1
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Poater J, Viñas C, Escayola S, Solà M, Teixidor F. Pioneering the Power of Twin Bonds in a Revolutionary Double Bond Formation. Unveiling the True Identity of o-Carboryne as o-Carborene. Chemistry 2023:e202302448. [PMID: 37702301 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The homolytic elimination of two H atoms from two adjacent carbons in benzene results in the aromatic product o-benzyne. In a similar way, the homolytic elimination of two H atoms from the two adjacent carbons in 1,2-C2 B10 H12 results in the aromatic product o-carboryne. In this work, we provide experimental and computational evidences that despite the similarity of o-carboryne and o-benzyne, the nature of the C-C bond generated between two adjacent carbons that lose H atoms is different. While in o-benzyne the C-C bond behaves as a triple bond, in o-carboryne the C-C bond is a double bond. Therefore, we must stop naming 1,2-dehydro-o-carboryne as o-carboryne but instead call it o-carborene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sílvia Escayola
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Teixidor
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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2
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Coquerel Y. Aryne Atropisomers: Chiral Arynes for the Enantiospecific Synthesis of Atropisomers and Nanographene Atropisomers. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:86-94. [PMID: 36595619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The basics about arynes and their applications in synthetic organic chemistry are briefly presented, and the concept of atropisomerism is defined, highlighting that it is a time-dependent form of isomerism and chirality. It is remembered that racemization is a macroscopic and statistical irreversible process, while enantiomerization is a nanoscopic reversible process that occurs at the molecular scale, with racemization being twice as fast as enantiomerization. The concept of aryne atropisomers is introduced with a naive question: Can synthetically useful nonracemic aryne atropisomers having a triple bond ortho to the stereogenic single bond exist in solution? It was found that such aryne atropisomers can be generated in solution from easily available ortho-iodoaryl triflate precursors and excess trimethylsilylmethylmagnesium chloride. Analysis of the barriers to enantiomerization of some aryne atropisomers by computational modeling revealed the key contribution to the configurational stability of the H atom in tris-ortho-substituted biphenyl-based atropisomers. Using a specially designed prototype of aryne atropisomer, for which the barrier to enantiomerization was accurately evaluated by advanced computational modeling, the kinetic parameters of its reaction with furan were experimentally determined. From these measurements, it was concluded that any aryne atropisomer with a barrier to enantiomerization ΔGenant⧧ equal to or higher than 50 kJ mol-1 would lead to fully enantiospecific reactions. The synthetic applications of two structurally distinct aryne atropisomers built on a 1-phenylnaphthalene platform are described: one has the aryne triple bond embedded in the naphthyl moiety, and the other has the aryne triple bond embedded in the phenyl moiety. Both aryne atropisomers allowed for the fully enantiospecific, and possibly overall enantioselective, syntheses of original atropisomers based on standard aryne chemistry. For instance, reactions with anthracene and perylene afforded triptycene and nanographene atropisomers, respectively, in high enantiomeric excesses. A bis(aryne) atropisomer synthetic equivalent prepared from either enantiomer of BINOL is described for 3D bidirectional reactions with a single handedness. Its 2-fold reactions with anthracene and perylene afforded the corresponding severely congested bis(benzotriptycene) (99% ee) nanocarbon atropisomer and bis(anthra[1,2,3,4-ghi]perylene) (98% ee) nanographene atropisomer, respectively. This allowed the discovery of bis(twistacene) atropisomers as a new class of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with multiple stereogenicities. Cross reactions with the bis(aryne) atropisomer synthetic equivalent and two different arynophiles proved feasible, providing a nanographene atropisomer with a benzotriptycene unit and an anthra[1,2,3,4-ghi]perylene unit assembled around a stereogenic axis as a unique chiral PAH (99% ee). Overall, because the concept is simple and its implementation is easy, aryne atropisomers is an attractive approach to the synthesis of atropisomers in a broad meaning. Applications to the synthesis of large PAH atropisomers with single handedness are particularly promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Coquerel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, ISM2, 13397 Marseille, France
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3
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Gerlach M, Karaev E, Schaffner D, Hemberger P, Fischer I. Threshold Photoelectron Spectrum of m-Benzyne. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11295-11299. [PMID: 36449562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unusual electronic structure, the biradical m-benzyne, C6H4, and its cation are of considerable interest in chemistry. Here, the photoion mass-selected threshold photoelectron spectrum of the m-benzyne biradical is presented. An adiabatic ionization energy of 8.65 ± 0.015 eV is derived, while a vibrational progression of 0.10 eV is assigned to the ν9+ ring breathing mode, in excellent agreement with computations. The experimental spectrum was reproduced well by Franck-Condon spectral modeling of the 2A1 ← X 1A1 transition, in which the cation retains a monocyclic C6 framework. The energetically close-lying bicyclic 2A2 cation state exhibits low Franck-Condon factors, due to the large change in geometry, and thus cannot be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gerlach
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - E Karaev
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - D Schaffner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - P Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - I Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Ghosh A, Conradie J. Porphyryne. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40275-40278. [PMID: 36385855 PMCID: PMC9647813 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations with the B3LYP*-D3 method with large STO-QZ4P basis sets unambiguously predict a singlet ground state for Zn-porphyryne. However, the calculations also predict a low singlet-triplet gap of about 0.4 eV and a high adiabatic electron affinity of 2.4 eV. Accordingly, the reactivity of porphyryne species may be dominated by electron transfer, hydrogen abstraction, and proton-coupled electron transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT − The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT − The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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5
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McCabe MN, Hemberger P, Campisi D, Broxterman JC, Reusch E, Bodi A, Bouwman J. Formation of phenylacetylene and benzocyclobutadiene in the ortho-benzyne + acetylene reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:1869-1876. [PMID: 34989380 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05183k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ortho-benzyne is a potentially important precursor for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation, but much is still unknown about its chemistry. In this work, we report on a combined experimental and theoretical study of the o-benzyne + acetylene reaction and employ double imaging threshold photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy to investigate the reaction products with isomer specificity. Based on photoion mass-selected threshold photoelectron spectra, Franck-Condon simulations, and ionization cross section calculations, we conclude that phenylacetylene and benzocyclobutadiene (PA : BCBdiene) are formed at a non-equilibrium ratio of 2 : 1, respectively, in a pyrolysis microreactor at a temperature of 1050 K and a pressure of ∼20 mbar. The C8H6 potential energy surface (PES) is explored to rationalize the formation of the reaction products. Previously unidentified pathways have been found by considering the open-shell singlet (OSS) character of various C8H6 reactive intermediates. Based on the PES data, a kinetic model is constructed to estimate equilibrium abundances of the two products. New insights into the reaction mechanism - with a focus on the OSS intermediates - and the products formed in the o-benzyne + acetylene reaction provide a greater level of understanding of the o-benzyne reactivity during the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons in combustion environments as well as in outflows of carbon-rich stars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan N McCabe
- Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Dario Campisi
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeger C Broxterman
- Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Engelbert Reusch
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jordy Bouwman
- Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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6
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de Moura CEV, Sokolov AY. Simulating X-ray photoelectron spectra with strong electron correlation using multireference algebraic diagrammatic construction theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:4769-4784. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05476g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A new theoretical approach for the simulations of X-ray photoelectron spectra of strongly correlated molecular systems that combines multireference algebraic diagrammatic construction theory (MR-ADC) with a core–valence separation (CVS) technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E. V. de Moura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Alexander Yu. Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
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7
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Jacovella U, Rossi C, Romanzin C, Alcaraz C, Thissen R. Structural elucidation of C6H4+· using chemical reaction monitoring: Charge transfer versus bond forming reactions. Chemphyschem 2021; 23:e202100871. [PMID: 34951502 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is a powerful tool but when used on its own, without specific activation of ions, the ion mass is the single observable and the structural information is absent. One way of retrieving this information is by using ion-molecule reactions. We propose a general method to disentangle isomeric structures by combining mass spectrometry, tunable synchrotron light source, and quantum-chemistry calculations. We use reactive chemical monitoring technique, which consists in tracking reactivity changes as a function of photoionization energy i.e. the ionic structure. We illustrate the power of this technique with charge transfer reactions of C6H4+· isomers with allene and propyne and discuss its universal applicability. Furthermore, we emphasize the special reactivity characteristics of distonic ions, where strong charge transfer reactivity but very limited reactivity involving bond formation and following cleavages were observed and attributed to the unconventional ortho -benzyne distonic cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Jacovella
- Université Paris-Saclay, ISMO, Bat. 520, Rue André Rivière, 91405, Orsay, FRANCE
| | - Corentin Rossi
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Chimie Physique, FRANCE
| | - Claire Romanzin
- Université Paris-Saclay: Universite Paris-Saclay, Institut Chimie Physique, FRANCE
| | | | - Roland Thissen
- Université Paris-Saclay: Universite Paris-Saclay, Institut Chimie physique, FRANCE
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8
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Di Terlizzi L, Roncari F, Crespi S, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Aryl-Cl vs heteroatom-Si bond cleavage on the route to the photochemical generation of σ,π-heterodiradicals. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 21:667-685. [PMID: 34775550 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of aryl chlorides having a X-SiMe3 group (X = O, NR, S, SiMe2) tethered to the aromatic ring has been investigated in detail, with the aim to generate valuable ϭ,π-heterodiradicals. Two competitive pathways arising from the excited triplet state of the aromatics have been observed, namely heterolysis of the aryl-chlorine bond and homolysis of the X-silicon bond. The former path is found in chlorinated phenols and anilines, whereas the latter is exclusive in the case of silylated thiophenols and aryl silanes. A combined experimental/computational approach was pursued to explain such a photochemical behavior.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- Department of Chemistry, PhotoGreen Lab, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Roncari
- Department of Chemistry, PhotoGreen Lab, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Center for Systems Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Protti
- Department of Chemistry, PhotoGreen Lab, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- Department of Chemistry, PhotoGreen Lab, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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9
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Monluc L, Nikolayev AA, Medvedkov IA, Azyazov VN, Morozov AN, Mebel AM. The Reaction of o-Benzyne with Vinylacetylene: An Unexplored Way to Produce Naphthalene. Chemphyschem 2021; 23:e202100758. [PMID: 34767677 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism and kinetics of the reaction of ortho-benzyne with vinylacetylene have been studied by ab initio and density functional CCSD(T)-F12/cc-pVTZ-f12//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) calculations of the pertinent potential energy surface combined with Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus - Master Equation calculations of reaction rate constants at various temperatures and pressures. Under prevailing combustion conditions, the reaction has been shown to predominantly proceed by the biradical acetylenic mechanism initiated by the addition of C4 H4 to one of the C atoms of the triple bond in ortho-benzyne by the acetylenic end, with a significant contribution of the concerted addition mechanism. Following the initial reaction steps, an extra six-membered ring is produced and the rearrangement of H atoms in this new ring leads to the formation of naphthalene, which can further dissociate to 1- or 2-naphthyl radicals. The o-C6 H4 +C4 H4 reaction is highly exothermic, by ∼143 kcal/mol to form naphthalene and by 31-32 kcal mol-1 to produce naphthyl radicals plus H, but features relatively high entrance barriers of 9-11 kcal mol-1 . Although the reaction is rather slow, much slower than the reaction of phenyl radical with vinylacetylene, it forms naphthalene and 1- and 2-naphthyl radicals directly, with their relative yields controlled by the temperature and pressure, and thus represents a viable source of the naphthalene core under conditions where ortho-benzyne and vinylacetylene are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Monluc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA.,Present address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 102 Varsity Way, Tallahassee, FI, 32306, USA
| | - Anatoliy A Nikolayev
- Samara National Research University, Samara, 443086, Russia.,Lebedev Physical Institute, Samara, 443011, Russia
| | - Iakov A Medvedkov
- Samara National Research University, Samara, 443086, Russia.,Lebedev Physical Institute, Samara, 443011, Russia
| | - Valeriy N Azyazov
- Samara National Research University, Samara, 443086, Russia.,Lebedev Physical Institute, Samara, 443011, Russia
| | - Alexander N Morozov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
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10
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Behera B, Das P. HCl elimination in the photolysis of chlorobenzene at 266 nm: An FT-IR spectroscopy and quantum chemical study. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Zhang G, Alshreimi AS, Alonso L, Antar A, Yu H, Islam SM, Anderson LL. Nitrone and Alkyne Cascade Reactions for Regio‐ and Diastereoselective 1‐Pyrroline Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Abdullah S. Alshreimi
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Laura Alonso
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Alan Antar
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Hsien‐Cheng Yu
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Shahidul M. Islam
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Laura L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
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12
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Zhang G, Alshreimi AS, Alonso L, Antar A, Yu HC, Islam SM, Anderson LL. Nitrone and Alkyne Cascade Reactions for Regio- and Diastereoselective 1-Pyrroline Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13089-13097. [PMID: 33763941 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 1-pyrrolines from N-alkenylnitrones and alkynes has been explored as a retrosynthetic alternative to traditional approaches. These cascade reactions are formal [4+1] cycloadditions that proceed through a proposed dipolar cycloaddition and N-alkenylisoxazoline [3,3']-sigmatropic rearrangement. A variety of cyclic alkynes and terminal alkynes have been shown to undergo the transformation with N-alkenylnitrones under mild conditions to provide the corresponding spirocyclic and densely substituted 1-pyrrolines with high regio- and diastereoselectivity. Mechanistic studies provide insight into the balance of steric and electronic effects that promote the cascade process and control the diastereo- and regioisomeric preferences of the 1-pyrroline products. Diastereoselective derivatization of the 1-pyrrolines prepared by the cascade reaction demonstrate the divergent synthetic utility of the new method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Abdullah S Alshreimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Laura Alonso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Alan Antar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Hsien-Cheng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Shahidul M Islam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Laura L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
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13
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Maier J, Marder TB. Mechanistic and Kinetic Factors of ortho-Benzyne Formation in Hexadehydro-Diels-Alder (HDDA) Reactions. Chemistry 2021; 27:7978-7991. [PMID: 33783896 PMCID: PMC8251977 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of the hexadehydro-Diels-Alder reaction (HDDA) from its first discovery in 1997, the question of whether a concerted or stepwise mechanism better describes the thermally activated formation of ortho-benzyne from a diyne and a diynophile has been debated. Mechanistic and kinetic investigations were able to show that this is not a black or white situation, as minor changes can tip the balance. For that reason, especially, linked yne-diynes were studied to examine steric, electronic, and radical-stabilizing effects of their terminal substituents on the reaction mechanism and kinetics. Furthermore, the influence of the nature of the linker on the HDDA reaction was explored. The more recently discovered photochemical HDDA reaction also gives ortho-arynes, which display the same reactivity as the thermally generated ones, but their formation might not proceed by the same mechanism. This minireview summarizes the current state of mechanistic understanding of the HDDA reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Maier
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Gupta D, Omont A, Bettinger HF. Energetics of Formation of Cyclacenes from 2,3-Didehydroacenes and Implications for Astrochemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:4605-4616. [PMID: 33372718 PMCID: PMC7986185 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The carriers of the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) are still largely unknown although polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon chains, and fullerenes are likely candidates. A recent analysis of the properties of n-acenes of general formula C4n+2 H2n+4 suggested that these could be potential carriers of some DIBs. Dehydrogenation reactions of n-acenes after absorption of an interstellar UV photon may result in dehydroacenes. Here the reaction energies and barriers for formation of n-cyclacenes from 2,3-didehydroacenes (n-DDA) by intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction to dihydro-etheno-cyclacenes (n-DEC) followed by ejection of ethyne by retro-Diels-Alder reactions are analyzed using thermally assisted occupation density functional theory (TAO-DFT) for n=10-20. It is found that the barriers for each of the steps depend on the ring strain of the underlying n-cyclacene, and that the ring strain of n-DEC is about 75 % of that of the corresponding n-cyclacene. In each case, ethyne extrusion is the step with the highest energy barrier, but these barriers are smaller than CH bond dissociation energies, suggesting that formation of cyclacenes is an energetically conceivable fate of n-acenes after multiple absorption of UV photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divanshu Gupta
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Alain Omont
- Institut d'Astrophysique de ParisSorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 6 and CNRS, UMR 709598bis boulevard Arago75014ParisFrance
| | - Holger F. Bettinger
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
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15
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Scherübl M, Daniliuc CG, Studer A. Arynes as Radical Acceptors: TEMPO-Mediated Cascades Comprising Addition, Cyclization, and Trapping. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:711-715. [PMID: 33038065 PMCID: PMC7839731 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The application of arynes as radical acceptors is described. The stable radical TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine 1-oxyl) is shown to add to various ortho-substituted benzynes generating the corresponding aryl radicals which engage in 5-exo or 6-endo cyclizations. The cyclized radicals are eventually trapped by TEMPO. The introduced method provides ready access to various dihydrobenzofurans, oxindoles, and sultones by a conceptually novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Scherübl
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
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16
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Okuma K, Qu Y, Nagahora N. Novel Reaction Course of Thiiranes to Vinyloxiranes: Reaction of Benzyne with Thiiranes and Aldehydes. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-21-14465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Scherübl M, Daniliuc CG, Studer A. Arine als Radikalakzeptoren: TEMPO‐induzierte Kaskaden über Addition, Zyklisierung und Kreuzkupplung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Scherübl
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
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18
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Ma X, Maier J, Wenzel M, Friedrich A, Steffen A, Marder TB, Mitrić R, Brixner T. Direct observation of o-benzyne formation in photochemical hexadehydro-Diels-Alder ( hν-HDDA) reactions. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9198-9208. [PMID: 34123168 PMCID: PMC8163437 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03184d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive ortho-benzyne derivatives are believed to be the initial products of liquid-phase [4 + 2]-cycloadditions between a 1,3-diyne and an alkyne via what is known as a hexadehydro-Diels–Alder (HDDA) reaction. The UV/VIS spectroscopic observation of o-benzyne derivatives and their photochemical dynamics in solution, however, have not been reported previously. Herein, we report direct UV/VIS spectroscopic evidence for the existence of an o-benzyne in solution, and establish the dynamics of its formation in a photoinduced reaction. For this purpose, we investigated a bis-diyne compound using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet/visible region. In the first step, we observe excited-state isomerization on a sub-10 ps time scale. For identification of the o-benzyne species formed within 50–70 ps, and the corresponding photochemical hexadehydro-Diels–Alder (hν-HDDA) reactions, we employed two intermolecular trapping strategies. In the first case, the o-benzyne was trapped by a second bis-diyne, i.e., self-trapping. The self-trapping products were then identified in the transient absorption experiments by comparing their spectral features to those of the isolated products. In the second case, we used perylene for trapping and reconstructed the spectrum of the trapping product by removing the contribution of irrelevant species from the experimentally observed spectra. Taken together, the UV/VIS spectroscopic data provide a consistent picture for o-benzyne derivatives in solution as the products of photo-initiated HDDA reactions, and we deduce the time scales for their formation. We report the transient ultraviolet/visible absorption spectrum of an o-benzyne species in solution for the first time.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Ma
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Jan Maier
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Michael Wenzel
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Alexandra Friedrich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str.6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Roland Mitrić
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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19
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Takikawa H, Nishii A, Takiguchi H, Yagishita H, Tanaka M, Hirano K, Uchiyama M, Ohmori K, Suzuki K. Intramolecular Benzyne–Phenolate [4+2] Cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takikawa
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
- Present address: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Arata Nishii
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Hiromu Takiguchi
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Yagishita
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Keiichi Hirano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Cluster of Pioneering Research (CPR) Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Ken Ohmori
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Keisuke Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
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20
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Takikawa H, Nishii A, Takiguchi H, Yagishita H, Tanaka M, Hirano K, Uchiyama M, Ohmori K, Suzuki K. Intramolecular Benzyne–Phenolate [4+2] Cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12440-12444. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takikawa
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
- Present address: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Arata Nishii
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Hiromu Takiguchi
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Yagishita
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Keiichi Hirano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Cluster of Pioneering Research (CPR) Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Ken Ohmori
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Keisuke Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
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21
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Okuma K, Qu Y, Fujiie N, Nagahora N. Old and New Aryne Precursor, Anthranilic Acid: Multicomponent Reaction of Benzyne with Quinolines or Imines and Pronucleophiles. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Okuma
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yuxuan Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Nonoka Fujiie
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Nagahora
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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22
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McCabe M, Hemberger P, Reusch E, Bodi A, Bouwman J. Off the Beaten Path: Almost Clean Formation of Indene from the ortho-Benzyne + Allyl Reaction. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:2859-2863. [PMID: 32202794 PMCID: PMC7168585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) play an important role in chemistry both in the terrestrial setting and in the interstellar medium. Various, albeit often inefficient, chemical mechanisms have been proposed to explain PAH formation, but few yield polycyclic hydrocarbons cleanly. Alternative and quite promising pathways have been suggested to address these shortcomings with key starting reactants including resonance stabilized radicals (RSRs) and o-benzyne. Here we report on a combined experimental and theoretical study of the reaction allyl + o-benzyne. Indene was found to be the primary product and statistical modeling predicts only 0.1% phenylallene and 0.1% 3-phenyl-1-propyne as side products. The quantitative and likely barrierless formation of indene yields important insights into the role resonance stabilized radicals play in the formation of polycyclic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan
N. McCabe
- Laboratory
for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, Leiden
University, P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory
for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Engelbert Reusch
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University
of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory
for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jordy Bouwman
- Laboratory
for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, Leiden
University, P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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24
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Nishii A, Takikawa H, Suzuki K. 2-Bromo-6-(chlorodiisopropylsilyl)phenyl tosylate as an efficient platform for intramolecular benzyne-diene [4 + 2] cycloaddition. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3840-3845. [PMID: 31015926 PMCID: PMC6461022 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05518a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An intramolecular benzyne–diene [4 + 2] cycloaddition with broad substrate scope has been realized by using a cleavable silicon tether, allowing access to various polycyclic structures.
An intramolecular benzyne–diene [4 + 2] cycloaddition with broad substrate scope has been realized by using a cleavable silicon tether, allowing access to various polycyclic structures. 2-Bromo-6-(chlorodiisopropylsilyl)phenyl tosylate serves as an efficient platform for (1) rapid attachment of various arynophiles to the benzyne precursor via a Si–O bond and (2) facile generation of benzyne via halogen–metal exchange with Ph3MgLi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Nishii
- Department of Chemistry , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku , Tokyo 152-8551 , Japan .
| | - Hiroshi Takikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kyoto University , Yoshida, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Keisuke Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku , Tokyo 152-8551 , Japan .
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25
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Edel K, Ishibashi JSA, Liu SY, Bettinger HF. Superelectrophilicity of 1,2-Azaborine: Formation of Xenon and Carbon Monoxide Adducts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4061-4064. [PMID: 30786120 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The BN analogue of ortho-benzyne, 1,2-azaborine, is shown to bind carbon monoxide and a xenon atom under matrix isolation conditions, demonstrating its strongly Lewis acidic superelectrophilic nature. The Lewis acid-base complexes involving CO and Xe can be cleaved photochemically and reformed by mildly annealing the matrices. The interaction energy of 1,2-azaborine with Xe is 3 kcal mol-1 according to quantum chemical computations, and is similar to that of the superelectrophilic carbene difluorovinylidene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Edel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jacob S A Ishibashi
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, 02467-3860, USA
| | - Shih-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, 02467-3860, USA
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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26
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Edel K, Ishibashi JSA, Liu S, Bettinger HF. Superelektrophilie des 1,2‐Azaborins: Bildung von Addukten mit Xenon und Kohlenmonoxid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klara Edel
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | | | - Shih‐Yuan Liu
- Department of ChemistryBoston College Chestnut Hill Massachusetts 02467-3860 USA
| | - Holger F. Bettinger
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
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27
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Xin D, Qin A, Tang BZ. Benzyne–azide polycycloaddition: a facile route toward functional polybenzotriazoles. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00632j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient benzyne–azide polycycloaddition is established and functional poly(benzotriazole)s are produced under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Anjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
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28
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Tan Z, Li Z, Jin G, Yu C. Continuous-Flow Process for the Synthesis of 5-Nitro-1,4-dihydro-1,4-methanonaphthalene. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Tan
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chao Wang Road 18, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chao Wang Road 18, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chao Wang Road 18, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Chuanming Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region, Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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29
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Hirsch F, Reusch E, Constantinidis P, Fischer I, Bakels S, Rijs AM, Hemberger P. Self-Reaction of ortho-Benzyne at High Temperatures Investigated by Infrared and Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9563-9571. [PMID: 30444617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b09640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ortho-Benzyne, a Kekulé-type biradical is considered to be a key intermediate in the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and soot. In the present work we study the ortho-benzyne self-reactions in a hot microreactor and identify the high-temperature products by IR/UV spectroscopy and by photoion mass-selected threshold photoelectron spectroscopy (ms-TPES) in a free jet. Ms-TPES confirms formation of ortho-benzyne as generated from benzocyclobutenedione, as well as benzene, biphenylene, diacetylene, and acetylene, originating from the reaction o-C6H4 → HCC-CCH + C2H2, and CH3. PAH molecules like naphthalene, 2-ethynylnaphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and triphenylene are identified based on their IR/UV spectra. By comparison with recent computations their formation starting from o-benzyne can be readily understood and supports the importance of the biradical addition (1,4-cycloaddition followed by fragmentation) pathway to PAH molecules, recently proposed by Comandini et al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hirsch
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Engelbert Reusch
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Philipp Constantinidis
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Sjors Bakels
- Radboud University , Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Toernooiveld 7c , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Anouk M Rijs
- Radboud University , Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Toernooiveld 7c , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Femtochemistry and Synchrotron Radiation , Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) , CH-5232 Villigen , Switzerland
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30
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Okuma K, Tanabe Y, Fukami T, Ishibashi Y. Reaction of arynes with trifluoroacetylated β-diketones: Novel formation of isocoumarins and phenanthrenes. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.21444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Okuma
- Department of Chemistry; Fukuoka University; Jonan-ku Fukuoka Japan
| | - Yukiko Tanabe
- Department of Chemistry; Fukuoka University; Jonan-ku Fukuoka Japan
| | - Takuto Fukami
- Department of Chemistry; Fukuoka University; Jonan-ku Fukuoka Japan
| | - Yuto Ishibashi
- Department of Chemistry; Fukuoka University; Jonan-ku Fukuoka Japan
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31
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Short‐Lived Orthobenzyne Complexes with Early Transition Metals of Group IV. First Direct Characterization and Electronic Cartography by Coupling FVT/UV‐PES with Calculations. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Ma X, Wenzel M, Schmitt HC, Flock M, Reusch E, Mitrić R, Fischer I, Brixner T. Disentangling the photochemistry of benzocyclobutenedione. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:15434-15444. [PMID: 29799041 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01937a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast photophysics and photochemistry of benzocyclobutenedione (BCBD) dissolved in dichloromethane is investigated by transient absorption spectroscopy in both the IR and the UV/Vis regime. The molecule is excited at 300 nm to the S3 (ππ*) state and a time scale from roughly 100 fs to several nanoseconds is covered. The initially excited S3 deactivates quickly to the lower-lying S1 (nπ*) state. Three parallel photochemical reaction pathways starting in the S1 state that compete with deactivation to S0 are identified in the transient IR spectra, two of them consisting of a sequence of steps. DFT/TDDFT calculations of the normal modes of the reactant and various photoproducts support the analysis of the transient spectra. The rapid internal conversion (IC) to the S1 state of BCBD is followed by a sub-picosecond vibrational relaxation (VR) to S1 (ν = 0). In parallel BCBD loses one carbonyl group and forms benzocyclopropenone, which subsequently rearranges to cyclopentadienylidene ketene. Ring opening in the S1 (ν = 0) state produces vibrationally hot bisketene, which cools within 22 ps. This reaction competes with the intramolecular rearrangement to singlet oxacarbene, which subsequently converts into the triplet carbene via intersystem crossing (ISC). The late-time product identified in the transient UV/Vis spectra is probably due to dimerization of the carbene. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the early-time photochemistry of BCBD successfully reproduce the formation of the three main photoproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Ma
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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33
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Kaiser D, Reusch E, Hemberger P, Bodi A, Welz E, Engels B, Fischer I. The ortho-benzyne cation is not planar. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:3988-3996. [PMID: 29350226 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08055g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A recent review on the photoionisation of the C6H4 isomer ortho-benzyne suggests that bands reported in earlier photoelectron spectra might be due to side products or contaminations, while computations raise doubts, whether the cation has a planar geometry. We therefore reinvestigate the photoionisation of ortho-benzyne, generated by pyrolysis from benzocyclobutenedione, by photoion mass-selected threshold photoelectron (ms-TPE) spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. The experiments are accompanied by a theoretical study that investigates the structure of the ortho-benzyne cation systematically as a function of the computational method, up to CASPT2(11,14) ab initio computations. Our study leads to a re-evaluation of the ionisation energy of ortho-benzyne. It reveals that the ortho-benzyne cation has indeed a twisted C2 geometry rather than a C2v structure. A vertical ionisation energy IEvert of 9.77 eV and an adiabatic ionisation energy of IEad = 9.56 eV are computed for ortho-benzyne. A Franck-Condon simulation of the photoelectron spectrum based on the CASPT2 results and including three electronic states of the cation is in agreement with the experiment and yields IEad = 9.51 eV (+50 meV/-100 meV). Since this value is in contrast with previous work, the ionisation energy has to be revised based on our study. Computational methods based on density functional theory give a reasonable description of the cationic ground state, but fail for the corresponding excited electronic states that are indispensible for a proper assignment of the photoelectron spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kaiser
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Takikawa H, Nishii A, Sakai T, Suzuki K. Aryne-based strategy in the total synthesis of naturally occurring polycyclic compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:8030-8056. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00350e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review has outlined the strategies and tactics of using arynes in the total syntheses of polycyclic natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
| | - Arata Nishii
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8551
- Japan
| | - Takahiro Sakai
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8551
- Japan
| | - Keisuke Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8551
- Japan
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Werner
- Leibniz Universität HannoverInstitut für Organische ChemieSchneiderberg 1B30167HannoverGermany
| | - Holger Butenschön
- Leibniz Universität HannoverInstitut für Organische ChemieSchneiderberg 1B30167HannoverGermany
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36
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Torres-Alacan J. Photolysis of a Benzyne Precursor Studied by Time-Resolved FTIR Spectroscopy. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1151-6. [PMID: 26760219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 266 nm laser flash photolysis of phtaloyl peroxide (2) in liquid acetonitrile solution at room temperature has been investigated. Upon 266 nm laser irradiation, 2 is effectively photodecarboxylated leading to the formation of o-benzyne (1) and two equivalents of CO2, yet a small fraction of photolyzed 2 follows a different pathway leading to 6-oxocyclohexa-2,4-dienylideneketene (3) and one equivalent of CO2. Compound 3 is kinetically reactive and reacts in the microsecond time scale following a first-order kinetic law. The presence of 1 in the photolysis experiment is confirmed by trapping experiments with methyl 1-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylate (6). The Diels-Alder reaction between 1 and 6 occurs under the selected experimental conditions on a time scale shorter than 100 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Torres-Alacan
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universtität , Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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37
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García D, Rodríguez-Pérez L, Herranz MA, Peña D, Guitián E, Bailey S, Al-Galiby Q, Noori M, Lambert CJ, Pérez D, Martín N. A C60-aryne building block: synthesis of a hybrid all-carbon nanostructure. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:6677-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc10462a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covalent all-carbon few layer graphene and [60]fullerene conjugates can be easily formed from a versatile [60]fullerene-benzyne building block.
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39
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Pozo I, Cobas A, Peña D, Guitián E, Pérez D. 1,7-Naphthodiyne: a new platform for the synthesis of novel, sterically congested PAHs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5534-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01214k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of an efficient precursor of the novel 1,7-naphthodiyne synthon is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iago Pozo
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
| | - Agustín Cobas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
| | - Enrique Guitián
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
| | - Dolores Pérez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
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40
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Qiu G, Wu J. Generation of N-Heterocycles via Tandem Reactions ofN ′-(2-Alkynylbenzylidene)hydrazides. CHEM REC 2015; 16:19-34. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanyinsheng Qiu
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University; 118 Jiahang Road Jiaxing 314001 P. R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
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41
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Schmidt MW, Hull EA, Windus TL. Valence Virtual Orbitals: An Unambiguous ab Initio Quantification of the LUMO Concept. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10408-27. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Emily A. Hull
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Theresa L. Windus
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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42
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Edel K, Fink RF, Bettinger HF. Isomerization and fragmentation pathways of 1,2-azaborine. J Comput Chem 2015; 37:110-6. [PMID: 26418051 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The generation of 1,2-azaborine (4), the BN-analogue of ortho-benzyne, was recently achieved by elimination of tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane under the conditions of flash vacuum pyrolysis. The present investigation identifies by computational means pathways for the thermal isomerization and fragmentation of 1,2-azaborine. The computations were performed using single reference (hybrid/density functional, second order Møller-Plesset perturbation, and coupled cluster theories) as well as multiconfiguration methods (complete active space SCF based second order perturbation theory, multireference configuration interaction, and multiconfiguration coupled electron pair approximation) with basis sets up to polarized triple-ζ quality. The 1,2-azaborine is, despite the distortion of its molecular structure, the most stable C4H4BN isomer investigated. The formation of BN-endiyne isomers is highly unfavorable as the identified pathways involve barriers close to 80 kcal mol(-1). The concerted fragmentation to ethyne and 2-aza-3-bora-butadiyne even has a barrier close to 120 kcal mol(-1). The fragmentation of BN-enediynes has energetic requirements similar to enediynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Edel
- Institut Für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf Der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Reinhold F Fink
- Institut Für Physikalische Und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf Der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institut Für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf Der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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Chen J, Chen Y, Wang X, Kong K, Cao W, Chen J. Synthesis and characterization of oxadisilole-fused phenanthridines and dioxatrisilole-fused phenanthridines from benzyne. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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44
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Edel K, Brough SA, Lamm AN, Liu SY, Bettinger HF. 1,2-Azaborine: The Boron-Nitrogen Derivative of ortho-Benzyne. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7819-22. [PMID: 26095444 PMCID: PMC4564995 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The BN analogue of ortho-benzyne, 1,2-azaborine, is generated by flash vacuum pyrolysis, trapped under cryogenic conditions, and studied by direct spectroscopic techniques. The parent BN aryne spontaneously binds N2 and CO2, thus demonstrating its highly reactive nature. The interaction with N2 is photochemically reversible. The CO2 adduct of 1,2-azaborine is a cyclic carbamate which undergoes photocleavage, thus resulting in overall CO2 splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Edel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen (Germany)
| | - Sarah A Brough
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen (Germany)
| | - Ashley N Lamm
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1253 (USA)
| | - Shih-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1253 (USA)
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3860 (USA)
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen (Germany).
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45
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Chen Q, Yu H, Xu Z, Lin L, Jiang X, Wang R. Development and Application of O-(Trimethylsilyl)aryl Fluorosulfates for the Synthesis of Arynes. J Org Chem 2015; 80:6890-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Chen
- Institute
of New Drugs Design and Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study
for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Yu
- Institute
of New Drugs Design and Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study
for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhaoqing Xu
- Institute
of New Drugs Design and Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study
for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- Institute
of New Drugs Design and Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study
for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xianxing Jiang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute
of New Drugs Design and Synthesis, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study
for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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46
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Edel K, Brough SA, Lamm AN, Liu SY, Bettinger HF. 1,2-Azaborine: The Boron-Nitrogen Derivative ofortho-Benzyne. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Cacelli I, Ferretti A, Prampolini G, Barone V. BALOO: A Fast and Versatile Code for Accurate Multireference Variational/Perturbative Calculations. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:2024-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ct501071k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Cacelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi
3, I-56124 Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Istituto di Chimica
dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM-CNR), Area della Ricerca, via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ferretti
- Istituto di Chimica
dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM-CNR), Area della Ricerca, via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Prampolini
- Istituto di Chimica
dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM-CNR), Area della Ricerca, via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56125 Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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48
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Bettinger HF, Müller M. Pathways for the cyclotetramerization of dibenz[c,e][1,2]azaborine, a BN-phenanthryne. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger F. Bettinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Matthias Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
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49
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Müller M, Maichle-Mössmer C, Bettinger HF. BN-Phenanthryne: Cyclotetramerization of an 1,2-Azaborine Derivative. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9380-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Müller M, Maichle-Mössmer C, Bettinger HF. BN-Phenanthrin: Cyclotetramerisierung eines 1,2-Azaborinderivats. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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