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Ohama N, Yanagisawa S. Role of GARP family transcription factors in the regulatory network for nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2024; 137:331-341. [PMID: 38190030 PMCID: PMC11082045 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The GARP (Golden2, ARR-B, Psr1) family proteins with a conserved DNA-binding domain, called the B-motif, are plant-specific transcription factors involved in the regulation of various physiological processes. The GARP family proteins are divided into members that function as monomeric transcription factors, and members that function as transcription factors in the dimeric form, owing to the presence of a coiled-coil dimerization domain. Recent studies revealed that the dimer-forming GARP family members, which are further divided into the PHR1 and NIGT1 subfamilies, play critical roles in the regulation of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) acquisition. In this review, we present a general overview of the GARP family proteins and discuss how several members of the PHR1 and NIGT1 subfamilies are involved in the coordinated acquisition of P and N in response to changes in environmental nutrient conditions, while mainly focusing on the recent findings that enhance our knowledge of the roles of PHR1 and NIGT1 in phosphate starvation signaling and nitrate signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Ohama
- Plant Functional Biotechnology, Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yanagisawa
- Plant Functional Biotechnology, Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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Jyoti A, Kaushik S, Srivastava VK, Datta M, Kumar S, Yugandhar P, Kothari SL, Rai V, Jain A. The potential application of genome editing by using CRISPR/Cas9, and its engineered and ortholog variants for studying the transcription factors involved in the maintenance of phosphate homeostasis in model plants. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 96:77-90. [PMID: 30951893 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P), an essential macronutrient, is pivotal for growth and development of plants. Availability of phosphate (Pi), the only assimilable P, is often suboptimal in rhizospheres. Pi deficiency triggers an array of spatiotemporal adaptive responses including the differential regulation of several transcription factors (TFs). Studies on MYB TF PHR1 in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and its orthologs OsPHRs in Oryza sativa (rice) have provided empirical evidence of their significant roles in the maintenance of Pi homeostasis. Since the functional characterization of PHR1 in 2001, several other TFs have now been identified in these model plants. This raised a pertinent question whether there are any likely interactions across these TFs. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system has provided an attractive paradigm for editing genome in plants. Here, we review the applications and challenges of this technique for genome editing of the TFs for deciphering the function and plausible interactions across them. This technology could thus provide a much-needed fillip towards engineering TFs for generating Pi use efficient plants for sustainable agriculture. Furthermore, we contemplate whether this technology could be a viable alternative to the controversial genetically modified (GM) rice or it may also eventually embroil into a limbo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Jyoti
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Sanket Kaushik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | | | - Manali Datta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Poli Yugandhar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, 500030, India
| | - Shanker L Kothari
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Vandna Rai
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ajay Jain
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
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Hasan MM, Hasan MM, Teixeira da Silva JA, Li X. Regulation of phosphorus uptake and utilization: transitioning from current knowledge to practical strategies. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2016; 21:7. [PMID: 28536610 PMCID: PMC5415736 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-016-0008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus is a poorly bioavailable macronutrient that is essential for crop growth and yield. Overuse of phosphorus fertilizers results in low phosphorus use efficiency (PUE), has serious environmental consequences and accelerates the depletion of phosphorus mineral reserves. It has become extremely challenging to improve PUE while preserving global food supplies and maintaining environmental sustainability. Molecular and genetic analyses have revealed the primary mechanisms of phosphorus uptake and utilization and their relationships to phosphorus transporters, regulators, root architecture, metabolic adaptations, quantitative trait loci, hormonal signaling and microRNA. The ability to improve PUE requires a transition from this knowledge of molecular mechanisms and plant architecture to practical strategies. These could include: i) the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal symbioses for efficient phosphorus mining and uptake; ii) intercropping with suitable crop species to achieve phosphorus activation and mobilization in the soil; and iii) tissue-specific overexpression of homologous genes with advantageous agronomic properties for higher PUE along with breeding for phosphorus-efficient varieties and introgression of key quantitative trait loci. More effort is required to further dissect the mechanisms controlling phosphorus uptake and utilization within plants and provide new insight into the means to efficiently improve PUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahmudul Hasan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Md. Mainul Hasan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali Bangladesh
| | | | - Xuexian Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Nagarajan VK, Satheesh V, Poling MD, Raghothama KG, Jain A. Arabidopsis MYB-Related HHO2 Exerts a Regulatory Influence on a Subset of Root Traits and Genes Governing Phosphate Homeostasis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1142-52. [PMID: 27016098 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi), an essential macronutrient required for growth and development of plants, is often limiting in soils. Pi deficiency modulates the expression of Pi starvation-responsive (PSR) genes including transcription factors (TFs). Here, we elucidated the role of the MYB-related TF HYPERSENSITIVITY TO LOW PHOSPHATE-ELICITED PRIMARY ROOT SHORTENING1 HOMOLOG2 (HHO2, At1g68670) in regulating Pi acquisition and signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana HHO2 was specifically and significantly induced in different tissues in response to Pi deprivation. Transgenic seedlings expressing 35S::GFP::HHO2 confirmed the localization of HHO2 to the nucleus. Knockout mutants of HHO2 showed significant reduction in number and length of first- and higher-order lateral roots and Pi content of different tissues compared with the wild-type irrespective of the Pi regime. In contrast, HHO2-overexpressing lines exhibited augmented lateral root development, enhanced Pi uptake rate and higher Pi content in leaf compared with the wild-type. Expression levels of PSR genes involved in Pi sensing and signaling in mutants and overexpressors were differentially regulated as compared with the wild-type. Attenuation in the expression of HHO2 in the phr1 mutant suggested a likely influence of PHR1 in HHO2-mediated regulation of a subset of traits governing Pi homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay K Nagarajan
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA, Fax: +1 765-494-9613
| | - Viswanathan Satheesh
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India, Fax: +91 11 25843984
| | - Michael D Poling
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA, Fax: +1 765-494-9613
| | - Kashchandra G Raghothama
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA, Fax: +1 765-494-9613
| | - Ajay Jain
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India, Fax: +91 11 25843984
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Nilsson L, Lundmark M, Jensen PE, Nielsen TH. The Arabidopsis transcription factor PHR1 is essential for adaptation to high light and retaining functional photosynthesis during phosphate starvation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 144:35-47. [PMID: 21910737 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor PHR1 (PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE 1; encoded by gene At4g28610) is central for adaptation to phosphate deficiency in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). A rapid turnover of phosphate pools in the leaves is essential for energy transfer and metabolism within photosynthesis, and consequently, we hypothesized that PHR1 is needed for adaptation to high-light stress during P deficiency. We analyzed three Arabidopsis plant lines: wild-type, a transgenic PHR1 overexpressor line and a knockout mutant, phr1. The plants were grown under phosphate-limiting and sufficient conditions and exposed to different light conditions. Photosynthetic activity and light stress of the leaves were characterized by analyzing accumulation of carbohydrates, chlorophyll fluorescence, immunoblot detection of photosystem subunits and anthocyanin accumulation. Compared to the wild-type and the overexpressor line, the phr1 mutant has decreased levels of phosphate, anthocyanins and carbohydrates during combined P deficiency and light stress. The stressed mutant also has strongly decreased photosystem II (PSII) quantum efficiency, and shows degradation of the core units of PSII demonstrating extensive irreversible photodamage. We conclude that PHR1 is needed for the metabolic balance, for retaining P(i) levels and for inducing anthocyanin production, and during P deficiency PHR1 is vital for adaptations to avoid permanent damage to photosystems during high-light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Nilsson
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hammond JP, White PJ. Sugar signaling in root responses to low phosphorus availability. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:1033-40. [PMID: 21487049 PMCID: PMC3135921 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.175380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John P Hammond
- Division of Plant and Crop Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
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