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Chanpong A, Alves MM, Bonora E, De Giorgio R, Thapar N. Evaluating the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying gut motility disorders. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:1301-1312. [PMID: 38117595 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2296558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders comprise a wide range of different diseases affecting the structural or functional integrity of the GI neuromusculature. Their clinical presentation and burden of disease depends on the predominant location and extent of gut involvement as well as the component of the gut neuromusculature affected. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed and Medline databases to identify articles related to GI motility and functional disorders, published between 2016 and 2023. In this article, we highlight the current knowledge of molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying GI dysmotility, including disorders of gut-brain interaction, which involve both GI motor and sensory disturbance. EXPERT OPINION Although the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms underlying many such disorders remain unclear, recent advances in the assessment of intestinal tissue samples, genetic testing with the application of 'omics' technologies and the use of animal models will provide better insights into disease pathogenesis as well as opportunities to improve therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atchariya Chanpong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
- Neurogastroenterology & Motility Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Maria M Alves
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Bonora
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, DIMEC, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- U.O. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, AOUB, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Woolworths Centre for Child Nutrition Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Perticarrara Ferezin L, Kayzuka C, Rondon Pereira VC, Ferreira de Andrade M, Molina CAF, Tucci S, Tanus-Santos JE, Lacchini R. The rs2682826 Polymorphism of the NOS1 Gene Is Associated with the Degree of Disability of Erectile Dysfunction. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051082. [PMID: 37240727 DOI: 10.3390/life13051082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common male disorder, often associated with cardiovascular disease and ageing. The Sildenafil, a PDE5 inhibitor, can improve the erectile function by prolonging the nitric oxide (NO) downstream effect. NO is a molecule of pivotal importance in erection physiology and is mainly produced by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). While it has been shown that eNOS and nNOS genetic polymorphisms could be associated with Sildenafil responsiveness in ED, no study so far has assessed whether nNOS polymorphisms and PDE5A polymorphism could be associated with increased risk to ED or with intensity of symptoms. A total of 119 ED patients and 114 controls were studied, with evaluation of the clinical disability by the International Index for Erectile Function instrument, plasma assessment of nitrite levels and genomic DNA analysis regarding the rs41279104 and rs2682826 polymorphisms of the NOS1 gene and the rs2389866, rs3733526 and rs13124532 polymorphisms of the PDE5A gene. We have found a significant association of the rs2682826 with lower IIEF scores in the clinical ED group. While this result should be confirmed in other populations, it may be helpful in establishing a genetic panel to better assess disease risk and prognosis on ED therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Perticarrara Ferezin
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-902, Brazil
| | - Cezar Kayzuka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-902, Brazil
| | - Vitória Carolina Rondon Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-902, Brazil
| | - Murilo Ferreira de Andrade
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | | | - Silvio Tucci
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Jose Eduardo Tanus-Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-902, Brazil
| | - Riccardo Lacchini
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-902, Brazil
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Solanki K, Rajpoot S, Bezsonov EE, Orekhov AN, Saluja R, Wary A, Axen C, Wary K, Baig MS. The expanding roles of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1). PeerJ 2022; 10:e13651. [PMID: 35821897 PMCID: PMC9271274 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The nitric oxide synthases (NOS; EC 1.14.13.39) use L-arginine as a substrate to produce nitric oxide (NO) as a by-product in the tissue microenvironment. NOS1 represents the predominant NO-producing enzyme highly enriched in the brain and known to mediate multiple functions, ranging from learning and memory development to maintaining synaptic plasticity and neuronal development, Alzheimer's disease (AD), psychiatric disorders and behavioral deficits. However, accumulating evidence indicate both canonical and non-canonical roles of NOS1-derived NO in several other tissues and chronic diseases. A better understanding of NOS1-derived NO signaling, and identification and characterization of NO-metabolites in non-neuronal tissues could become useful in diagnosis and prognosis of diseases associated with NOS1 expression. Continued investigation on the roles of NOS1, therefore, will synthesize new knowledge and aid in the discovery of small molecules which could be used to titrate the activities of NOS1-derived NO signaling and NO-metabolites. Here, we address the significance of NOS1 and its byproduct NO in modifying pathophysiological events, which could be beneficial in understanding both the disease mechanisms and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Solanki
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
| | - Sajjan Rajpoot
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
| | - Evgeny E Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biology and General Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rohit Saluja
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anita Wary
- Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Cassondra Axen
- Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kishore Wary
- Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mirza S Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
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Nóbrega OT, Campos-Staffico AM, Oliveira EK, Munhoz DB, Moura FA, Carvalho LSF, Soares AASM, Gomes CM, Tonet-Furioso AC, Sposito AC. Defective Allele of the Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Increases Insulin Resistance During Acute Phase of Myocardial Infarction. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:3669-3676. [PMID: 34321912 PMCID: PMC8312503 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s313661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycemic disorders are strong predictors of mortality in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients, and disruption in nitric oxide (NO) production is associated with insulin-resistant states. We evaluated whether a defective allele of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene (NOS1) might influence insulin response and blood-glucose balance during the acute phase of STEMI and if post-infarction total plasma-NO levels and vasodilation scores varied across nNOS genotypes. Methods Consecutive patients with STEMI (n=354) underwent clinical evaluations and genotyping for the promoter variation rs41279104. In-hospital clinical and blood evaluations were performed at admission and five days after STEMI, with glycemic, insulinemic, and disposition indices assessed at the same times. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed by reactive hyperemia on the 30th day. Results Homozygotes for the defective allele (A) showed lower glycemia and insulin sensitivity on day 1 while showing the highest β-cell function and no changes in the circulating NO pool, which is compatible with hyperresponsive β cells counteracting the inherent glucose-resistant state of AA patients. At day 5, glycemic scores had shifted to indicate greater insulin sensitivity among A homozygotes, paralleled by a significant yet poor increase in NO bioavailability compared to that among G carriers. All in all, defective homozygotes showed greater insulin resistance at admission that had reversed by 5 days after STEMI. Even so, A carriers developed lower FMD scores compared to G homozygotes after the acute phase. Conclusion A defective nNOS allele (and due decline in NO production) seemed to elicit a hyperinsulinemia response to compensate for an insulin-resistant state during the acute phase of STEMI and to be associated with poor endothelial function after the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otávio T Nóbrega
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Elayne Kelen Oliveira
- Departamento de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Munhoz
- Departamento de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Filipe A Moura
- Departamento de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Sérgio F Carvalho
- Centro de Inovação, Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto de Gestão Estratégica em Saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Anderson S M Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Serviço de Cardiologia, Instituto Biocárdios, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ciro M Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Laboratório de Dermatomicologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Audrey C Tonet-Furioso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB-DF), Taguatinga, DF, Brazil
| | - Andrei C Sposito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Departamento de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Roth NJ, Zipperich S, Kopf J, Deckert J, Reif A. Influence of two functional polymorphisms in NOS1 on baseline cortisol and working memory in healthy subjects. Nitric Oxide 2019; 88:45-49. [PMID: 31002875 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neuronal isoform of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS-I) encoded by NOS1 is the main source of nitric oxide (NO) in the brain. Reduced NO signaling in the prefrontal cortex has been linked to schizophrenia and cognitive processes while reduced striatal NOS1 expression has been associated with impulsive behavior. METHODS To evaluate the effect of two functional polymorphisms in alternative first exons of NOS1, ex1f-VNTR and ex1c-SNP rs41279104, on the HPA stress axis and neurocognitive abilities, 280 healthy subjects were genotyped, had their salivary cortisol levels measured and were assessed in verbal memory, verbal fluency, working memory and verbal IQ by using the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), the Regensburger test of verbal fluency (RWT), a n-back task and subscales of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III (WAIS-III). RESULTS Schizophrenia risk (A)-allele carriers of NOS1 ex1c-SNP rs41279104 displayed significantly lower baseline cortisol levels (p = 0.004). NOS1 ex1f-VNTR genotype carriers showed differences in working memory performance (p = 0.05) in a gene-dose effect manner, with homozygous carriers of the short impulsivity-risk allele committing most commission errors. Finally, A-allele carriers of the NOS1 ex1c-SNP rs41279104 tended to react faster during the working memory task (p = 0.065). CONCLUSION For the first time, we demonstrated an influence of the NOS1 ex1c-SNP rs41279104 on salivary cortisol levels and additionally implicate the A-allele in an enhanced reaction time during a working memory task. Regarding the NOS1 ex1f-VNTR our study supports the previously reported influence on impulsivity, lending further support to the hypothesis that this genetic variant underlies impulsive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Roth
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - S Zipperich
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J Kopf
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J Deckert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - A Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Kato T, Hashimoto Y, Wong RK, Mitsui Y, Maekawa S, Chang I, Shahryari V, Yamamura S, Majid S, Saini S, Tabatabai ZL, Dahiya R, Deguchi T, Tanaka Y. Influence of lifestyle choices on risks of CYP1B1 polymorphisms for prostate cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4676-4687. [PMID: 30133114 PMCID: PMC6156244 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) converts xenobiotics to carcinogens and how lifestyle choices may interact with CYP1B1 polymorphisms and affect prostate cancer risk was assessed. Blood genomic DNA from a Caucasian population was analysed at polymorphic sites of the 5' untranslated region of CYP1B1 using TaqMan genotyping assays. Overall, drinker status and minor alleles at rs2551188, rs2567206 and rs10175368 were associated with prostate cancer. Linkage was observed between rs2551188, rs2567206, rs2567207 and rs10175368, and the G-C-T-G haplotype (major allele at respective sites) was decreased in cancer. Interestingly when classified by lifestyle factors, no associations of genotypes were found for non-smokers and non-drinkers, whereas on the contrary, minor type at rs2567206 and rs10175368 increased and major G-C-T-G decreased risk for cancer among smokers and drinkers. Interestingly, rs2551188, rs2567206 and rs10175368 minor genotypes correlated with increased tissue CYP1B1 as determined by immunohistochemistry. Further, rs10175368 enhanced luciferase activity and mobility shift show stronger binding of nuclear factor for the minor allele. These results demonstrate smoking and alcohol consumption to modify the risks of CYP1B1 polymorphisms for prostate cancer which may be through rs10175368, and this is of importance in understanding their role in the pathogenesis and as a biomarker for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kato
- Department of UrologyVeterans Affairs Medical CenterSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of UrologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of UrologyGifu University Graduate school of MedicineGifuJapan
| | - Yutaka Hashimoto
- Department of UrologyVeterans Affairs Medical CenterSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of UrologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Ryan K. Wong
- Department of UrologyVeterans Affairs Medical CenterSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Yozo Mitsui
- Department of UrologyVeterans Affairs Medical CenterSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of UrologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Shigekatsu Maekawa
- Department of UrologyVeterans Affairs Medical CenterSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of UrologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Inik Chang
- Department of Oral BiologyYonsei University College of DentistrySeoulSouth Korea
| | | | - Soichiro Yamamura
- Department of UrologyVeterans Affairs Medical CenterSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of UrologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Shahana Majid
- Department of UrologyVeterans Affairs Medical CenterSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of UrologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Sharanjot Saini
- Department of UrologyVeterans Affairs Medical CenterSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of UrologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Z. Laura Tabatabai
- Department of PathologyVeterans Affairs Medical Center and University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Rajvir Dahiya
- Department of UrologyVeterans Affairs Medical CenterSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of UrologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Takashi Deguchi
- Department of UrologyGifu University Graduate school of MedicineGifuJapan
| | - Yuichiro Tanaka
- Department of UrologyVeterans Affairs Medical CenterSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of UrologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
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Topaloglu M, Tuzun E, Gulec H, Bireller ES, Cakmakoglu B, Kucukali CI. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nord J Psychiatry 2017; 71:115-119. [PMID: 27739347 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2016.1240230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disease characterized by recurrent and intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviours that negatively affect the quality-of-life of the patients. Recent studies have implicated the participation of neuronal nitric oxide in OCD pathogenesis as a neurotransmitter modulator. AIMS To identify whether variations in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) genes may render individuals susceptible to OCD development. METHODS This study examined nNOS polymorphisms in 100 OCD patients and 121 unrelated healthy controls by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion methods. RESULTS nNOS 276 C + genotype incidence was significantly higher in OCD patients than controls and conferred a 2-fold increased risk for OCD. No significant differences were observed in frequencies of nNOS 84 genotypes between patients and controls. CONCLUSION This study shows an association between nNOS gene polymorphism and OCD. Exact mechanisms by which nNOS gene variants contribute to OCD pathogenesis need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muruvvet Topaloglu
- a Department of Neurology , Istanbul Erenkoy Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Erdem Tuzun
- b Department of Neuroscience , Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Huseyin Gulec
- a Department of Neurology , Istanbul Erenkoy Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Elif Sinem Bireller
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Bedia Cakmakoglu
- d Department of Molecular Medicine , Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Cem Ismail Kucukali
- b Department of Neuroscience , Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
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8
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von Burstin J, Bachhuber F, Paul M, Schmid RM, Rustgi AK. The TALE homeodomain transcription factor MEIS1 activates the pro-metastatic melanoma cell adhesion moleculeMcamto promote migration of pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:936-944. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes von Burstin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- I. Medizinische Klinik; Technische Universität München; Munich Germany
- II. Medizinische Klinik; Technische Universität München; Munich Germany
| | | | - Mariel Paul
- II. Medizinische Klinik; Technische Universität München; Munich Germany
| | - Roland M. Schmid
- II. Medizinische Klinik; Technische Universität München; Munich Germany
| | - Anil K. Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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9
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Polymorphisms in neuropeptide genes and bone mineral density in Korean postmenopausal women. Menopause 2015; 22:1256-63. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Lacchini R, Tanus-Santos JE. Pharmacogenetics of erectile dysfunction: navigating into uncharted waters. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:1519-38. [PMID: 25303302 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sildenafil and other PDE-5 inhibitors have revolutionized erectile dysfunction (ED) treatment. However, a significant number of patients do not respond or present adverse reactions to these drugs. While genetic polymorphisms may underlie this phenomenon, very little research has been undertaken in this research field. Most of the current knowledge is based on sildenafil, thus almost completely ignoring other important pharmacological therapies. Currently, the most promising genes with pharmacogenetic implications in ED are related to the nitric oxide and cGMP pathway, although other genes are likely to affect the responsiveness to treatment of ED. Nevertheless, the small number of studies available opens the possibility of further exploring other genes and phenotypes related to ED. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the genes being tested for their pharmacogenetic relevance in the therapy of ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Lacchini
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing & Human Sciences, Ribeirao Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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11
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Freudenberg F, Alttoa A, Reif A. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) and its adaptor, NOS1AP, as a genetic risk factors for psychiatric disorders. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 14:46-63. [PMID: 25612209 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous transmitter produced by nitric oxide synthases (NOSs). The neuronal isoform (NOS-I, encoded by NOS1) is the main source of NO in the central nervous system (CNS). Animal studies suggest that nitrinergic dysregulation may lead to behavioral abnormalities. Unfortunately, the large number of animal studies is not adequately reflected by publications concerning humans. These include post-mortem studies, determination of biomarkers, and genetic association studies. Here, we review the evidence for the role of NO in psychiatric disorders by focusing on the human NOS1 gene as well as biomarker studies. Owing to the complex regulation of NOS1 and the varying function of NOS-I in different brain regions, no simple, unidirectional association is expected. Rather, the 'where, when and how much' of NO formation is decisive. Present data, although still preliminary and partially conflicting, suggest that genetically driven reduced NO signaling in the prefrontal cortex is associated with schizophrenia and cognition. Both NOS1 and its interaction partner NOS1AP have a role therein. Also, reduced NOS1 expression in the striatum determined by a length polymorphism in a NOS1 promoter (NOS1 ex1f-VNTR) goes along with a variety of impulsive behaviors. An association of NOS1 with mood disorders, suggested by animal models, is less clear on the genetic level; however, NO metabolites in blood may serve as biomarkers for major depression and bipolar disorder. As the nitrinergic system comprises a relevant target for pharmacological interventions, further studies are warranted not only to elucidate the pathophysiology of mental disorders, but also to evaluate NO function as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Freudenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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12
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Oliveira J, Debnath M, Etain B, Bennabi M, Hamdani N, Lajnef M, Bengoufa D, Fortier C, Boukouaci W, Bellivier F, Kahn JP, Henry C, Charron D, Krishnamoorthy R, Leboyer M, Tamouza R. Violent suicidal behaviour in bipolar disorder is associated with nitric oxide synthase 3 gene polymorphism. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2015; 132:218-25. [PMID: 25939888 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given the importance of nitric oxide system in oxidative stress, inflammation, neurotransmission and cerebrovascular tone regulation, we postulated its potential dysfunction in bipolar disorder (BD) and suicide. By simultaneously analysing variants of three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) genes, we explored interindividual genetic liability to suicidal behaviour in BD. METHOD A total of 536 patients with BD (DSM-IV) and 160 healthy controls were genotyped for functionally relevant NOS1, NOS2 and NOS3 polymorphisms. History of suicidal behaviour and violent suicide attempt was documented for 511 patients with BD. Chi-squared test was used to perform genetic association analyses and logistic regression to test for gene-gene interactions. RESULTS NOS3 rs1799983 T homozygous state was associated with violent suicide attempts (26.4% vs. 10.8%, in patients and controls, P = 0.002, corrected P (Pc) = 0.004, OR: 2.96, 95% CI = 1.33-6.34), and this association was restricted to the early-onset BD subgroup (37.9% vs. 10.8%, in early-onset BD and controls, P = 0.0003, Pc = 0.0006 OR: 5.05, 95% CI: 1.95-12.45), while we found no association with BD per se and no gene-gene interactions. CONCLUSION Our results bring further evidence for the potential involvement of endothelial NOS gene variants in susceptibility to suicidal behaviour. Future exploration of this pathway on larger cohort of suicidal behaviour is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oliveira
- INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - M Debnath
- INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - B Etain
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,INSERM, U955, Psychopathologie et Génétique des maladies psychiatriques, Créteil, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie des Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - M Bennabi
- INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - N Hamdani
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,INSERM, U955, Psychopathologie et Génétique des maladies psychiatriques, Créteil, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie des Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - M Lajnef
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,INSERM, U955, Psychopathologie et Génétique des maladies psychiatriques, Créteil, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - D Bengoufa
- Laboratoire Jean Dausset and LabEx Transplantex, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - C Fortier
- Laboratoire Jean Dausset and LabEx Transplantex, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - W Boukouaci
- INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - F Bellivier
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,INSERM, U955, Psychopathologie et Génétique des maladies psychiatriques, Créteil, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie des Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - J-P Kahn
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Service de Psychiatrie et Psychologie Clinique, CHU de Nancy, Hôpitaux de Brabois, Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France
| | - C Henry
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,INSERM, U955, Psychopathologie et Génétique des maladies psychiatriques, Créteil, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie des Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - D Charron
- INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Laboratoire Jean Dausset and LabEx Transplantex, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - M Leboyer
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,INSERM, U955, Psychopathologie et Génétique des maladies psychiatriques, Créteil, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Pôle de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie des Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - R Tamouza
- INSERM, U1160, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Laboratoire Jean Dausset and LabEx Transplantex, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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13
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von Burstin J, Diersch S, Schneider G, Reichert M, Rustgi AK, Schmid RM. Detection of Tumor Suppressor Genes in Cancer Development by a Novel shRNA-Based Method. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:863-9. [PMID: 25724428 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers with poor survival rates and limited therapeutic options. To improve the understanding of this disease's biology, a prerequisite for the generation of novel therapeutics, new platforms for rapid and efficient genetic and therapeutic screening are needed. Therefore, a combined in vitro/in vivo hybrid shRNA assay was developed using isolated murine primary pancreatic ductal cells (PDCs), in which oncogenic Kras(G12D) could be activated in vitro by genomic recombination through 4OH-tamoxifen-induced nuclear translocation of Cre-ERT2 expressed under control of the ROSA26 promoter. Further genetic manipulation was achieved through selective and stable RNAi against the tumor suppressors p16(Ink4a) (CDKN2A) or Trp53 (TP53) using lentiviral gene delivery. Treatment of PDCs with 4OH-tamoxifen increased phosphorylation of ERK downstream of KRAS, and subsequent lentiviral transduction resulted in sustained target gene repression. Double-mutant PDCs were then reintroduced into the pancreata of NOD-SCID-gamma (NSG) mice and monitored for tumor growth. Orthotopic implantation of PDCs carrying the activated Kras(G12D)-allele and shRNA against p16(Ink4a) or Trp53 resulted in tumor growth, metastasis, and reduced survival of NSG mice. In contrast, Kras(G12D) alone was not sufficient to induce tumor growth. IMPLICATIONS The combinatory in vitro/in vivo approach described in this study allows for rapid and efficient identification of genes involved in carcinogenesis and opens new avenues for the development of therapeutic strategies to improve cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Diersch
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Reichert
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Roland M Schmid
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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14
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Feng Z, Liang P, Li Q, Nie Y, Zhang Y. Association between NKX2-5 rs29784 and infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in Chinese Han population. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:2905-2910. [PMID: 25932253 PMCID: PMC4402900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, rs11712066 and rs573872 near MBNL1, rs29784 near NKX2-5) with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) in Chinese Han population. METHODS A total of 47 family trios consisting of infants with IHPS and their healthy biological parents were recruited for this study. Genotypes were determined using direct sequencing. Transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) was performed for family-based association analysis. RESULTS Genotypic distributions of three SNPs in both groups (patients and proband's parents) were in conformity with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.05). There were significant preferential transmission of A allele of rs29784 from the parents to affected offspring (TDT: x(2) = 5.444, P = 0.0196). However, other two polymorphism loci (rs11712066 and rs573872) were not significant susceptibility loci for IHPS in Chinese Han population. CONCLUSIONS We found that there was a significant association between rs29784 and IHPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Digestive Disease CenterGuangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Peizhi Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Digestive Disease CenterGuangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Qingning Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Digestive Disease CenterGuangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yuqiang Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Digestive Disease CenterGuangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Youxiang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
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15
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Lacchini R, Muniz JJ, Nobre YTDA, Cologna AJ, Martins ACP, Tanus-Santos JE. nNOS polymorphisms are associated with responsiveness to sildenafil in clinical and postoperative erectile dysfunction. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:775-84. [PMID: 24897285 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Sildenafil potentiates the nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway. Since neuronal NOS is very important in the penis, we assessed whether NOS1 polymorphisms are associated with altered responsiveness to sildenafil in erectile dysfunction (ED). MATERIALS & METHODS Patients (n = 137) were divided as clinical ED or postoperative ED. They were subdivided as good responders or poor responders to sildenafil, and genotypes for rs41279104 and rs2682826 NOS1 polymorphisms were determined. RESULTS We found that the rs41279104 CT genotype was associated with good responders in postoperative ED patients, while rs2682826 CT genotype was associated with good responders in postoperative ED, and the TT genotype associated with good responders in both groups. Finally, the CT haplotype was associated with good responders in postoperative ED. CONCLUSION NOS1 polymorphisms are associated with responsiveness to sildenafil in ED. Original submitted 20 November 2013; Revision submitted 31 January 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Lacchini
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Schönhuber N, Seidler B, Schuck K, Veltkamp C, Schachtler C, Zukowska M, Eser S, Feyerabend TB, Paul MC, Eser P, Klein S, Lowy AM, Banerjee R, Yang F, Lee CL, Moding EJ, Kirsch DG, Scheideler A, Alessi DR, Varela I, Bradley A, Kind A, Schnieke AE, Rodewald HR, Rad R, Schmid RM, Schneider G, Saur D. A next-generation dual-recombinase system for time- and host-specific targeting of pancreatic cancer. Nat Med 2014; 20:1340-1347. [PMID: 25326799 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) have dramatically improved our understanding of tumor evolution and therapeutic resistance. However, sequential genetic manipulation of gene expression and targeting of the host is almost impossible using conventional Cre-loxP-based models. We have developed an inducible dual-recombinase system by combining flippase-FRT (Flp-FRT) and Cre-loxP recombination technologies to improve GEMMs of pancreatic cancer. This enables investigation of multistep carcinogenesis, genetic manipulation of tumor subpopulations (such as cancer stem cells), selective targeting of the tumor microenvironment and genetic validation of therapeutic targets in autochthonous tumors on a genome-wide scale. As a proof of concept, we performed tumor cell-autonomous and nonautonomous targeting, recapitulated hallmarks of human multistep carcinogenesis, validated genetic therapy by 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase inactivation as well as cancer cell depletion and show that mast cells in the tumor microenvironment, which had been thought to be key oncogenic players, are dispensable for tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schönhuber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Barbara Seidler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Kathleen Schuck
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Christian Veltkamp
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Christina Schachtler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Magdalena Zukowska
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Stefan Eser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Thorsten B Feyerabend
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division for Cellular Immunology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mariel C Paul
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Philipp Eser
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Sabine Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Andrew M Lowy
- Moores Cancer Center, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ruby Banerjee
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fangtang Yang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chang-Lung Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Everett J Moding
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Angelika Scheideler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Comparative Medicine, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dario R Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ignacio Varela
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (CSIC-UC-Sodercan), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Allan Bradley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Kind
- Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Reimer Rodewald
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division for Cellular Immunology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Weber H, Klamer D, Freudenberg F, Kittel-Schneider S, Rivero O, Scholz CJ, Volkert J, Kopf J, Heupel J, Herterich S, Adolfsson R, Alttoa A, Post A, Grußendorf H, Kramer A, Gessner A, Schmidt B, Hempel S, Jacob CP, Sanjuán J, Moltó MD, Lesch KP, Freitag CM, Kent L, Reif A. The genetic contribution of the NO system at the glutamatergic post-synapse to schizophrenia: further evidence and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:65-85. [PMID: 24220657 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
NO is a pleiotropic signaling molecule and has an important role in cognition and emotion. In the brain, NO is produced by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS-I, encoded by NOS1) coupled to the NMDA receptor via PDZ interactions; this protein-protein interaction is disrupted upon binding of NOS1 adapter protein (encoded by NOS1AP) to NOS-I. As both NOS1 and NOS1AP were associated with schizophrenia, we here investigated these genes in greater detail by genotyping new samples and conducting a meta-analysis of our own and published data. In doing so, we confirmed association of both genes with schizophrenia and found evidence for their interaction in increasing risk towards disease. Our strongest finding was the NOS1 promoter SNP rs41279104, yielding an odds ratio of 1.29 in the meta-analysis. As findings from heterologous cell systems have suggested that the risk allele decreases gene expression, we studied the effect of the variant on NOS1 expression in human post-mortem brain samples and found that the risk allele significantly decreases expression of NOS1 in the prefrontal cortex. Bioinformatic analyses suggest that this might be due the replacement of six transcription factor binding sites by two new binding sites as a consequence of proxy SNPs. Taken together, our data argue that genetic variance in NOS1 resulting in lower prefrontal brain expression of this gene contributes to schizophrenia liability, and that NOS1 interacts with NOS1AP in doing so. The NOS1-NOS1AP PDZ interface may thus well constitute a novel target for small molecules in at least some forms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Weber
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany; Microarray Core Unit, IZKF Würzburg, University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany
| | - D Klamer
- Department of Pharmacology, The Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - F Freudenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - O Rivero
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany; CIBERSAM, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - C-J Scholz
- Microarray Core Unit, IZKF Würzburg, University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany
| | - J Volkert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - J Kopf
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - J Heupel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Herterich
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - R Adolfsson
- Department of Clinivcal Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - A Alttoa
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Post
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - H Grußendorf
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Kramer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Gessner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - B Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Hempel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - C P Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - J Sanjuán
- CIBERSAM, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M D Moltó
- CIBERSAM, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - K-P Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany; Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - C M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - L Kent
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - A Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany; Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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18
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Aminuddin F, Hackett TL, Stefanowicz D, Saferali A, Paré PD, Gulsvik A, Bakke P, Cho MH, Litonjua A, Lomas DA, Anderson WH, Beaty TH, Silverman EK, Sandford AJ. Nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms, gene expression and lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Pulm Med 2013; 13:64. [PMID: 24192154 PMCID: PMC3827989 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-13-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the pleiotropic effects of nitric oxide (NO) within the lungs, it is likely that NO is a significant factor in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to test for association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in three NO synthase (NOS) genes and lung function, as well as to examine gene expression and protein levels in relation to the genetic variation. Methods One SNP in each NOS gene (neuronal NOS (NOS1), inducible NOS (NOS2), and endothelial NOS (NOS3)) was genotyped in the Lung Health Study (LHS) and correlated with lung function. One SNP (rs1800779) was also analyzed for association with COPD and lung function in four COPD case–control populations. Lung tissue expression of NOS3 mRNA and protein was tested in individuals of known genotype for rs1800779. Immunohistochemistry of lung tissue was used to localize NOS3 expression. Results For the NOS3 rs1800779 SNP, the baseline forced expiratory volume in one second in the LHS was significantly higher in the combined AG + GG genotypic groups compared with the AA genotypic group. Gene expression and protein levels in lung tissue were significantly lower in subjects with the AG + GG genotypes than in AA subjects. NOS3 protein was expressed in the airway epithelium and subjects with the AA genotype demonstrated higher NOS3 expression compared with AG and GG individuals. However, we were not able to replicate the associations with COPD or lung function in the other COPD study groups. Conclusions Variants in the NOS genes were not associated with lung function or COPD status. However, the G allele of rs1800779 resulted in a decrease of NOS3 gene expression and protein levels and this has implications for the numerous disease states that have been associated with this polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew J Sandford
- The University of British Columbia James Hogg Research Centre, Providence Heart + Lung Institute, Vancouver, Canada.
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19
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Feenstra B, Geller F, Carstensen L, Romitti PA, Körberg IB, Bedell B, Krogh C, Fan R, Svenningsson A, Caggana M, Nordenskjöld A, Mills JL, Murray JC, Melbye M. Plasma lipids, genetic variants near APOA1, and the risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. JAMA 2013; 310:714-21. [PMID: 23989729 PMCID: PMC4031654 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.242978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a serious condition in which hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter muscle layer leads to gastric outlet obstruction. Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis shows strong familial aggregation and heritability, but knowledge about specific genetic risk variants is limited. OBJECTIVES To search the genome comprehensively for genetic associations with IHPS and validate findings in 3 independent sample sets. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS During stage 1, we used reference data from the 1000 Genomes Project for imputation into a genome-wide data set of 1001 Danish surgery-confirmed samples (cases diagnosed 1987-2008) and 2371 disease-free controls. In stage 2, the 5 most significantly associated loci were tested in independent case-control sample sets from Denmark (cases diagnosed 1983-2010), Sweden (cases diagnosed 1958-2011), and the United States (cases diagnosed 1998-2005), with a total of 1663 cases and 2315 controls. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Association of genetic variation with the presence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. RESULTS We found a new genome-wide significant locus for IHPS at chromosome 11q23.3. The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with the lowest P value at the locus, rs12721025 (odds ratio [OR], 1.59; 95% CI, 1.38-1.83; P = 1.9 × 10(-10)), is located 301 bases downstream of the apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) gene and is correlated (r2 between 0.46 and 0.80) with SNPs previously found to be associated with levels of circulating cholesterol. For these SNPs, the cholesterol-lowering allele consistently was associated with increased risk of IHPS. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study identified a new genome-wide significant locus for IHPS. Characteristics of this locus suggest the possibility of an inverse relationship between levels of circulating cholesterol in neonates and IHPS risk, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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20
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Inhaled nitric oxide and cerebral malaria: basis of a strategy for buying time for pharmacotherapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31:e250-4. [PMID: 22760538 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e318266c113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There are approximately 225-600 million new malaria infections worldwide annually, with severe and cerebral malaria representing major causes of death internationally. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the host response in cerebral malaria continues to be elucidated, with numerous known functions relating to the cytokine, endovascular and cellular responses to infection with Plasmodium falciparum. Evidence from diverse modes of inquiry suggests NO to be critical in modulating the immune response and promoting survival in patients with cerebral malaria. This line of investigation has culminated in the approval of 2 phase II randomized prospective clinical trials in Uganda studying the use of inhaled NO as adjuvant therapy in children with severe malaria. The strategy underlying both trials is to use the sytemic antiinflammatory properties of inhaled NO to "buy time" for chemical antiparasite therapy to lower the parasite load. This article reviews the nexus of malaria and NO biology with a primary focus on cerebral malaria in humans.
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21
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Abstract
Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a common condition in neonates that is characterized by an acquired narrowing of the pylorus. The aetiology of isolated IHPS is still largely unknown. Classic genetic studies have demonstrated an increased risk in families of affected infants. Several genetic studies in groups of individuals with isolated IHPS have identified chromosomal regions linked to the condition; however, these associations could usually not be confirmed in subsequent cohorts, suggesting considerable genetic heterogeneity. IHPS is associated with many clinical syndromes that have known causative mutations. Patients with syndromes associated with IHPS can be considered as having an extreme phenotype of IHPS and studying these patients will be instrumental in finding causes of isolated IHPS. Possible pathways in syndromic IHPS include: (neuro)muscular disorders; connective tissue disorders; metabolic disorders; intracellular signalling pathway disturbances; intercellular communication disturbances; ciliopathies; DNA-repair disturbances; transcription regulation disorders; MAPK-pathway disturbances; lymphatic abnormalities; and environmental factors. Future research should focus on linkage analysis and next-generation molecular techniques in well-defined families with multiple affected members. Studies will have an increased chance of success if detailed phenotyping is applied and if knowledge about the various possible causative pathways is used in evaluating results.
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Alaşehirli B, Akçalı A, Demiryürek AT, Özel A, Erdal ME, Neyal M. Lack of association between the C276T polymorphism of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene and migraine. Int J Neurosci 2012; 123:50-4. [PMID: 22937753 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2012.724743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A migraine attack is a spectacularly complex brain event that can produce a wide array of neurological and systemic symptoms. The molecular mechanisms and genetics of migraine have not yet been clarified. The objective of this study was to analyze the genotype distributions and allele frequencies for the C276T polymorphism of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene among the patients with migraine. The diagnosis of migraine was made clinically based on questionnaires. One hundred and twenty patients with migraine were genotyped for the C276T polymorphism of the nNOS gene and compared with 185 age-matched healthy controls. Genomic DNA from migraine patients and controls was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A PCR-restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis of nNOS gene polymorphism was performed, and the results were compared. Neither genotype distributions nor the allele frequencies for the C276T polymorphism showed a significant difference between the groups. Additionally, there was no marked differences in genotype distribution or allele frequencies for the migraine without aura and migraine with aura subgroups when compared to control group. These results suggested that migraine of the Turkish population seemed to develop without any alterations in nNOS C276T polymorphism. Our data showed that there is no marked association between the C276T polymorphism of the nNOS gene and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belgin Alaşehirli
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, and is typically characterized by memory loss. In addition, during the disease progression, most patients develop behavioural and psychiatric symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder with a presenile onset. It is characterized mainly by behavioural disturbances, whereas memory is conserved. The two major neuropathologic hallmarks of AD are extracellular Amyloid beta (Ab) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Conversely, in FTLD the deposition of tau has been observed in a number of cases, but in several brains there is no deposition of tau but instead a positivity for ubiquitin. In some families these diseases are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. Genes responsible for familial AD include the Amyloid Precursor Protein (b-APP), Presenilin 1 (PS1)and Presenilin 2 (PS2). The majority of mutations in these genes are often associated with a very early onset (40–50 years of age). Regarding FTLD, the first mutations described are located in the Microtubule Associated Protein Tau gene(MAPT). Tau is a component of microtubules, which represent the internal support structures for the transport of nutrients, vesicles, mitochondria and chromosomes within the cell. Mutations in MAPT are associated with an early onset of the disease (40–50 years), and the clinical phenotype is consistent with Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD). Recently, mutations in a second gene, named progranulin(GRN), have been identified in some families with FTLD. The pathology associated with these mutations is most frequently characterized by the immunostaining of TAR DNA Binding Protein 43 (TDP-43), which is a transcription factor. The clinical phenotype associated with GRN mutations is highly heterogeneous,including FTD, Progressive Aphasia, Corticobasal Syndrome, and AD. Age at disease onset is variable, ranging from 45 to 85 years of age. The majority of cases of AD and FTLD are however sporadic, and likely several genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development. Concerning AD, it is known that the presence of the e4 allele of the Apolipoprotein E gene is a susceptibility factor,increasing the risk of about 4 fold. A number of additional genetic factors,including cytokines, chemokines, Nitric Oxide Synthases, contribute to the susceptibility for the disease. Some of them also influence the risk to develop FTLD.Variability in serotonin transporter gene could influence the development of BPSD. In this chapter, current knowledge on molecular mechanisms at the basis of AD and FTLD, as well as the role of genetics, will be presented and discussed.
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Svenningsson A, Söderhäll C, Persson S, Lundberg F, Luthman H, Chung E, Gardiner M, Kockum I, Nordenskjöld A. Genome-wide linkage analysis in families with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis indicates novel susceptibility loci. J Hum Genet 2011; 57:115-21. [PMID: 22158425 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2011.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a common cause of upper gastrointestinal obstruction during infancy. A multifactorial background of the disease is well established. Multiple susceptibility loci including the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) gene have previously been linked to IHPS, but contradictory results of linkage studies in different materials indicate genetic heterogeneity. To identify IHPS susceptibility loci, we conducted a genome-wide linkage analysis in 37 Swedish families. In regions where the Swedish material showed most evidence in favor of linkage, 31 additional British IHPS families were analyzed. Evidence in favor of significant linkage was observed in the Swedish material to two loci on chromosome 2q24 (non-parametric linkage (NPL) =3.77) and 7p21 (NPL=4.55). In addition, evidence of suggestive linkage was found to two loci on chromosome 6p21 (NPL=2.97) and 12q24 (NPL=2.63). Extending the material with British samples did not enhance the level of significance. Regions with linkage harbor interesting candidate genes, such as glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2 encoded by the glucagon gene GCG), NOS1, motilin (MLN) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). The coding exons for GLP-2, and NPY were screened for mutations with negative results. In conclusion, we could confirm suggestive linkage to the region harboring the NOS1 gene and detected additional novel susceptibility loci for IHPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Svenningsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rivera LR, Poole DP, Thacker M, Furness JB. The involvement of nitric oxide synthase neurons in enteric neuropathies. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:980-8. [PMID: 21895878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), produced by the neural nitric oxide synthase enzyme (nNOS) is a transmitter of inhibitory neurons supplying the muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. Transmission from these neurons is necessary for sphincter relaxation that allows the passage of gut contents, and also for relaxation of muscle during propulsive activity in the colon. There are deficiencies of transmission from NOS neurons to the lower esophageal sphincter in esophageal achalasia, to the pyloric sphincter in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and to the internal anal sphincter in colonic achalasia. Deficits in NOS neurons are observed in two disorders in which colonic propulsion fails, Hirschsprung's disease and Chagas' disease. In addition, damage to NOS neurons occurs when there is stress to cells, in diabetes, resulting in gastroparesis, and following ischemia and reperfusion. A number of factors may contribute to the propensity of NOS neurons to be involved in enteric neuropathies. One of these is the failure of the neurons to maintain Ca(2+) homeostasis. In neurons in general, stress can increase cytoplasmic Ca(2+), causing a Ca(2+) toxicity. NOS neurons face the additional problem that NOS is activated by Ca(2+). This is hypothesized to produce an excess of NO, whose free radical properties can cause cell damage, which is exacerbated by peroxynitrite formed when NO reacts with oxygen free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Rivera
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Serra A, Schuchardt K, Genuneit J, Leriche C, Fitze G. Genomic variants in the coding region of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. J Pediatr Surg 2011; 46:1903-8. [PMID: 22008325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a common childhood pathology affecting 1 to 5:1000 newborns, with a genetic background suggested by familial occurrence. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) is a candidate gene owing to its role in the relaxation of smooth musculature and the association of the -84g>a variant of NOS1 with IHPS. METHODS We investigated NOS1 through sequencing of the complete NOS1 coding region in DNA from 43 patients with IHPS compared the genotype frequencies to 47 controls using the Cochran-Armitage trend or Fisher exact tests. RESULTS We found 19 polymorphisms in the coding region of NOS1. The variants c.3827-42_3827-43 del_insTA and c.+276 c>t were more frequent in IHPS with statistically significant exact P values (P = .010 and P = .039, respectively) yet failed to show significance after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing. We have also found a marginally significant occurrence of the variants c.-460A (P = .065) and c.2823+15G (P = .076). There was a significant correlation between the variants c.2706C>T ⬄ c.2823+15A>G, (r(2) = 1.00) and c.3258 C>T ⬄ c.3235+31A>G (r(2) = 1.00). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that NOS1 variants are present in patients with IHPS yet show no significant statistical association with the IHPS phenotype, suggesting at best an adjuvant role for NOS1 in IHPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Serra
- Department of Surgery (Pediatric Surgery), Ulm University, D-89075 Ulm, Germany
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Gazquez I, Lopez-Escamez JA, Moreno A, Campbell CA, Meyer NC, Carey JP, Minor LB, Gantz BJ, Hansen MR, Santina CCD, Aran I, Soto-Varela A, Santos S, Batuecas A, Perez-Garrigues H, Lopez-Nevot A, Smith RJ, Lopez-Nevot MA. Functional Variants in NOS1 and NOS2A Are Not Associated with Progressive Hearing Loss in Ménière's Disease in a European Caucasian Population. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 30:699-708. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gazquez
- Otology and Neurotology Group CTS495, GENYO, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica–Pfizer, Universidad de Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose A. Lopez-Escamez
- Otology and Neurotology Group CTS495, GENYO, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica–Pfizer, Universidad de Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain
- Otology and Neurotology Group CTS495, Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital de Poniente, El Ejido, Almería, Spain
| | - Antonia Moreno
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Nicole C. Meyer
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - John P. Carey
- Departments of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Biomedical Engineering, and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lloyd B. Minor
- Departments of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Biomedical Engineering, and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bruce J. Gantz
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Marlan R. Hansen
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Charles C. Della Santina
- Departments of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Biomedical Engineering, and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ismael Aran
- Department of Otolaryngology, Complejo Hospitalario de Pontevedra, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Andres Soto-Varela
- Division of Otoneurology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Sofia Santos
- Division of Otoneurology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Angel Batuecas
- Department Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Alicia Lopez-Nevot
- Otology and Neurotology Group CTS495, Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Miguel A. Lopez-Nevot
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Werder AV, Mayr M, Schneider G, Oesterle D, Fritsch RM, Seidler B, Schlossmann J, Hofmann F, Schemann M, Allescher HD, Schmid RM, Saur D. Truncated IRAG variants modulate cGMP-mediated inhibition of human colonic smooth muscle cell contraction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 301:C1445-57. [PMID: 21865585 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00304.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) induces relaxation of colonic smooth muscle cells predominantly by cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI)-induced phosphorylation of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP(3)R)-associated cGMP kinase substrate (IRAG), to block store-dependent calcium signaling. In the present study we analyzed the structure and function of the human IRAG/MRVI1 gene. We describe four unique first exon variants transcribed from individual promoters in diverse human tissues. Tissue-specific alternative splicing with exon skipping and alternative splice donor and acceptor site usage further increases diversity of IRAG mRNA variants that encode for NH(2)- and COOH-terminally truncated proteins. At the functional level, COOH-terminally truncated IRAG variants lacking both the cGKI phosphorylation and the IP(3)RI interaction site counteract cGMP-mediated inhibition of calcium transients and relaxation of human colonic smooth muscle cells. Since COOH-terminally truncated IRAG mRNA isoforms are widely expressed in human tissues, our results point to an important role of IRAG variants as negative modulators of nitric oxide/cGKI-dependent signaling. The complexity of alternative splicing of the IRAG gene impressively demonstrates how posttranscriptional processing generates functionally distinct proteins from a single gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander von Werder
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Munich, Germany
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A functional promoter polymorphism of neuronal nitric oxide synthase moderates prefrontal functioning in schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 14:887-97. [PMID: 21281558 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145710001677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits in tasks involving the prefrontal cortex such as working memory or verbal fluency are a key component of schizophrenia. This led to the hypofrontality hypothesis of schizophrenia, which is widely accepted even though molecular underpinnings are elusive. While disturbances of glutamatergic neurotransmission might play a role, other components have rarely been investigated. Recently, the promoter region of nitric oxide (NO) synthase-I (NOS-I, encoded by the gene NOS1), impacting on prefrontal glutamate transmission, has repeatedly been associated with schizophrenia. We thus tested whether an associated schizophrenia risk variant (rs41279104), leading to reduced expression of the transcript, influences prefrontal brain functioning. Forty-three patients suffering from chronic schizophrenia and 44 controls were genotyped for NOS1 rs41279104 and investigated by means of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), while completing a working-memory task (2-back test) and a verbal fluency test (VFT). After matching for genotype, behavioural and brain activation data of 26 patients and 28 comparable controls were correlated to rs41279104. Healthy controls showed significant activation of large parts of the lateral prefrontal cortex during both tasks, whereas task-related changes in oxygenation were significantly reduced in patients. Schizophrenia patients also performed worse in both tasks. The NOS1 schizophrenia risk genotype rs41279104 AA/AG was associated with slower reaction time in the 2-back task, as well as with reduced right-hemispheric activation of the frontal cortex for VFT in patients only. Our fNIRS data extend previous studies suggesting disturbed prefrontal functioning in schizophrenia and suggest that genetic variation of NOS1 has a role in cognitive dysfunction, probably by mediating glutamatergic tone.
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Yang G, Brisseau G, Yanchar NL. Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: An association in twins? Paediatr Child Health 2011; 13:383-5. [PMID: 19412365 DOI: 10.1093/pch/13.5.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) remains a mystery. Some suspected risk factors include birth rank, maternal age, sex, family history and monozygosity in twins. Various theories attempt to explain the etiology of IHPS. Scientific research suggests that enteric neuronal damage and nitric oxide synthase dysfunction may be implicated, but the consensus is that environmental modification must exist to account for the variability in its occurrence. METHOD Four cases of concordant occurrences of IHPS in twins were examined to determine the history and outcome of IHPS development in twins. Three sets were dizygotic and one was monozygotic. Of the eight infants, three were female, including the one monozygotic pair. In all four cases, a time lag existed between the development of symptomatic onset of IHPS in twin A and twin B. In one set, sonographic confirmation, performed because of IHPS diagnosis in the twin sibling, occurred concurrently with onset of vomiting, leading to early surgery before fluid and electrolyte imbalances developed. CONCLUSIONS Despite the lack of agreement as to whether the cause of IHPS is genetic, environmental or both, the high concordance rate seen in twins is indisputable. Thus, the empirical evidence provides credence to consider examining the asymptomatic co-twin when one of the twins presents with IHPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby Yang
- Division of Pediatric General Surgery, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
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Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: evaluation of three positional candidate genes, TRPC1, TRPC5 and TRPC6, by association analysis and re-sequencing. Hum Genet 2011; 126:819-31. [PMID: 19701773 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is the most common inherited form of gastrointestinal obstruction in infancy with a striking male preponderance. Infants present with vomiting due to gastric outlet obstruction caused by hypertrophy of the smooth muscle of the pylorus. Two loci specific to extended pedigrees displaying autosomal dominant inheritance have been identified. A genome scan identified loci on chromosomes 11q14-q22 and Xq23-q24 which are predicted to be responsible for a subset of smaller families with IHPS demonstrating non-Mendelian inheritance. The two linked chromosomal regions both harbour functional candidate genes which are members of the canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) family of ion channels. Both TRPC5 (Xq23-q24) and TRPC6 (11q14-q22) have a potential role in smooth muscle control and hypertrophy. Here, we report suggestive evidence for a third locus on chromosome 3q12-q25 (Zmax = 2.7, p < 0.004), a region which harbours a third TRPC gene, TRPC1. Fine mapping of all three genes using a tagSNP approach and re-sequencing identified a SNP in the promoter region of TRPC6 and a missense variant in exon 4 of TRPC6 which may be putative causal variants.
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Silberberg G, Ben-Shachar D, Navon R. Genetic analysis of nitric oxide synthase 1 variants in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1318-28. [PMID: 20645313 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a neurotransmitter that acts as a second messenger of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and interacts with the dopaminergic and the serotonergic systems. NO involvement in pathological processes relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders stems from its ability to modulate certain forms of synaptic plasticity, and from its capacity to be transformed to a highly active free radical. Additionally, multiple links have been reported between the NO-producing enzyme, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 1, and both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BPD). RNA and DNA isolated from dorsolateral-prefrontal cortices of schizophrenia patients, bipolar patients and controls (n = 26, 30 and 29, respectively) were donated by the Stanley Foundation Brain Collection. Gene expression was measured by Real-Time-PCR. Genetic polymorphisms were genotyped by restriction-fragment length-polymorphism analysis, and by product-size determination of PCR products amplified with a fluorescent primer.Expression analysis of pan-NOS1, as well as of 2 of its isoforms, "NOS1_1d" and "NOS1_1f", which differ in their first exons and translational strength, revealed a trend for pan-NOS1 over-expression (P = 0.075) in schizophrenia patients (1.33-fold), and significant over-expression (P < 0.05) of NOS1_1d and NOS1_1f in this group (1.54-fold and 1.61-fold, respectively). No expressional alteration was observed in BPD. Polymorphisms at the promoters of NOS1_1d and NOS1_1f, previously shown to be functional in vitro, revealed no significant allelic or genotypic differences among clinical groups and showed no effect on these transcripts' expression. In conclusion, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the over-expression of specific NOS1 isoforms, which is unique to schizophrenia, may assist in identifying targets for new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Silberberg
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Rajagopalan MS, Stone B, Rwigema JC, Salimi U, Epperly MW, Goff J, Franicola D, Dixon T, Cao S, Zhang X, Buchholz BM, Bauer AJ, Choi S, Bakkenist C, Wang H, Greenberger JS. Intraesophageal manganese superoxide dismutase-plasmid liposomes ameliorates novel total-body and thoracic radiation sensitivity of NOS1-/- mice. Radiat Res 2010; 174:297-312. [PMID: 20726721 DOI: 10.1667/rr2019.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The effect of deletion of the nitric oxide synthase 1 gene (NOS1(-/-)) on radiosensitivity was determined. In vitro, long-term cultures of bone marrow stromal cells derived from NOS1(-/-) were more radioresistant than cells from C57BL/6NHsd (wild-type), NOS2(-/-) or NOS3(-/-) mice. Mice from each strain received 20 Gy thoracic irradiation or 9.5 Gy total-body irradiation (TBI), and NOS1(-/-) mice were more sensitive to both. To determine the etiology of radiosensitivity, studies of histopathology, lower esophageal contractility, gastrointestinal transit, blood counts, electrolytes and inflammatory markers were performed; no significant differences between irradiated NOS1(-/-) and control mice were found. Video camera surveillance revealed the cause of death in NOS1(-/-) mice to be grand mal seizures; control mice died with fatigue and listlessness associated with low blood counts after TBI. NOS1(-/-) mice were not sensitive to brain-only irradiation. MnSOD-PL therapy delivered to the esophagus of wild-type and NOS1(-/-) mice resulted in equivalent biochemical levels in both; however, in NOS1(-/-) mice, MnSOD-PL significantly increased survival after both thoracic and total-body irradiation. The mechanism of radiosensitivity of NOS1(-/-) mice and its reversal by MnSOD-PL may be related to the developmental esophageal enteric neuronal innervation abnormalities described in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malolan S Rajagopalan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA
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BACE1 gene promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms in Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 42:127-33. [PMID: 20455082 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most neurodegenerative disorder leading to dementia. Neuritic plaque formation in brains is a hallmark of AD pathogenesis. Amyloid beta protein (Abeta) is the central component of neuritic plaques. Processing beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) at the beta-secretase site by the beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is essential for generation of Abeta. Elevation of BACE1 activity and expression has been reported in AD brains. However, no mutation in the BACE1 coding sequence has been identified in AD cases. Human BACE1 expression is tightly regulated at the transcription and translation level. To determine whether there is any single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the BACE1 gene promoter region affecting BACE1 expression in AD pathogenesis, in this study, we screened 2.6 kb of the human BACE1 gene promoter region from late-onset AD patients and found that there was no significant association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms and AD cases.
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von Burstin J, Reichert M, Wescott MP, Rustgi AK. The pancreatic and duodenal homeobox protein PDX-1 regulates the ductal specific keratin 19 through the degradation of MEIS1 and DNA binding. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12311. [PMID: 20808819 PMCID: PMC2924401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreas organogenesis is the result of well-orchestrated and balanced activities of transcription factors. The homeobox transcription factor PDX-1 plays a crucial role in the development and function of the pancreas, both in the maintenance of progenitor cells and in determination and maintenance of differentiated endocrine cells. However, the activity of homeobox transcription factors requires coordination with co-factors, such as PBX and MEIS proteins. PBX and MEIS proteins belong to the family of three amino acid loop extension (TALE) homeodomain proteins. In a previous study we found that PDX-1 negatively regulates the transcriptional activity of the ductal specific keratin 19 (Krt19). In this study, we investigate the role of different domains of PDX-1 and elucidate the functional interplay of PDX-1 and MEIS1 necessary for Krt19 regulation. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we demonstrate that PDX-1 exerts a dual manner of regulation of Krt19 transcriptional activity. Deletion studies highlight that the NH2-terminus of PDX-1 is functionally relevant for the down-regulation of Krt19, as it is required for DNA binding of PDX-1 to the Krt19 promoter. Moreover, this effect occurs independently of PBX. Second, we provide insight on how PDX-1 regulates the Hox co-factor MEIS1 post-transcriptionally. We find specific binding of MEIS1 and MEIS2 to the Krt19 promoter using IP-EMSA, and siRNA mediated silencing of Meis1, but not Meis2, reduces transcriptional activation of Krt19 in primary pancreatic ductal cells. Over-expression of PDX-1 leads to a decreased level of MEIS1 protein, and this decrease is prevented by inhibition of the proteasome. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, our data provide evidence for a dual mechanism of how PDX-1 negatively regulates Krt19 ductal specific gene expression. These findings imply that transcription factors may efficiently regulate target gene expression through diverse, non-redundant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes von Burstin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maximilian Reichert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Melanie P. Wescott
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anil K. Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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A putative cis-acting polymorphism in the NOS1 gene is associated with schizophrenia and NOS1 immunoreactivity in the postmortem brain. Schizophr Res 2010; 121:172-8. [PMID: 20605417 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder whose genetic influences remain elusive. Recent genome-wide scans revealed that rare structural variants disrupted multiple genes in neurodevelopmental pathways, which strongly implicate nitric oxide (NO) signaling in schizophrenia. NO acts as a second messenger of N-methyl-D aspartate receptor activation, which further interacts with both dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways. NO is mainly synthesized by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) in the brain, and its gene locus, 12q24.2, has attracted much attention as a major linkage region for schizophrenia. Genetic variations of NOS1 have also been associated with schizophrenia, and differential expression of NOS1 was observed in the postmortem brain of schizophrenic patients. Here, we explored the hypothesis that a putative cis-acting G-84A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs41279104) in the exon 1c promoter region of the NOS1 gene is associated with the levels of NOS1 immunoreactivity in postmortem prefrontal cortex specimens regardless of disease phenotype. Individuals with the A-allele of this SNP showed significantly lower levels of NOS1 immunoreactivity than did GG homozygotes (p=0.002). Furthermore, a case-control study using 720 individuals in a Japanese population revealed a significant association between the SNP and schizophrenia (genotypic p=0.0013 and allelic p=0.0011). Additionally, the average of onset age in schizophrenic patients with the A-allele was significantly earlier than GG homozygotes (p=0.018). When the analyses took gender into account, this significance was more significant for female. These findings provide further evidences that NOS1 is associated with a biological susceptibility gene to schizophrenia.
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Sogawa C, Abe A, Tsuji T, Koizumi M, Saga T, Kunieda T. Gastrointestinal tract disorder in natriuretic peptide receptor B gene mutant mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:822-8. [PMID: 20616347 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B), which has high affinity for C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and synthesizes intracellular cGMP, may be involved in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) regulation. A mutant allele of the NPR-B-encoding gene (Npr2) is responsible for the phenotype of the short-limb dwarfism (SLW) mouse. Homozygosity for this autosomal-recessive gene (slw/slw) leads to dwarfism and death before weaning because of milk retention in the stomach and intestinal distention. To elucidate the relationship between CNP/NPR-B signaling and GIT function, we investigated the association between Npr2 mutation and the GIT phenotype in slw/slw mice. The pylorus and large intestine of the mutants did not respond to CNP stimulation; further, they showed pyloric lumen narrowing with randomly aligned circular muscle cells. Comparison of the cGMP and neuronal marker distribution in GIT tissues confirmed cGMP expression in neuronal tissues. An Auerbach's plexus and submucosal tissues of the mutants didn't express cGMP and expressed Ca(2+). In contrast, those of normal mice (controls) expressed both cGMP and Ca(2+). Sequencing revealed that the causative Npr2 mutation was a 7-base deletion in exon 8, resulting in a frameshift and premature termination codon appearance. Therefore, the GIT phenotype of slw/slw mice is because of a CNP/NPR-B-signaling defect caused by an Npr2 mutation. These results facilitate better understanding of the role of CNP/NPR-B signaling in GIT motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizuru Sogawa
- Department of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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Tu YC, Ding H, Wang XJ, Xu YJ, Zhang L, Huang CX, Wang DW. Exploring epistatic relationships of NO biosynthesis pathway genes in susceptibility to CHD. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:874-80. [PMID: 20581851 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the epistatic relationships of nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis pathway genes in susceptibility to coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS A total of 2142 subjects enrolled in two case-control studies was genotyped for 7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) within NO biosynthesis pathway genes using TaqMan assays. The association analyses were performed at both SNP and haplotype levels. Two-way SNP-SNP interactions and high-order interactions were tested using multiple unconditional logistic regression analyses and generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) analyses, respectively. RESULTS Two alleles (rs1049255*C and rs841*A) were identified that were significantly associated with increased risk of CHD after adjusting for all confounders (OR=1.21, 95% CI: 1.06-1.39, combined P=0.001, P(corr)=0.007 and OR=1.30, 95% CI 1.12-1.50, combined P<0.001, P(corr)<0.001, respectively). Significant two-way SNP-SNP interactions were found between SNP rs2297518 and these two significant polymorphisms, affecting the risk of CHD (P<0.001 for both). No significant high-order interactions were identified. CONCLUSION The results suggested that two-way SNP-SNP interactions of polymorphisms within NO biosynthesis pathway genes contribute to CHD risk.
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Galimberti D, Scarpini E. Genetics and biology of Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Int J Clin Exp Med 2010; 3:129-143. [PMID: 20607039 PMCID: PMC2894648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, whereas frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder with a presenile onset. The two major neuropathologic hallmarks of AD are extracellular Amyloid beta (Abeta) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Conversely, in FTLD the deposition of tau has been observed in a number of cases, but in several brains there is no deposition of tau but instead a positivity for ubiquitin. In some families these diseases are inherited in an auto-somal dominant fashion. Genes responsible for familial AD include the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), Presenilin 1 (PS1) and Presenilin 2 (PS2). The majority of mutations in these genes are often associated with a very early onset (40-50 years of age). Regarding FTLD, the first mutations described are located in the Microtubule Associated Protein Tau gene (MAPT). Tau is a component of microtubules, which represent the internal support structures for the transport of nutrients, vesicles, mitochondria and chromosomes within the cell. Mutations in MAPT are associated with an early onset of the disease (40-50 years), and the clinical phenotype is consistent with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTD). Recently, mutations in a second gene, named progranulin (GRN), have been identified in some families with FTLD. Progranulin is expressed in neurons and microglia and displays anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, it can be cleaved into granulins which, conversely, show inflammatory properties. The pathology associated with these mutations is most frequently characterized by the immunostaining of TAR DNA Binding Protein 43 (TDP-43), which is a transcription factor. The clinical phenotype associated with GRN mutations is highly heterogeneous, including FTD, Progressive Aphasia, Corticobasal Syndrome, and AD. Age at disease onset is variable, ranging from 45 to 85 years of age. The majority of cases of AD and FTLD are however sporadic, and likely several genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development. Concerning AD, it is known that the presence of the e4 allele of the Apolipoprotein E gene is a susceptibility factor, increasing the risk of about 4 fold. A number of additional genetic factors, including cytokines, chemokines, Nitric Oxide Synthases, contribute to the susceptibility for the disease. Some of them also influence the risk to develop FTLD. In this review, current knowledge on molecular mechanisms at the basis of AD and FTLD, as well as the role of genetics, will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Neurological Sciences, "Dino Ferrari" Center, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
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Miao X, Garcia-Barceló MM, So MT, Tang WK, Dong X, Wang B, Mao J, Ngan ESW, Chen Y, Lui VCH, Wong KKY, Liu L, Tam PKH. Lack of association between nNOS -84G>A polymorphism and risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in a Chinese population. J Pediatr Surg 2010; 45:709-13. [PMID: 20385275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal obstructions in the infancy requiring surgery. Reduced expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which plays an important role in the regulation of the human pyloric muscle, is thought to underlie IHPS. The role of nNOS in IHPS has been supported by the genetic association of a functional regulatory nNOS polymorphism (-84G>A) with IHPS in whites. We reasoned that the corroboration of this association in a population of different ethnic origin would prompt follow-up studies and further investigation of the IHPS pathology at molecular level. Thus, we attempted to reproduce the original findings in a Chinese population of comparable size in what would be the first genetic study on IHPS conducted in Chinese. METHODS nNOS -84G>A genotypes were analyzed in 56 patients and 86 controls by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. Logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios. RESULTS Our study could not corroborate the association previously reported. Although the frequency of the IHPS-associated allele (-84A) in controls (0.205) was similar to that reported for white controls, there was a dramatic difference in -84A frequencies between white and Chinese patients (0.198). Similarly, there was no difference in the nNOS -84G>A genotype distribution between patients and controls, even when the GA and AA genotypes were combined to compare GG genotype (odds ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 0.47-2.19). CONCLUSIONS Failure to replicate the initial finding does not detract from its validity, because genetic effects may differ across populations. Differences across populations in linkage disequilibrium and/or allele frequencies may contribute to this lack of replication. The role nNOS in IHPS awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Miao
- Department of Surgery, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Panteli C. New insights into the pathogenesis of infantile pyloric stenosis. Pediatr Surg Int 2009; 25:1043-52. [PMID: 19760199 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-009-2484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is the most common surgical cause of vomiting in infants. Despite numerous hypotheses, the aetiopathogenesis of IHPS is not fully understood. Genetic, extrinsic and hormonal factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Furthermore, abnormalities of various components of the pyloric muscle such as smooth muscle cells, growth factors, extracellular matrix elements, nerve and ganglion cells, synapses, nerve supporting cells, neurotransmitters and interstitial cells of Cajal have been reported. Recently, genetic studies have identified susceptibility loci for IHPS and molecular studies have concluded that smooth muscle cells are not properly innervated in IHPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Panteli
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK.
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Lagerstedt-Robinson K, Svenningsson A, Nordenskjöld A. No association between a promoter NOS1 polymorphism (rs41279104) and Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis. J Hum Genet 2009; 54:706-8. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2009.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nagl F, Schönhofer K, Seidler B, Mages J, Allescher HD, Schmid RM, Schneider G, Saur D. Retinoic acid-induced nNOS expression depends on a novel PI3K/Akt/DAX1 pathway in human TGW-nu-I neuroblastoma cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C1146-56. [PMID: 19726747 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00034.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-derived nitric oxide (NO) acts as a neurotransmitter and intracellular signaling molecule in the central and peripheral nervous system. NO regulates multiple processes like neuronal development, plasticity, and differentiation and is a mediator of neurotoxicity. The nNOS gene is highly complex with 12 alternative first exons, exon 1a-1l, transcribed from distinct promoters, leading to nNOS variants with different 5'-untranslated regions. Transcriptional control of the nNOS gene is not understood in detail. To investigate regulation of nNOS gene expression by retinoic acid (RA), we used the human neuroblastoma cell line TGW-nu-I as a model system. We show that RA induces nNOS transcription in a protein synthesis-dependent fashion. We identify the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway and the atypical orphan nuclear receptor DAX1 (NR0B1) as critical mediators involved in RA-induced nNOS gene transcription. RA treatment increases DAX1 expression via PI3K/Akt signaling. Upregulation of DAX1 expression in turn induces nNOS transcription in response to RA. These results identify nNOS as a target gene of a novel RA/PI3K/Akt/DAX1-dependent pathway in human neuroblastoma cells and stress the functional importance of the transcriptional regulator DAX1 for nNOS gene expression in response to RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Nagl
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
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von Burstin J, Eser S, Paul MC, Seidler B, Brandl M, Messer M, von Werder A, Schmidt A, Mages J, Pagel P, Schnieke A, Schmid RM, Schneider G, Saur D. E-cadherin regulates metastasis of pancreatic cancer in vivo and is suppressed by a SNAIL/HDAC1/HDAC2 repressor complex. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:361-71, 371.e1-5. [PMID: 19362090 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Early metastasis is a hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and responsible for >90% of pancreatic cancer death. Because little is known about the biology and genetics of the metastatic process, we desired to elucidate molecular pathways mediating pancreatic cancer metastasis in vivo by an unbiased forward genetic approach. METHODS Highly metastatic pancreatic cancer cell populations were selected by serial in vivo passaging of parental cells with low metastatic potential and characterized by global gene expression profiling, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and in vivo metastatic assay. RESULTS In vivo selection of highly metastatic pancreatic cancer cells induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), loss of E-cadherin expression, and up-regulation of mesenchymal genes such as Snail. Genetic inactivation of E-cadherin in parental cells induced EMT and increased metastasis in vivo. Silencing of E-cadherin in highly metastatic cells is mediated by a transcriptional repressor complex containing Snail and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and HDAC2. In line, mesenchymal pancreatic cancer specimens and primary cell lines from genetically engineered Kras(G12D) mice showed HDAC-dependent down-regulation of E-cadherin and high metastatic potential. Finally, transforming growth factor beta-driven E-cadherin silencing and EMT of human pancreatic cancer cells depends on HDAC activity. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first in vivo evidence that HDACs and Snail play an essential role in silencing E-cadherin during the metastatic process of pancreatic cancer cells. These data link the epigenetic HDAC machinery to EMT and metastasis and provide preclinical evidence that HDACs are promising targets for antimetastatic therapy.
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Reif A, Jacob CP, Rujescu D, Herterich S, Lang S, Gutknecht L, Baehne CG, Strobel A, Freitag CM, Giegling I, Romanos M, Hartmann A, Rösler M, Renner TJ, Fallgatter AJ, Retz W, Ehlis AC, Lesch KP. Influence of Functional Variant of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase on Impulsive Behaviors in Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:41-50. [DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Functional analysis of a potassium-chloride co-transporter 3 (SLC12A6) promoter polymorphism leading to an additional DNA methylation site. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:458-67. [PMID: 18536702 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2008.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human potassium-chloride co-transporter 3 (KCC3, SLC12A6) is involved in cell proliferation and in electro-neutral movement of ions across the cell membrane. The gene (SLC12A6) is located on chromosome 15q14, a region that has previously shown linkage with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, rolandic epilepsy, idiopathic generalized epilepsy, autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Furthermore, recessively inherited mutations of SLC12A6 cause Andermann syndrome, characterized by agenesis of the corpus callosum, which is associated with peripheral neuropathy and psychoses. Recently, we have demonstrated the association of two G/A promoter polymorphisms of SLC12A6 with bipolar disorder in a case-control study, and familial segregation of the rare variants as well as a trend toward association with schizophrenia. To investigate functional consequences of these polymorphisms, lymphocyte DNA was extracted, bisulfite modified, and subsequently sequenced. To investigate SLC12A6 promoter activity, various promoter constructs were generated and analyzed by luciferase reporter gene assays. We provide evidence that the G- allele showed a significant reduction of reporter gene expression. In human lymphocytes, the allele harboring the rare upstream G nucleotide was found to be methylated at the adjacent C position, possibly accountable for tissue-specific reduction in gene expression in vivo. Here we demonstrate functionality of an SNP associated with psychiatric disease and our results may represent a functional link between genetic variation and an epigenetic modification.
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von Burstin J, Eser S, Seidler B, Meining A, Bajbouj M, Mages J, Lang R, Kind AJ, Schnieke AE, Schmid RM, Schneider G, Saur D. Highly sensitive detection of early-stage pancreatic cancer by multimodal near-infrared molecular imaging in living mice. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:2138-47. [PMID: 18709639 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a serious disease with poor patient outcome, often as a consequence of late diagnosis in advanced stages. This is in large part due to the lack of diagnostic tools for early detection. To address this deficiency, we have investigated novel molecular near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) in vivo imaging techniques in clinically relevant mouse models of pancreatic cancer. Genome wide gene expression profiling was used to identify cathepsin cystein proteases and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) as targets for NIRF imaging. Appropriate protease activatable probes were evaluated for detection of early-stage pancreatic cancer in mice with orthotopically implanted pancreatic cancer cell lines. Mice with pancreatitis served as controls. Whole body in vivo NIRF imaging using activatable cathepsin sensitive probes specifically detected pancreatic tumors as small as 1-2 mm diameter. Imaging of MMP activity demonstrated high specificity for MMP positive tumors. Intravital flexible confocal fluorescence lasermicroscopy of protease activity enabled specific detection of pancreatic tumors at the cellular level. Importantly, topical application of NIRF-probes markedly reduced background without altering signal intensity. Taken together, macroscopic and confocal lasermicroscopic molecular in vivo imaging of protease activity is highly sensitive, specific and allows discrimination between normal pancreatic tissue, inflammation and pancreatic cancer. Translation of this approach to the clinic could significantly improve endoscopic and laparoscopic detection of early-stage pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes von Burstin
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Mayr U, Werder AV, Seidler B, Reindl W, Bajbouj M, Schmid RM, Schneider G, Saur D. RCAS-Mediated Retroviral Gene Delivery: A Versatile Tool for the Study of Gene Function in a Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:896-906. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Mayr
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander von Werder
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Seidler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Reindl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Monther Bajbouj
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M. Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Association of functional polymorphisms in NOS1 and NOS3 with loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 11:477-83. [PMID: 18257968 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145708008420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule with neurotransmitter properties that is involved in numerous functions in the central nervous system (CNS), the vascular system and also in macrophages. Haplotypes of NOS1 and NOS3 genes have been shown to be associated with different psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Therefore, the detection of other characteristics of nitrinergic transmission is desirable. Because nitrinergic functioning influences serotonergic transmission, a functional marker of the serotonergic transmission, the loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials (LDAEP), can be assumed to be influenced by nitrinergic changes as well. In order to clarify the relationship between nitrinergic transmission and LDAEP, 95 healthy subjects (41 males, 54 females) underwent electrophysiological recording and blood drawing for genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes of the NOS1 and NOS3 genes. Interestingly, two functional SNPs in both NOS1 (G-84A_exon 1c promoter polymorphism) and NOS3 (Glu298Asp) were associated with lower LDAEP. Further studies are needed to fully clarify the relationship between nitrinergic transmission, LDAEP and complex disorders such as schizophrenia and affective disorders.
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