1
|
Amoah A, Keller A, Emini R, Hoenicka M, Liebold A, Vollmer A, Eiwen K, Soller K, Sakk V, Zheng Y, Florian MC, Geiger H. Aging of human hematopoietic stem cells is linked to changes in Cdc42 activity. Haematologica 2021; 107:393-402. [PMID: 33440922 PMCID: PMC8804569 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.269670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterize age-related phenotypes of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). We report increased frequencies of HSC, hematopoietic progenitor cells and lineage negative cells in the elderly but a decreased frequency of multi-lymphoid progenitors. Aged human HSC further exhibited a delay in initiating division ex vivo though without changes in their division kinetics. The activity of the small RhoGTPase Cdc42 was elevated in aged human hematopoietic cells and we identified a positive correlation between Cdc42 activity and the frequency of HSC upon aging. The frequency of human HSC polar for polarity proteins was, similar to the mouse, decreased upon aging, while inhibition of Cdc42 activity via the specific pharmacological inhibitor of Cdc42 activity, CASIN, resulted in re-polarization of aged human HSC with respect to Cdc42. Elevated activity of Cdc42 in aged HSC thus contributed to age-related changes in HSC. Xenotransplant, using NBSGW mice as recipients, showed elevated chimerism in recipients of aged compared to young HSC. Aged HSC treated with CASIN ex vivo displayed an engraftment profile similar to recipients of young HSC. Taken together, our work reveals strong evidence for a role of elevated Cdc42 activity in driving aging of human HSC, and similar to mice, this presents a likely possibility for attenuation of aging in human HSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Amoah
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Meyerhofstrasse, 89081 Ulm
| | - Anja Keller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Meyerhofstrasse, 89081 Ulm
| | - Ramiz Emini
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm
| | - Markus Hoenicka
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm
| | - Andreas Liebold
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm
| | - Angelika Vollmer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Meyerhofstrasse, 89081 Ulm
| | - Karina Eiwen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Meyerhofstrasse, 89081 Ulm
| | - Karin Soller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Meyerhofstrasse, 89081 Ulm
| | - Vadim Sakk
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Meyerhofstrasse, 89081 Ulm
| | - Yi Zheng
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati
| | | | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Meyerhofstrasse, 89081 Ulm.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brown A, Schuetz D, Han Y, Daria D, Nattamai KJ, Eiwen K, Sakk V, Pospiech J, Saller T, van Zant G, Wagner W, Geiger H. The lifespan quantitative trait locus gene Securin controls hematopoietic progenitor cell function. Haematologica 2020; 105:317-324. [PMID: 31073078 PMCID: PMC7012499 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.213009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brown
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Desiree Schuetz
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yang Han
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Deidre Daria
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kalpana J Nattamai
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Karina Eiwen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Vadim Sakk
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Pospiech
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Saller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gary van Zant
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, UK Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany .,Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Isobe KI, Nishio N, Hasegawa T. Immunological aspects of age-related diseases. World J Biol Chem 2017; 8:129-137. [PMID: 28588756 PMCID: PMC5439164 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v8.i2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The proportion of elderly people rises in the developed countries. The increased susceptibility of the elderly to infectious diseases is caused by immune dysfunction, especially T cell functional decline. Age-related hematopoietic stem cells deviate from lymphoid lineage to myeloid lineage. Thymus shrinks early in life, which is followed by the decline of naïve T cells. T-cell receptor repertoire diversity declines by aging, which is caused by cytomegalovirus-driven T cell clonal expansion. Functional decline of B cell induces antibody affinity declines by aging. Many effector functions including phagocytosis of myeloid cells are down regulated by aging. The studies of aging of myeloid cells have some controversial results. Although M1 macrophages have been shown to be replaced by anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages by advanced age, many human studies showed that pro-inflammatory cytokines are elevated in older human. To solve this discrepancy here we divide age-related pathological changes into two categories. One is an aging of immune cell itself. Second is involvement of immune cells to age-related pathological changes. Cellular senescence and damaged cells in aged tissue recruit pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, which produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and proceed to age-related diseases. Underlying biochemical and metabolic studies will open nutritional treatment.
Collapse
|
4
|
Quantitative trait gene Slit2 positively regulates murine hematopoietic stem cell numbers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31412. [PMID: 27503415 PMCID: PMC4977545 DOI: 10.1038/srep31412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) demonstrate natural variation in number and function. The genetic factors responsible for the variations (or quantitative traits) are largely unknown. We previously identified a gene whose differential expression underlies the natural variation of HSC numbers in C57BL/6 (B6) and DBA/2 (D2) mice. We now report the finding of another gene, Slit2, on chromosome 5 that also accounts for variation in HSC number. In reciprocal chromosome 5 congenic mice, introgressed D2 alleles increased HSC numbers, whereas B6 alleles had the opposite effect. Using gene array and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we identified Slit2 as a quantitative trait gene whose expression was positively correlated with the number of HSCs. Ectopic expression of Slit2 not only increased the number of the long-term colony forming HSCs, but also enhanced their repopulation capacity upon transplantation. Therefore, Slit2 is a novel quantitative trait gene and a positive regulator of the number and function of murine HSCs. This finding suggests that Slit2 may be a potential therapeutic target for the effective in vitro and in vivo expansion of HSCs without compromising normal hematopoiesis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Aging, Clonality, and Rejuvenation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:701-712. [PMID: 27380967 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with reduced organ function and increased disease incidence. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) aging driven by both cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors is linked to impaired HSC self-renewal and regeneration, aging-associated immune remodeling, and increased leukemia incidence. Compromised DNA damage responses and the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been previously causatively attributed to HSC aging. However, recent paradigm-shifting concepts, such as global epigenetic and cytoskeletal polarity shifts, cellular senescence, as well as the clonal selection of HSCs upon aging, provide new insights into HSC aging mechanisms. Rejuvenating agents that can reprogram the epigenetic status of aged HSCs or senolytic drugs that selectively deplete senescent cells provide promising translational avenues for attenuating hematopoietic aging and, potentially, alleviating aging-associated immune remodeling and myeloid malignancies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Per2 induction limits lymphoid-biased haematopoietic stem cells and lymphopoiesis in the context of DNA damage and ageing. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:480-90. [PMID: 27088856 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ageing-associated impairments in haemato-lymphopoiesis are associated with DNA damage accumulation and reduced maintenance of lymphoid-biased (Ly-biased) compared with myeloid-biased (My-biased) haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here, in vivo RNAi screening identifies period circadian clock 2 (Per2) as a critical factor limiting the maintenance of HSCs in response to DNA damage and ageing. Under these conditions, Per2 is activated predominantly in Ly-biased HSCs and stimulates DNA damage signalling and p53-dependent apoptosis in haematopoietic cells. Per2 deletion ameliorates replication stress and DNA damage responses in haematopoietic cells, thereby improving the maintenance of Ly-biased HSCs, lymphopoiesis, and immune function in ageing mice without increasing the accumulation of DNA damage. Per2-deficient mice retain Batf/p53-dependent induction of differentiation of HSCs in response to DNA damage and exhibit an elongated lifespan. Together, these results identify Per2 as a negative regulator of Ly-biased HSCs and immune functions in response to DNA damage and ageing.
Collapse
|
7
|
Clearance of senescent cells by ABT263 rejuvenates aged hematopoietic stem cells in mice. Nat Med 2015; 22:78-83. [PMID: 26657143 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1152] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Senescent cells (SCs) accumulate with age and after genotoxic stress, such as total-body irradiation (TBI). Clearance of SCs in a progeroid mouse model using a transgenic approach delays several age-associated disorders, suggesting that SCs play a causative role in certain age-related pathologies. Thus, a 'senolytic' pharmacological agent that can selectively kill SCs holds promise for rejuvenating tissue stem cells and extending health span. To test this idea, we screened a collection of compounds and identified ABT263 (a specific inhibitor of the anti-apoptotic proteins BCL-2 and BCL-xL) as a potent senolytic drug. We show that ABT263 selectively kills SCs in culture in a cell type- and species-independent manner by inducing apoptosis. Oral administration of ABT263 to either sublethally irradiated or normally aged mice effectively depleted SCs, including senescent bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and senescent muscle stem cells (MuSCs). Notably, this depletion mitigated TBI-induced premature aging of the hematopoietic system and rejuvenated the aged HSCs and MuSCs in normally aged mice. Our results demonstrate that selective clearance of SCs by a pharmacological agent is beneficial in part through its rejuvenation of aged tissue stem cells. Thus, senolytic drugs may represent a new class of radiation mitigators and anti-aging agents.
Collapse
|
8
|
Habibollah S, Forraz N, McGuckin CP. Application of Umbilical Cord and Cord Blood as Alternative Modes for Liver Therapy. Regen Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6542-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
|
9
|
Geiger H, Zheng Y. Regulation of hematopoietic stem cell aging by the small RhoGTPase Cdc42. Exp Cell Res 2014; 329:214-9. [PMID: 25220425 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging of stem cells might be the underlying cause of tissue aging in tissue that in the adult heavily rely on stem cell activity, like the blood forming system. Hematopoiesis, the generation of blood forming cells, is sustained by hematopoietic stem cells. In this review article, we introduce the canonical set of phenotypes associated with aged HSCs, focus on the novel aging-associated phenotype apolarity caused by elevated activity of the small RhoGTPase in aged HSCs, discuss the role of Cdc42 in hematopoiesis and describe that pharmacological inhibition of Cdc42 activity in aged HSCs results in functionally young and thus rejuvenated HSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Geiger
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Institute for Molecular Medicine, Stem Cells and Aging, Ulm University, Ulm 89091, Germany; aging research center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Geiger H, Denkinger M, Schirmbeck R. Hematopoietic stem cell aging. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 29:86-92. [PMID: 24905894 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging is organized in a hierarchy, in which aging of cells results in aged tissues, ultimately limiting lifespan. For organ systems that also in the adult depend on stem cells for tissue homeostasis like the hematopoietic system that forms immune cells, it is believed that aging of the stem cells strongly contributes to aging-associated dysfunction. In this review, we summarize current aspects on cellular and molecular mechanisms that are associated with aging of hematopoietic stem cells, the role of the stem cell niche for stem cell aging as well as novel and encouraging experimental approaches to attenuate aging of hematopoietic stem cells to target immunosenescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Geiger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell and Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Aging Research Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Michael Denkinger
- AGAPLESION Bethesda Clinic, Geriatric Center Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) continuously provide mature blood cells during the lifespan of a mammal. The functional decline in hematopoiesis in the elderly, which involves a progressive reduction in the immune response and an increased incidence of myeloid malignancy, is partly linked to HSC aging. Molecular mechanisms of HSC aging remain unclear, hindering rational approaches to slow or reverse the decline of HSC function with age. Identifying conditions under which aged HSCs become equivalent to young stem cells might result in treatments for age-associated imbalances in lymphopoiesis and myelopoiesis and in blood regeneration. RECENT FINDINGS Aging of HSCs has been for a long time thought to be an irreversible process imprinted in stem cells due to the intrinsic nature of HSC aging. Mouse model studies have found that aging is associated with elevated activity of the Rho GTPase Cdc42 in HSCs that is causative for loss of polarity, altered epigenetic modifications and functional deficits of aged HSCs. The work suggests that inhibition of Cdc42 activity in aged HSCs may reverse a number of phenotypes associated with HSC aging. SUMMARY Maintaining the regenerative capacity of organs or organ systems may be a useful way to ensure healthy aging. A defined set of features phenotypically separate young from aged HSCs. Aging of HSCs has been thought to be irreversible. Recent findings support the hypothesis that functional decline of aged HSCs may be reversible by pharmacological intervention of age altered signaling pathways and epigenetic modifications.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sun L, Brown R, Chen S, Zhuge Q, Su DM. Aging induced decline in T-lymphopoiesis is primarily dependent on status of progenitor niches in the bone marrow and thymus. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 4:606-19. [PMID: 23047952 PMCID: PMC3492225 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-related decline in the generation of T cells is associated with two primary lymphoid organs, the bone marrow (BM) and thymus. Both organs contain lympho-hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells (LPCs) and non-hematopoietic stromal/niche cells. Murine model showed this decline is not due to reduced quantities of LPCs, nor autonomous defects in LPCs, but rather defects in their niche cells. However, this viewpoint is challenged by the fact that aged BM progenitors have a myeloid skew. By grafting young wild-type (WT) BM progenitors into aged IL-7R−/− hosts, which possess WT-equivalent niches although LPCs are defect, we demonstrated that these young BM progenitors also exhibited a myeloid skew. We, further, demonstrated that aged BM progenitors, recruited by a grafted fetal thymus in the in vivo microenvironment, were able to compete with their young counterparts, although the in vitro manipulated old BM cells were not able to do so in conventional BM transplantation. Both LPCs and their niche cells inevitably get old with increasing organismal age, but aging in niche cells occurred much earlier than in LPCs by an observation in thymic T-lymphopoiesis. Therefore, the aging induced decline in competence to generate T cells is primarily dependent on status of the progenitor niche cells in the BM and thymus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liguang Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Florian MC, Dörr K, Niebel A, Daria D, Schrezenmeier H, Rojewski M, Filippi MD, Hasenberg A, Gunzer M, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Zheng Y, Geiger H. Cdc42 activity regulates hematopoietic stem cell aging and rejuvenation. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 10:520-30. [PMID: 22560076 PMCID: PMC3348626 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The decline in hematopoietic function seen during aging involves a progressive reduction in the immune response and an increased incidence of myeloid malignancy, and has been linked to aging of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The molecular mechanisms underlying HSC aging remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that elevated activity of the small RhoGTPase Cdc42 in aged HSCs is causally linked to HSC aging and correlates with a loss of polarity in aged HSCs. Pharmacological inhibition of Cdc42 activity functionally rejuvenates aged HSCs, increases the percentage of polarized cells in an aged HSC population, and restores the level and spatial distribution of histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation to a status similar to that seen in young HSCs. Our data therefore suggest a mechanistic role for Cdc42 activity in HSC biology and epigenetic regulation, and identify Cdc42 activity as a pharmacological target for ameliorating stem cell aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Dörr
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anja Niebel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Deidre Daria
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Rojewski
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marie-Dominique Filippi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Anja Hasenberg
- Universität Duisburg/Essen, University Hospital, Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Universität Duisburg/Essen, University Hospital, Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Avagyan S, Aguilo F, Kamezaki K, Snoeck HW. Quantitative trait mapping reveals a regulatory axis involving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PRDM16, transforming growth factor-β2 and FLT3 in hematopoiesis. Blood 2011; 118:6078-86. [PMID: 21967974 PMCID: PMC3234666 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-07-365080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is the process whereby BM HSCs renew to maintain their number or to differentiate into committed progenitors to generate all blood cells. One approach to gain mechanistic insight into this complex process is the investigation of quantitative genetic variation in hematopoietic function among inbred mouse strains. We previously showed that TGF-β2 is a genetically determined positive regulator of hematopoiesis. In the presence of unknown nonprotein serum factors TGF-β2, but not TGF-β1 or -β3, enhances progenitor proliferation in vitro, an effect that is subject to mouse strain-dependent variation mapping to a locus on chr.4, Tb2r1. TGF-β2-deficient mice show hematopoietic defects, demonstrating the physiologic role of this cytokine. Here, we show that TGF-β2 specifically and predominantly cell autonomously enhances signaling by FLT3 in vitro and in vivo. A coding polymorphism in Prdm16 (PR-domain-containing 16) underlies Tb2r1 and differentially regulates transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), identifying lipid PPAR ligands as the serum factors required for regulation of FLT3 signaling by TGF-β2. We furthermore show that PPARγ agonists play a FLT3-dependent role in stress responses of progenitor cells. These observations identify a novel regulatory axis that includes PPARs, Prdm16, and TGF-β2 in hematopoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serine Avagyan
- Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang Y, Li R, Chen X, Zhuo Y, Jin R, Qian XP, Jiang YQ, Zeng ZH, Zhang Y, Shao QX. Doxycycline up-regulates the expression of IL-6 and GM-CSF via MAPK/ERK and NF-κB pathways in mouse thymic epithelial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1143-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
16
|
Zinchenko VP, Kim YA, Tarakhovskii YS, Bronnikov GE. Biological activity of water-soluble nanostructures of dihydroquercetin with cyclodextrins. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350911030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
17
|
Klauke K, de Haan G. Polycomb group proteins in hematopoietic stem cell aging and malignancies. Int J Hematol 2011; 94:11-23. [PMID: 21523335 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protection of the transcriptional "stemness" network is important to maintain a healthy hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) compartment during the lifetime of the organism. Recent evidence shows that fundamental changes in the epigenetic status of HSCs might be one of the driving forces behind many age-related HSC changes and might pave the way for HSC malignant transformation and subsequent leukemia development, the incidence of which increases exponentially with age. Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are key epigenetic regulators of HSC cellular fate decisions and are often found to be misregulated in human hematopoietic malignancies. In this review, we speculate that PcG proteins balance HSC aging against the risk of developing cancer, since a disturbance in PcG genes and proteins affects several important cellular processes such as cell fate decisions, senescence, apoptosis, and DNA damage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Klauke
- Department of Cell Biology, Section of Stem Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,European Research Institute on the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald de Haan
- Department of Cell Biology, Section of Stem Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,European Research Institute on the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Feeding the fire: the role of defective bone marrow function in exacerbating thymic involution. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:191-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
19
|
RBBP9: a tumor-associated serine hydrolase activity required for pancreatic neoplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 107:2189-94. [PMID: 20080647 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911646107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies. To discover functionally relevant modulators of pancreatic neoplasia, we performed activity-based proteomic profiling on primary human ductal adenocarcinomas. Here, we identify retinoblastoma-binding protein 9 (RBBP9) as a tumor-associated serine hydrolase that displays elevated activity in pancreatic carcinomas. Whereas RBBP9 is expressed in normal and malignant tissues at similar levels, its elevated activity in tumor cells promotes anchorage-independent growth in vitro as well as pancreatic carcinogenesis in vivo. At the molecular level, RBBP9 activity overcomes TGF-beta-mediated antiproliferative signaling by reducing Smad2/3 phosphorylation, a previously unknown role for a serine hydrolase in cancer biology. Conversely, loss of endogenous RBBP9 or expression of mutationally inactive RBBP9 leads to elevated Smad2/3 phosphorylation, implicating this serine hydrolase as an essential suppressor of TGF-beta signaling. Finally, RBBP9-mediated suppression of TGF-beta signaling is required for E-cadherin expression as loss of the serine hydrolase activity leads to a reduction in E-cadherin levels and a concomitant decrease in the integrity of tumor cell-cell junctions. These data not only define a previously uncharacterized serine hydrolase activity associated with epithelial neoplasia, but also demonstrate the potential benefit of functional proteomics in the identification of new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
20
|
Geiger H, Rudolph KL. Aging in the lympho-hematopoietic stem cell compartment. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:360-5. [PMID: 19540806 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the immune system are progeny of a single primitive cell type, the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). Aging in most strains of mice is associated with a reduction in HSC frequency and a reduction in HSC function. Aged HSCs demonstrate reduced differentiation toward the lymphoid lineage, and this might be a relevant factor influencing immunosenescence. The molecular mechanisms of HSC aging need to be determined in more detail, but current studies have identified, among others, a role for telomere dysfunction in inducing cell intrinsic checkpoints and environmental alterations, which both skews and reduces stem cell differentiation and function. Reverting or ameliorating aging of HSCs might be a crucial step to restoring immuno-competence in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Geiger
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Altered cellular dynamics and endosteal location of aged early hematopoietic progenitor cells revealed by time-lapse intravital imaging in long bones. Blood 2009; 114:290-8. [PMID: 19357397 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-12-195644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aged hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are impaired in supporting hematopoiesis. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of stem cell aging are not well defined. HSCs interact with nonhematopoietic stroma cells in the bone marrow forming the niche. Interactions of hematopoietic cells with the stroma/microenvironment inside bone cavities are central to hematopoiesis as they regulate cell proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation. We recently hypothesized that one underlying cause of altered hematopoiesis in aging might be due to altered interactions of aged stem cells with the microenvironment/niche. We developed time-lapse 2-photon microscopy and novel image analysis algorithms to quantify the dynamics of young and aged hematopoietic cells inside the marrow of long bones of mice in vivo. We report in this study that aged early hematopoietic progenitor cells (eHPCs) present with increased cell protrusion movement in vivo and localize more distantly to the endosteum compared with young eHPCs. This correlated with reduced adhesion to stroma cells as well as reduced cell polarity upon adhesion of aged eHPCs. These data support a role of altered eHPC dynamics and altered cell polarity, and thus altered niche biology in mechanisms of mammalian aging.
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu X, Zhang M, Liu Y, Challa P, Gonzalez P, Liu Y. Proteomic analysis of regenerated rabbit lenses reveal crystallin expression characteristic of adult rabbits. Mol Vis 2008; 14:2404-12. [PMID: 19098996 PMCID: PMC2605429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore lens crystallin characteristics and morphology of rabbit regenerated lenses in comparison with wild type natural lenses by means of proteomic analysis and histological assay. METHODS The lens regeneration model of the New Zealand rabbit was established, and lens regeneration was observed by slit lamp examination and photography. A histological assay was evaluated under light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Protein samples of regenerated lenses were collected from experimental rabbit eyes 2, 4, and 16 weeks after surgery. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) was performed. Image analyses was done using the ImageMaster 2D Elite 3.01 software package. The protein spots were trypsinized and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Lens regeneration began in the periphery of the capsule bag about one to two weeks after the surgery and proceeded to regenerate toward the center. The regenerated lens appeared spherical in shape with a fairly translucent cortical structure and a nuclear opacity. Histological findings showed that the remnant lens epithelial cells differentiate at the lens capsule equator and new lens fibers form in a concentric pattern in a manner similar to that observed in natural lenses. However, TEM showed morphological changes in the epithelial cells of the regenerated lenses as compared with natural lenses. 2-D electrophoresis revealed that the patterns of protein spots from regenerated lenses (two weeks, four weeks, and 16 weeks) were analogous to those of 16-week-old natural lenses but were substantially different from those of two-week-old natural lenses, particularly when the two-week-old regenerated lenses were compared with the two-week-old natural lenses. CONCLUSIONS Proteomic analysis revealed that crystallin expression in regenerated rabbit lenses was analogous to that of natural lenses of adult rabbits but was different from that of very young rabbits (two weeks old), and TEM revealed the presence of morphological changes in the epithelial cells of regenerated lenses. These results suggest that the regrowth of lens materials in the lens capsule after endocapsular phacoemulsification might actually represent the regeneration of "mature" lens substances, which have led us to the conclusion that the regenerative process does not exactly mimic embryonic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xialin Liu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Liu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pratap Challa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Pedro Gonzalez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Yizhi Liu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis is a classic adult stem cell-dependent process, supported by self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Studying SSCs provides a model to better understand adult stem cell biology, and deciphering the mechanisms that control SSC functions may lead to treatment of male infertility and an understanding of the etiology of testicular germ cell tumor formation. Self-renewal of rodent SSCs is greatly influenced by the niche factor glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). In mouse SSCs, GDNF activation upregulates expression of the transcription factor-encoding genes bcl6b, etv5, and lhx1, which influence SSC self-renewal. Additionally, the non-GDNF-stimulated transcription factors Plzf and Taf4b have been implicated in regulating SSC functions. Together, these molecules are part of a robust gene network controlling SSC fate decisions that may parallel the regulatory networks in other adult stem cell populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Oatley
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Santos AN, Kahrstedt S, Nass N, Czeslick E, Scheubel RJ, Silber RE, Simm A. Evidences for age-related modulation of human hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43:1033-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2008.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
Sakurada K, McDonald F, Shimada F. Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Based Drug Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:5718-38. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
26
|
|
27
|
Gerrits A, Dykstra B, Otten M, Bystrykh L, de Haan G. Combining transcriptional profiling and genetic linkage analysis to uncover gene networks operating in hematopoietic stem cells and their progeny. Immunogenetics 2008; 60:411-22. [PMID: 18560825 PMCID: PMC2493868 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-008-0305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are unique in that they possess both the capacity to self-renew and thereby maintain their original pool as well as the capacity to differentiate into mature cells. In the past number of years, transcriptional profiling of enriched stem cell populations has been extensively performed in an attempt to identify a universal stem cell gene expression signature. While stem-cell-specific transcripts were identified in each case, this approach has thus far been insufficient to identify a universal group of core “stemness” genes ultimately responsible for self-renewal and multipotency. Similarly, in the hematopoietic system, comparisons of transcriptional profiles between different hematopoietic cell stages have had limited success in revealing core genes ultimately responsible for the initiation of differentiation and lineage specification. Here, we propose that the combined use of transcriptional profiling and genetic linkage analysis, an approach called “genetical genomics”, can be a valuable tool to assist in the identification of genes and gene networks that specify “stemness” and cell fate decisions. We review past studies of hematopoietic cells that utilized transcriptional profiling and/or genetic linkage analysis, and discuss several potential future applications of genetical genomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gerrits
- Department of Cell Biology, Section Stem Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Roobrouck VD, Ulloa-Montoya F, Verfaillie CM. Self-renewal and differentiation capacity of young and aged stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:1937-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
29
|
A new mechanism for the aging of hematopoietic stem cells: aging changes the clonal composition of the stem cell compartment but not individual stem cells. Blood 2008; 111:5553-61. [PMID: 18413859 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-11-123547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) change with aging has been controversial. Previously, we showed that the HSC compartment in young mice consists of distinct subsets, each with predetermined self-renewal and differentiation behavior. Three classes of HSCs can be distinguished based on their differentiation programs: lymphoid biased, balanced, and myeloid biased. We now show that aging causes a marked shift in the representation of these HSC subsets. A clonal analysis of repopulating HSCs demonstrates that lymphoid-biased HSCs are lost and long-lived myeloid-biased HSCs accumulate in the aged. Myeloid-biased HSCs from young and aged sources behave similarly in all aspects tested. This indicates that aging does not change individual HSCs. Rather, aging changes the clonal composition of the HSC compartment. We show further that genetic factors contribute to the age-related changes of the HSC subsets. In comparison with B6 mice, aged D2 mice show a more pronounced shift toward myeloid-biased HSCs with a corresponding reduction in the number of both T- and B-cell precursors. This suggests that low levels of lymphocytes in the blood can be a marker for HSC aging. The loss of lymphoid-biased HSCs may contribute to the impaired immune response to infectious diseases and cancers in the aged.
Collapse
|
30
|
Orlovskaya IA, Toporkova LB, Feofanova NA, Kolosova NG. Peculiarities of bone marrow hemopoiesis in early aging OXYS rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 2008; 144:86-8. [PMID: 18256761 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-007-0262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Colony-forming activity of bone marrow cells in 3- and 12-month-old Wistar rats does not differ by the number of early and erythroid precursors and by the formation of granulocyte-macrophage colonies. In senescence-accelerated OXYS rats, the number of early and erythroid precursors significantly increases by the age of 12 months and surpasses the corresponding values in Wistar rats. The number of granulocyte-macrophage colonies in OXYS rats does not change with age, but the numbers of these colonies formed at the age of 3 and 12 months in these animals are higher than in Wistar rats. As a result, the total number of hemopoietic colonies in 12-month-old OXYS rats 2-fold surpassed that in 12-month-old Wistar rats. Activation of granulopoiesis and increased numbers of early and erythroid precursors indicate deep changes in the functional status of the hemopoietic stem cell in 1-year-old OXYS rats in the direction characteristic of aging animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I A Orlovskaya
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liang Y, Van Zant G. Aging stem cells, latexin, and longevity. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:1962-72. [PMID: 18374916 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/ Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0093, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dykstra B, de Haan G. Hematopoietic stem cell aging and self-renewal. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 331:91-101. [PMID: 18008087 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A functional decline of the immune system occurs during organismal aging that is attributable, in large part, to changes in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment. In the mouse, several hallmark age-dependent changes in the HSC compartment have been identified, including an increase in HSC numbers, a decrease in homing efficiency, and a myeloid skewing of differentiation potential. Whether these changes are caused by gradual intrinsic changes within individual HSCs or by changes in the cellular composition of the HSC compartment remains unclear. However, of note, many of the aging properties of HSCs are highly dependent on their genetic background. In particular, the widely used C57Bl/6 strain appears to have unique HSC aging characteristics compared with those of other mouse strains. These differences can be exploited by using recombinant inbred strains to further our understanding of the genetic basis for HSC aging. The mechanism(s) responsible for HSC aging have only begun to be elucidated. Recent studies have reported co-ordinated variation in gene expression of HSCs with age, possibly as a result of epigenetic changes. In addition, an accumulation of DNA damage, in concert with an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species, has been associated with aged HSCs. Nevertheless, whether age-related changes in HSCs are programmed to occur in a certain predictable fashion, or whether they are simply an accumulation of random changes over time remains unclear. Further, whether the genetic dysregulation observed in old HSCs is a cause or an effect of cellular aging is unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brad Dykstra
- Department of Cell Biology, Section Stem Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
The magic behind stem cells. J Assist Reprod Genet 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10815-007-9124-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
34
|
Zech NH, Shkumatov A, Koestenbauer S. The magic behind stem cells. J Assist Reprod Genet 2007; 24:208-14. [PMID: 17385026 PMCID: PMC3454971 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-007-9123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article summarizes historical development of stem cell research, presents current knowledge on the plasticity potential of both embryonic and adult stem cells and discusses on the future of stem cell based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas H Zech
- Reproductive Genetics Institute, 2825 North Halsted, Chicago, Illinois 60657, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Oakley EJ, Van Zant G. Unraveling the complex regulation of stem cells: implications for aging and cancer. Leukemia 2007; 21:612-21. [PMID: 17252019 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Substantial progress in embryonic and adult stem cell research in the past several years has yielded a wealth of information regarding the mechanisms regulating self-renewal and differentiation, two processes often used to define stem cells. Recent evidence suggests that epigenetic as well as genetic processes maintain stem cells in a pluripotent state as well as dictate their transition to more restricted stages of development. In this review, we discuss two emerging themes in stem cell biology, epigenetic control of gene expression and post-transcriptional regulation via microRNAs. We summarize how these regulatory mechanisms facilitate various aspects of normal stem cell biology and extend the discussion to their involvement in aging and tumorigeneisis, two biological phenomena intimately tied to stem cells. We speculate that aberrant epigenetic events and altered miRNA expression profiles in aged stem cell populations play important roles in carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Oakley
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0093, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liang Y, Jansen M, Aronow B, Geiger H, Van Zant G. The quantitative trait gene latexin influences the size of the hematopoietic stem cell population in mice. Nat Genet 2007; 39:178-88. [PMID: 17220891 DOI: 10.1038/ng1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We mapped quantitative trait loci that accounted for the variation in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) numbers between young adult C57BL/6 (B6) and DBA/2 (D2) mice. In reciprocal chromosome 3 congenic mice, introgressed D2 alleles increased HSC numbers owing to enhanced proliferation and self-renewal and reduced apoptosis, whereas B6 alleles had the opposite effects. Using oligonucleotide arrays, real-time PCR and protein blots, we identified latexin (Lxn), a gene whose differential transcription and expression was associated with the allelic differences. Expression was inversely correlated with the number of HSCs; therefore, ectopic expression of Lxn using a retroviral vector decreased stem cell population size. We identified clusters of SNPs upstream of the Lxn transcriptional start site, at least two of which are associated with potential binding sites for transcription factors regulating stem cells. Thus, promoter polymorphisms between the B6 and D2 alleles may affect Lxn gene expression and consequently influence the population size of hematopoietic stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hsu HC, Lu L, Yi N, Van Zant G, Williams RW, Mountz JD. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in aging systems. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 371:321-48. [PMID: 17634591 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-361-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic basis of the effects of aging on the decline in the immune response is an enormous undertaking. The most prominent age-related change in the immune system is thymic involution. This chapter will focus on the use of C57BL/6 J X DBA/2 J (BXD) recombinant inbred (RI) strains of mice to map genetic loci associated with age-related thymic involution in mice. Strategies to improve the power and precision in which complex traits such as the age-related decline in the immune response have been applied to the large set of BXD RI strains to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that underlie thymic involution. More importantly, approaches have been developed to enable higher resolution mapping of these QTLs and, in some cases, may be adequate to carry out direct identification of candidate genes. It is likely that, given the complexity of the immune system development, the number of cells involved in an immune response, and especially the changes in the immune system with aging, multiple genetic loci and genes will contribute to the age-related changes in the immune response. This chapter outlines ongoing and general quantitative genetic linkage strategies that can be used for mapping and identification of the quantitative trait loci that may have a significant impact on age-related alteration of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
During the course of an entire lifespan, tissue repair and regeneration is made possible by the presence of adult stem cells. Stem cell expansion, maintenance, and differentiation must be tightly controlled to assure longevity. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are greatly solicited given the daily high blood cell turnover. Moreover, several bone marrow-derived cells including HSC, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), and endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) also significantly contribute to peripheral tissue repair and regeneration, including tumor formation. Therefore, factors influencing bone marrow-derived cell proliferation and functions are likely to have a broad impact. Aging has been identified as one of these factors. One hypothesis is that aging directly affects stem cells as a consequence of exhaustive proliferation. Alternatively, it is also possible that aging indirectly affects stem cells by acting on their microenvironment. Cellular senescence is believed to have evolved as a tumor suppressor mechanism capable of arresting growth to reduce risk of malignancy. In opposition to apoptosis, senescent cells accumulate in tissues. Recent evidence suggests their accumulation contributes to the phenotype of aging. Senescence can be activated by both telomere-dependent and telomere-independent pathways. Genetic alteration, genome-wide DNA damage, and oxidative stress are inducers of senescence and have recently been identified as occurring in bone marrow-derived cells. Below is a review of the link between cellular senescence, aging, and bone marrow-derived cells, and the possible consequences aging may have on bone marrow trans plantation procedures and emerging marrow-derived cell-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Beauséjour
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal & Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, 3175 Cote Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
de Haan G, Gerrits A, Bystrykh L. Modern genome-wide genetic approaches to reveal intrinsic properties of stem cells. Curr Opin Hematol 2006; 13:249-53. [PMID: 16755221 DOI: 10.1097/01.moh.0000231422.00407.be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The clinical use of hematopoietic stem cells, which produce all mature blood cell lineages in the circulation, is continuously increasing. Identification of genes and gene networks specifying either stemness or commitment will not only be of major relevance for a fundamental understanding of developmental biology, but also for the emerging fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Our appreciation of the transcriptional machinery that distinguishes stem cells from their nonstem cell progeny is, however, rudimentary. State-of-the art genome-wide tools are now becoming available to elucidate intrinsic properties of stem cells. Here, we review recent progress that has been made in this field. RECENT FINDINGS Approaches to study stem cell-specific genes and gene networks include genetical genomics, mRNA and microRNA expression profiling of carefully selected cells, proteomics, chromatin studies using 'CHIP-on-chip' tools, genome-wide binding site analyses for transcription factors and chromatin-remodeling proteins, and tools to study the three-dimensional organization of gene loci. It is promising to see that the combined application of these tools has resulted in the identification of multiple novel genes that regulate stem cell self-renewal. SUMMARY Exploitation of the available technology and integrating the data by translation into a dynamic model of networks, operating in all four dimensions, will be essential to fully comprehend the elusive concept of 'stemness'. It is time to harvest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald de Haan
- Department of Cell Biology, Stem Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Successful bone marrow transplantation involves migration of hematopoietic stem cells through the blood, entering the extravascular hematopoietic cords, lodging in the proper niche, and expanding and differentiating to produce large numbers of mature cells -- all without depletion of the stem cell pool. An additional variable in these processes is the age of both the donor bone marrow and the recipient. Basic stem cell biology and transplant biology aim to uncover the molecular mechanisms controlling these processes. RECENT FINDINGS Mouse genetics is a frequently used tool that allows dissection of individual pathways that influence properties of hematopoietic stem cells. Recently, the conception of a niche has been expanded to include evidence for a vascular and an endosteal niche. Additionally, hematopoietic stem cell interactions within the niche have been further defined, documenting the importance of cell cycle, cell adhesion, response to cytokine stimulation and age-dependent functional changes. A new model for hematopoietic stem cell aging was proposed that supports the hypothesis that stem cell aging is at least partially due to an accumulation of DNA damage leading to exhaustion. SUMMARY This review focuses on the last year's progress using mouse genetics as a tool to study intrinsic mechanisms of hematopoietic stem cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Miller
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Xing Z, Ryan MA, Daria D, Nattamai KJ, Van Zant G, Wang L, Zheng Y, Geiger H. Increased hematopoietic stem cell mobilization in aged mice. Blood 2006; 108:2190-7. [PMID: 16741255 PMCID: PMC1895568 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-12-010272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are located in the bone marrow in close association with a highly organized 3-dimensional structure formed by stroma cells, referred to as the niche. Mobilization of HSPCs from bone marrow to peripheral blood in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) requires de-adhesion of HSPCs from the niche. The influence of aging of HSPCs on cell-stroma interactions has not been determined in detail. Using a mouse model of G-CSF-induced mobilization, we demonstrated that the ability to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells is approximately 5-fold greater in aged mice. Competitive mobilization experiments confirmed that enhanced mobilization ability was intrinsic to the stem cell. Enhanced mobilization efficiency of primitive hematopoietic cells from aged mice correlated with reduced adhesion of hematopoietic progenitor cells to stroma and with elevated levels of GTP-bound Cdc42. These results might indicate that stroma-stem cell interactions are dynamic over a lifetime and result in physiologically relevant changes in the biology of primitive hematopoietic cells with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlan Xing
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ryu BY, Orwig KE, Oatley JM, Avarbock MR, Brinster RL. Effects of aging and niche microenvironment on spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal. Stem Cells 2006; 24:1505-11. [PMID: 16456131 PMCID: PMC5501308 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is evident in most tissues and organ systems, but the mechanisms of aging are difficult to identify and poorly understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that aging results in uncorrected defects in stem cell and/or niche function, which lead to system failure. We used the spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) transplantation assay to determine the effect of aging on testis stem cell/niche function in mice. Between 12 and 24 months of age, male mice experienced a declining level of fertility associated with decreased testis weight, level of spermatogenesis, and total stem cell content. However, when stem cells were consecutively passaged at 3-month intervals to testes of young males, these stem cells continued to produce spermatogenesis for more than 3 years. Thus, SSC self-renewal continues long past the normal life span of the animal when the stem cell is continually maintained in a young niche/microenvironment. Moreover, these data suggest that infertility in old males results from deterioration of the SSC niche and failure to support an appropriate balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Buom-Yong Ryu
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Functional failure in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) may bring fatal consequences because HSCs are the ultimate source of mature blood cells, which need continuous replenishment. One potential cause of HSC dysfunction is senescence, in which HSCs and progenitor cells enter a state of proliferative arrest. HSC senescence is genetically regulated and one particular regulator is the telomerase gene. Mutations in the telomerase gene complex have been found in patients with bone marrow failure syndromes. During a normal lifetime, HSC clones function over the long term and may not show any functional loss under normal circumstances. However, pathologic environments may limit HSC proliferation, accelerate HSC turnover, and shorten the functional life of HSCs, leading to HSC clonal exhaustion and senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jichun Chen
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yu H, Yuan Y, Shen H, Cheng T. Hematopoietic stem cell exhaustion impacted by p18 INK4C and p21 Cip1/Waf1 in opposite manners. Blood 2005; 107:1200-6. [PMID: 16234365 PMCID: PMC1895913 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-02-0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation-associated stress can compromise the hematopoietic potential of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). As a consequence, HSCs may undergo "exhaustion" in serial transplant recipients, for which the cellular and molecular bases are not well understood. Hematopoietic exhaustion appears to be accelerated in the absence of p21(Cip1/Waf1) (p21), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) in irradiated hosts. Our recent study demonstrated that unlike loss of p21, deletion of p18(INK4C) (p18), a distinct CKI, results in improved long-term engraftment, largely because of increased self-renewing divisions of HSCs in vivo. We show here that HSCs deficient in p18 sustained their competitiveness to wild-type HSCs from unmanipulated young mice, and retained multilineage differentiation potential after multiple rounds of serial bone marrow transfer over a period of more than 3 years. Further, p18 absence significantly decelerated hematopoietic exhaustion caused by p21 deficiency. Such an effect was shown to occur at the stem cell level, likely by a counteracting mechanism against the cellular senescence outcome. Our current study provides new insights into the distinct impacts of these cell-cycle regulators on HSC exhaustion and possibly HSC aging as well under proliferative stress, thereby offering potential pharmacologic targets for sustaining the durability of stressed HSCs in transplantation or elderly patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, PA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Feldmann RE, Mattern R. The human brain and its neural stem cells postmortem: from dead brains to live therapy. Int J Legal Med 2005; 120:201-11. [PMID: 16211420 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-005-0037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Contrary to the traditional dogma of being a relatively invariable and quiescent organ lacking the capability to regenerate, there is now widespread evidence that the human brain harbors multipotent neural stem cells, possibly throughout senescence. These cells can divide and give rise to neuroectodermal progeny in vivo and are now regarded as powerful prospective candidates for repairing or enhancing the functional capability of neural tissue in trauma or diseases associated with degeneration or malperfusion. Hopes primarily rest upon techniques to either recruit endogenous stem cells or to utilize exogenous donor-derived material for transplantation. In the search for suitable human cell sources, embryonic, fetal, and adult stem cells appear highly controversial, as they are accompanied by various still-unresolved moral and legal challenges. Fascinatingly, however, recent reports indicate the successful isolation and expansion of viable neural stem cells from the rodent and human brain within a considerable postmortem interval, suggesting that postmortem neural stem cells could potentially become an acceptable alternative cellular resource. This article will provide a brief overview about neural stem cells, their prominent features, and prospects for a cellular therapy, and will furthermore illuminate the cells in particular with respect to their newly discovered postmortem provenience, their advantage as a potential cell source, and several unfolding forensic considerations. Also, important ethical, social, and legal implications arising from this hitherto unpracticed cellular harvest of brain tissue from the deceased are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Feldmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurobiology, The Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Children's Medical and Surgical Center (CMSC), 9-115 1800 E. Jefferson Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|