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Haworth M, Marino G, Materassi A, Raschi A, Scutt CP, Centritto M. The functional significance of the stomatal size to density relationship: Interaction with atmospheric [CO 2] and role in plant physiological behaviour. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160908. [PMID: 36535478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The limits for stomatal conductance are set by stomatal size (SS) and density (SD). An inverse relationship between SS and SD has been observed in fossil and living plants. This has led to hypotheses proposing that the ratio of SS to SD influences the diffusion pathway for CO2 and degree of physiological stomatal control. However, conclusive evidence supportive of a functional role of the SS-SD relationship is not evident, and patterns in SS-SD may simply reflect geometric constraints in stomatal spacing over a leaf surface. We examine published and new data to investigate the potential functional significance of the relationship between SS and SD to atmospheric [CO2] in multiple generation adaptive responses and short-term acclamatory adjustment of stomatal morphology. Consistent patterns in SS and SD were not evident in fossil and living plants adapted to high [CO2] over many generations. However, evolutionary adaptation to [CO2] strongly affected SS and SD responses to elevated [CO2], with plants adapted to the 'low' [CO2] of the past 10 million years (Myr) showing adjustment of SS-SD, while members of the same species adapted to 'high' [CO2] showed no response. This may suggest that SS and SD responses to future [CO2] will likely constrain the stimulatory effect of 'CO2-fertilisation' on photosynthesis. Angiosperms generally possessed higher densities of smaller stomata that corresponded to a greater degree of physiological stomatal control consistent with selective pressures induced by declining [CO2] over the past 90 Myr. Atmospheric [CO2] has likely shaped stomatal size and density relationships alongside the interaction with stomatal physiological behaviour. The rate and predicted extent of future increases in [CO2] will have profound impacts on the selective pressures shaping SS and SD. Understanding the trade-offs involved in SS-SD and the interaction with [CO2], will be central to the development of more productive climate resilient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Haworth
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10 Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Marino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10 Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessandro Materassi
- The Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBE), Via Giovanni Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Antonio Raschi
- The Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBE), Via Giovanni Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Charles P Scutt
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR5667, CNRS, INRA, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10 Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
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2
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Molecular and Metabolic Changes under Environmental Stresses: The Biosynthesis of Quality Components in Preharvest Tea Shoots. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Severe environments impose various abiotic stresses on tea plants. Although much is known about the physiological and biochemical responses of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) shoots under environmental stresses, little is known about how these stresses impact the biosynthesis of quality components. This review summarizes and analyzes the changes in molecular and quality components in tea shoots subjected to major environmental stresses during the past 20 years, including light (shade, blue light, green light, and UV-B), drought, high/low temperature, CO2, and salinity. These studies reveal that carbon and nitrogen metabolism is critical to the downstream biosynthesis of quality components. Based on the molecular responses of tea plants to stresses, a series of artificial methods have been suggested to treat the pre-harvest tea plants that are exposed to inhospitable environments to improve the quality components in shoots. Furthermore, many pleiotropic genes that are up- or down-regulated under both single and concurrent stresses were analyzed as the most effective genes for regulating multi-resistance and quality components. These findings deepen our understanding of how environmental stresses affect the quality components of tea, providing novel insights into strategies for balancing plant resistance, growth, and quality components in field-based cultivation and for breeding plants using pleiotropic genes.
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3
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Murphy BK, Way DA. Warming and elevated CO2 alter tamarack C fluxes, growth and mortality: evidence for heat stress-related C starvation in the absence of water stress. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:2341-2358. [PMID: 34077546 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is increasing the frequency of climate-induced tree mortality events. While drought combined with heat is considered the primary cause of this mortality, little is known about whether moderately high temperatures alone can induce mortality, or whether rising CO2 would prevent mortality at high growth temperatures. We grew tamarack (Larix laricina) under ambient (400 p.p.m.) and elevated (750 p.p.m.) CO2 concentrations combined with ambient, ambient +4 °C and ambient +8 °C growth temperatures to investigate whether high growth temperatures lead to carbon (C) limitations and mortality. Growth at +8 °C led to 40% mortality in the ambient CO2 (8TAC) treatment, but no mortality in the elevated CO2 treatment. Thermal acclimation of respiration led to similar leaf C balances across the warming treatments, despite a lack of photosynthetic acclimation. Photosynthesis was stimulated under elevated CO2, increasing seedling growth, but not leaf C concentrations. However, growth and foliar C concentrations were lowest in the +8 °C treatments, even with elevated CO2. Dying 8TAC seedlings had lower needle C concentrations and lower ratios of photosynthesis to respiration than healthy 8TAC seedlings, indicating that C limitations were likely the cause of seedling mortality under high growth temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget K Murphy
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Graduate Program in Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Danielle A Way
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Science & Technology Group, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
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Seibert R, Andresen LC, Jarosch KA, Moser G, Kammann CI, Yuan N, Luterbacher J, Laughlin RJ, Watson CJ, Erbs M, Müller C. Plant Functional Types Differ in Their Long-term Nutrient Response to eCO2 in an Extensive Grassland. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00703-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIncreasing atmospheric CO2 enhances plant biomass production and may thereby change nutrient concentrations in plant tissues. The objective of this study was to identify the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on nutrient concentrations of grassland biomass that have been grown for 16 years (1998–2013). The grassland biomass grown at the extensively managed Giessen FACE experiment, fumigated with ambient and elevated CO2 (aCO2; eCO2; +20%) was harvested twice annually. Concentrations of C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn were determined separately for grasses, forbs and legumes. Under eCO2, the concentration of N was reduced in grasses, Ca was reduced in grasses and forbs, P was reduced in grasses but increased in legumes, Mg concentration was reduced in grasses, forbs and legumes and K was reduced in grasses but increased in forbs. The nutrient yield (in g nutrient yield of an element per m−2) of most elements indicated negative yield responses at a zero biomass response to eCO2 for grasses. K and Zn nutrient yields responded positively to eCO2 in forbs and Mn and Fe responded positively in forbs and legumes. The results suggest that under eCO2 the nutrient concentrations were not diluted by the CO2 fertilization effect. Rather, altered plant nutrient acquisitions via changed physiological mechanisms prevail for increased C assimilation under eCO2. Furthermore, other factors such as water or nutrient availability affected plant nutrient concentrations under eCO2.
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5
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Bunce JA. Three new methods indicate that CO 2 concentration affects plant respiration in the range relevant to global change. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab004. [PMID: 33604016 PMCID: PMC7877694 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Short-term responses of plant dark respiration to carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) in the range anticipated in the atmosphere with global change remain controversial, primarily because it is difficult to convincingly eliminate the many possible sources of experimental error in measurements of carbon dioxide or oxygen exchange rates. Plant dark respiration is a major component of the carbon balance of many ecosystems. In seedlings without senescent tissue, the rate of loss of dry mass during darkness indicates the rate of respiration. This method of measuring respiration was used to test for [CO2] effects on respiration in seedlings of three species with relatively large seeds. The time it took respiration to exhaust substrates and cause seedling death in darkness was used as an indicator of respiration rate in four other species with smaller seeds. The third method was measuring rates of CO2 exchange in excised petioles sealed in a cuvette submerged in water to prevent leaks. Petioles were utilized as the plant tissue type with the most reliable rates of respiration, for excised tissue. The rate of loss of dry mass in the dark decreased with increasing [CO2] in the range of 200-800 μmol mol-1 in all three large-seeded species. The seedling survival time in the dark increased with [CO2] in the same concentration range in all four of the smaller-seeded species. Respiration rates of excised petioles of several species also decreased over this [CO2] range. The data provide new evidence that the rate of dark respiration in plant tissue often decreases with increasing [CO2] in the 200-800 μmol mol-1 range.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Bunce
- Adaptive Cropping Systems Laboratory (retired), USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
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6
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Haworth M, Marino G, Loreto F, Centritto M. Integrating stomatal physiology and morphology: evolution of stomatal control and development of future crops. Oecologia 2021; 197:867-883. [PMID: 33515295 PMCID: PMC8591009 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are central players in the hydrological and carbon cycles, regulating the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) for photosynthesis and transpirative loss of water (H2O) between plants and the atmosphere. The necessity to balance water-loss and CO2-uptake has played a key role in the evolution of plants, and is increasingly important in a hotter and drier world. The conductance of CO2 and water vapour across the leaf surface is determined by epidermal and stomatal morphology (the number, size, and spacing of stomatal pores) and stomatal physiology (the regulation of stomatal pore aperture in response to environmental conditions). The proportion of the epidermis allocated to stomata and the evolution of amphistomaty are linked to the physiological function of stomata. Moreover, the relationship between stomatal density and [CO2] is mediated by physiological stomatal behaviour; species with less responsive stomata to light and [CO2] are most likely to adjust stomatal initiation. These differences in the sensitivity of the stomatal density—[CO2] relationship between species influence the efficacy of the ‘stomatal method’ that is widely used to infer the palaeo-atmospheric [CO2] in which fossil leaves developed. Many studies have investigated stomatal physiology or morphology in isolation, which may result in the loss of the ‘overall picture’ as these traits operate in a coordinated manner to produce distinct mechanisms for stomatal control. Consideration of the interaction between stomatal morphology and physiology is critical to our understanding of plant evolutionary history, plant responses to on-going climate change and the production of more efficient and climate-resilient food and bio-fuel crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Haworth
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Marino
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences (CNR-DiSBA), National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- ENI-CNR Water Research Center "Hypatia of Alexandria", Research Center Metapontum Agrobios, Metaponto, Italy
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Dusenge ME, Duarte AG, Way DA. Plant carbon metabolism and climate change: elevated CO 2 and temperature impacts on photosynthesis, photorespiration and respiration. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:32-49. [PMID: 29983005 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 32 I. The importance of plant carbon metabolism for climate change 32 II. Rising atmospheric CO2 and carbon metabolism 33 III. Rising temperatures and carbon metabolism 37 IV. Thermal acclimation responses of carbon metabolic processes can be best understood when studied together 38 V. Will elevated CO2 offset warming-induced changes in carbon metabolism? 40 VI. No plant is an island: water and nutrient limitations define plant responses to climate drivers 41 VII. Conclusions 42 Acknowledgements 42 References 42 Appendix A1 48 SUMMARY: Plant carbon metabolism is impacted by rising CO2 concentrations and temperatures, but also feeds back onto the climate system to help determine the trajectory of future climate change. Here we review how photosynthesis, photorespiration and respiration are affected by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate warming, both separately and in combination. We also compile data from the literature on plants grown at multiple temperatures, focusing on net CO2 assimilation rates and leaf dark respiration rates measured at the growth temperature (Agrowth and Rgrowth , respectively). Our analyses show that the ratio of Agrowth to Rgrowth is generally homeostatic across a wide range of species and growth temperatures, and that species that have reduced Agrowth at higher growth temperatures also tend to have reduced Rgrowth , while species that show stimulations in Agrowth under warming tend to have higher Rgrowth in the hotter environment. These results highlight the need to study these physiological processes together to better predict how vegetation carbon metabolism will respond to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirindi Eric Dusenge
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - André Galvao Duarte
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Danielle A Way
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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Yuan N, Moser G, Mueller C, Obermeier WA, Bendix J, Luterbacher J. Extreme climatic events down-regulate the grassland biomass response to elevated carbon dioxide. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17758. [PMID: 30531888 PMCID: PMC6288116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems are considered as carbon sinks that may mitigate the impacts of increased atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]). However, it is not clear what their carbon sink capacity will be under extreme climatic conditions. In this study, we used long-term (1998-2013) data from a C3 grassland Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment in Germany to study the combined effects of elevated [CO2] and extreme climatic events (ECEs) on aboveground biomass production. CO2 fertilization effect (CFE), which represents the promoted plant photosynthesis and water use efficiency under higher [CO2], was quantiffied by calculating the relative differences in biomass between the plots with [CO2] enrichment and the plots with ambient [CO2]. Down-regulated CFEs were found when ECEs occurred during the growing season, and the CFE decreases were statistically significant with p well below 0.05 (t-test). Of all the observed ECEs, the strongest CFE decreases were associated with intensive and prolonged heat waves. These findings suggest that more frequent ECEs in the future are likely to restrict the mitigatory effects of C3 grassland ecosystems, leading to an accelerated warming trend. To reduce the uncertainties of future projections, the atmosphere-vegetation interactions, especially the ECEs effects, are emphasized and need to be better accounted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiming Yuan
- Department of Geography, Climatology, Climate Dynamics and Climate Change, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Senckenbergstr. 1, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
- CAS Key laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Gerald Moser
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Mueller
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wolfgang A Obermeier
- Faculty of Geography, Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Philipps-University of Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 10, Marburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Bendix
- Faculty of Geography, Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Philipps-University of Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 10, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jürg Luterbacher
- Department of Geography, Climatology, Climate Dynamics and Climate Change, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Senckenbergstr. 1, 35390, Giessen, Germany
- Centre for International Development and Environmental Research, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35390, Giessen, Germany
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Andresen LC, Yuan N, Seibert R, Moser G, Kammann CI, Luterbacher J, Erbs M, Müller C. Biomass responses in a temperate European grassland through 17 years of elevated CO 2. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3875-3885. [PMID: 28370878 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Future increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations will potentially enhance grassland biomass production and shift the functional group composition with consequences for ecosystem functioning. In the "GiFACE" experiment (Giessen Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment), fertilized grassland plots were fumigated with elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) year-round during daylight hours since 1998, at a level of +20% relative to ambient concentrations (in 1998, aCO2 was 364 ppm and eCO2 399 ppm; in 2014, aCO2 was 397 ppm and eCO2 518 ppm). Harvests were conducted twice annually through 23 years including 17 years with eCO2 (1998 to 2014). Biomass consisted of C3 grasses and forbs, with a small proportion of legumes. The total aboveground biomass (TAB) was significantly increased under eCO2 (p = .045 and .025, at first and second harvest). The dominant plant functional group grasses responded positively at the start, but for forbs, the effect of eCO2 started out as a negative response. The increase in TAB in response to eCO2 was approximately 15% during the period from 2006 to 2014, suggesting that there was no attenuation of eCO2 effects over time, tentatively a consequence of the fertilization management. Biomass and soil moisture responses were closely linked. The soil moisture surplus (c. 3%) in eCO2 manifested in the latter years was associated with a positive biomass response of both functional groups. The direction of the biomass response of the functional group forbs changed over the experimental duration, intensified by extreme weather conditions, pointing to the need of long-term field studies for obtaining reliable responses of perennial ecosystems to eCO2 and as a basis for model development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Andresen
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Naiming Yuan
- Department of Geography, Climatology, Climate Dynamics and Climate Change, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ruben Seibert
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerald Moser
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Claudia I Kammann
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, WG Climate Change Research for Special Crops, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Jürg Luterbacher
- Department of Geography, Climatology, Climate Dynamics and Climate Change, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Centre for International Development and Environmental Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Erbs
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Noguchi K, Tsunoda T, Miyagi A, Kawai-Yamada M, Sugiura D, Miyazawa SI, Tokida T, Usui Y, Nakamura H, Sakai H, Hasegawa T. Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO2 on Respiratory Rates in Mature Leaves of Two Rice Cultivars Grown at a Free-Air CO2 Enrichment Site and Analyses of the Underlying Mechanisms. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:637-649. [PMID: 29401364 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory CO2 efflux and O2 uptake rates in leaves change in response to the growth CO2 concentration ([CO2]). The degrees of change vary depending on the responses of cellular processes such as nitrogen (N) assimilation and accumulation of organic acids to growth [CO2]. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we examined the respiratory characteristics of mature leaves of two rice varieties with different yield capacities at different growth stages under ambient and elevated [CO2] conditions at a free-air CO2 enrichment site. We also examined the effect of increased water temperature on leaf respiration. We measured the rates of CO2 efflux and O2 uptake, and determined N contents, primary metabolite contents and maximal activities of respiratory enzymes. The leaf CO2 efflux rates decreased in plants grown at elevated [CO2] in both varieties, and were higher in high-yielding Takanari than in Koshihikari. The leaf O2 uptake rates showed little change with respect to growth [CO2] and variety. The increased water temperature did not significantly affect the CO2 efflux and O2 uptake rates. The N and amino acid contents were significantly higher in Takanari than in Koshihikari. The enhanced N assimilation in Takanari may have consumed more respiratory NADH, leading to higher CO2 efflux rates. In Koshihikari, the ratio of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates changed and maximal activities of enzymes in the TCA cycle decreased at elevated [CO2]. Therefore, the decreased rates of CO2 efflux in Koshihikari may be due to the decreased activities of TCA cycle enzymes at elevated [CO2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Noguchi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392 Japan
| | - Tomonori Tsunoda
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392 Japan
| | - Atsuko Miyagi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255, Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255, Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugiura
- Laboratory of Crop Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyazawa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, 305-8687 Japan
| | - Takeshi Tokida
- Division of Biogeochemical Cycles, Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Usui
- Division of Farming System Research, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 9-4 Shinseiminami, Memuro, Kasai, Hokkaido, 082-0081 Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakamura
- Taiyo Keiki Co. Ltd., 1-12-3 Nakajujo, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 114-0032 Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Sakai
- Division of Climate Change, Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Hasegawa
- Division of Agro-Environmental Research, Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 4 Akahira, Shimo-kuriyagawa Morioka, Iwate, 020-0198 Japan
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11
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Tcherkez G, Gauthier P, Buckley TN, Busch FA, Barbour MM, Bruhn D, Heskel MA, Gong XY, Crous KY, Griffin K, Way D, Turnbull M, Adams MA, Atkin OK, Farquhar GD, Cornic G. Leaf day respiration: low CO 2 flux but high significance for metabolism and carbon balance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:986-1001. [PMID: 28967668 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Contents 986 I. 987 II. 987 III. 988 IV. 991 V. 992 VI. 995 VII. 997 VIII. 998 References 998 SUMMARY: It has been 75 yr since leaf respiratory metabolism in the light (day respiration) was identified as a low-flux metabolic pathway that accompanies photosynthesis. In principle, it provides carbon backbones for nitrogen assimilation and evolves CO2 and thus impacts on plant carbon and nitrogen balances. However, for a long time, uncertainties have remained as to whether techniques used to measure day respiratory efflux were valid and whether day respiration responded to environmental gaseous conditions. In the past few years, significant advances have been made using carbon isotopes, 'omics' analyses and surveys of respiration rates in mesocosms or ecosystems. There is substantial evidence that day respiration should be viewed as a highly dynamic metabolic pathway that interacts with photosynthesis and photorespiration and responds to atmospheric CO2 mole fraction. The view of leaf day respiration as a constant and/or negligible parameter of net carbon exchange is now outdated and it should now be regarded as a central actor of plant carbon-use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, College of Science, and ARC Center of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Paul Gauthier
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- IA Watson Grains Research Centre, University of Sydney, 12656 Newell Hwy, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia
| | - Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology, College of Science, and ARC Center of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Margaret M Barbour
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Rd, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Dan Bruhn
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Mary A Heskel
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Xiao Ying Gong
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Kristine Y Crous
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Kevin Griffin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology (E3B), Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Danielle Way
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Matthew Turnbull
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, PB 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mark A Adams
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Rd, Brownlow Hill, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, College of Science, and ARC Center of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Gabriel Cornic
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
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12
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Crous KY, Wallin G, Atkin OK, Uddling J, Af Ekenstam A. Acclimation of light and dark respiration to experimental and seasonal warming are mediated by changes in leaf nitrogen in Eucalyptus globulus. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1069-1083. [PMID: 28541536 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the adjustments of leaf respiration in response to seasonal temperature variation and climate warming is crucial because carbon loss from vegetation is a large but uncertain part of the global carbon cycle. We grew fast-growing Eucalyptus globulus Labill. trees exposed to +3 °C warming and elevated CO2 in 10-m tall whole-tree chambers and measured the temperature responses of leaf mitochondrial respiration, both in light (RLight) and in darkness (RDark), over a 20-40 °C temperature range and during two different seasons. RLight was assessed using the Laisk method. Respiration rates measured at a standard temperature (25 °C - R25) were higher in warm-grown trees and in the warm season, related to higher total leaf nitrogen (N) investment with higher temperatures (both experimental and seasonal), indicating that leaf N concentrations modulated the respiratory capacity to changes in temperature. Once differences in leaf N were accounted for, there were no differences in R25 but the Q10 (i.e., short-term temperature sensitivity) was higher in late summer compared with early spring. The variation in RLight between experimental treatments and seasons was positively correlated with carboxylation capacity and photorespiration. RLight was less responsive to short-term changes in temperature than RDark, as shown by a lower Q10 in RLight compared with RDark. The overall light inhibition of R was ∼40%. Our results highlight the dynamic nature of leaf respiration to temperature variation and that the responses of RLight do not simply mirror those of RDark. Therefore, it is important not to assume that RLight is the same as RDark in ecosystem models, as doing so may lead to large errors in predicting plant CO2 release and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Crous
- Hawkesbury Institute for Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - G Wallin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - O K Atkin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - J Uddling
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Af Ekenstam
- Hawkesbury Institute for Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Caldera HIU, De Costa WAJM, Woodward FI, Lake JA, Ranwala SMW. Effects of elevated carbon dioxide on stomatal characteristics and carbon isotope ratio of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes originating from an altitudinal gradient. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 159:74-92. [PMID: 27514017 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal functioning regulates the fluxes of CO2 and water vapor between vegetation and atmosphere and thereby influences plant adaptation to their habitats. Stomatal traits are controlled by external environmental and internal cellular signaling. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of CO2 enrichment (CE) on stomatal density (SD)-related properties, guard cell length (GCL) and carbon isotope ratio (δ13 C) of a range of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes originating from a wide altitudinal range [50-1260 m above sea level (asl)], and grown at 400 and 800 ppm [CO2 ], and thereby elucidate the possible adaptation and acclimation responses controlling stomatal traits and water use efficiency (WUE). There was a highly significant variation among ecotypes in the magnitude and direction of response of stomatal traits namely, SD and stomatal index (SI) and GCL, and δ13 C to CE, which represented a short-term acclimation response. A majority of ecotypes showed increased SD and SI with CE with the response not depending on the altitude of origin. Significant ecotypic variation was shown in all stomatal traits and δ13 C at each [CO2 ]. At 400 ppm, means of SD, SI and GCL for broad altitudinal ranges, i.e. low (<100 m), mid (100-400 m) and high (>400 m), increased with increasing altitude, which represented an adaptation response to decreased availability of CO2 with altitude. δ13 C was negatively correlated to SD and SI at 800 ppm but not at 400 ppm. Our results highlight the diversity in the response of key stomatal characters to CE and altitude within the germplasm of A. thaliana and the need to consider this diversity when using A. thaliana as a model plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Iroja U Caldera
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - W A Janendra M De Costa
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - F Ian Woodward
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Janice A Lake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sudheera M W Ranwala
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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14
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Haworth M, Killi D, Materassi A, Raschi A, Centritto M. Impaired Stomatal Control Is Associated with Reduced Photosynthetic Physiology in Crop Species Grown at Elevated [CO 2]. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1568. [PMID: 27826305 PMCID: PMC5078776 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Physiological control of stomatal conductance (Gs) permits plants to balance CO2-uptake for photosynthesis (PN) against water-loss, so optimizing water use efficiency (WUE). An increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide ([CO2]) will result in a stimulation of PN and reduction of Gs in many plants, enhancing carbon gain while reducing water-loss. It has also been hypothesized that the increase in WUE associated with lower Gs at elevated [CO2] would reduce the negative impacts of drought on many crops. Despite the large number of CO2-enrichment studies to date, there is relatively little information regarding the effect of elevated [CO2] on stomatal control. Five crop species with active physiological stomatal behavior were grown at ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (2000 ppm) [CO2]. We investigated the relationship between stomatal function, stomatal size, and photosynthetic capacity in the five species, and then assessed the mechanistic effect of elevated [CO2] on photosynthetic physiology, stomatal sensitivity to [CO2] and the effectiveness of stomatal closure to darkness. We observed positive relationships between the speed of stomatal response and the maximum rates of PN and Gs sustained by the plants; indicative of close co-ordination of stomatal behavior and PN. In contrast to previous studies we did not observe a negative relationship between speed of stomatal response and stomatal size. The sensitivity of stomata to [CO2] declined with the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate limited rate of PN at elevated [CO2]. The effectiveness of stomatal closure was also impaired at high [CO2]. Growth at elevated [CO2] did not affect the performance of photosystem II indicating that high [CO2] had not induced damage to the photosynthetic physiology, and suggesting that photosynthetic control of Gs is either directly impaired at high [CO2], sensing/signaling of environmental change is disrupted or elevated [CO2] causes some physical effect that constrains stomatal opening/closing. This study indicates that while elevated [CO2] may improve the WUE of crops under normal growth conditions, impaired stomatal control may increase the vulnerability of plants to water deficit and high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Haworth
- National Research Council – Tree and Timber InstituteFlorence, Italy
| | - Dilek Killi
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Raschi
- National Research Council – Institute of BiometeorologyFlorence, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- National Research Council – Tree and Timber InstituteFlorence, Italy
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15
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Sorrentino G, Haworth M, Wahbi S, Mahmood T, Zuomin S, Centritto M. Abscisic Acid Induces Rapid Reductions in Mesophyll Conductance to Carbon Dioxide. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148554. [PMID: 26862904 PMCID: PMC4749297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of photosynthesis (A) of plants exposed to water deficit is a function of stomatal (gs) and mesophyll (gm) conductance determining the availability of CO2 at the site of carboxylation within the chloroplast. Mesophyll conductance often represents the greatest impediment to photosynthetic uptake of CO2, and a crucial determinant of the photosynthetic effects of drought. Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a fundamental role in signalling and co-ordination of plant responses to drought; however, the effect of ABA on gm is not well-defined. Rose, cherry, olive and poplar were exposed to exogenous ABA and their leaf gas exchange parameters recorded over a four hour period. Application with ABA induced reductions in values of A, gs and gm in all four species. Reduced gm occurred within one hour of ABA treatment in three of the four analysed species; indicating that the effect of ABA on gm occurs on a shorter timescale than previously considered. These declines in gm values associated with ABA were not the result of physical changes in leaf properties due to altered turgor affecting movement of CO2, or caused by a reduction in the sub-stomatal concentration of CO2 (Ci). Increased [ABA] likely induces biochemical changes in the properties of the interface between the sub-stomatal air-space and mesophyll layer through the actions of cooporins to regulate the transport of CO2. The results of this study provide further evidence that gm is highly responsive to fluctuations in the external environment, and stress signals such as ABA induce co-ordinated modifications of both gs and gm in the regulation of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sorrentino
- Institute for Mediterranean Agriculture and Forest Systems, National Research Council, Via Patacca 85, 80056 Ercolano (NA), Italy
| | - Matthew Haworth
- Tree and Timber Institute, National Research Council (CNR - IVALSA), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Said Wahbi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, Boulevard My Abdellah BP 2390, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Murree Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Shi Zuomin
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Lab on Forest Ecology and Environmental Sciences, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, 10091, China
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Tree and Timber Institute, National Research Council (CNR - IVALSA), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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