathways playing a critical role in early innate immune recognition of bacteria and viruses. IFNα production by TLR7-stimulated pDCs was decreased in early pregnancy, and increased towards the end of pregnancy. In contrast, pro-inflammatory TLR4-induced TNFα production by monocytes was increased during early pregnancy, but declined after the first trimester. Changes in cytokine production were associated with changes in pregnancy-related hormones and monocyte subpopulations over the course of pregnancy. These data demonstrating a significant association between pregnancy-related hormones and modulation of innate immune responses mediated by TLRs provide novel insights into the immunological adaptations occurring during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Maria Ziegler
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Cai Niklaas Feldmann
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Sven Hendrik Hagen
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Laura Richert
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, F-94010, France; Université Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219, Inria, SISTM, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, pôle de santé publique, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tanja Barkhausen
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Janina Goletzke
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Virginija Jazbutyte
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Gloria Martrus
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Salzberger
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna (L1:00), SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kurt Hecher
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Anke Diemert
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Petra Clara Arck
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, 20251, Germany.
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14
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Newell LF, Holtan SG, Yates JE, Pereira L, Tyner JW, Burd I, Bagby GC. PlGF enhances TLR-dependent inflammatory responses in human mononuclear phagocytes. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28635072 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Levels of placental growth factor (PlGF) peak during third trimester of pregnancy, a time when women are at increased risk of virus-induced morbidity. We hypothesized PlGF might contribute to an exaggerated inflammatory response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. METHOD OF STUDY Primary human adult and cord blood CD14+ cells were cultured in the presence of TLR ligands and/or PlGF. RESULTS PlGF significantly enhanced the magnitude and duration of TNF messenger RNA and protein production by TLR-7/8-activated monocytes, and increased subsequent production of TNF-independent inflammatory cytokines. This PlGF/TLR effect involved multiple inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and was seen with the majority of TLR agonists. PlGF enhanced phosphorylation of IkappaB kinase (IKK) in monocytes stimulated with the TLR-7/8 agonist R848, and IKK inhibition completely suppressed the PlGF effect. CONCLUSION PlGF enhances TLR-signaling upstream of IKK and contributes to an exaggerated pathologic pro-inflammatory state in response to activation of maternal and fetal mononuclear phagocytes by specific TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Newell
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shernan G Holtan
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jane E Yates
- Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Leonardo Pereira
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Tyner
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Cell, Development, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Irina Burd
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Grover C Bagby
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA.,Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, OR, USA
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15
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Göhner C, Plösch T, Faas MM. Immune-modulatory effects of syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles in pregnancy and preeclampsia. Placenta 2017. [PMID: 28647398 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Unique immunologic adaptations exist to successfully establish and maintain pregnancy and to avoid an immune attack against the semi allogenic fetus. These adaptations occur both locally at the maternofetal interface and in the peripheral circulation and affect the innate as well as the adaptive immune system. Pregnancy is characterized by a general inflammatory state with activation of monocytes and granulocytes, but also with suppressive lymphocytes (regulatory T cells), and skewing towards T helper 2 immunity. The pregnancy complication preeclampsia is associated with an exaggerated inflammatory state and predominance of T helper 1 and 17 immunity. The syncytiotrophoblast has been found to secrete extracellular vesicles as communication factors into the maternal circulation. Syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles from normal pregnancy have been shown to interact with monocytes, granulocytes, T cells and natural killer cells and influence the function of these cells. In doing so, they may support the inflammatory state of normal pregnancy as well as the suppressive lymphocyte phenotype. During preeclampsia, syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles are not only increased in numbers but also showed an altered molecular load. Based on data from in vitro studies, it can be suggested that syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles from preeclamptic pregnancies may support the exaggerated inflammatory state during preeclampsia. In this review, we discuss the immunological functions of syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles and their involvement in adapting the maternal peripheral immunological adaptations to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Göhner
- Placenta-Labor, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Bachstraße 18, 07743 Jena, Germany; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Faas MM, de Vos P. Maternal monocytes in pregnancy and preeclampsia in humans and in rats. J Reprod Immunol 2016; 119:91-97. [PMID: 27396500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are short-lived cells, arising from the bone marrow and maturing in the circulation. They play an important role in immune responses and are thought to be important for healthy pregnancy. In humans, 3 subpopulations of monocytes have been identified: classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes. These subpopulations have different functions and phenotypical characteristics. Healthy pregnancy is characterized by a pro-inflammatory condition, with increased numbers of monocytes and monocyte activation as well as with increased numbers of intermediate monocytes and decreased numbers of classical monocytes. This may suggest monocyte maturation. Preeclampsia is an important pregnancy complication characterized by hypertension and proteinuria developing in the second half of pregnancy. The pathophysiology of preeclampsia is associated with further activation of the inflammatory response, further activation of monocytes and further monocyte maturation. In the present review we focus on the role of monocyte activation and maturation in healthy and preeclamptic pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Faas
- Section of Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - P de Vos
- Section of Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Faas MM, Spaans F, De Vos P. Monocytes and macrophages in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Front Immunol 2014; 5:298. [PMID: 25071761 PMCID: PMC4074993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is an important complication in pregnancy, characterized by hypertension and proteinuria in the second half of pregnancy. Generalized activation of the inflammatory response is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. Monocytes may play a central role in this inflammatory response. Monocytes are short lived cells that mature in the circulation and invade into tissues upon an inflammatory stimulus and develop into macrophages. Macrophages are abundantly present in the endometrium and play a role in implantation and placentation in normal pregnancy. In pre-eclampsia, these macrophages appear to be present in larger numbers and are also activated. In the present review, we focused on the role of monocytes and macrophages in the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke M Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Floor Spaans
- Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Paul De Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
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18
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González F, Kirwan JP, Rote NS, Minium J, O'Leary VB. Glucose and lipopolysaccharide regulate proatherogenic cytokine release from mononuclear cells in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Reprod Immunol 2014; 103:38-44. [PMID: 24576416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have chronic low-grade inflammation, which can increase the risk of atherogenesis. We examined the effect of glucose ingestion and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on markers of proatherogenic inflammation in the mononuclear cells (MNC) and plasma of women with PCOS. Sixteen women with PCOS (8 lean, 8 obese) and 15 weight-matched controls (8 lean, 7 obese) underwent a 3-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) release from MNC cultured in the presence of LPS and plasma IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) were measured from blood samples drawn while fasting and 2h after glucose ingestion. Truncal fat was measured by dual-energy absorptiometry (DEXA). Lean women with PCOS and obese controls failed to suppress LPS-stimulated IL-6 and IL-1β release from MNC after glucose ingestion. In contrast, obese women with PCOS suppressed these MNC-derived cytokines under the same conditions. In response to glucose ingestion, plasma IL-6 and sVCAM-1 increased and CRP suppression was attenuated in both PCOS groups and obese controls compared with lean controls. Fasting plasma IL-6 and CRP correlated positively with percentage of truncal fat. The absolute change in plasma IL-6 correlated positively with testosterone. We conclude that glucose ingestion promotes proatherogenic inflammation in PCOS with a systemic response that is independent of obesity. Based on the suppressed MNC-derived cytokine responses suggestive of LPS tolerance, chronic low-grade inflammation may be more profound in obese women with PCOS. Excess abdominal adiposity and hyperandrogenism may contribute to atherogenesis in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank González
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - John P Kirwan
- Departments of Gastroenterology/Hepatology and PathoBiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Neal S Rote
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Judi Minium
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Valerie B O'Leary
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
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19
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Faas MM, Kunnen A, Dekker DC, Harmsen HJM, Aarnoudse JG, Abbas F, De Vos P, Van Pampus MG. Porphyromonas Gingivalis and E-coli induce different cytokine production patterns in pregnant women. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86355. [PMID: 24466049 PMCID: PMC3899230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Pregnant individuals of many species, including humans, are more sensitive to various bacteria or their products as compared with non-pregnant individuals. Pregnant individuals also respond differently to different bacteria or their products. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated whether the increased sensitivity of pregnant women to bacterial products and their heterogeneous response to different bacteria was associated with differences in whole blood cytokine production upon stimulation with bacteria or their products. Methods Blood samples were taken from healthy pregnant and age-matched non-pregnant women and ex vivo stimulated with bacteria or LPS from Porphyromonas Gingivalis (Pg) or E-coli for 24 hrs. TNFα, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-10 were measured using a multiplex Luminex system. Results We observed a generally lower cytokine production after stimulation with Pg bacteria or it’s LPS as compared with E-coli bacteria. However, there was also an effect of pregnancy upon cytokine production: in pregnant women the production of IL-6 upon Pg stimulation was decreased as compared with non-pregnant women. After stimulation with E-coli, the production of IL-12 and TNFα was decreased in pregnant women as compared with non-pregnant women. Conclusion Our results showed that cytokine production upon bacterial stimulation of whole blood differed between pregnant and non-pregnant women, showing that the increased sensitivity of pregnant women may be due to differences in cytokine production. Moreover, pregnancy also affected whole blood cytokine production upon Pg or E-coli stimulation differently. Thus, the different responses of pregnant women to different bacteria or their products may result from variations in cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke M. Faas
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Alina Kunnen
- Department of Periodontology, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- School of Health Care Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne C. Dekker
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hermie J. M. Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan G. Aarnoudse
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Abbas
- Department of Periodontology, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul De Vos
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria G. Van Pampus
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Svensson-Arvelund J, Ernerudh J, Buse E, Cline JM, Haeger JD, Dixon D, Markert UR, Pfarrer C, Vos PD, Faas MM. The Placenta in Toxicology. Part II. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:327-38. [PMID: 23531796 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313482205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, the maternal immune system is challenged by the semiallogeneic fetus, which must be tolerated without compromising fetal or maternal health. This review updates the systemic and local immune changes taking place during human pregnancy, including some examples in rodents. Systemic changes are induced by contact of maternal blood with placental factors and include enhanced innate immunity with increased activation of granulocytes and nonclassical monocytes. Although a bias toward T helper (Th2) and regulatory T cell (Treg) immunity has been associated with healthy pregnancy, the relationship between different circulating Th cell subsets is not straightforward. Instead, these adaptations appear most evidently at the fetal–maternal interface, where for instance Tregs are enriched and promote fetal tolerance. Also innate immune cells, that is, natural killer cells and macrophages, are enriched, constituting the majority of decidual leukocytes. These cells not only contribute to immune regulation but also aid in establishing the placenta by promoting trophoblast recruitment and angiogenesis. Thus, proper interaction between leukocytes and placental trophoblasts is necessary for normal placentation and immune adaptation. Consequently, spontaneous maladaptation or interference of the immune system with toxic substances may be important contributing factors for the development of pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, preterm labor, and recurrent miscarriages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Svensson-Arvelund
- Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Jan Ernerudh
- Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden
| | | | - J. Mark Cline
- Department of Pathology/Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jan-Dirk Haeger
- Department of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Darlene Dixon
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program (NTP), Molecular Pathogenesis, NTP Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Udo R. Markert
- Placenta-Labor, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christiane Pfarrer
- Department of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul De Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke M. Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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The expression of pentraxin 3 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha is increased in preeclamptic placental tissue and maternal serum. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:1005-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Holder BS, Tower CL, Jones CJP, Aplin JD, Abrahams VM. Heightened pro-inflammatory effect of preeclamptic placental microvesicles on peripheral blood immune cells in humans. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:103. [PMID: 22205696 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.097014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal pregnancy is associated with the presence of circulating placental microvesicles (MVs). Increased MV shedding and altered immune activation are seen in patients with preeclampsia, suggesting that placental MVs may play a role in the pathophysiology of this disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by MVs shed by first-trimester, normal term, and preeclamptic term placenta. First-trimester and preeclamptic term, but not normal term, placental-derived MVs activated PBMCs, as evidenced by elevated IL1B. Significant changes were also seen with several other cytokines and chemokines, and in general when compared to normal term MVs, preeclamptic MVs induced a greater pro-inflammatory response in PBMCs. Pretreatment of PBMCs with first-trimester or normal term placental MVs resulted in a dampened IL1B response to a subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. In contrast, treatment of PBMCs with preeclamptic term placental MVs exacerbated the LPS response. This was also the case for several other cytokines and chemokines. These studies suggest that placental MVs can modulate basal peripheral immune cell activation and responsiveness to LPS during normal pregnancy, and that in preeclampsia this effect is exacerbated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth S Holder
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Group, University of Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
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de Haan BJ, Rossi A, Faas MM, Smelt MJ, Sonvico F, Colombo P, de Vos P. Structural surface changes and inflammatory responses against alginate-based microcapsules after exposure to human peritoneal fluid. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 98:394-403. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Herberts C, Melgert B, van der Laan JW, Faas M. New adjuvanted vaccines in pregnancy: what is known about their safety? Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 9:1411-22. [PMID: 21105777 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recent introduction of oil-in-water emulsions as adjuvants in several pandemic vaccines, such as the H1N1 vaccine, has challenged regulatory authorities to establish their safety in the general population, as well as in specific populations. Pregnant women were advised to be a target group for H1N1 vaccination owing to the risk of this group developing serious complications with this infection. However, the addition of adjuvants to the H1N1 vaccine has initiated a discussion on the safety of adjuvanted vaccines in this special population. Changes in the maternal immune system are essential for acceptance of the fetus and for development of the placenta. The potential effects on pregnancy of interfering with this uniquely adapted immune balance through the induction of proinflammatory reactions such as those induced by adjuvanted vaccines have only been studied rarely. Here, we review the available information and discuss how vaccination may interfere with pregnancy, fetal development and pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Herberts
- Centre for Biological Medicines and Medical Technology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Kunnen A, Van Doormaal JJ, Abbas F, Aarnoudse JG, Van Pampus MG, Faas MM. Review Article: Periodontal disease and pre-eclampsia: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:1075-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Faas MM, van Pampus MG, Anninga ZA, Salomons J, Westra IM, Donker RB, Aarnoudse JG, de Vos P. Plasma from preeclamptic women activates endothelial cells via monocyte activation in vitro. J Reprod Immunol 2010; 87:28-38. [PMID: 20970197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study we tested whether plasma from preeclamptic women contains factors that can activate endothelial cells in the presence of monocytes in vitro. Plasma from preeclamptic women (n=6), healthy pregnant women (n=6) and nonpregnant women (n=6) was incubated with mono-cultures and co-cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and monomac-6 monocytes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ICAM-1 expression were measured using flow cytometry. Whether scavenging of ROS by superoxide dismutase and catalase inhibited HUVEC ICAM-1 expression was also investigated. We found that in HUVEC co-cultured with monomac-6 cells but not in HUVEC cultured alone, ICAM-1 was upregulated after incubation with plasma from preeclamptic women but not plasma from non-pregnant women. Also in co-cultures, monomac-6 ICAM-1 was upregulated by plasma from preeclamptic women, while in both mono- and co-cultures monomac-6 ROS production was upregulated by plasma from pregnant and preeclamptic women, compared with plasma from non-pregnant women. Scavenging of ROS by superoxide dismutase and catalase resulted in a further upregulation of HUVEC ICAM-1 after incubation with plasma from preeclamptic women, compared with incubation without superoxide dismutase and catalase. These results show that endothelial cells in vitro are activated by plasma of preeclamptic women only if they are co-cultured with monocytes. This upregulation appeared not to be due to extracellular ROS production by monocytes or HUVEC, pointing to involvement of other mechanisms. Our data suggest that plasma of preeclamptic women activates monocytes, and that these monocytes subsequently activate endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke M Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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González DA, Díaz BB, Rodríguez Pérez MDC, Hernández AG, Chico BND, de León AC. Sex hormones and autoimmunity. Immunol Lett 2010; 133:6-13. [PMID: 20637236 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases occur more in women than in men, and this may be attributable to the role of estrogens. Androgens promote autoimmune diseases with a profile of type 1 cytokines, such as rheumatoid arthritis, whereas estrogens promote autoimmune diseases with a type 2 cytokine profile, like systemic lupus erythematosus. Both androgens and estrogens regulate the Th1/Th2 balance. Type 1 autoimmune diseases are improved when decrease type 1 cytokines (i.e. during fasting), or when there is a rise in type 2 cytokines (increased estrogens, as in pregnancy). Type 2 autoimmune diseases improve when type 2 cytokines are diminished (decreased estrogen, as in post-partum period) or when type 1 response is stimulated.
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Faas MM, van der Schaaf G, Borghuis T, Jongman RM, van Pampus MG, de Vos P, van Goor H, Bakker WW. Extracellular ATP induces albuminuria in pregnant rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25:2468-78. [PMID: 20223894 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As circulating plasma ATP concentrations are increased in pre-eclampsia, we tested whether increased plasma ATP is able to induce albuminuria during pregnancy. METHODS Pregnant (day 14) and non-pregnant rats were infused with ATP (3000 microg/kg bw) via a permanent jugular vein cannula. Albuminuria was determined, and blood samples were taken for leukocyte counts, plasma ATP and plasma haemopexin activity. At Day 20 of pregnancy, rats were sacrificed, fetuses and placentas weighed and kidney and placental tissue were snap frozen for immunohistology. RESULTS ATP infusion induced albuminuria exclusively in pregnant rats, together with increased neutrophil counts, decreased staining for glomerular sialoglycoproteins and CD39 expression, significant intraglomerular monocyte infiltration and increased glomerular intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression. Plasma haemopexin activity was increased in saline-infused pregnant rats as compared to non-pregnant rats but was inhibited in pregnant ATP-infused rats (to non-pregnant levels). At the end of pregnancy (Day 20), increased plasma ATP level was exclusively seen in ATP-infused pregnant rats. In pregnant rats as compared with non-pregnant rats, we found decreased expression of glomerular AT-1 receptors, which was increased after ATP infusion exclusively in pregnant animals. CONCLUSION The present study shows that ATP infusion induced a pro-inflammatory response leading to glomerular albuminuria exclusively in the pregnant rat. Why extracellular ATP showed this pro-inflammatory response exclusively in the pregnant condition is unclear but is probably related with relatively enhanced non-specific immunity and inflammatory reactions characteristic for the pregnant condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke M Faas
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Lok CAR, Jebbink J, Nieuwland R, Faas MM, Boer K, Sturk A, Van Der Post JAM. Leukocyte activation and circulating leukocyte-derived microparticles in preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009; 61:346-59. [PMID: 19341385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2009.00701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Preeclampsia shows characteristics of an inflammatory disease including leukocyte activation. Analyses of leukocyte-derived microparticles (MP) and mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes in leukocytes may establish which subgroups of leukocytes contribute to the development of preeclampsia. METHOD OF STUDY Blood samples were obtained from preeclamptic patients, normotensive pregnant and non-pregnant controls. sL-selectin and elastase were measured by ELISA. mRNA was isolated from leukocytes and gene expression was determined by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). MP were characterized by flow cytometry. RESULTS Altered concentrations of sL-selectin and elastase confirmed leukocyte activation in preeclampsia. These leukocytes showed up-regulation of Nuclear Factor of Kappa light chain gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor (NFkappaB-1A) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKN)-1A compared with normotensive pregnant women. Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (IL-1RA) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-R1 were increased compared with those in non-pregnant controls. Monocyte-derived MP were elevated in preeclamptic patients compared with pregnant women. The numbers of cytotoxic T-cell-derived and granulocyte-derived MP were elevated compared with those of non-pregnant women. CONCLUSION Leukocytes are activated in preeclampsia. A pro-inflammatory gene expression profile is not prominent, although differences in mRNA expression can be detected. Increased levels of particular subsets of leukocyte-derived MP reflect activation of their parental cells in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne A R Lok
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Corwin EJ, Johnston N, Pugh L. Symptoms of postpartum depression associated with elevated levels of interleukin-1 beta during the first month postpartum. Biol Res Nurs 2008; 10:128-33. [PMID: 18829596 DOI: 10.1177/1099800408323220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a devastating disorder that may carry lifetime consequences. Although several psychosocial risks for PPD have been identified, biological contributors are unclear. Elevated inflammatory cytokines contribute to depression in nonpregnant, nonpostpartum populations; yet, their role in PPD has been minimally studied. The objective of this study is to determine whether inflammatory cytokines early in the postpartum period contribute to the development of PPD. Women were recruited within 24 hr of delivery, and 26 provided urine for analysis of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) on postpartum days 7, 14, and 28. Participants completed a depression symptom survey (Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CES-D) on Day 28. An increase in IL-1beta was seen on Day 14 in women with symptoms of depression (CES-D > or = 11) on Day 28 compared to levels in women without depressive symptoms (F = 4.50, p = .045). These preliminary findings suggest elevated IL-1beta early in the postpartum period may increase the risk of PPD. Further studies involving a larger sample of women, including those clinically diagnosed with PPD, are required.
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van Nieuwenhoven ALV, Moes H, Heineman MJ, Santema J, Faas MM. Cytokine production by monocytes, NK cells, and lymphocytes is different in preeclamptic patients as compared with normal pregnant women. Hypertens Pregnancy 2008; 27:207-24. [PMID: 18696350 DOI: 10.1080/10641950701885006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure cytokine production in ex vivo stimulated leukocyte populations of women with normal pregnancy and those with preeclampsia. METHODS Whole blood from preeclamptic and normal pregnant women was stimulated with LPS or PMA/Ca-ionophore. The percentages of IFN gamma and IL-2, 4, and 10 producing lymphocytes and NK cells and the percentages of TNFalpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-12 producing monocytes were measured by flowcytometry. RESULTS In women with preeclampsia, there was a significantly increased percentage IL-4 producing cytotoxic T cells. Also, a significant decreased percentage IL-2 producing T helper cells and IL-12 producing monocytes was seen as compared with normal pregnancy. CONCLUSION Th1 cytokine production of lymphocytes and monocytes appears to be decreased in our group of preeclamptic patients compared with normal pregnant women.
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Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a potentially debilitating disorder that develops in a significant percentage of women during the first year after giving birth. Women afflicted with PPD experience long-term consequences, including sadness, guilt, and despair. Offspring may be affected as well. Several investigators have tested psychosocial risk factors for the development of PPD; however, substantial amounts of variance in PPD have gone unexplained with regression on psychosocial variables alone. Likewise, interventions for PPD that have focused on psychosocial risk factors alone have been largely unsuccessful. The unexplained variance and disappointing treatment success could well be due to investigators' failure to address relevant biological changes occurring during the postpartum period. Two biological systems that are affected significantly and remain in flux during the postpartum period are the innate immune system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Bidirectional interactions between these two systems are well established, and it is generally acknowledged that dysfunction in either system can lead to depression in nonpregnant, nonpostpartum populations. To date, little research has pursued the contribution of these interacting systems to the development of PPD. The purpose of this paper is to review the psychoneuroimmunology of PPD. The central hypothesis presented is that dysregulation in either system individually or in their bidirectional interaction is associated with the development of PPD.
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Faas MM, Donker RB, van Pampus MG, Huls AMF, Salomons J, de Vos P, Aarnoudse JG. Plasma of pregnant and preeclamptic women activates monocytes in vitro. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199:84.e1-8. [PMID: 18295170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that factors circulating in the plasma of pregnant women and women with preeclampsia activate monocytes. STUDY DESIGN Blood samples were taken from patients with early-onset severe preeclampsia (n = 9), healthy pregnant women (n = 9), and healthy nonpregnant women (n = 9). A monocytic cell line was incubated with the plasma for 4, 16, and 24 hours. After the incubation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression (protein and messenger ribonucleic acid) were measured. RESULTS Plasma of both pregnant women and women with preeclampsia, as compared with plasma from nonpregnant women, increased the mean channel brightness (MCB) of ROS after 4 hours of incubation, whereas only plasma of pregnant women increased the percentage of cells producing ROS (after 4 and 24 hours of incubation). Plasma of pregnant women and women with preeclampsia up-regulated the percentage of ICAM-1-expressing cells after 4 hours and down-regulated the percentage of ICAM-1-expressing cells and MCB after 24 hours. CONCLUSION Plasma of both pregnant women and women with preeclampsia activated monocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Faas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Transplantation Biology and Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Immune system perturbations are involved in pre-eclampsia pathophysiology. We hypothesised that immunomodulating substances, such as mycotoxins, endotoxins or pesticides, affect pre-eclampsia risk. Associations between indicators of immunomodulating exposures in agriculture and pre-eclampsia are reported. In a Norwegian family cohort based on participants in agricultural censuses conducted by Statistics Norway 1969-89, 183 313 pregnancies to farmers were identified in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Cases notified as pre-eclampsia as well as pregnancies indicated by hypertension in combination with proteinuria were included. Data on farm production and meteorologically based fungal forecasts 1973-90 (a marker of temperate and humid climatic conditions known to favour fungal growth and mycotoxin formation in grain) were obtained and allocated to each farm. Pre-eclampsia prevalence rates were studied in strata of exposure indicators using Poisson regression models. Adjusted rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals [CI] were computed. We identified 4912 cases, equivalent to 26.8 pre-eclampsia cases per 1000 pregnancies [95% CI 26.1, 27.6]. Pre-eclampsia showed moderate associations with animal farming, RR 1.14, [95% CI 1.07, 1.22] and moderate negative associations with grain production, RR 0.93, [95% CI 0.86, 1.01], and two or more fungal forecasts appearing in any year 1973-90, RR 0.90 [95% CI 0.84, 0.97], using no years with two or more forecasts as reference. Exposure to immunomodulating substances as indicated by grain farming, animal farming and fungal warnings could possibly have moderate effects on pre-eclampsia risk, thus supporting the study hypothesis. The use of exposure indicators as surrogates for real exposures may introduce a non-differential misclassification of the exposure that would attenuate any true exposure-outcome association. The use of exposure proxies warrants that inferences from the study should be made with caution.
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Drohan L, Harding JJ, Holm B, Cordoba-Tongson E, Dekker CL, Holmes T, Maecker H, Mellins ED. Selective developmental defects of cord blood antigen-presenting cell subsets. Hum Immunol 2005; 65:1356-69. [PMID: 15556686 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Revised: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Defective antigen-presenting cell (APC) function has been hypothesized to contribute to increased infection susceptibility in newborns. We used multiparameter flow cytometry to characterize APC subsets in adult peripheral blood (APB) and cord blood (CB). APB had a higher proportion of CD11c+ dendritic cells (DC), whereas CB mainly contained CD123+ DC. APB was enriched in CD16+CD11c+ DC subset, whereas CD34+CD11c-CD123lo cells were prominent in CB. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production was dampened in myeloid DC and monocytes from CB, whereas IL-1alpha production was not different. The reduction in TNF-alpha response did not appear to result from reduced surface detection of LPS, because CD14, toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and TLR-2 levels were not reduced in CB APC compared with APB cells. Also, there was no correlation between TLR-2 or TLR-4 levels and TNF-alpha production in myeloid DC and monocytes. CB monocytes had lower surface HLA-DR immediately ex vivo. Both APB and CB monocytes upregulated HLA-DR after incubation, but an additional LPS-induced increase in HLA-DR was suggested only in APB monocytes. APB monocytes also showed a greater LPS-induced increase in CD40 expression. Together, our data show significant, selective differences in circulating APC between neonates and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Drohan
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5164, USA
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Abstract
In addition to their effects on sexual differentiation and reproduction, sex hormones appear to influence the immune system. This results in a sexual dimorphism in the immune response in humans: for instance, females produce more vigorous cellular and more vigorous humoral immune reactions, are more resistant to certain infections, and suffer a higher incidence of autoimmune diseases. Disease expression is also affected by the reproductive status of the female. As sex steroids--estrogens, progesterone and testosterone--differ between gender and within different reproductive stages, a lot of research has focussed on the effects of sex hormones on immune responses. Although there is also a vast literature on the effects of sex hormones on immune responses in animals, in this review we will focus on the most intriguing effects and mechanisms by which sex hormones affect different components of the immune system in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annechien Bouman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands
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Luppi P. In response to Faas et al. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 75:155-156. [PMID: 29350817 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1103559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2003] [Accepted: 11/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Luppi
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
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Faas MM, Moes H, de Vos P. Monocyte cytokine production during pregnancy. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 75:153-4; author reply 155-6. [PMID: 14694184 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0903419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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