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Wang Y, Jin G, Song S, Jin Y, Wang X, Yang S, Shen X, Gan Y, Wang Y, Li R, Liu JX, Hu J, Pan R. A peroxisomal cinnamate:CoA ligase-dependent phytohormone metabolic cascade in submerged rice germination. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1363-1378.e4. [PMID: 38579719 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the ability of rice to germinate underwater is a largely enigmatic but key research question highly relevant to rice cultivation. Moreover, although rice is known to accumulate salicylic acid (SA), SA biosynthesis is poorly defined, and its role in underwater germination is unknown. It is also unclear whether peroxisomes, organelles essential to oilseed germination and rice SA accumulation, play a role in rice germination. Here, we show that submerged imbibition of rice seeds induces SA accumulation to promote germination in submergence. Two submergence-induced peroxisomal Oryza sativa cinnamate:CoA ligases (OsCNLs) are required for this SA accumulation. SA exerts this germination-promoting function by inducing indole-acetic acid (IAA) catabolism through the IAA-amino acid conjugating enzyme GH3. The metabolic cascade we identified may potentially be adopted in agriculture to improve the underwater germination of submergence-intolerant rice varieties. SA pretreatment is also a promising strategy to improve submerged rice germination in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gaochen Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuyan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yijun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuaiqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingxing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinbo Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuexing Wang
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian-Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ronghui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Upadhyay SK. CPK12 and Ca 2+-mediated hypoxia signaling. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2273593. [PMID: 37875477 PMCID: PMC10761129 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2273593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced elevation in cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) in the plant cells. Calcium-dependent protein kinase 12 (CPK12) acts as a sensor to recognize the Ca2+ signature and is activated by autophosphorylation. Then, the CPK12 moves into the nucleus with the help of phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphorylates ERF-VII family proteins that activate hypoxia signaling and response. The study provides a novel mechanism of hypoxia signaling in plants. Moreover, the mechanism of hypoxia-specific Ca2+ signature generation remains elusive.
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Mao J, Mo Z, Yuan G, Xiang H, Visser RGF, Bai Y, Liu H, Wang Q, van der Linden CG. The CBL-CIPK network is involved in the physiological crosstalk between plant growth and stress adaptation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3012-3022. [PMID: 35822392 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved to deal with different stresses during plant growth, relying on complex interactions or crosstalk between multiple signalling pathways in plant cells. In this sophisticated regulatory network, Ca2+ transients in the cytosol ([Ca2+ ]cyt ) act as major physiological signals to initiate appropriate responses. The CALCINEURIN B-LIKE PROTEIN (CBL)-CBL-INTERACTING PROTEIN KINASE (CIPK) network relays physiological signals characterised by [Ca2+ ]cyt transients during plant development and in response to environmental changes. Many studies are aimed at elucidating the role of the CBL-CIPK network in plant growth and stress responses. This review discusses the involvement of the CBL-CIPK pathways in two levels of crosstalk between plant development and stress adaptation: direct crosstalk through interaction with regulatory proteins, and indirect crosstalk through adaptation of correlated physiological processes that affect both plant development and stress responses. This review thus provides novel insights into the physiological roles of the CBL-CIPK network in plant growth and stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Mao
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS), Beijing, China
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhijie Mo
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yuan
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Haiying Xiang
- Department of Biological Breeding, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, China
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research (WUR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Haobao Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Qingdao, China
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4
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Fan B, Liao K, Wang LN, Shi LL, Zhang Y, Xu LJ, Zhou Y, Li JF, Chen YQ, Chen QF, Xiao S. Calcium-dependent activation of CPK12 facilitates its cytoplasm-to-nucleus translocation to potentiate plant hypoxia sensing by phosphorylating ERF-VII transcription factors. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:979-998. [PMID: 37020418 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs/CPKs) are key regulators of plant stress signaling that translate calcium signals into cellular responses by phosphorylating diverse substrate proteins. However, the molecular mechanism by which plant cells relay calcium signals in response to hypoxia remains elusive. Here, we show that one member of the CDPK family in Arabidopsis thaliana, CPK12, is rapidly activated during hypoxia through calcium-dependent phosphorylation of its Ser-186 residue. Phosphorylated CPK12 shuttles from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where it interacts with and phosphorylates the group VII ethylene-responsive transcription factors (ERF-VII) that are core regulators of plant hypoxia sensing, to enhance their stabilities. Consistently, CPK12 knockdown lines show attenuated tolerance of hypoxia, whereas transgenic plants overexpressing CPK12 display improved hypoxia tolerance. Nonethelss, loss of function of five ERF-VII proteins in an erf-vii pentuple mutant could partially suppress the enhanced hypoxia-tolerance phenotype of CPK12-overexpressing lines. Moreover, we also discovered that phosphatidic acid and 14-3-3κ protein serve as positive and negative modulators of the CPK12 cytoplasm-to-nucleus translocation, respectively. Taken together, these findings uncover a CPK12-ERF-VII regulatory module that is key to transducing calcium signals from the cytoplasm into the nucleus to potentiate hypoxia sensing in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ke Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lin-Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Li-Li Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ling-Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yue-Qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qin-Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Shi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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5
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Shiono K, Koshide A, Iwasaki K, Oguri K, Fukao T, Larsen M, Glud RN. Imaging the snorkel effect during submerged germination in rice: Oxygen supply via the coleoptile triggers seminal root emergence underwater. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:946776. [PMID: 35968087 PMCID: PMC9372499 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.946776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Submergence during germination impedes aerobic metabolisms and limits the growth of most higher plants. However, some wetland plants including rice can germinate under submerged conditions. It has long been hypothesized that the first elongating shoot tissue, the coleoptile, acts as a snorkel to acquire atmospheric oxygen (O2) to initiate the first leaf elongation and seminal root emergence. Here, we obtained direct evidence for this hypothesis by visualizing the spatiotemporal O2 dynamics during submerged germination in rice using a planar O2 optode system. In parallel with the O2 imaging, we tracked the anatomical development of shoot and root tissues in real-time using an automated flatbed scanner. Three hours after the coleoptile tip reached the water surface, O2 levels around the embryo transiently increased. At this time, the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), an enzyme critical for anaerobic metabolism, was significantly reduced, and the coleorhiza covering the seminal roots in the embryo was broken. Approximately 10 h after the transient burst in O2, seminal roots emerged. A transient O2 burst around the embryo was shown to be essential for seminal root emergence during submerged rice germination. The parallel application of a planar O2 optode system and automated scanning system can be a powerful tool for examining how environmental conditions affect germination in rice and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Shiono
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Akiko Koshide
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kazunari Iwasaki
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Oguri
- HADAL and Nordcee, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Research Institute of Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukao
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Morten Larsen
- HADAL and Nordcee, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ronnie N. Glud
- HADAL and Nordcee, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Ocean and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Japan
- Danish Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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6
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Li Y, Liu Y, Jin L, Peng R. Crosstalk between Ca 2+ and Other Regulators Assists Plants in Responding to Abiotic Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11101351. [PMID: 35631776 PMCID: PMC9148064 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved many strategies for adaptation to extreme environments. Ca2+, acting as an important secondary messenger in plant cells, is a signaling molecule involved in plants' response and adaptation to external stress. In plant cells, almost all kinds of abiotic stresses are able to raise cytosolic Ca2+ levels, and the spatiotemporal distribution of this molecule in distant cells suggests that Ca2+ may be a universal signal regulating different kinds of abiotic stress. Ca2+ is used to sense and transduce various stress signals through its downstream calcium-binding proteins, thereby inducing a series of biochemical reactions to adapt to or resist various stresses. This review summarizes the roles and molecular mechanisms of cytosolic Ca2+ in response to abiotic stresses such as drought, high salinity, ultraviolet light, heavy metals, waterlogging, extreme temperature and wounding. Furthermore, we focused on the crosstalk between Ca2+ and other signaling molecules in plants suffering from extreme environmental stress.
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7
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Gómez-Álvarez EM, Pucciariello C. Cereal Germination under Low Oxygen: Molecular Processes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:460. [PMID: 35161441 PMCID: PMC8838265 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cereal crops can differ greatly in tolerance to oxygen shortage under germination and seedling establishment. Rice is able to germinate and elongate the coleoptile under submergence and anoxia. This capacity has been attributed to the successful use of starchy reserves through a molecular pathway activated by sugar starvation and low oxygen. This pathway culminates with the expression of α-amylases to provide sugars that fuel the sink organs. On the contrary, barley and wheat are unable to germinate under anoxia. The sensitivity of barley and wheat is likely due to the incapacity to use starch during germination. This review highlights what is currently known about the molecular mechanisms associated with cereal germination and seedling establishment under oxygen shortage with a special focus on barley and rice. Insights into the molecular mechanisms that support rice germination under low oxygen and into those that are associated with barley sensitivity may be of help for genetic improvement programs.
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8
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Yu SM, Lee HT, Lo SF, Ho THD. How does rice cope with too little oxygen during its early life? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:36-41. [PMID: 31880324 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Most crops cannot germinate underwater. Rice exhibits certain degrees of tolerance to oxygen deficiency for anaerobic germination (AG) and anaerobic seedling development (ASD). Direct rice seeding, whereby seeds are sown into soil rather than transplanting seedlings from the nursery, becomes an increasingly popular cultivation method due to labor shortages and opportunities for sustainable cultivation. Flooding is common under direct seeding, but most rice varieties have poor capability of AG/ASD, which is a major obstacle to broad adoption of direct seeding. A better understanding of the physiological basis and molecular mechanisms regulating AG/ASD should facilitate rice breeding for enhanced seedling vigor under flooding. This review highlights recent advances on molecular and physiological mechanisms and future breeding strategies of rice AG/ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-May Yu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Ting Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Fang Lo
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Tuan-Hua David Ho
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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9
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The Molecular Regulatory Pathways and Metabolic Adaptation in the Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Rice in Response to Low O 2 Stress. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101363. [PMID: 33066550 PMCID: PMC7602250 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, flooding/submergence is one of the major abiotic stresses for higher plants, with deleterious effects on their growth and survival. Therefore, flooding/submergence is a large challenge for agriculture in lowland areas worldwide. Long-term flooding/submergence can cause severe hypoxia stress to crop plants and can result in substantial yield loss. Rice has evolved distinct adaptive strategies in response to low oxygen (O2) stress caused by flooding/submergence circumstances. Recently, direct seeding practice has been increasing in popularity due to its advantages of reducing cultivation cost and labor. However, establishment and growth of the seedlings from seed germination under the submergence condition are large obstacles for rice in direct seeding practice. The physiological and molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying tolerant and sensitive phenotypes in rice have been extensively investigated. Here, this review focuses on the progress of recent advances in the studies of the molecular mechanisms and metabolic adaptions underlying anaerobic germination (AG) and coleoptile elongation. Further, we highlight the prospect of introducing quantitative trait loci (QTL) for AG into rice mega varieties to ensure the compatibility of flooding/submergence tolerance traits and yield stability, thereby advancing the direct seeding practice and facilitating future breeding improvement.
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10
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Molecular Mechanisms Supporting Rice Germination and Coleoptile Elongation under Low Oxygen. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9081037. [PMID: 32824201 PMCID: PMC7465159 DOI: 10.3390/plants9081037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rice germinates under submergence by exploiting the starch available in the endosperm and translocating sugars from source to sink organs. The availability of fermentable sugar under water allows germination with the protrusion of the coleoptile, which elongates rapidly and functions as a snorkel toward the air above. Depending on the variety, rice can produce a short or a long coleoptile. Longer length entails the involvement of a functional transport of auxin along the coleoptile. This paper is an overview of rice coleoptiles and the studies undertaken to understand its functioning and role under submergence.
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Damaris RN, Lin Z, Yang P, He D. The Rice Alpha-Amylase, Conserved Regulator of Seed Maturation and Germination. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E450. [PMID: 30669630 PMCID: PMC6359163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-amylase, the major form of amylase with secondary carbohydrate binding sites, is a crucial enzyme throughout the growth period and life cycle of angiosperm. In rice, alpha-amylase isozymes are critical for the formation of the storage starch granule during seed maturation and motivate the stored starch to nourish the developing seedling during seed germination which will directly affect the plant growth and field yield. Alpha-amylase has not yet been studied intensely to understand its classification, structure, expression trait, and expression regulation in rice and other crops. Among the 10-rice alpha-amylases, most were exclusively expressed in the developing seed embryo and induced in the seed germination process. During rice seed germination, the expression of alpha-amylase genes is known to be regulated negatively by sugar in embryos, however positively by gibberellin (GA) in endosperm through competitively binding to the specific promoter domain; besides, it is also controlled by a series of other abiotic or biotic factors, such as salinity. In this review, we overviewed the research progress of alpha-amylase with focus on seed germination and reflected on how in-depth work might elucidate its regulation and facilitate crop breeding as an efficient biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Njeri Damaris
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhongyuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Pingfang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Dongli He
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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12
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Greenway H, Armstrong W. Energy-crises in well-aerated and anoxic tissue: does tolerance require the same specific proteins and energy-efficient transport? FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:877-894. [PMID: 32291053 DOI: 10.1071/fp17250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many of the profound changes in metabolism that are caused by O2 deficiency also occur in well-aerated tissues when oxidative phosphorylation is partially or wholly inhibited. For these well-aerated tissues, reduction in energy formation occurs during exposure to inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, cold/chilling and wounding, so we prefer the term 'energy crisis' metabolism over 'anaerobic' metabolism. In this review, we note that the overwhelming body of data on energy crises has been obtained by exposure to hypoxia-anoxia, which we will indicate when discussing the particular experiments. We suggest that even transient survival of an energy crisis requires a network of changes common to a large number of conditions, ranging from changes in development to various adverse conditions such as high salinity, drought and nutrient deficiency, all of which reduce growth. During an energy crisis this general network needs to be complemented by energy specific proteins, including the so called 'anaerobic proteins' and the group of ERFVII transcription factors, which induces the synthesis of these proteins. Crucially, the difference between anoxia-intolerant and -tolerant tissues in the event of a severe energy crisis would mainly depend on changes in some 'key' energy crisis proteins: we suggest these proteins would include phytoglobin, the V-H+PPiase and pyruvate decarboxylase. A second characteristic of a high tolerance to an energy crisis is engagement of energy efficient transport. This feature includes a sharp reduction in rates of solute transport and use of energy-efficient modifications of transport systems by primary H+ transport and secondary H+-solute transport systems. Here we also discuss the best choice of species to study an energy crisis. Further, we consider confounding of the acclimative response by responses to injury, be it due to the use of tissues intolerant to an energy crisis, or to faulty techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hank Greenway
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - William Armstrong
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Pedersen O, Perata P, Voesenek LACJ. Flooding and low oxygen responses in plants. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:iii-vi. [PMID: 32480612 DOI: 10.1071/fpv44n9_fo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The world is currently experiencing dramatic increases in flood events impacting on natural vegetation and crops. Flooding often results in low O2 status in root tissues during waterlogging, but sometimes also in shoot tissues when plants become completely submerged. Plants possess a suite of traits enabling tissue aeration and/or adjusted metabolism during hypoxia or even in the absence of O2. This special issue of Functional Plant Biology presents key papers for plant scientists on the quest to further address and improve flood tolerance of terrestrial plants. The papers address low O2 responses in roots, shoots or whole plants in controlled laboratory conditions or in the field situation using natural wetland plants as models as well as economically important crops, such as rice, wheat and barley. The studies advance our understanding of low O2 responses in plant tissues as caused by O2 shortage during flooding. However, in most instances, submergence not only leads to hypoxic or anoxic tissues, but inundation in water also results in accumulation of CO2 and the important plant hormone ethylene. Thus, carefully designed laboratory studies are often needed to unravel the mechanistic relationships between a combined decline in O2 followed by increases in CO2 and ethylene at tissue as well as on the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Pedersen
- Department of Biology, The University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via Mariscoglio 34, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Laurentius A C J Voesenek
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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