1
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Kim YS, Lee SH, Park AH, Wu C, Hong BK, Jung H, Lin SH, Yoo SS. BTN1A1 is a novel immune checkpoint mutually exclusive to PD-L1. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008303. [PMID: 38485289 PMCID: PMC10941171 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade is a potent antitumor treatment strategy, it is effective in only limited subsets of patients with cancer, emphasizing the need for the identification of additional immune checkpoints. Butyrophilin 1A1 (BTN1A1) has been reported to exhibit potential immunoregulatory activity, but its ability to function as an immune checkpoint remains to be systematically assessed, and the mechanisms underlying such activity have yet to be characterized. METHODS BTN1A1 expression was evaluated in primary tumor tissue samples, and its ability to suppress T-cell activation and T cell-dependent tumor clearance was examined. The relationship between BTN1A1 and PD-L1 expression was further characterized, followed by the development of a BTN1A1-specific antibody that was administered to tumor-bearing mice to test the amenability of this target to immune checkpoint inhibition. RESULTS BTN1A1 was confirmed to suppress T-cell activation in vitro and in vivo. Robust BTN1A1 expression was detected in a range of solid tumor tissue samples, and BTN1A1 expression was mutually exclusive with that of PD-L1 as a consequence of its inhibition of Janus-activated kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling-induced PD-L1 upregulation. Antibody-mediated BTN1A1 blockade suppressed tumor growth and enhanced immune cell infiltration in syngeneic tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSION Together, these results confirm that the potential of BTN1A1 is a bona fide immune checkpoint and a viable immunotherapeutic target for the treatment of individuals with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 refractory or resistant disease, opening new avenues to improving survival outcomes for patients with a range of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung-Hoon Lee
- STCube Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew H Park
- STCube Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Chunai Wu
- STCube Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Bong-Ki Hong
- STCube Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Hyunjin Jung
- STCube Inc, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Steven H Lin
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Division of Radiation Oncology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen S Yoo
- STCube Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
- STCube Inc, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
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2
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Morin CR, Baeva ME, Hollenberg MD, Brain MC. Milk and multiple sclerosis: A possible link? Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 83:105477. [PMID: 38308914 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite having been formally defined over 150 years ago, the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still relatively unknown. However, it is now recognized as a multifactorial disease in which genetics, infection, immune function, and environment play a role. We propose an additional piece to the puzzle: milk. In this review, milk is highlighted as a potential risk factor for MS. We examine the overall correlation between bovine milk consumption and the incidence of MS. We then discuss possible mechanisms that may explain the positive association between milk consumption and the development of MS. For instance, butyrophilin (BTN), a milk glycoprotein, can provide molecular mimicry of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and induce an autoinflammatory response against myelin. Other milk components such as casein, gangliosides, xanthine oxidase, and saturated fats are also analyzed for their potential involvement in the pathophysiology of MS. Finally, we fit milk alongside other well known risk factors of MS: vitamin D levels, Epstein Barr virus infection, and gut dysbiosis. In conclusion, this review summarizes potential mechanisms linking milk as an underappreciated potential risk factor for the development of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R Morin
- University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michael C Brain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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3
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Li Z, Lan J, Shi X, Lu T, Hu X, Liu X, Chen Y, He Z. Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals Rare Off-Target Mutations in MC1R-Edited Pigs Generated by Using CRISPR-Cas9 and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. CRISPR J 2024; 7:29-40. [PMID: 38353621 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2023.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system has been widely used to create animal models for biomedical and agricultural use owing to its low cost and easy handling. However, the occurrence of erroneous cleavage (off-targeting) may raise certain concerns for the practical application of the CRISPR-Cas9 system. In this study, we created a melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R)-edited pig model through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) by using porcine kidney cells modified by the CRISPR-Cas9 system. We then carried out whole-genome sequencing of two MC1R-edited pigs and two cloned wild-type siblings, together with the donor cells, to assess the genome-wide presence of single-nucleotide variants and small insertions and deletions (indels) and found only one candidate off-target indel in both MC1R-edited pigs. In summary, our study indicates that the minimal off-targeting effect induced by CRISPR-Cas9 may not be a major concern in gene-edited pigs created by SCNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Wang X, Li H, Wang Z, Chen J, Chen W, Zhou X, Zhang L, Xu S, Gao XD, Yang G. Site- and Structure-Specific Glycosylation Signatures of Bovine, Caprine, Porcine, and Human Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20826-20837. [PMID: 38096130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles released by living cells. As vesicles for macromolecule transmission and intercellular communication, EVs are broadly applied in clinical diagnosis and biomimetic drug delivery. Milk-derived EVs (MEVs) are an ideal choice for scale-up applications because they exhibit biocompatibility and are easily obtained. Herein, intact glycopeptides in MEVs from bovines, caprines, porcines, and humans were comprehensively analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry using the sceHCD, followed by the EThcD fragment method, revealing that protein glycosylation is abundant and heterogeneous in MEVs. The dominant glycans in all MEVs were sialic acid-modified N-linked glycans (over 50%). A couple of species-specific glycans were also characterized, which are potentially markers of different original EVs. Interestingly, the Neu5Gc-modified glycans were enriched in caprine milk-derived EVs (58 ± 2%). Heterogeneity of MEV protein glycosylation was observed for glycosites and glycan compositions, and the structural heterogeneity of protein glycosylation was also identified and validated. The glycosignatures of EV biogenesis- and endocytosis-related proteins (CD63 and MFGE8) were significantly different in these four species. Overall, we comprehensively characterized the glycosylation signature of MEVs from four different species and provided insight into protein glycosylation related to drug target delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hanjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jingru Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wenyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaoman Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shiqian Xu
- Henan XinDa Livestock Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ganglong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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5
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Martin Carli JF, Dzieciatkowska M, Hernandez TL, Monks J, McManaman JL. Comparative proteomic analysis of human milk fat globules and paired membranes and mouse milk fat globules identifies core cellular systems contributing to mammary lipid trafficking and secretion. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1259047. [PMID: 38169886 PMCID: PMC10759240 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1259047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Human milk delivers critical nutritional and immunological support to human infants. Milk fat globules (MFGs) and their associated membranes (MFGMs) contain the majority of milk lipids and many bioactive components that contribute to neonatal development and health, yet their compositions have not been fully defined, and the mechanisms responsible for formation of these structures remain incompletely understood. Methods: In this study, we used untargeted mass spectrometry to quantitatively profile the protein compositions of freshly obtained MFGs and their paired, physically separated MFGM fractions from 13 human milk samples. We also quantitatively profiled the MFG protein compositions of 9 pooled milk samples from 18 lactating mouse dams. Results: We identified 2,453 proteins and 2,795 proteins in the majority of human MFG and MFGM samples, respectively, and 1,577 proteins in mouse MFGs. Using paired analyses of protein abundance in MFGMs compared to MFGs (MFGM-MFG; 1% FDR), we identified 699 proteins that were more highly abundant in MFGMs (MFGM-enriched), and 201 proteins that were less abundant in MFGMs (cytoplasmic). MFGM-enriched proteins comprised membrane systems (apical plasma membrane and multiple vesicular membranes) hypothesized to be responsible for lipid and protein secretion and components of membrane transport and signaling systems. Cytoplasmic proteins included ribosomal and proteasomal systems. Comparing abundance between human and mouse MFGs, we found a positive correlation (R 2 = 0.44, p < 0.0001) in the relative abundances of 1,279 proteins that were found in common across species. Discussion: Comparative pathway enrichment analyses between human and mouse samples reveal similarities in membrane trafficking and signaling pathways involved in milk fat secretion and identify potentially novel immunological components of MFGs. Our results advance knowledge of the composition and relative quantities of proteins in human and mouse MFGs in greater detail, provide a quantitative profile of specifically enriched human MFGM proteins, and identify core cellular systems involved in milk lipid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne F. Martin Carli
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Teri L. Hernandez
- College of Nursing, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jenifer Monks
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - James L. McManaman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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6
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Singh A, Malla WA, Kumar A, Jain A, Thakur MS, Khare V, Tiwari SP. Review: genetic background of milk fatty acid synthesis in bovines. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:328. [PMID: 37749432 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Milk fat composition is an important trait for the dairy industry as it directly influences the nutritional and technological properties of milk and other dairy products. The synthesis of milk fat is a complex process regulated by a network of genes. Thus, understanding the genetic variation and molecular mechanisms regulating milk fat synthesis will help to improve the nutritional quality of dairy products. In this review, we provide an overview of milk fat synthesis in bovines along with the candidate genes involved in the pathway. We also discuss de novo synthesis of fatty acids (ACSS, ACACA, FASN), uptake of FAs (FATP, FAT, LPL), intracellular activation and channelling of FAs (ACSL, FABP), elongation (EVOLV6), desaturation (SCD, FADS), formation of triglycerides (GPAM, AGPAT, LIPIN, DGAT), and milk lipid secretion (BTN1A1, XDH, PLIN2). The genetic variability of individual fatty acids will help to develop selection strategies for obtaining a healthier milk fat profile in bovines. Thus, this review will offer a potential understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate milk fat synthesis in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Singh
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, NDVSU, Jabalpur, M.P, 482001, India.
| | - Waseem Akram Malla
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit Guwahati, Assam, 781022, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P, 243122, India
| | - Asit Jain
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, NDVSU, Jabalpur, M.P, 482001, India
| | - Mohan Singh Thakur
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, NDVSU, Jabalpur, M.P, 482001, India
| | - Vaishali Khare
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, NDVSU, Jabalpur, M.P, 482001, India
| | - Sita Prasad Tiwari
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, NDVSU, Jabalpur, M.P, 482001, India
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7
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Smilowitz JT, Allen LH, Dallas DC, McManaman J, Raiten DJ, Rozga M, Sela DA, Seppo A, Williams JE, Young BE, McGuire MK. Ecologies, synergies, and biological systems shaping human milk composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 2. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117 Suppl 1:S28-S42. [PMID: 37173059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is universally recognized as the preferred food for infants during the first 6 mo of life because it provides not only essential and conditionally essential nutrients in necessary amounts but also other biologically active components that are instrumental in protecting, communicating important information to support, and promoting optimal development and growth in infants. Despite decades of research, however, the multifaceted impacts of human milk consumption on infant health are far from understood on a biological or physiological basis. Reasons for this lack of comprehensive knowledge of human milk functions are numerous, including the fact that milk components tend to be studied in isolation, although there is reason to believe that they interact. In addition, milk composition can vary greatly within an individual as well as within and among populations. The objective of this working group within the Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN) Project was to provide an overview of human milk composition, factors impacting its variation, and how its components may function to coordinately nourish, protect, and communicate complex information to the recipient infant. Moreover, we discuss the ways whereby milk components might interact such that the benefits of an intact milk matrix are greater than the sum of its parts. We then apply several examples to illustrate how milk is better thought of as a biological system rather than a more simplistic "mixture" of independent components to synergistically support optimal infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David C Dallas
- Nutrition Program, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - James McManaman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel J Raiten
- Pediatric Growth and Nutrition Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary Rozga
- Evidence Analysis Center, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Sela
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Antti Seppo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Janet E Williams
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Bridget E Young
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michelle K McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
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8
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Wang Y, Song L, Ning M, Hu J, Cai H, Song W, Gong D, Liu L, Smith J, Li H, Huang Y. Identification of alternative splicing events related to fatty liver formation in duck using full-length transcripts. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:92. [PMID: 36858953 PMCID: PMC9976415 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of most common diseases in the world. Recently, alternative splicing (AS) has been reported to play a key role in NAFLD processes in mammals. Ducks can quickly form fatty liver similar to human NAFLD after overfeeding and restore to normal liver in a short time, suggesting that ducks are an excellent model to unravel molecular mechanisms of lipid metabolism for NAFLD. However, how alternative splicing events (ASEs) affect the fatty liver process in ducks is still unclear. RESULTS Here we identify 126,277 unique transcripts in liver tissue from an overfed duck (77,237 total transcripts) and its sibling control (69,618 total transcripts). We combined these full-length transcripts with Illumina RNA-seq data from five pairs of overfed ducks and control individuals. Full-length transcript sequencing provided us with structural information of transcripts and Illumina RNA-seq data reveals the expressional profile of each transcript. We found, among these unique transcripts, 30,618 were lncRNAs and 1,744 transcripts including 155 lncRNAs and 1,589 coding transcripts showed significantly differential expression in liver tissues between overfed ducks and control individuals. We also detected 27,317 ASEs and 142 of them showed significant relative abundance changes in ducks under different feeding conditions. Full-length transcript profiles together with Illumina RNA-seq data demonstrated that 10 genes involving in lipid metabolism had ASEs with significantly differential abundance in normally fed (control) and overfed ducks. Among these genes, protein products of five genes (CYP4F22, BTN, GSTA2, ADH5, and DHRS2 genes) were changed by ASEs. CONCLUSIONS This study presents an example of how to identify ASEs related to important biological processes, such as fatty liver formation, using full-length transcripts alongside Illumina RNA-seq data. Based on these data, we screened out ASEs of lipid-metabolism related genes which might respond to overfeeding. Our future ability to explore the function of genes showing AS differences between overfed ducks and their sibling controls, using genetic manipulations and co-evolutionary studies, will certainly extend our knowledge of genes related to the non-pathogenic fatty liver process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Linfei Song
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengfei Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Han Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weitao Song
- Department of Waterfowl Breeding and Production, Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, No. 58 Cangjie Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou, 349019093, China
| | - Daoqing Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Long Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Huifang Li
- Department of Waterfowl Breeding and Production, Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, No. 58 Cangjie Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou, 349019093, China.
| | - Yinhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Pan S, Guo Y, Yu W, Hong F, Qiao X, Zhang J, Xu P, Zhai Y. Environmental chemical TCPOBOP disrupts milk lipid homeostasis during pregnancy and lactation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114463. [PMID: 38321682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to different kinds of environmental contaminants or drugs throughout their lifetimes. The widespread presence of these compounds has raised concerns about the consequent adverse effects on lactating women. The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, Nr1i3) is known as a xenobiotic sensor for environmental pollution or drugs. In this study, the model environmental chemical 1, 4-bis [2-(3, 5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene, TCPOBOP (TC), which is a highly specific agonist of CAR, was used to investigate the effects of exogenous exposure on lactation function and offspring health in mice. The results revealed that TC exposure decreased the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells during pregnancy. This deficiency further compromised lobular-alveolar structures, resulting in alveolar cell apoptosis, as well as premature stoppage of the lactation cycle and aberrant lactation. Furthermore, TC exposure significantly altered the size and number of milk lipid droplets, suggesting that TC exposure inhibits milk lipid synthesis. Additionally, TC exposure interfered with the milk lipid metabolism network, resulting in the inability of TC-exposed mice to efficiently secrete nutrients and feed their offspring. These findings demonstrated that restricted synthesis and secretion of milk lipids would indirectly block mammary gland form and function, which explained the possible reasons for lactation failure and retarded offspring growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yuan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wen Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Fan Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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10
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Monks J, Orlicky DJ, Libby AE, Dzieciatkowska M, Ladinsky MS, McManaman JL. Perilipin-2 promotes lipid droplet-plasma membrane interactions that facilitate apocrine lipid secretion in secretory epithelial cells of the mouse mammary gland. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:958566. [PMID: 36158190 PMCID: PMC9500548 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.958566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory epithelial cells (sMEC) in mammary glands of lactating animals secrete lipids by a novel apocrine mechanism in which cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LD) contact and are enveloped by elements of the apical plasma membrane (APM) before being released into the lumen of the gland as membrane bound structures. The molecular properties of LD-APM contacts and the mechanisms regulating LD membrane envelopment and secretion are not fully understood. Perilipin-2 (Plin2) is a constitutive LD protein that has been proposed to tether LD to the APM through formation of a complex with the transmembrane protein, butyrophilin1a1 (BTN) and the redox enzyme, xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR). Using mice lacking Plin2 and physiological inhibition of apocrine lipid secretion, we demonstrate that LD-APM contact and envelopment are mechanistically distinct steps that they are differentially regulated by Plin2 and independent of LD secretion. We find that Plin2 is not required for formation of LD-APM contacts. However, it increases the percentage of LD that contact the APM and mediates enlargement of the LD-APM contact zone as LD undergo membrane envelopment. The effects of Plin2 LD-APM interactions are associated with increased abundances of BTN, XOR and Cidea, which are implicated as mediators of LD-APM contact formation, on membranes surrounding secreted LD, and with promotion of glycocalyx remodeling at LD-APM contact sites. We propose that Plin2 does not directly mediate contact between LD and the APM but acts by enhancing molecular interactions that stabilize LD-APM contacts and govern membrane envelopment of LD during apocrine lipid secretion. Plin2 does not appear to significantly affect the lipid content of milk in fully lactating animals, but it does increase lipid secretion at the onset of lactation in primaparous dams, which suggest a role in facilitating apocrine lipid secretion in sMEC during their initial transition to a secretory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Monks
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Graduate Program in Integrated Physiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - David J. Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew E. Libby
- Graduate Program in Integrated Physiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Monica Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mark S. Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - James L. McManaman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Graduate Program in Integrated Physiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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11
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Human Milk Extracellular Vesicles: A Biological System with Clinical Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152345. [PMID: 35954189 PMCID: PMC9367292 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of human milk by a breastfeeding infant is associated with positive health outcomes, including lower risk of diarrheal disease, respiratory disease, otitis media, and in later life, less risk of chronic disease. These benefits may be mediated by antibodies, glycoproteins, glycolipids, oligosaccharides, and leukocytes. More recently, human milk extracellular vesicles (hMEVs) have been identified. HMEVs contain functional cargos, i.e., miRNAs and proteins, that may transmit information from the mother to promote infant growth and development. Maternal health conditions can influence hMEV composition. This review summarizes hMEV biogenesis and functional contents, reviews the functional evidence of hMEVs in the maternal–infant health relationship, and discusses challenges and opportunities in hMEV research.
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12
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Liu XY, Zhang TQ, Zhang Q, Guo J, Zhang P, Mao T, Tian ZB, Zhang CP, Li XY. Differential Long Non-Coding RNA Expression Analysis in Chronic Non-Atrophic Gastritis, Gastric Mucosal Intraepithelial Neoplasia, and Gastric Cancer Tissues. Front Genet 2022; 13:833857. [PMID: 35571069 PMCID: PMC9091194 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.833857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) has a high incidence worldwide, and when detected, the majority of patients have already progressed to advanced stages. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have a wide range of biological functions and affect tumor occurrence and development. However, the potential role of lncRNAs in GC diagnosis remains unclear. We selected five high-quality samples from each group of chronic non-atrophic gastritis, gastric mucosal intraepithelial neoplasia, and GC tissues for analysis. RNA-seq was used to screen the differentially expressed lncRNAs, and we identified 666 differentially expressed lncRNAs between the chronic non-atrophic gastritis and GC groups, 13 differentially expressed lncRNAs between the gastric mucosal intraepithelial neoplasia and GC groups, and 507 differentially expressed lncRNAs between the chronic non-atrophic gastritis and gastric mucosal intraepithelial neoplasia groups. We also identified six lncRNAs (lncRNA H19, LINC00895, lnc-SRGAP2C-16, lnc-HLA-C-2, lnc-APOC1-1, and lnc-B3GALT2-1) which not only differentially expressed between the chronic non-atrophic gastritis and GC groups, but also differentially expressed between the gastric mucosal intraepithelial neoplasia and GC groups. Furthermore, RT-qPCR was used to verify the differentially co-expressed lncRNAs. LncSEA was used to conduct a functional analysis of differentially expressed lncRNAs. We also predicted the target mRNAs of the differentially expressed lncRNAs through bioinformatics analysis and analyzed targeting correlations between three differentially co-expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs (lncRNA H19, LINC00895, and lnc-SRGAP2C-16). Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases were used to explore the functions of target mRNAs of differentially expressed lncRNAs. In conclusion, our study provides a novel perspective on the potential functions of differentially expressed lncRNAs in GC occurrence and development, indicating that the differentially expressed lncRNAs might be new biomarkers for early GC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yuan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tian-Qi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Women and Children’s Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zi-Bin Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cui-Ping Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Yu Li,
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13
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Glycoproteomic and Lipidomic Characterization of Industrially Produced Whey Protein Phospholipid Concentrate with Emphasis on Antimicrobial Xanthine Oxidase, Oxylipins and Small Milk Fat Globules. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the composition of whey protein phospholipid concentrate (WPPC), an underutilized dairy stream, and reveals that it is a source of many bioactive compounds that can benefit the immune system and gut health. Our glycoproteomics approach uncovered that proteins derived from the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) represent 23% of the total protein relative abundance and identified 85 N-glycans. Released sialic acid, an additional marker of glycosylation, ranged from 1.2 to 2% of the total weight. Xanthine oxidase, a glycosylated marker of MFG bioactivity, was found in high abundance and displayed higher antimicrobial activity than bovine milk, despite its similar fat and solids content. An average MFG diameter of 2.64 ± 0.01 µm was found in liquid WPPC, compared to 4.78 ± 0.13 µm in bovine milk, which likely explains the unusually high presence of glycosylated membrane-bound proteins and phospholipids, whose total fatty acids accounted for 20% of the WPPC total fatty acid pool. Free and bound oxylipins (mainly derived from linoleic acid) were also identified, together with other less abundant anti-inflammatory lipid mediators derived from eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Our study demonstrates that WPPC represents a promising starting material for bioactive compound extraction and a functional vehicle for the delivery of small MFGs.
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14
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Salgado Pardo JI, Delgado Bermejo JV, González Ariza A, León Jurado JM, Marín Navas C, Iglesias Pastrana C, Martínez Martínez MDA, Navas González FJ. Candidate Genes and Their Expressions Involved in the Regulation of Milk and Meat Production and Quality in Goats ( Capra hircus). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080988. [PMID: 35454235 PMCID: PMC9026325 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary During the present decade, highly selected caprine farming has increased in popularity due to the hardiness and adaptability inherent to goats. Recent advances in genetics have enabled the improvement in goat selection efficiency. The present review explores how genetic technologies have been applied to the goat-farming sector in the last century. The main candidate genes related to economically relevant traits are reported. The major source of income in goat farming derives from the sale of milk and meat. Consequently, yield and quality must be specially considered. Meat-related traits were evaluated considering three functional groups (weight gain, carcass quality and fat profile). Milk traits were assessed in three additional functional groups (milk production, protein and fat content). Abstract Despite their pivotal position as relevant sources for high-quality proteins in particularly hard environmental contexts, the domestic goat has not benefited from the advances made in genomics compared to other livestock species. Genetic analysis based on the study of candidate genes is considered an appropriate approach to elucidate the physiological mechanisms involved in the regulation of the expression of functional traits. This is especially relevant when such functional traits are linked to economic interest. The knowledge of candidate genes, their location on the goat genetic map and the specific phenotypic outcomes that may arise due to the regulation of their expression act as a catalyzer for the efficiency and accuracy of goat-breeding policies, which in turn translates into a greater competitiveness and sustainable profit for goats worldwide. To this aim, this review presents a chronological comprehensive analysis of caprine genetics and genomics through the evaluation of the available literature regarding the main candidate genes involved in meat and milk production and quality in the domestic goat. Additionally, this review aims to serve as a guide for future research, given that the assessment, determination and characterization of the genes associated with desirable phenotypes may provide information that may, in turn, enhance the implementation of goat-breeding programs in future and ensure their sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ignacio Salgado Pardo
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.I.S.P.); (J.V.D.B.); (A.G.A.); (C.M.N.); (C.I.P.); (M.d.A.M.M.)
| | - Juan Vicente Delgado Bermejo
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.I.S.P.); (J.V.D.B.); (A.G.A.); (C.M.N.); (C.I.P.); (M.d.A.M.M.)
| | - Antonio González Ariza
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.I.S.P.); (J.V.D.B.); (A.G.A.); (C.M.N.); (C.I.P.); (M.d.A.M.M.)
| | - José Manuel León Jurado
- Agropecuary Provincial Center of Córdoba, Provincial Council of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Carmen Marín Navas
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.I.S.P.); (J.V.D.B.); (A.G.A.); (C.M.N.); (C.I.P.); (M.d.A.M.M.)
| | - Carlos Iglesias Pastrana
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.I.S.P.); (J.V.D.B.); (A.G.A.); (C.M.N.); (C.I.P.); (M.d.A.M.M.)
| | - María del Amparo Martínez Martínez
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.I.S.P.); (J.V.D.B.); (A.G.A.); (C.M.N.); (C.I.P.); (M.d.A.M.M.)
| | - Francisco Javier Navas González
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.I.S.P.); (J.V.D.B.); (A.G.A.); (C.M.N.); (C.I.P.); (M.d.A.M.M.)
- Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-63-853-5046 (ext. 621262)
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15
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Herrmann T, Karunakaran MM. Butyrophilins: γδ T Cell Receptor Ligands, Immunomodulators and More. Front Immunol 2022; 13:876493. [PMID: 35371078 PMCID: PMC8968916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.876493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrophilins (BTN) are relatives of the B7 family (e.g., CD80, PD-L1). They fulfill a wide range of functions including immunomodulation and bind to various receptors such as the γδ T cell receptor (γδTCR) and small molecules. One intensively studied molecule is BTN3A1, which binds via its cytoplasmic B30.2 domain, metabolites of isoprenoid synthesis, designated as phosphoantigen (PAg), The enrichment of PAgs in tumors or infected cells is sensed by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, leading to the proliferation and execution of effector functions to remove these cells. This article discusses the contribution of BTNs, the related BTNL molecules and SKINT1 to the development, activation, and homeostasis of γδ T cells and their immunomodulatory potential, which makes them interesting targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Herrmann
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mohindar M Karunakaran
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Dai W, White R, Liu J, Liu H. Organelles coordinate milk production and secretion during lactation: Insights into mammary pathologies. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101159. [PMID: 35276245 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland undergoes a spectacular series of changes during its development and maintains a remarkable capacity to remodel and regenerate during progression through the lactation cycle. This flexibility of the mammary gland requires coordination of multiple processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, regeneration, stress response, immune activity, and metabolic changes under the control of diverse cellular and hormonal signaling pathways. The lactating mammary epithelium orchestrates synthesis and apical secretion of macromolecules including milk lipids, milk proteins, and lactose as well as other minor nutrients that constitute milk. Knowledge about the subcellular compartmentalization of these metabolic and signaling events, as they relate to milk production and secretion during lactation, is expanding. Here we review how major organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, lysosome, and exosome) within mammary epithelial cells collaborate to initiate, mediate, and maintain lactation, and how study of these organelles provides insight into options to maintain mammary/breast health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Dai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Robin White
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Jianxin Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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17
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Zhou F, Fan X, Miao Y. LPIN1 promotes triglycerides synthesis and is transcriptionally regulated by PPARG in buffalo mammary epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2390. [PMID: 35149744 PMCID: PMC8837653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06114-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on 3T3-L1 cells and HepG2 hepatocytes have shown that phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase1 (LPIN1) plays a key role in adipogenesis, acting as a co-activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1a (PGC-1a) to regulate fatty acid metabolism. However, the functional role and regulatory mechanism of LPIN1 gene in milk fat synthesis of buffalo are still unknown. In this study, overexpression of buffalo LPIN1 gene transfected with recombinant fusion expression vector significantly increased the expression of AGPAT6, DGAT1, DGAT2, GPAM and BTN1A1 genes involved in triglyceride (TAG) synthesis and secretion, as well as PPARG and SREBF1 genes regulating fatty acid metabolism in the buffalo mammary epithelial cells (BMECs), while the lentivirus-mediated knockdown of buffalo LPIN1 dramatically decreased the relative mRNA abundance of these genes. Correspondingly, total cellular TAG content in the BMECs increased significantly after LPIN1 overexpression, but decreased significantly after LPIN1 knockdown. In addition, the overexpression or knockdown of PPARG also enhanced or reduced the expression of LPIN1 and the transcriptional activity of its promoter. The core region of buffalo LPIN1 promoter spans from − 666 bp to + 42 bp, and two PPAR response elements (PPREs: PPRE1 and PPRE2) were identified in this region. Site mutagenesis analysis showed that PPARG directly regulated the transcription of buffalo LPIN1 by binding to the PPRE1 and PPRE2 on its core promoter. The results here reveal that the LPIN1 gene is involved in the milk fat synthesis of BMECs, and one of the important pathways is to participate in this process through direct transcriptional regulation of PPARG, which in turn significantly affects the content of TAG in BMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangting Zhou
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.,College of Chemistry, Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, 653100, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinyang Fan
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yongwang Miao
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
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18
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Lu Y, Zhou T, Xu C, Wang R, Feng D, Li J, Wang X, Kong Y, Hu G, Kong X, Lu P. Occludin is a target of Src kinase and promotes lipid secretion by binding to BTN1a1 and XOR. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001518. [PMID: 35041644 PMCID: PMC8797263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) have increasingly been recognized as an essential organelle for eukaryotes. Although the biochemistry of lipid synthesis and degradation is well characterized, the regulation of LD dynamics, including its formation, maintenance, and secretion, is poorly understood. Here, we report that mice lacking Occludin (Ocln) show defective lipid metabolism. We show that LDs were larger than normal along its biogenesis and secretion pathway in Ocln null mammary cells. This defect in LD size control did not result from abnormal lipid synthesis or degradation; rather, it was because of secretion failure during the lactation stage. We found that OCLN was located on the LD membrane and was bound to essential regulators of lipid secretion, including BTN1a1 and XOR, in a C-terminus–dependent manner. Finally, OCLN was a phosphorylation target of Src kinase, whose loss causes lactation failure. Together, we demonstrate that Ocln is a downstream target of Src kinase and promotes LD secretion by binding to BTN1a1 and XOR. Lipid droplets are an essential eukaryotic organelle, but how they are secreted has remained unclear. This study shows that the tight junction protein Occludin is a phosphorylation target of Src kinase; Occludin binds to BTN1A1 and XOR to facilitate lipid droplet secretion in mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chongshen Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Molecular Imaging Core Facility, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deyi Feng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyong Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyin Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Mu T, Hu H, Ma Y, Feng X, Zhang J, Gu Y. Regulation of Key Genes for Milk Fat Synthesis in Ruminants. Front Nutr 2021; 8:765147. [PMID: 34901115 PMCID: PMC8659261 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.765147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk fat is the most important and energy-rich substance in milk and plays an important role in the metabolism of nutrients during human growth and development. It is mainly used in the production of butter and yogurt. Milk fat not only affects the flavor and nutritional value of milk, but also is the main target trait of ruminant breeding. There are many key genes involve in ruminant milk fat synthesis, including ACSS2, FASN, ACACA, CD36, ACSL, SLC27A, FABP3, SCD, GPAM, AGPAT, LPIN, DGAT1, PLIN2, XDH, and BTN1A1. Taking the de novo synthesis of fatty acids (FA) and intaking of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) in blood to the end of lipid droplet secretion as the mainline, this manuscript elucidates the complex regulation model of key genes in mammary epithelial cells (MECs) in ruminant milk fat synthesis, and constructs the whole regulatory network of milk fat synthesis, to provide valuable theoretical basis and research ideas for the study of milk fat regulation mechanism of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Mu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Honghong Hu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanfen Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaofang Feng
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yaling Gu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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20
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Jeong J, Kadegowda AKG, Meyer TJ, Jenkins LM, Dinan JC, Wysolmerski JJ, Weigert R, Mather IH. The butyrophilin 1a1 knockout mouse revisited: Ablation of Btn1a1 leads to concurrent cell death and renewal in the mammary epithelium during lactation. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:971-997. [PMID: 34938960 PMCID: PMC8664049 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyrophilin 1A1 (BTN1A1) is implicated in the secretion of lipid droplets from mammary epithelial cells as a membrane receptor, which forms a secretion complex with the redox enzyme, xanthine oxidoreductase (XDH). The first evidence that BTN1A1 functions in this process was the generation of Btn1a1 -/- mouse lines, in which lipid secretion was disrupted and large unstable droplets were released into alveolar spaces with fragmented surface membranes. We have revisited one of these mutant mouse lines using RNAseq and proteomic analysis to assess the consequences of ablating the Btn1a1 gene on the expression of other genes and proteins. Disruption of intact Btn1a1 protein expression led to a large build-up of Xdh in the cytoplasm, induction of acute phase response genes and Lif-activation of Stat3 phosphorylation. At peak lactation, approx. 10% of the cells were dying, as assessed by TUNEL-analysis of nuclear DNA. Possible cell death pathways included expression of caspase 8 and activated caspase 3, autophagy, Slc5a8-mediated inactivation of survivin (Birc5), and pStat3-mediated lysosomal lysis, the latter of which is the principal death route in involuting wild type cells. Milk secretion was prolonged by renewal of the secretory epithelium, as evidenced by the upregulation of Ki67 in approx. 10% of cell nuclei and expression of cyclins and Fos/Jun. These data highlight the plasticity of the mammary epithelium and the importance of functional BTN1A1 expression for maintenance of terminally differentiated secretory cells and optimal milk production throughout lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaekwang Jeong
- Department of Animal and Avian SciencesUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
- Present address:
Section of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut06520USA
| | - Anil K. G. Kadegowda
- Department of Animal and Avian SciencesUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
- Present address:
Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of Agricultural Sciences DharwadHubliKarnataka580005India
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics ResourceNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational ScienceFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMarylandUSA
| | - Lisa M. Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell BiologyNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Jerry C. Dinan
- Laboratory of Cell BiologyNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - John J. Wysolmerski
- Department of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular BiologyCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Ian H. Mather
- Department of Animal and Avian SciencesUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular BiologyCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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21
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Lengi A, Makris M, Corl B. A flow cytometric method for measuring and isolating mammary epithelial cells from bovine milk. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:426-430. [PMID: 36337102 PMCID: PMC9623637 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry using an antibody against butyrophilin allows quantification of mammary epithelial cells in milk. Sorting butyrophilin-positive or CD45-negative cells isolates epithelial cells from milk. Selection for cytokeratin was not effective in this flow cytometry application.
Sampling frequent time points of mammary signaling pathways is not possible with tissue biopsies. We have validated a flow cytometry and cell sorting procedure for isolating live bovine mammary epithelial cells from somatic cell populations in milk using butyrophilin 1A1 as a marker for mammary epithelial cells and CD45 as a marker for hematopoietic cells. Hoechst 33342 staining and propidium iodide exclusion were used to select for nucleated live cells. Positive selection of butyrophilin (BTN)-expressing cells was performed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Quantitative real-time PCR performed on mRNA isolated from these cells showed a 226-fold increase in κ-casein (CSN3) mRNA expression in BTN single-positive cells compared with unsorted cells, whereas CD45 single-positive cells showed a significant decrease. A negative selection strategy for cells not expressing the hematopoietic cell marker CD45 also resulted in a cell population with a 196-fold increase in CSN3 mRNA expression compared with unsorted cells. We found no enrichment of CSN3 mRNA expression after sorting cells using cytokeratin antibodies. The noninvasive assays described here allow for daily or more frequent sampling time points for measurement of mammary epithelial cells during the course of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Lengi
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061-0315
| | - M. Makris
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - B.A. Corl
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061-0315
- Corresponding author
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22
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Evolution of milk oligosaccharides: Origin and selectivity of the ratio of milk oligosaccharides to lactose among mammals. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1866:130012. [PMID: 34536507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The carbohydrate fraction of mammalian milk is constituted of lactose and oligosaccharides, most of which contain a lactose unit at their reducing ends. Although lactose is the predominant saccharide in the milk of most eutherians, oligosaccharides significantly predominate over lactose in the milk of monotremes and marsupials. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review describes the most likely process by which lactose and milk oligosaccharides were acquired during the evolution of mammals and the mechanisms by which these saccharides are digested and absorbed by the suckling neonates. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS During the evolution of mammals, c-type lysozyme evolved to α-lactalbumin. This permitted the biosynthesis of lactose by modulating the substrate specificity of β4galactosyltransferase 1, thus enabling the concomitant biosynthesis of milk oligosaccharides through the activities of several glycosyltransferases using lactose as an acceptor. In most eutherian mammals the digestion of lactose to glucose and galactose is achieved through the action of intestinal lactase (β-galactosidase), which is located within the small intestinal brush border. This enzyme, however, is absent in neonatal monotremes and macropod marsupials. It has therefore been proposed that in these species the absorption of milk oligosaccharides is achieved by pinocytosis or endocytosis, after which digestion occurs through the actions of several lysosomal acid glycosidases. This process would enable the milk oligosaccharides of monotremes and marsupials to be utilized as a significant energy source for the suckling neonates. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The evolution and significance of milk oligosaccharides is discussed in relation to the evolution of mammals.
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23
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Zhou F, Ouyang Y, Miao Y. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma regulates genes involved in milk fat synthesis in mammary epithelial cells of water buffalo. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13537. [PMID: 33682250 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a critical transcription factor regulating lipid and glucose metabolism. However, the regulatory effect of PPARγ on milk fat synthesis in buffalo mammary gland is not clear. In order to explore the role of buffalo PPARG gene in milk fat synthesis, lentivirus-mediated interference was used to knock it down and then the recombinant fusion expression vector was transfected into buffalo mammary epithelial cell (BMEC) to overexpress it. PPARG gene knockdown significantly decreased the expression of CD36, FABP3, FABP4, ACSS2, ELOVL6, DGAT2, BTN1A1, AGPAT6, LPIN1, ABCG2, PPARGC1A, INSIG1, FASN, and SREBF2 genes and significantly upregulated the expression of INSIG2 gene but had no significant effect on the expression of ACSL1, GPAM, and SREBF1 genes. PPARG overexpression significantly increased the relative mRNA abundance of CD36, FABP3, FABP4, ACSS2, ELOVL6, DGAT2, BTN1A1, AGPAT6, LPIN1, PPARGC1A, INSIG1, and SREBF2 genes and significantly downregulated the expression of INSIG2 gene but had no significant effect on the expression of ACSL1, GPAM, ABCG2, FASN, and SREBF1 genes. In addition, knockdown/overexpression of PPARG gene significantly decreased/increased triacylglycerol (TAG) content in BMECs. This study revealed that buffalo PPARG gene is a key gene regulating buffalo milk fat synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangting Zhou
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,College of Chemistry, Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, China
| | - Yina Ouyang
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,Herbivorous Livestock Research Institute, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Yongwang Miao
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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24
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Eichinger A, Neumaier I, Skerra A. The extracellular region of bovine milk butyrophilin exhibits closer structural similarity to human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein than to immunological BTN family receptors. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1187-1202. [PMID: 34342946 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine butyrophilin (BTN1A1) is an abundant type I transmembrane glycoprotein exposed on the surface of milk fat globules. We have solved the crystal structure of its extracellular region via multiple wavelength anomalous dispersion after incorporation of selenomethionine into the bacterially produced protein. The butyrophilin ectodomain exhibits two subdomains with immunoglobulin fold, each comprising a β-sandwich with a central disulfide bridge as well as one N-linked glycosylation. The fifth Cys residue at position 193 is unpaired and prone to forming disulfide crosslinks. The apparent lack of a ligand-binding site or receptor activity suggests a function predominantly as hydrophilic coat protein to prevent coagulation of the milk fat droplets. While there is less structural resemblance to members of the human butyrophilin family such as BTN3A, which play a role as immune receptors, the N-terminal bovine butyrophilin subdomain shows surprising similarity to the human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a protein exposed on the surface of myelin sheaths. Thus, our study lends structural support to earlier hypotheses of a correlation between the consumption of cow milk and prevalence of neurological autoimmune diseases and may offer guidance for the breeding of cattle strains that express modified butyrophilin showing less immunological cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Eichinger
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, D-85354Freising, Germany
| | - Irmgard Neumaier
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, D-85354Freising, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, D-85354Freising, Germany
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25
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Hao Y, Lee HJ, Baraboo M, Burch K, Maurer T, Somarelli JA, Conant GC. Baby Genomics: Tracing the Evolutionary Changes That Gave Rise to Placentation. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:35-47. [PMID: 32053193 PMCID: PMC7144826 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been challenging to uncover the molecular mechanisms behind striking morphological innovations such as mammalian pregnancy. We studied the power of a robust comparative orthology pipeline based on gene synteny to address such problems. We inferred orthology relations between human genes and genes from each of 43 other vertebrate genomes, resulting in ∼18,000 orthologous pairs for each genome comparison. By identifying genes that first appear coincident with origin of the placental mammals, we hypothesized that we would define a subset of the genome enriched for genes that played a role in placental evolution. We thus pinpointed orthologs that appeared before and after the divergence of eutherian mammals from marsupials. Reinforcing previous work, we found instead that much of the genetic toolkit of mammalian pregnancy evolved through the repurposing of preexisting genes to new roles. These genes acquired regulatory controls for their novel roles from a group of regulatory genes, many of which did in fact originate at the appearance of the eutherians. Thus, orthologs appearing at the origin of the eutherians are enriched in functions such as transcriptional regulation by Krüppel-associated box-zinc-finger proteins, innate immune responses, keratinization, and the melanoma-associated antigen protein class. Because the cellular mechanisms of invasive placentae are similar to those of metastatic cancers, we then used our orthology inferences to explore the association between placenta invasion and cancer metastasis. Again echoing previous work, we find that genes that are phylogenetically older are more likely to be implicated in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hao
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University
| | - Hyuk Jin Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia
| | | | | | | | - Jason A Somarelli
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine
| | - Gavin C Conant
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University.,Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia.,Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University
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26
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Behmoaras J. The versatile biochemistry of iron in macrophage effector functions. FEBS J 2020; 288:6972-6989. [PMID: 33354925 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes with remarkable polarization ability that allow them to have tissue-specific functions during development, homeostasis, inflammatory and infectious disease. One particular trophic factor in the tissue environment is iron, which is intimately linked to macrophage effector functions. Macrophages have a well-described role in the control of systemic iron levels, but their activation state is also depending on iron-containing proteins/enzymes. Haemoproteins, dioxygenases and iron-sulphur (Fe-S) enzymes are iron-binding proteins that have bactericidal, metabolic and epigenetic-related functions, essential to shape the context-dependent macrophage polarization. In this review, I describe mainly pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization focussing on the role of iron biochemistry in selected haemoproteins and Fe-S enzymes. I show how iron, as part of haem or Fe-S clusters, participates in the cellular control of pro-inflammatory redox reactions in parallel with its role as enzymatic cofactor. I highlight a possible coordinated regulation of haemoproteins and Fe-S enzymes during classical macrophage activation. Finally, I describe tryptophan and α-ketoglutarate metabolism as two essential effector pathways in macrophages that use diverse iron biochemistry at different enzymatic steps. Through these pathways, I show how iron participates in the regulation of essential metabolites that shape macrophage function.
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27
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Guo J, Li S, Wang S, Wang J. Determination of Trace Phosphoprotein in Food Based on Fluorescent Probe-Triggered Target-Induced Quench by Electrochemiluminescence. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12738-12748. [PMID: 33107726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of the nutrition and determination of phosphoproteins is of great importance in different foods as aberrant phosphorylation changes many biological processes and can relate to health conditions. In this study, an ultrafast (5 min) and sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor was innovatively fabricated for the determination of phosphoproteins in foods on the basis of fluorescent probe NH2-TiO2/upconversion nanomaterials (UCNPs). Impressively, the ECL intensity of NH2-TiO2/UCNPs-rGO/GCE was remarkably enhanced by 29 times. Furthermore, the photoactive NH2-TiO2 layer provided not only specific selectivity but also a large surface area as well as an unprecedented photocatalytic activity for the NH2-TiO2/UCNPs-rGO/GCE ECL sensor (TIECLS), which could serve as an identification element for trace phosphoproteins. Under optimal conditions, the TIECLS achieved a relatively low detection limit of 9.2 × 10-5 mg/mL (S/N = 3). Practical application of this TIECLS was carried out in different food samples with satisfying results, which were validated by laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 29 The Thirteenth Road, Tianjin Economy and Technology Development Area, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Shijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 29 The Thirteenth Road, Tianjin Economy and Technology Development Area, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Medical college, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Junping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 29 The Thirteenth Road, Tianjin Economy and Technology Development Area, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
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28
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Herrmann T, Karunakaran MM, Fichtner AS. A glance over the fence: Using phylogeny and species comparison for a better understanding of antigen recognition by human γδ T-cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:218-236. [PMID: 32981055 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Both, jawless and jawed vertebrates possess three lymphocyte lineages defined by highly diverse antigen receptors: Two T-cell- and one B-cell-like lineage. In both phylogenetic groups, the theoretically possible number of individual antigen receptor specificities can even outnumber that of lymphocytes of a whole organism. Despite fundamental differences in structure and genetics of these antigen receptors, convergent evolution led to functional similarities between the lineages. Jawed vertebrates possess αβ and γδ T-cells defined by eponymous αβ and γδ T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs). "Conventional" αβ T-cells recognize complexes of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I and II molecules and peptides. Non-conventional T-cells, which can be αβ or γδ T-cells, recognize a large variety of ligands and differ strongly in phenotype and function between species and within an organism. This review describes similarities and differences of non-conventional T-cells of various species and discusses ligands and functions of their TCRs. A special focus is laid on Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells whose TCRs act as sensors for phosphorylated isoprenoid metabolites, so-called phosphoantigens (PAg), associated with microbial infections or altered host metabolism in cancer or after drug treatment. We discuss the role of butyrophilin (BTN)3A and BTN2A1 in PAg-sensing and how species comparison can help in a better understanding of this human Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Herrmann
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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29
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KUMAR MANOJ, RATWAN POONAM, DAHIYA SP. Potential candidate gene markers for milk fat in bovines: A review. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v90i5.104601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In dairy animals, the principal goal of selection is to improve quality and quantity of milk. Genetic information inferred from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) primarily linked to Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) can be used to improve selection for milk and milk constituent traits in bovines. Selection for a marker allele known to be associated with a beneficial QTL increases the frequency of that allele and hence, dairy performance can be enhanced. One of the potential benefit of selection based on molecular marker is that the marker genotypes can be determined in a dairy animal just after birth. Thus, marker information can be used to predict an animal's genotype before its actual performance recording for a trait is available, which considerably reduces generation interval and thus improves genetic gain in a herd for milk and its constituent traits. This review article is an attempt to comprehend the idea behind marker based selection for milk fat and genes regulating milk fat with significant effects that can be targeted specifically in selection of superior dairy animals. Once an association is established, itcan be utilized in a marker assisted breeding program for improvement of bovines.
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30
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Zhang M, Ma Z, Li R, Guo S, Qiu Y, Gao X. Proteomic Analysis Reveals Proteins and Pathways Associated with Lactation in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell-Derived Exosomes. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3211-3219. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road 1, Jingzhou, 434020 Hubei, China
| | - Zonghua Ma
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Siqi Guo
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Youwen Qiu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Nanhuan Road 1, Jingzhou, 434020 Hubei, China
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31
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Yang M, Deng W, Cao X, Wang L, Yu N, Zheng Y, Wu J, Wu R, Yue X. Quantitative Phosphoproteomics of Milk Fat Globule Membrane in Human Colostrum and Mature Milk: New Insights into Changes in Protein Phosphorylation during Lactation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4546-4556. [PMID: 32208690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a widespread posttranslational protein modification and is important in various biological processes. However, milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) phosphoproteins have not been explored systematically in human milk. Here, we used quantitative phosphoproteomics to analyze phosphorylation sites in human MFGM proteins and their differences at different stages of lactation; 305 phosphorylation sites on 170 proteins and 269 phosphorylation sites on 170 proteins were identified in colostrum and mature MFGM, respectively. Among these, 71 phosphorylation sites on 48 proteins were differentially expressed between the different stages of lactation. Osteopontin in human MFGM was the most heavily phosphorylated protein, with a total of 39 identified phosphorylation sites. Our results shed light on phosphorylation sites, composition, and biological functions of MFGM phosphoproteins in human colostrum and mature milk, and provide novel insights into the crucial roles of protein phosphorylation during infant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Wei Deng
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Xueyan Cao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Lijie Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Na Yu
- Liaoning General Fair Testing Company, Ltd, Shenyang 110026, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, PR China
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32
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Li G, Young CH, Snow B, Christensen AO, Demoruelle MK, Nemmara VV, Thompson PR, Rothfuss HM, Cherrington BD. Identification and Characterization of the Lactating Mouse Mammary Gland Citrullinome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072634. [PMID: 32290104 PMCID: PMC7177251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrullination is a post-translational modification (PTM) in which positively charged peptidyl-arginine is converted into neutral peptidyl-citrulline by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD or PADI) enzymes. The full protein citrullinome in many tissues is unknown. Herein, we used mass spectrometry and identified 107 citrullinated proteins in the lactation day 9 (L9) mouse mammary gland including histone H2A, α-tubulin, and β-casein. Given the importance of prolactin to lactation, we next tested if it stimulates PAD-catalyzed citrullination using mouse mammary epithelial CID-9 cells. Stimulation of CID-9 cells with 5 µg/mL prolactin for 10 min induced a 2-fold increase in histone H2A citrullination and a 4.5-fold increase in α-tubulin citrullination. We next investigated if prolactin-induced citrullination regulates the expression of lactation genes β-casein (Csn2) and butyrophilin (Btn1a1). Prolactin treatment for 12 h increased β-casein and butyrophilin mRNA expression; however, this increase was significantly inhibited by the pan-PAD inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine (BB-ClA). We also examined the effect of tubulin citrullination on the overall polymerization rate of microtubules. Our results show that citrullinated tubulin had a higher maximum overall polymerization rate. Our work suggests that protein citrullination is an important PTM that regulates gene expression and microtubule dynamics in mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Li
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; (G.L.); (C.H.Y.); (B.S.); (A.O.C.); (H.M.R.)
| | - Coleman H. Young
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; (G.L.); (C.H.Y.); (B.S.); (A.O.C.); (H.M.R.)
| | - Bryce Snow
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; (G.L.); (C.H.Y.); (B.S.); (A.O.C.); (H.M.R.)
| | - Amanda O. Christensen
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; (G.L.); (C.H.Y.); (B.S.); (A.O.C.); (H.M.R.)
| | - M. Kristen Demoruelle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Venkatesh V. Nemmara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA;
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
| | - Heather M. Rothfuss
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; (G.L.); (C.H.Y.); (B.S.); (A.O.C.); (H.M.R.)
| | - Brian D. Cherrington
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; (G.L.); (C.H.Y.); (B.S.); (A.O.C.); (H.M.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Milk-secreting epithelial cells of the mammary gland are functionally specialized for the synthesis and secretion of large quantities of neutral lipids, a major macronutrient in milk from most mammals. Milk lipid synthesis and secretion are hormonally regulated and secretion occurs by a unique apocrine mechanism. Neutral lipids are synthesized and packaged into perilipin-2 (PLIN2) coated cytoplasmic lipid droplets within specialized cisternal domains of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Continued lipid synthesis by ER membrane enzymes and lipid droplet fusion contribute to the large size of these cytoplasmic lipid droplets (5–15 μm in diameter). Lipid droplets are directionally trafficked within the epithelial cell to the apical plasma membrane. Upon contact, a molecular docking complex assembles to tether the droplet to the plasma membrane and facilitate its membrane envelopment. This docking complex consists of the transmembrane protein, butyrophilin, the cytoplasmic housekeeping protein, xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidoreductase, the lipid droplet coat proteins, PLIN2, and cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector A. Interactions of mitochondria, Golgi, and secretory vesicles with docked lipid droplets have also been reported and may supply membrane phospholipids, energy, or scaffold cytoskeleton for apocrine secretion of the lipid droplet. Final secretion of lipid droplets into the milk occurs in response to oxytocin-stimulated contraction of myoepithelial cells that surround milk-secreting epithelial cells. The mechanistic details of lipid droplet release are unknown at this time. The final secreted milk fat globule consists of a triglyceride core coated with a phospholipid monolayer and various coat proteins, fully encased in a membrane bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Monks
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - James L McManaman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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34
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Ramiro-Cortijo D, Singh P, Liu Y, Medina-Morales E, Yakah W, Freedman SD, Martin CR. Breast Milk Lipids and Fatty Acids in Regulating Neonatal Intestinal Development and Protecting against Intestinal Injury. Nutrients 2020; 12:E534. [PMID: 32092925 PMCID: PMC7071444 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk is the optimal source of nutrition for infant growth and development. Breast milk fats and their downstream derivatives of fatty acids and fatty acid-derived terminal mediators not only provide an energy source but also are important regulators of development, immune function, and metabolism. The composition of the lipids and fatty acids determines the nutritional and physicochemical properties of human milk fat. Essential fatty acids, including long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and specialized pro-resolving mediators, are critical for growth, organogenesis, and regulation of inflammation. Combined data including in vitro, in vivo, and human cohort studies support the beneficial effects of human breast milk in intestinal development and in reducing the risk of intestinal injury. Human milk has been shown to reduce the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a common gastrointestinal disease in preterm infants. Preterm infants fed human breast milk are less likely to develop NEC compared to preterm infants receiving infant formula. Intestinal development and its physiological functions are highly adaptive to changes in nutritional status influencing the susceptibility towards intestinal injury in response to pathological challenges. In this review, we focus on lipids and fatty acids present in breast milk and their impact on neonatal gut development and the risk of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ramiro-Cortijo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (D.R.-C.); (P.S.); (Y.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Pratibha Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (D.R.-C.); (P.S.); (Y.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Yan Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (D.R.-C.); (P.S.); (Y.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Esli Medina-Morales
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (D.R.-C.); (P.S.); (Y.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.D.F.)
| | - William Yakah
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Steven D. Freedman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (D.R.-C.); (P.S.); (Y.L.); (E.M.-M.); (S.D.F.)
- Division of Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Camilia R. Martin
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Division of Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Zhao L, Ke H, Xu H, Wang GD, Zhang H, Zou L, Xiang S, Li M, Peng L, Zhou M, Li L, Ao L, Yang Q, Shen CKJ, Yi P, Wang L, Jiao B. TDP-43 facilitates milk lipid secretion by post-transcriptional regulation of Btn1a1 and Xdh. Nat Commun 2020; 11:341. [PMID: 31953403 PMCID: PMC6969145 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk lipid secretion is a critical process for the delivery of nutrition and energy from parent to offspring. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is less clear. Here we report that TDP-43, a RNA-binding protein, underwent positive selection in the mammalian lineage. Furthermore, TDP-43 gene (Tardbp) loss induces accumulation of large lipid droplets and severe lipid secretion deficiency in mammary epithelial cells to outside alveolar lumens, eventually resulting in lactation failure and pup starvation within three weeks postpartum. In human milk samples from lactating women, the expression levels of TDP-43 is positively correlated with higher milk output. Mechanistically, TDP-43 exerts post-transcriptional regulation of Btn1a1 and Xdh mRNA stability, which are required for the secretion of lipid droplets from epithelial cells to the lumen. Taken together, our results highlights the critical role of TDP-43 in milk lipid secretion, providing a potential strategy for the screening and intervention of clinical lactation insufficiency. Milk lipid secretion is a critical process for the delivery of nutrition and energy from parent to offspring. Here the authors found that TDP-43, a RNA-binding protein, is required for milk lipid secretion by post-transcriptional regulation of Btn1a1 and Xdh mRNA stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Hao Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Guo-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Honglei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Li Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Shu Xiang
- The First Hospital of Kunming, Calmette International Hospital, 650011, Kunming, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 401120, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Peng
- Yubei District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, 401120, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingfang Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 401120, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Ao
- Kunming Angel Women's and Children's Hospital, 650032, Kunming, China
| | - Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China
| | - Che-Kun James Shen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Nankang, Taiwan
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 401120, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China.
| | - Baowei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China. .,KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China.
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Ontiveros ES, Ueda Y, Harris SP, Stern JA. Precision medicine validation: identifying the MYBPC3 A31P variant with whole-genome sequencing in two Maine Coon cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:1086-1093. [PMID: 30558461 PMCID: PMC10814263 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18816460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to perform a proof-of-concept experiment that validates a precision medicine approach to identify variants associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We hypothesized that whole-genome sequencing would identify variant(s) associated with HCM in two affected Maine Coon/Maine Coon cross cats when compared with 79 controls of various breeds. METHODS Two affected and two control Maine Coon/Maine Coon cross cats had whole-genome sequencing performed at approximately × 30 coverage. Variants were called in these four cats and 77 cats of various breeds as part of the 99 Lives Cat Genome Sequencing Initiative ( http://felinegenetics.missouri.edu/99lives ) using Platypus v0.7.9.1, annotated with dbSNP ID, and variants' effect predicted by SnpEff. Strict filtering criteria (alternate allele frequency >49%) were applied to identify homozygous-alternate or heterozygous variants in the two HCM-affected samples when compared with 79 controls of various breeds. RESULTS A total of four variants were identified in the two Maine Coon/Maine Coon cross cats with HCM when compared with 79 controls after strict filtering. Three of the variants identified in genes MFSD12, BTN1A1 and SLITRK5 did not segregate with disease in a separate cohort of seven HCM-affected and five control Maine Coon/Maine Coon cross cats. The remaining variant MYBPC3 segregated with disease status. Furthermore, this gene was previously associated with heart disease and encodes for a protein with sarcomeric function. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This proof-of-concept experiment identified the previously reported MYBPC3 A31P Maine Coon variant in two HCM-affected cases. This result validates and highlights the power of whole-genome sequencing for feline precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Ontiveros
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yu Ueda
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Samantha P Harris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Zhou Y, Zhang L, Yu Z, Zhang A, Wu W, Chen W, Yan X, Liu H, Hu Y, Jiang C, Xu Y, Wang X, Han S. Peptidomic analysis reveals multiple protection of human breast milk on infants during different stages. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15510-15526. [PMID: 30741421 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that human breast milk (HBM) is an important nutrient for the growth and development of newborns. Currently, peptide drugs provide promising regimes in neonatal disease treatment, especially peptides from HBM that exhibit multiple functions within cells. To explore the potential biological function peptides among the colostrum, transition and mature milk from mother of extremely low birth weight children (the samples were collected from Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from December 2016 to February 2017). A total of 3,182 nonredundant peptides were identified and compared among colostrum, transitional and mature milk using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry technology, and the numbers and fragments of peptides were various. The isoelectric point and molecular weight analysis of the differentially expressed peptides basically accord with the range of mass spectrometry identification (<3 kDa). Gene Ontology analysis and Pathway analysis, restriction sites analysis, as well as bioinformatics analysis showed that these differentially expressed peptides enriched a variety of biological processes. We identified several putative peptides that might have bioactive effects in diseases and development of newborns, which will inform further functional investigations. Our preliminary research provided a better understanding of the function of peptides during the newborn periods. Furthermore, it laid a foundation for discovering new peptide drugs in neonatal disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Institute of pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Institute of pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neonatology, Wuxi Children's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhangbin Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiqing Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weimin Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Institute of pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangyun Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Institute of pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Institute of pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Institute of pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengyao Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Institute of pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xingyun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuping Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Mather IH, Masedunskas A, Chen Y, Weigert R. Symposium review: Intravital imaging of the lactating mammary gland in live mice reveals novel aspects of milk-lipid secretion. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2760-2782. [PMID: 30471915 PMCID: PMC7094374 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat comprises membrane-coated droplets of neutral lipid, which constitute the predominant source of lipids for survival of the suckling neonate. From the perspective of the dairy industry, they are the basis for the manufacture of butter and essential ingredients in the production of cheese, yogurt, and specialty dairy produce. To provide mechanistic insight into the assembly and secretion of lipid droplets during lactation, we developed novel intravital imaging techniques using transgenic mice, which express fluorescently tagged marker proteins. The number 4 mammary glands were surgically prepared under a deep plane of anesthesia and the exposed glands positioned as a skin flap with intact vascular supply on the stage of a laser-scanning confocal microscope. Lipid droplets were stained by prior exposure of the glands to hydrophobic fluorescent BODIPY (boron-dipyrromethene) dyes and their formation and secretion monitored by time-lapse subcellular microscopy over periods of 1 to 2 h. Droplets were transported to the cell apex by directed (superdiffusive) motion at relatively slow and intermittent rates (0-2 µm/min). Regardless of size, droplets grew by numerous fusion events during transport and as they were budding from the cell enveloped by apical membranes. Surprisingly, droplet secretion was not constitutive but required an injection of oxytocin to induce contraction of the myoepithelium with subsequent release of droplets into luminal spaces. These novel results are discussed in the context of the current paradigm for milk fat synthesis and secretion and as a template for future innovations in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Mather
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742; National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.
| | - Andrius Masedunskas
- National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Roberto Weigert
- National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Xu HF, Luo J, Zhang XY, Li J, Bionaz M. Activation of liver X receptor promotes fatty acid synthesis in goat mammary epithelial cells via modulation of SREBP1 expression. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3544-3555. [PMID: 30738675 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In bovine mammary tissue and cells, liver X receptor (LXR) regulates lipid synthesis mainly via transactivation of the transcription factor sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1). In the present work, we investigated the role of LXR in controlling lipid synthesis via transactivation of SREBP1 in goat primary mammary cells (GMEC). The GMEC were treated with a synthetic agonist of LXR, T0901317, and transactivation and transcription of SREBP1, expression of lipogenic genes, and fatty acid profiling and triacylglycerol (TAG) content of the cells were measured. A mild increase in the mRNA expression level of LXRα (NR1H3) was observed following treatment with different concentrations of T0901317, and a dose-dependent increase in mRNA and transactivation of SREBP1 was detected. Activation of LXR resulted in a significant increase in the mRNA expression of most of the measured genes related to de novo synthesis, desaturation, and transport of fatty acids; TAG synthesis; and transcription regulators. Compared with the control, total content of cellular TAG increased by more than 20% with T0901317 treatment. Furthermore, addition of T0901317 increased the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., C16:1, C18:1, C20:1, and C22:1), and decreased the proportion of saturated fatty acids (e.g., C16:0, C18:0, C20:0, and C22:0). These results provide evidence that LXR regulates the expression and activity of SREBP1. Our results indicated that LXR participate in regulating the transcription of genes involved in milk fat synthesis in GMEC in an SREBP1-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, P. R. China
| | - J Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China.
| | - X Y Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - J Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, P. R. China
| | - M Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331.
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Jena MK, Jaswal S, Kumar S, Mohanty AK. Molecular mechanism of mammary gland involution: An update. Dev Biol 2019; 445:145-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sun X, Wang Y, Loor JJ, Bucktrout R, Shu X, Jia H, Dong J, Zuo R, Liu G, Li X, Li X. High expression of cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector a (CIDEA) promotes milk fat content in dairy cows with clinical ketosis. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:1682-1692. [PMID: 30594378 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
High blood concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) during ketosis represent a source of fatty acids for milk fat synthesis and explain the increase in milk fat content in ketotic cows. Cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector a (CIDEA) is a lipid droplet coat protein with important roles in the regulation of milk fat synthesis and secretion in mice. Whether ketosis alters the expression of CIDEA in mammary gland tissue and the extent to which it may contribute to regulation of milk fat synthesis and secretion are unknown. Mammary gland tissue and blood samples were collected from healthy (n = 15) and clinically ketotic (n = 15) cows. Mammary epithelial cells isolated from cows were infected with CIDEA overexpression adenovirus for 48 h, treated with 0, 0.3, 0.6, or 1.2 mM NEFA for 24 h, or infected with CIDEA-silencing adenovirus for 48 h and treated with 1.2 mM NEFA for 24 h. Serum concentrations of NEFA and β-hydroxybutyrate were greater in cows with clinical ketosis, and milk production and dry matter intake were lower in cows with clinical ketosis. However, compared with healthy cows, the content of milk fat of cows with clinical ketosis was greater. Compared with healthy cows, abundance of mRNA and protein of CIDEA, fatty acid synthase (FASN), acetyl-coA carboxylase 1 (ACACA), butyrophilin (BTN1A1), and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) was greater in mammary tissue of cows with clinical ketosis. Overexpression of CIDEA in cultured mammary epithelial cells increased the abundance of FASN, ACACA, XDH, and BTN1A1, and increased triacylglycerol (TAG) content in mammary epithelial cells. Exogenous NEFA increased the abundance of CIDEA, FASN, ACACA, XDH, and BTN1A1, and increased TAG content in mammary epithelial cells. Importantly, knockdown of CIDEA reversed the upregulation of FASN, ACACA, XDH, and BTN1A1 abundance and TAG content induced by NEFA treatment. Overall, these data suggest that high levels of NEFA stimulate the expression of CIDEA and enhance de novo fatty acid synthesis and milk fat secretion. As such, these mechanisms explain in part the elevation of milk fat content in dairy cows with clinical ketosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Yazhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Ryan Bucktrout
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Xin Shu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Hongdou Jia
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Jihong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Rankun Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agriculture University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
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Yang Y, Zheng N, Zhao X, Yang J, Zhang Y, Han R, Qi Y, Zhao S, Li S, Wen F, Guo T, Zang C, Wang J. Changes in bovine milk fat globule membrane proteins caused by heat procedures using a label-free proteomic approach. Food Res Int 2018; 113:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lee H, Padhi E, Hasegawa Y, Larke J, Parenti M, Wang A, Hernell O, Lönnerdal B, Slupsky C. Compositional Dynamics of the Milk Fat Globule and Its Role in Infant Development. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:313. [PMID: 30460213 PMCID: PMC6232911 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is uniquely optimized for the needs of the developing infant. Its composition is complex and dynamic, driven primarily by maternal genetics, and to a lesser extent by diet and environment. One important component that is gaining attention is the milk fat globule (MFG). The MFG is composed of a triglyceride-rich core surrounded by a tri-layer membrane, also known as the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) that originates from mammary gland epithelia. The MFGM is enriched with glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol, and proteins, some of which are glycosylated, and are known to exert numerous biological roles. Mounting evidence suggests that the structure of the MFG and bioactive components of the MFGM may benefit the infant by aiding in the structural and functional maturation of the gut through the provision of essential nutrients and/or regulating various cellular events during infant growth and immune education. Further, antimicrobial peptides and surface carbohydrate moieties surrounding the MFG might have a pivotal role in shaping gut microbial populations, which in turn may promote protection against immune and inflammatory diseases early in life. This review seeks to: (1) understand the components of the MFG, as well as maternal factors including genetic and lifestyle factors that influence its characteristics; (2) examine the potential role of this milk component on the intestinal immune system; and (3) delineate the mechanistic roles of the MFG in infant intestinal maturation and establishment of the microbiota in the alimentary canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Emily Padhi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yu Hasegawa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jules Larke
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mariana Parenti
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Aidong Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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44
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Yang D, Huynh H, Wan Y. Milk lipid regulation at the maternal-offspring interface. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 81:141-148. [PMID: 29051053 PMCID: PMC5916746 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Milk lipids provide a large proportion of energy, nutrients, essential fatty acids, and signaling molecules for the newborns, the synthesis of which is a tightly controlled process. Dysregulated milk lipid production and composition may be detrimental to the growth, development, health and survival of the newborns. Many genetically modified animal models have contributed to our understanding of milk lipid regulation in the lactating mammary gland. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms that control milk lipid biosynthesis and secretion during lactation, and how maternal genetic and dietary defects impact milk lipid composition and consequently offspring traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengbao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - HoangDinh Huynh
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yihong Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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45
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Harvatine KJ, Boisclair YR, Bauman DE. Time-dependent effect of trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on gene expression of lipogenic enzymes and regulators in mammary tissue of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7585-7592. [PMID: 29803423 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been identified as an intermediate of rumen fatty acid biohydrogenation that caused milk fat depression (MFD) in the dairy cow. Previous studies in cows experiencing CLA- and diet-induced MFD have identified reduced mammary expression of the master lipogenic regulator sterol response element transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) and many of its dependent genes. To distinguish between primary mechanisms regulating milk fat synthesis and secondary adaptations to the reduction in milk fat, we conducted a time-course experiment. Eleven dairy cows received by abomasal infusion an initial priming dose of 6.25 g of CLA followed by 12.5 g/d delivered in multiple pulses per day for 5 d. Cows were milked 3×/d and mammary biopsies were obtained under basal condition (prebolus control) and 12, 30, and 120 h relative to initiation of CLA infusion. Milk fat concentration and yield decreased progressively reaching a nadir at 69 h (1.82% and 38.2 g/h) and averaged 2.03 ± 0.19% and 42.1 ± 4.10 g/h on the last day of treatment (±standard deviation). Expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were decreased at 30 and 120 h compared with control. Expression of SREBF1 and THRSP were also decreased at 30 and 120 h compared with control. Additionally, we failed to observe changes in other factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and liver × receptor β and milk fat globular membrane proteins, during CLA treatment. However, expression of milk fat globular membrane proteins were decreased after 14 d of diet-induced MFD in samples from a previous experiment, indicating a possible long-term response. The rapid decrease in lipogenic enzymes, SREBF1, and THRSP provide strong support for their transcriptional regulation as a primary mechanism of milk fat depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park 16802.
| | - Y R Boisclair
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Dale E Bauman
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
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46
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Th-POK regulates mammary gland lactation through mTOR-SREBP pathway. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007211. [PMID: 29420538 PMCID: PMC5821406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Th-inducing POK (Th-POK, also known as ZBTB7B or cKrox) transcription factor is a key regulator of lineage commitment of immature T cell precursors. It is yet unclear the physiological functions of Th-POK besides helper T cell differentiation. Here we show that Th-POK is restrictedly expressed in the luminal epithelial cells in the mammary glands that is upregulated at late pregnancy and lactation. Lineage restrictedly expressed Th-POK exerts distinct biological functions in the mammary epithelial cells and T cells in a tissue-specific manner. Th-POK is not required for mammary epithelial cell fate determination. Mammary gland morphogenesis in puberty and alveologenesis in pregnancy are phenotypically normal in the Th-POK-deficient mice. However, Th-POK-deficient mice are defective in triggering the onset of lactation upon parturition with large cellular lipid droplets retained within alveolar epithelial cells. As a result, Th-POK knockout mice are unable to efficiently secret milk lipid and to nurse the offspring. Such defect is mainly attributed to the malfunctioned mammary epithelial cells, but not the tissue microenvironment in the Th-POK deficient mice. Th-POK directly regulates expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and insulin-induced Akt-mTOR-SREBP signaling. Th-POK deficiency compromises IRS-1 expression and Akt-mTOR-SREBP signaling in the lactating mammary glands. Conversely, insulin induces Th-POK expression. Thus, Th-POK functions as an important feed-forward regulator of insulin signaling in mammary gland lactation.
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47
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Prediction of Disordered Regions and Their Roles in the Anti-Pathogenic and Immunomodulatory Functions of Butyrophilins. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020328. [PMID: 29401697 PMCID: PMC6017450 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrophilins (BTNs) are a group of the moonlighting proteins, some members of which are secreted in milk. They constitute a large family of structurally similar type 1 transmembrane proteins from the immunoglobulin superfamily. Although the founding member of this family is related to lactation, participating in the secretion, formation and stabilization of milk fat globules, it may also have a cell surface receptor function. Generally, the BTN family members are known to modulate co-stimulatory responses, T cell selection, differentiation, and cell fate determination. Polymorphism of these genes was shown to be associated with the pathology of several human diseases. Despite their biological significance, structural information on human butyrophilins is rather limited. Based on their remarkable multifunctionality, butyrophilins seem to belong to the category of moonlighting proteins, which are known to contain intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs). However, the disorder status of human BTNs was not systematically investigated as of yet. The goal of this study is to fill this gap and to evaluate peculiarities of intrinsic disorder predisposition of the members of human BTN family, and to find if they have IDPRs that can be attributed to the multifunctionality of these important proteins.
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48
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Benefits of Lactoferrin, Osteopontin and Milk Fat Globule Membranes for Infants. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080817. [PMID: 28788066 PMCID: PMC5579611 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The provision of essential and non-essential amino acids for breast-fed infants is the major function of milk proteins. In addition, breast-fed infants might benefit from bioactivities of milk proteins, which are exhibited in the intestine during the digestive phase and by absorption of intact proteins or derived peptides. For lactoferrin, osteopontin and milk fat globule membrane proteins/lipids, which have not until recently been included in substantial amounts in infant formulas, in vitro experiments and animal models provide a convincing base of evidence for bioactivities, which contribute to the protection of the infant from pathogens, improve nutrient absorption, support the development of the immune system and provide components for optimal neurodevelopment. Technologies have become available to obtain these compounds from cow´s milk and the bovine compounds also exhibit bioactivities in humans. Randomized clinical trials with experimental infant formulas incorporating lactoferrin, osteopontin, or milk fat globule membranes have already provided some evidence for clinical benefits. This review aims to compare findings from laboratory and animal experiments with outcomes of clinical studies. There is good justification from basic science and there are promising results from clinical studies for beneficial effects of lactoferrin, osteopontin and the milk fat globule membrane complex of proteins and lipids. Further studies should ideally be adequately powered to investigate effects on clinically relevant endpoints in healthy term infants.
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Sedykh SE, Purvinish LV, Monogarov AS, Burkova EE, Grigor'eva AE, Bulgakov DV, Dmitrenok PS, Vlassov VV, Ryabchikova EI, Nevinsky GA. Purified horse milk exosomes contain an unpredictable small number of major proteins. BIOCHIMIE OPEN 2017; 4:61-72. [PMID: 29450143 PMCID: PMC5801828 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopen.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are 40-100 nm nanovesicles containing RNA and different proteins. Exosomes containing proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and microRNAs are important in intracellular communication and immune function. Exosomes from different sources are usually obtained by combination of centrifugation and ultracentrifugation and according to published data can contain from a few dozens to thousands of different proteins. Crude exosome preparations from milk of eighteen horses were obtained for the first time using several standard centrifugations. Exosome preparations were additionally purified by FPLC gel filtration. Individual preparations demonstrated different profiles of gel filtration showing well or bad separation of exosome peaks and one or two peaks of co-isolating proteins and their complexes. According to the electron microscopy, well purified exosomes displayed a typical exosome-like size (30-100 nm) and morphology. It was shown that exosomes may have several different biological functions, but detection of their biological functions may vary significantly depending on the presence of exosome contaminating proteins and proteins directly into exosomes. Exosome proteins were identified before and after gel filtration by MALDI MS and MS/MS spectrometry of protein tryptic hydrolyzates derived by SDS PAGE and 2D electrophoresis. The results of protein identification were unexpected: one or two peaks co-isolating proteins after gel-filtration mainly contained kappa-, beta-, alpha-S1-caseins and its precursors, but these proteins were not found in well-purified exosomes. Well-purified exosomes contained from five to eight different major proteins: CD81, CD63 receptors, beta-lactoglobulin and lactadherin were common to all preparations, while actin, butyrophilin, lactoferrin, and xanthine dehydrogenase were found only in some of them. The article describes the morphology and the protein content of major horse milk exosomes for the first time. Our results on the decrease of major protein number identified in exosomal preparations after gel filtration may be important to the studies of biological functions of pure exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey E. Sedykh
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Lada V. Purvinish
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Artem S. Monogarov
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Evgeniya E. Burkova
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alina E. Grigor'eva
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitrii V. Bulgakov
- Institute of Biology and Soil, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Pavel S. Dmitrenok
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Valentin V. Vlassov
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Elena I. Ryabchikova
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Georgy A. Nevinsky
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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50
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Masedunskas A, Chen Y, Stussman R, Weigert R, Mather IH. Kinetics of milk lipid droplet transport, growth, and secretion revealed by intravital imaging: lipid droplet release is intermittently stimulated by oxytocin. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:935-946. [PMID: 28179456 PMCID: PMC5385942 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-11-0776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid droplet (LD) fraction of milk has attracted special attention because it supplies preformed lipids for neonatal development, and the assembled LDs are secreted by a unique apocrine mechanism. Because many aspects of this key process remain uncharacterized, we developed a facile method for the intravital imaging of mammary cells in transgenic mice that express fluorescently tagged marker proteins. Using these techniques, we describe the first kinetic analysis of LD growth and secretion at peak lactation in real time. LD transit from basal to apical regions was slow (0-2 μm/min) and frequently intermittent. Droplets grew by the fusion of preexisting droplets, with no restriction on the size of fusogenic partners. Most droplet expansion took several hours and occurred in apical nucleation centers, either close to or in association with the apical surface. Droplets even continued to expand as they were emerging from the cell. Contrary to expectations, LDs attached to the apical plasma membrane but still associated with the cytoplasm were released after oxytocin-mediated contraction of the myoepithelium. Thus milk LD secretion is an intermittently regulated process. This novel procedure will have broad application for investigating trafficking events within the mammary epithelium in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrius Masedunskas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Section, National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yun Chen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Section, National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rebecca Stussman
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Section, National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Section, National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ian H Mather
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Section, National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 .,Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Section, National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
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