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Stałanowska K, Szablińska-Piernik J, Pszczółkowska A, Railean V, Wasicki M, Pomastowski P, Lahuta LB, Okorski A. Antifungal Properties of Bio-AgNPs against D. pinodes and F. avenaceum Infection of Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4525. [PMID: 38674112 PMCID: PMC11050071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ascochyta blight and Fusarium root rot are the most serious fungal diseases of pea, caused by D. pinodes and F. avenaceum, respectively. Due to the lack of fully resistant cultivars, we proposed the use of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNPs) as a novel protecting agent. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal properties and effectiveness of bio-AgNPs, in in vitro (poisoned food technique; resazurin assay) and in vivo (seedlings infection) experiments, against D. pinodes and F. avenaceum. Moreover, the effects of diseases on changes in the seedlings' metabolic profiles were analyzed. The MIC for spores of both fungi was 125 mg/L, and bio-AgNPs at 200 mg/L most effectively inhibited the mycelium growth of D. pinodes and F. avenaceum (by 45 and 26%, respectively, measured on the 14th day of incubation). The treatment of seedlings with bio-AgNPs or fungicides before inoculation prevented the development of infection. Bio-AgNPs at concentrations of 200 mg/L for D. pinodes and 100 mg/L for F. avenaceum effectively inhibited infections' spread. The comparison of changes in polar metabolites' profiles revealed disturbances in carbon and nitrogen metabolism in pea seedlings by both pathogenic fungi. The involvement of bio-AgNPs in the mobilization of plant metabolism in response to fungal infection is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Stałanowska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.S.); (L.B.L.)
| | - Joanna Szablińska-Piernik
- Department of Botany and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. Łódzki 1, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Pszczółkowska
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. Łódzki 5, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Viorica Railean
- Department of Infectious, Invasive Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.W.); (P.P.)
| | - Miłosz Wasicki
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.W.); (P.P.)
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.W.); (P.P.)
- Department of Inorganic and Coordination Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Lesław Bernard Lahuta
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.S.); (L.B.L.)
| | - Adam Okorski
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. Łódzki 5, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland;
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Hossain Z, Zhao S, Liu K, Li L, Hubbard M. Deciphering Aphanomyces euteiches-pea-biocontrol bacterium interactions through untargeted metabolomics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8877. [PMID: 38632368 PMCID: PMC11024177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52949-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Aphanomyces euteiches causes root rot in pea, leading to significant yield losses. However, the metabolites involved in this pathosystem have not been thoroughly studied. This study aimed to fill this gap and explore mechanisms of bacterial suppression of A. euteiches via untargeted metabolomics using pea grown in a controlled environment. Chemical isotope labeling (CIL), followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), was used for metabolite separation and detection. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed clear separation of metabolites from pathogen-treated pea roots and roots from other treatments. A three-tier approach positively or putatively identified 5249 peak pairs or metabolites. Of these, 403 were positively identified in tier 1; 940 were putatively identified with high confidence in tier 2. There were substantial changes in amino acid pool, and fatty acid and phenylpropanoid pathway products. More metabolites, including salicylic and jasmonic acids, were upregulated than downregulated in A. euteiches-infected roots. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and 12-oxophytodienoic acid were upregulated in A. euteiches + bacterium-treated roots compared to A. euteiches-infected roots. A great number of metabolites were up- or down-regulated in response to A. euteiches infection compared with the control and A. euteiches + bacterium-treated plants. The results of this study could facilitate improved disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakir Hossain
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, S9H 3X2, Canada.
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Kui Liu
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michelle Hubbard
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, S9H 3X2, Canada.
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Sokolova GD, Budynkov NI, Tselipanova EE, Glinushkin AP. Species Diversity in the Fusarium solani (Neocosmospora) Complex and Their Pathogenicity for Plants and Humans. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2022; 507:416-427. [PMID: 36781537 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496622060217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The Fusarium solani species complex is a large group of soil saprotrophs with a broad adaptive potential, which allows the fungi to exist under various conditions and to parasitize on different hosts. The review analyzes the modern data concerning the genetic peculiarities of species from this complex by the example of F. solani f. sp. pisi and generalizes the data on the most widespread species pathogenic for both plants and humans. The enhanced resistance of the F. solani species complex to the most of modern antifungal agents and the need for novel therapeutic agents against fusariosis has been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Sokolova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshiye Vyazemy, Russia.
| | - N I Budynkov
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshiye Vyazemy, Russia
| | - E E Tselipanova
- Moscow Regional Vladimirsky Research Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A P Glinushkin
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshiye Vyazemy, Russia
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Pathological, biochemical and molecular variability of Colletotrichum truncatum incitant of anthracnose disease in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104611. [PMID: 33212199 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to establish pathogenic variability among Colletotrichum truncatum, an incitant of anthracnose disease across different chilli growing regions of Karnataka. Thirty suspected C. truncatum isolates were identified based on their morphological and conidial characteristics and further confirmed by Internal Transcribed Spacer DNA sequence analysis. Pathogenicity test was carried out by in vitro detached leaf and fruit assay, and also under greenhouse conditions using 20 different chilli cultivars grown across Karnataka. Colletotrichum truncatum isolates recorded the varied degree of pathogenicity index (PI) on different chilli cultivars. Isolate UOM-02 was found highly virulent (PI > 80 against 12 tested cultivars) and cultivar cv. 4 was found highly resistant to C. truncatum infection (Average PI, 48.21). Further, the involvement of enzymes such as cellulase, pectin methylesterase and ascorbate peroxidase in determining the virulence of the pathogen was established. The highest activity of catalase (UOM-24; 7.38 units), ascorbate peroxidase (UOM-02; 2.9 units), cellulase (UOM-02; 0.58 units), and pectin methylesterase (UOM-02; 6.7 units), was recorded by different C. truncatum isolates. Cellulase and pectin methylesterase activities were positively correlated with their pathogenicity, while catalase activity was found least correlated. Results of RAPD and ISSR analysis recorded higher polymorphism among the isolates. Interestingly these isolates were not clustered based on their geographical origin, Pathogenicity index and biochemical characters. From this study, the existence of highly virulent C. truncatum isolate (UOM-02), which can cause severe loss under favourable conditions, was revealed. Further, possible use of specific enzymes as an indicator of virulence of the pathogen is discussed.
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Deepika VB, Vohra M, Mishra S, Dorai K, Rai P, Satyamoorthy K, Murali TS. DNA demethylation overcomes attenuation of colchicine biosynthesis in an endophytic fungus Diaporthe. J Biotechnol 2020; 323:33-41. [PMID: 32745507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fungal endophytes, a major component of the plant host microbiome, are known to synthesize plant-derived metabolites in vitro. However, attenuation of metabolite production upon repeated sub-culturing is a major drawback towards utilizing them as an alternative for plant-derived metabolites. In this study, we isolated Diaporthe perseae, a fungal endophyte from Gloriosa superba tubers, which showed the production of colchicine in axenic cultures. Mass spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, and tubulin polymerization assays confirmed the compound to be colchicine. Repeated sub-culturing of the endophyte for 10 generations led to a reduction in the yield of the metabolite from 55.25 μg/g to 2.32 μg/g of mycelial dry weight. Treatment of attenuated cultures with DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine resulted in increased metabolite concentration (39.68 μg/g mycelial dry weight) in treated samples compared to control (2.61 μg/g mycelial dry weight) suggesting that 5-azacytidine can induce demethylation of the fungal genome to overcome the phenomenon of attenuation of metabolite synthesis. Reduced levels of global methylation were observed upon 5-azacytidine treatment in attenuated cultures (0.41 % of total cytosines methylated) as compared to untreated control (0.78 % of total cytosines methylated). The results provide a significant breakthrough in utilizing fungal endophytes as a veritable source of plant-derived metabolites from critically endangered plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanath Bhat Deepika
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
| | - Manik Vohra
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
| | - Sumit Mishra
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, 140306 Punjab, India.
| | - Kavita Dorai
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, 140306 Punjab, India.
| | - Padmalatha Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
| | - Thokur Sreepathy Murali
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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Guo L, Lin J, Niu S, Liu S, Liu L. Pestalotiones A-D: Four New Secondary Metabolites from the Plant Endophytic Fungus Pestalotiopsis Theae. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030470. [PMID: 31979166 PMCID: PMC7037426 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new xanthone derivatives, pestalotiones A (1) and B (2), one new diphenyl ketone riboside, pestalotione C (7), and one new diphenyl ether, pestalotione D (8), along with five known compounds isosulochrin dehydrate (3), 3,8-dihydroxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (4), isosulochrin (5), chloroisosulochrin (6), and pestalotether D (9), were isolated from the crude extract of the plant endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis theae (N635). The structures of the new compounds were unambiguously deduced by HRESIMS and 1D/2D-NMR spectroscopic data. Compound 6 showed modest cytotoxicity against the HeLa cell line with an IC50 value of 35.2 μM. Compound 9 also showed cytotoxic to the HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines, with IC50 values of 60.8 and 22.6 μM, respectively. Additionally, compounds 1 and 2 exhibited antioxidant activity in scavenging DPPH radical with IC50 values of 54.2 and 59.2 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (L.G.); (S.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biofunctional Molecules, College of Life Science and Chemistry, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing 210003, China;
| | - Shubin Niu
- School of Biological Medicine, Beijing City University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Shuchun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (L.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (L.G.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 86-10-648-06153
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Fatima U, Bhorali P, Senthil-Kumar M. Morpho-Pathological and Global Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Robust Nonhost Resistance Responses in Chickpea Interaction with Alternaria brassicae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1598-1613. [PMID: 31364484 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-19-0117-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria blight, caused by Alternaria brassicae, causes considerable yield loss in Brassica crops. While several blight-resistant varieties have been developed using resistance sources from host germplasm, none of them are entirely successful in imparting durable resistance. This has prompted the exploration of novel gene pools of nonhost plant species. Nonhost resistance (NHR) is a durable form of resistance, comprising pre- and postinvasion layers of defense. We aimed to identify the molecular basis of NHR to A. brassicae and identify the layers of NHR operating in a nonhost, chickpea (Cicer arietinum). To elucidate the layers of NHR operating against A. brassicae, we compared the histopathology and infection patterns of A. brassicae in C. arietinum and Brassica juncea. Delayed conidial germination, impeded hyphal growth, suppressed appressorium formation, and limited hyphal penetration occurred in the nonhost plant compared with the host plant, implying the involvement of the preinvasion layer of NHR in C. arietinum. Next, we investigated the molecular basis of robust NHR, in C. arietinum challenged with A. brassicae, by microarray-based global transcriptome profiling. Genes involved in stomatal closure, cuticular wax biosynthesis, cell-wall modification, and secondary metabolite production (contributing to preinvasion NHR) as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death (contributing to postinvasion NHR) were found to be upregulated. Consistent with transcriptomic analysis, the morpho-pathological analysis revealed stomatal closure, ROS accumulation, and localized cell death in C. arietinum as the defense strategies against A. brassicae. Thus, we identified NHR-contributing genes with potential applications in blight resistance gene transfer to B. juncea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urooj Fatima
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, P.O. Box No. 10531, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Priyadarshini Bhorali
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785013, Assam, India
| | - Muthappa Senthil-Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, P.O. Box No. 10531, New Delhi 110 067, India
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Fatima U, Bhorali P, Borah S, Senthil-Kumar M. Perspectives on the utilization of resistance mechanisms from host and nonhost plants for durable protection of Brassica crops against Alternaria blight. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7486. [PMID: 31579565 PMCID: PMC6766370 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternaria brassicae, the causal organism of Alternaria blight, is a necrotroph infecting crops of the Brassicaceae family at all growth stages. To circumvent this problem, several disease management strategies are being used in the field, and disease-resistant varieties have also been developed. However, no strategy has proven completely successful, owing to the high variability in virulence among A. brassicae isolates, which causes a diverse spectrum of symptoms. Nonhost resistance (NHR) is a robust and broad-spectrum defense mechanism available in plants, and the exploitation of gene pools from plant species that are nonhost to A. brassicae could serve as novel sources of resistance. METHODOLOGY We searched the literature using key words relevant to this study in various search engines, such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, as well as certain journal websites. The literature was retrieved, sorted, and mined to extract data pertinent to the present review. RESULTS In this review, we have comprehensively covered the recent progress made in developing Alternaria blight resistance in Brassica crops by exploiting host germplasm. We also enumerate the potential NHR sources available for A. brassicae and the NHR layers possibly operating against this pathogen. In addition, we propose different strategies for identifying NHR-related genes from nonhost plants and testing their relevance in imparting broad-spectrum resistance when transferred to host plants. CONCLUSION This review will help broaden the current knowledge base pertaining to the resistance sources available in host germplasm, the exploitation of NHR mechanisms, and their applications in protecting Brassica crops from Alternaria blight. The insights might also be applicable to a wider repertoire of plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urooj Fatima
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Priyadarshini Bhorali
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Sudarshana Borah
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
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Restoring the Taxol biosynthetic machinery of Aspergillus terreus by Podocarpus gracilior Pilger microbiome, with retrieving the ribosome biogenesis proteins of WD40 superfamily. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11534. [PMID: 31395904 PMCID: PMC6687737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47816-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuating the Taxol yield of Aspergillus terreus with the subculturing and storage were the technical challenges that prevent this fungus to be a novel platform for industrial Taxol production. Thus, the objective of this study was to unravel the metabolic machineries of A. terreus associated with attenuation of Taxol productivity, and their restoring potency upon cocultivation with the Podocarpus gracilior microbiome. The Taxol yield of A. terreus was drastically reduced with the fungal subculturing. At the 10th subculture, the yield of Taxol was reduced by four folds (78.2 µg/l) comparing to the original culture (268 µg/l), as authenticated from silencing of molecular expression of the Taxol-rate limiting enzymes (GGPPS, TDS, DBAT and BAPT) by qPCR analyses. The visual fading of A. terreus conidial pigmentation with the subculturing, revealing the biosynthetic correlation of melanin and Taxol. The level of intracellular acetyl-CoA influx was reduced sequentially with the fungal subculturing, rationalizing the decreasing on Taxol and melanin yields. Fascinatingly, the Taxol biosynthetic machinery and cellular acetyl-CoA of A. terreus have been completely restored upon addition of 3% surface sterilized leaves of P. gracilior, suggesting the implantation of plant microbiome on re-triggering the molecular machinery of Taxol biosynthesis, their transcriptional factors, and/or increasing the influx of Acetyl-CoA. The expression of the proteins of 74.4, 68.2, 37.1 kDa were exponentially suppressed with A. terreus subculturing, and strongly restored upon addition of P. gracilior leaves, ensuring their profoundly correlation with the molecular expression of Taxol biosynthetic genes. From the proteomic analysis, the restored proteins 74.4 kDa of A. terreus upon addition of P. gracilior leaves were annotated as ribosome biogenesis proteins YTM and microtubule-assembly proteins that belong to WD40 superfamily. Thus, further ongoing studies for molecular cloning and expression of these genes with strong promotors in A. terreus, have been initiated, to construct a novel platform of metabolically stable A. terreus for sustainable Taxol production. Attenuating the Taxol yield of A. terreus with the multiple-culturing and storage might be due to the reduction on main influx of acetyl-CoA, or downregulation of ribosome biogenesis proteins that belong to WD40 protein superfamily.
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Robison FM, Turner MF, Jahn CE, Schwartz HF, Prenni JE, Brick MA, Heuberger AL. Common bean varieties demonstrate differential physiological and metabolic responses to the pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2141-2154. [PMID: 29476531 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant physiology and metabolism are important components of a plant response to microbial pathogens. Physiological resistance of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has been established, but the mechanisms of resistance are largely unknown. Here, the physiological and metabolic responses of bean varieties that differ in physiological resistance to S. sclerotiorum are investigated. Upon infection, the resistant bean variety A195 had a unique physiological response that included reduced photosynthesis and maintaining a higher leaf surface pH during infection. Leaf metabolomics was performed on healthy tissue adjacent to the necrotic lesion at 16, 24, and 48 hr post inoculation, and 144 metabolites were detected that varied between A195 and Sacramento following infection. The metabolites that varied in leaves included amines/amino acids, organic acids, phytoalexins, and ureides. The metabolic pathways associated with resistance included amine metabolism, uriede-based nitrogen remobilization, antioxidant production, and bean-specific phytoalexin production. A second experiment was conducted in stems of 13 bean genotypes with varying resistance. Stem resistance was associated with phytoalexin production, but unlike leaf metabolism, lipid changes were associated with susceptibility. Taken together, the data supports a multifaceted, physiometabolic response of common bean to S. sclerotiorum that mediates resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith M Robison
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Marie F Turner
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Courtney E Jahn
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Howard F Schwartz
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jessica E Prenni
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Mark A Brick
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Adam L Heuberger
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Salehi M, Moieni A, Safaie N. Elicitors Derived from Hazel (Corylus avellana L.) Cell Suspension Culture Enhance Growth and Paclitaxel Production of Epicoccum nigrum. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12053. [PMID: 30104672 PMCID: PMC6089963 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29762-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial fermentation is considered as the potential source for large-scale production of paclitaxel. Since co-cultivation/mixed fermentation strategy has been reported as a yield enhancement strategy for paclitaxel production, investigation of fungal endophyte response to plant culture medium, plant cell extract (CE) and medium filtrate (MF) of plant cell suspension culture in terms of growth and paclitaxel production is interesting. In this study, 35 endophytic fungi were isolated from Taxus baccata and Corylus avellana grown in Iran. The analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry showed that one isolate (YEF2) produced paclitaxel. The isolate YEF2 was identified as Epicoccum nigrum by sequencing of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region and actin gene. YEF2 was slow-growing in Murashige and Skoog medium, but the synergistic interaction of gibberellic acid (GA3) and CE of C. avellana enhanced the growth of YEF2. The highest total yield of paclitaxel (314.7 µg/l; 11.5-folds) of E. nigrum strain YEF2 was obtained by using 28% (v/v) filter sterilized CE of C. avellana and 2 µg ml-1 GA3 that was significantly higher than the control. In this study, the effects of the plant cell extract on growth and paclitaxel production of paclitaxel producing endophytic fungus were studied for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Salehi
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box 14115-336, Iran
| | - Ahmad Moieni
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box 14115-336, Iran
| | - Naser Safaie
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box 14115-336, Iran.
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Sun K, van Tuinen A, van Kan JAL, Wolters AMA, Jacobsen E, Visser RGF, Bai Y. Silencing of DND1 in potato and tomato impedes conidial germination, attachment and hyphal growth of Botrytis cinerea. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:235. [PMID: 29212470 PMCID: PMC5719932 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic pathogenic fungus, attacks many crops including potato and tomato. Major genes for complete resistance to B. cinerea are not known in plants, but a few quantitative trait loci have been described in tomato. Loss of function of particular susceptibility (S) genes appears to provide a new source of resistance to B. cinerea in Arabidopsis. RESULTS In this study, orthologs of Arabidopsis S genes (DND1, DMR6, DMR1 and PMR4) were silenced by RNAi in potato and tomato (only for DND1). DND1 well-silenced potato and tomato plants showed significantly reduced diameters of B. cinerea lesions as compared to control plants, at all-time points analysed. Reduced lesion diameter was also observed on leaves of DMR6 silenced potato plants but only at 3 days post inoculation (dpi). The DMR1 and PMR4 silenced potato transformants were as susceptible as the control cv Desiree. Microscopic analysis was performed to observe B. cinerea infection progress in DND1 well-silenced potato and tomato leaves. A significantly lower number of B. cinerea conidia remained attached to the leaf surface of DND1 well-silenced potato and tomato plants and the hyphal growth of germlings was hampered. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a cytological investigation of Botrytis development on DND1-silenced crop plants. Silencing of DND1 led to reduced susceptibility to Botrytis, which was associated with impediment of conidial germination and attachment as well as hyphal growth. Our results provide new insights regarding the use of S genes in resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaile Sun
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ageeth van Tuinen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie A. Wolters
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Jacobsen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Svetaz LA, Bustamante CA, Goldy C, Rivero N, Müller GL, Valentini GH, Fernie AR, Drincovich MF, Lara MV. Unravelling early events in the Taphrina deformans-Prunus persica interaction: an insight into the differential responses in resistant and susceptible genotypes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1456-1473. [PMID: 28244594 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Leaf peach curl is a devastating disease affecting leaves, flowers and fruits, caused by the dimorphic fungus Taphrina deformans. To gain insight into the mechanisms of fungus pathogenesis and plant responses, leaves of a resistant and two susceptible Prunus persica genotypes were inoculated with blastospores (yeast), and the infection was monitored during 120 h post inoculation (h.p.i.). Fungal dimorphism to the filamentous form and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), callose synthesis, cell death and defence compound production were observed independently of the genotype. Fungal load significantly decreased after 120 h.p.i. in the resistant genotype, while the pathogen tended to grow in the susceptible genotypes. Metabolic profiling revealed a biphasic re-programming of plant tissue in susceptible genotypes, with an initial stage co-incident with the yeast form of the fungus and a second when the hypha is developed. Transcriptional analysis of PRs and plant hormone-related genes indicated that pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are involved in P. persica defence responses against T. deformans and that salicylic acid is induced in the resistant genotype. Conducted experiments allowed the elucidation of common and differential responses in susceptible versus resistant genotypes and thus allow us to construct a picture of early events during T. deformans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Svetaz
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Claudia A Bustamante
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Camila Goldy
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Nery Rivero
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gabriela L Müller
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gabriel H Valentini
- Estación Experimental San Pedro, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta Nacional no. 9 Km 170, San Pedro, Argentina
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - María F Drincovich
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María V Lara
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
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Coleman JJ. The Fusarium solani species complex: ubiquitous pathogens of agricultural importance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:146-58. [PMID: 26531837 PMCID: PMC6638333 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Members of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) are capable of causing disease in many agriculturally important crops. The genomes of some of these fungi include supernumerary chromosomes that are dispensable and encode host-specific virulence factors. In addition to genomics, this review summarizes the known molecular mechanisms utilized by members of the FSSC in establishing disease. TAXONOMY Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Class Sordariomycetes; Order Hypocreales; Family Nectriaceae; Genus Fusarium. HOST RANGE Members of the FSSC collectively have a very broad host range, and have been subdivided previously into formae speciales. Recent phylogenetic analysis has revealed that formae speciales correspond to biologically and phylogenetically distinct species. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Typically, FSSC causes foot and/or root rot of the infected host plant, and the degree of necrosis correlates with the severity of the disease. Symptoms on above-ground portions of the plant can vary greatly depending on the specific FSSC pathogen and host plant, and the disease may manifest as wilting, stunting and chlorosis or lesions on the stem and/or leaves. CONTROL Implementation of agricultural management practices, such as crop rotation and timing of planting, can reduce the risk of crop loss caused by FSSC. If available, the use of resistant varieties is another means to control disease in the field. USEFUL WEBSITES http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Necha2/Necha2.home.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Coleman
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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Li G, Kusari S, Lamshöft M, Schüffler A, Laatsch H, Spiteller M. Antibacterial secondary metabolites from an endophytic fungus, Eupenicillium sp. LG41. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:2335-41. [PMID: 25356913 DOI: 10.1021/np500111w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two new compounds containing the decalin moiety, eupenicinicols A and B (1 and 2), two new sirenin derivatives, eupenicisirenins A and B (3 and 4), and four known compounds, (2S)-butylitaconic acid (5), (2S)-hexylitaconic acid (6), xanthomegnin (7), and viridicatumtoxin (8), were isolated from an endophytic fungus, Eupenicillium sp. LG41, harbored in the roots of the Chinese medicinal plant Xanthium sibiricum. Their structures were confirmed through combined spectroscopic analysis (NMR and HRMS(n)), and their absolute configurations were deduced by ECD calculations or optical rotation data. Since the endophytic fungus was isolated from the roots, the antibacterial efficacies of the compounds 1-6 were investigated against Bacillus subtilis and Acinetobacter sp. BD4, which typically inhabit soil, as well as the clinically important Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. (2S)-Butylitaconic acid (5) and (2S)-hexylitaconic acid (6) exhibited pronounced efficacy against Acinetobacter sp., corroborating the notion that root-endophytes provide chemical defense to the host plants. Compound 2 was highly active against the clinically relevant S. aureus. By comparing 1 with 2, it was revealed that altering the substitution at C-11 could drastically increase the antibacterial efficacy of 1. Our study reveals plausible ecological roles of the endophyte and its potential pharmaceutical use as a source of antibacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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Heuberger AL, Robison FM, Lyons SMA, Broeckling CD, Prenni JE. Evaluating plant immunity using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics workflows. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:291. [PMID: 25009545 PMCID: PMC4068199 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic processes in plants are key components of physiological and biochemical disease resistance. Metabolomics, the analysis of a broad range of small molecule compounds in a biological system, has been used to provide a systems-wide overview of plant metabolism associated with defense responses. Plant immunity has been examined using multiple metabolomics workflows that vary in methods of detection, annotation, and interpretation, and the choice of workflow can significantly impact the conclusions inferred from a metabolomics investigation. The broad range of metabolites involved in plant defense often requires multiple chemical detection platforms and implementation of a non-targeted approach. A review of the current literature reveals a wide range of workflows that are currently used in plant metabolomics, and new methods for analyzing and reporting mass spectrometry (MS) data can improve the ability to translate investigative findings among different plant-pathogen systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Heuberger
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
- *Correspondence: Adam L. Heuberger, Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, 2021 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA e-mail:
| | - Faith M. Robison
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sarah Marie A. Lyons
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Corey D. Broeckling
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jessica E. Prenni
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
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Abstract
Often referred to as the "building blocks of proteins", the 20 canonical proteinogenic amino acids are ubiquitous in biological systems as the functional units in proteins. Sometimes overlooked are their varying additional roles that include serving as metabolic intermediaries, playing structural roles in bioactive natural products, acting as cosubstrates in enzymatic transformations, and as key regulators of cellular physiology. Amino acids can also serve as biological sources of both carbon and nitrogen and are found in the rhizosphere as a result of lysis or cellular efflux from plants and microbes and proteolysis of existing peptides. While both plants and microbes apparently prefer to take up nitrogen in its inorganic form, their ability to take up and use amino acids may confer a selective advantage in certain environments where organic nitrogen is abundant. Further, certain amino acids (e.g., glutamate and proline) and their betaines (e.g., glycine betaine) serve as compatible solutes necessary for osmoregulation in plants and microbes and can undergo rapid cellular flux. This ability is of particular importance in an ecological niche such as the rhizosphere, which is prone to significant variations in solute concentrations. Amino acids are also shown to alter key phenotypes related to plant root growth and microbial colonization, symbiotic interactions, and pathogenesis in the rhizosphere. This review will focus on the sources, transport mechanisms, and potential roles of the 20 canonical proteinogenic amino acids in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Moe
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, 311 Plant Science Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0312, USA
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Kusari S, Pandey SP, Spiteller M. Untapped mutualistic paradigms linking host plant and endophytic fungal production of similar bioactive secondary metabolites. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 91:81-7. [PMID: 22954732 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthetic potential of endophytic fungi has gained impetus in recent times owing to the continual discovery of fungal endophytes capable of synthesizing plant compounds. However, the sustained production of the desired plant compounds has not yet been achieved using endophytes. It is thus imperative to investigate the diverse interactions that endophytes have with coexisting endophytes, host plants, insect pests, and other specific herbivores. The precise role of these associations on the endophytic production of host plant compounds is mostly overlooked and open to future discoveries. Here, highlighted are the implications of the poorly investigated links and molecular mechanisms that might trigger similar chemical responses in both plants and endophytes. Elucidating such connections can not only enhance the understanding of evolution of complex defense mechanisms in plants and associated organisms, but also help in the sustained production of plant compounds using endophytes harbored within them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Kusari
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU) of the Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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Arasimowicz-Jelonek M, Floryszak-Wieczorek J, Gzyl J, Chmielowska-Bąk J. Homocysteine over-accumulation as the effect of potato leaves exposure to biotic stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 63:177-84. [PMID: 23266362 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a naturally occurring intermediate metabolite formed during methionine metabolism. It has been well documented that its excess can be extremely toxic to mammalian, yeast and bacterial cells. In spite of the metabolic value of Hcy known for decades, the role of this amino acid in the plant response to stress has not been recognized yet. In the presented study, using potato plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) and Phytophthora infestans as a model system, the presence and tissue localization of Hcy in leaves was examined by an immunohistochemical method. The over-production of Hcy was more evidenced in the susceptible than in the resistant genotype of potato starting from 48 hpi. Furthermore, the elevated level of Hcy was correlated in time with the up-regulation of genes engaged in its biosynthesis, e.g. cystathionine β-lyase and S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase. The pharmacological approach with exogenous Hcy resulted in significant rise in lipid peroxidation and more potent late blight disease development in leaves of susceptible potato as well. Finally, it has been found that key defense enzymes, i.e. phenylalanine ammonia lyase and β-1,3-glucanase were up-regulated early in the resistant potato genotype, starting from 1st hpi. In turn, in the susceptible potato the time-lag in expression of these enzymes tuned with excess production of Hcy might facilitate leaf tissue colonization by pathogen. Based on obtained results it should be stated that Hcy over-accumulation is engaged in pathophysiological mechanism leading to the abolishment of the resistance and might be an informative disease hallmark both in plant and in animal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Arasimowicz-Jelonek
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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Kusari S, Hertweck C, Spiteller M. Chemical Ecology of Endophytic Fungi: Origins of Secondary Metabolites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:792-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Aly AH, Debbab A, Proksch P. Fungal endophytes: unique plant inhabitants with great promises. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:1829-45. [PMID: 21523479 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fungal endophytes residing in the internal tissues of living plants occur in almost every plant on earth from the arctic to the tropics. The endophyte-host relationship is described as a balanced symbiotic continuum ranging from mutualism through commensalism to parasitism. This overview will highlight selected aspects of endophyte diversity, host specificity, endophyte-host interaction and communication as well as regulation of secondary metabolite production with emphasis on advanced genomic methods and their role in improving our current knowledge of endophytic associations. Furthermore, the chemical potential of endophytic fungi for drug discovery will be discussed with focus on the detection of pharmaceutically valuable plant constituents as products of fungal biosynthesis. In addition, selected examples of bioactive metabolites reported in recent years (2008-2010) from fungal endophytes residing in terrestrial plants are presented grouped according to their reported biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Hassan Aly
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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XerR, a negative regulator of XccR in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, relieves its repressor function in planta. Cell Res 2011; 21:1131-42. [PMID: 21483448 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that XccR, a LuxR-type regulator of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), activates the downstream proline iminopeptidase virulence gene (pip) in response to certain host plant factor(s). In this report, we further show that the expression of the xccR gene was repressed in the culture medium by an NtrC-type response regulator, which we named XerR (XccR expression-related, repressor), and that this repression was relieved when the bacteria were grown in planta. Such a regulatory mechanism is reinforced by the observations that XerR directly bound to the xccR promoter in vitro, and that mutations at the phosphorylation-related residues of XerR resulted in the loss of its repressor function. Furthermore, the expression level of xccR increased even in XerR-overexpressing Xcc cells when they were vacuum infiltrated into cabbage plants. We also preliminarily characterized the host factor(s) involved in the above mentioned interactions between Xcc and the host plant, showing that a plant material(s) with molecular weight(s) less than 1 kDa abolished the binding of XerR to the xccR promoter, while the same material enhanced the binding of XccR to the luxXc box in the pip promoter. Taken together, our results implicate XerR in a new layer of the regulatory mechanism controlling the expression of the virulence-related xccR/pip locus and provide clues to the identification of plant signal molecules that interact with XerR and XccR to enhance the virulence of Xcc.
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Fungal endophytes from higher plants: a prolific source of phytochemicals and other bioactive natural products. FUNGAL DIVERS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-010-0034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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van Damme M, Zeilmaker T, Elberse J, Andel A, de Sain-van der Velden M, van den Ackerveken G. Downy mildew resistance in Arabidopsis by mutation of HOMOSERINE KINASE. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:2179-89. [PMID: 19622802 PMCID: PMC2729605 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.066811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant disease resistance is commonly triggered by early pathogen recognition and activation of immunity. An alternative form of resistance is mediated by recessive downy mildew resistant 1 (dmr1) alleles in Arabidopsis thaliana. Map-based cloning revealed that DMR1 encodes homoserine kinase (HSK). Six independent dmr1 mutants each carry a different amino acid substitution in the HSK protein. Amino acid analysis revealed that dmr1 mutants contain high levels of homoserine that is undetectable in wild-type plants. Surprisingly, the level of amino acids downstream in the aspartate (Asp) pathway was not reduced in dmr1 mutants. Exogenous homoserine does not directly affect pathogen growth but induces resistance when infiltrated in Arabidopsis. We provide evidence that homoserine accumulation in the chloroplast triggers a novel form of downy mildew resistance that is independent of known immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille van Damme
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Cho Y, Kim KH, La Rota M, Scott D, Santopietro G, Callihan M, Mitchell TK, Lawrence CB. Identification of novel virulence factors associated with signal transduction pathways in Alternaria brassicicola. Mol Microbiol 2009; 72:1316-33. [PMID: 19460100 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alternaria brassicicola is an important, necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes black spot disease on Brassicas. In order to study pathogenicity mechanisms, gene deletion mutants were generated for 21 putative regulatory genes including kinases and transcription factors subjectively selected from the annotated A. brassicicola genome. Except for Ste12, the deletion of the SNF1 kinase, XlnR, and CreA homologues that control cell wall-degrading enzyme production did not significantly affect virulence in contrast to other pathogenic fungi. Only deletion of XlnR but not CreA, Ste12 or SNF1 impaired the fungus' ability to utilize sole carbon sources suggesting Alternaria regulates expression of cell wall-degrading enzymes in a novel manner. In addition, two novel virulence factors encoding a transcription factor (AbPro1) and a two-component histidine kinase gene (AbNIK1) were discovered. Deletion of AbPro1 resulted in a 70% reduction in virulence and a 25% reduction in vegetative growth rates in vitro. Deletion of AbNIK1 resulted in a near complete loss of virulence, increased sensitivity to osmotic stress, and no changes in vegetative growth rates in vitro. Interestingly, addition of long polypeptides to spores of both Deltaabste12 and Deltaabnik1 during inoculations resulted in a complete restoration of pathogenicity through a yet to be defined mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangrae Cho
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Jonkers W, Rodrigues CDA, Rep M. Impaired colonization and infection of tomato roots by the Deltafrp1 mutant of Fusarium oxysporum correlates with reduced CWDE gene expression. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:507-18. [PMID: 19348569 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-5-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The vascular wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici efficiently invades roots and colonizes vascular tissues of its host tomato. For these processes, the F-box protein Frp1 is required. The Fusarium oxysporum Deltafrp1 mutant was characterized in detail to uncover the cause of its colonization defect. Using growth assays, we could attribute poor root colonization to reduced assimilation of organic acids, amino acids (except proline), or polysaccharides, singly or in combination. External root colonization by the Deltafrp1 mutant is restored by the addition of 0.1% glucose or proline but infection still does not occur. This is due to the inability of the Deltafrp1 mutant to penetrate the roots, as demonstrated by the lack of expression of SIX1 in the Deltafrp1 strain, which is a gene exclusively expressed inside roots, and loss of cell wall-degrading enzyme (CWDE) gene expression. Many of the metabolic defects of the Deltafrp1 strain can be attributed to reduced expression of the ICL1 (isocitrate lyase) gene. Strikingly, an Deltaicl1 mutant is still fully pathogenic and capable of external root colonization. We conclude that the inability of the Deltafrp1 strain to colonize and invade roots is not primarily due to metabolic defects but can be attributed to reduced expression of several CWDE genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Jonkers
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van der Does HC, Duyvesteijn RG, Goltstein PM, van Schie CC, Manders EM, Cornelissen BJ, Rep M. Expression of effector gene SIX1 of Fusarium oxysporum requires living plant cells. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:1257-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rodriguez-Carres M, White G, Tsuchiya D, Taga M, VanEtten HD. The supernumerary chromosome of Nectria haematococca that carries pea-pathogenicity-related genes also carries a trait for pea rhizosphere competitiveness. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:3849-56. [PMID: 18408061 PMCID: PMC2446569 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00351-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are found in a wide range of environments, and the ecological and host diversity of the fungus Nectria haematococca has been shown to be due in part to unique genes on different supernumerary chromosomes. These chromosomes have been called "conditionally dispensable" (CD) since they are not needed for axenic growth but are important for expanding the host range of individual isolates. From a biological perspective, the CD chromosomes can be compared to bacterial plasmids that carry unique genes that can define the habits of these microorganisms. The current study establishes that the N. haematococca PDA1-CD chromosome, which contains the genes for pea pathogenicity (PEP cluster) on pea roots, also carries a gene(s) for the utilization of homoserine, a compound found in large amounts in pea root exudates. Competition studies demonstrate that an isolate that lacks the PEP cluster but carries a portion of the CD chromosome which includes the homoserine utilization (HUT) gene(s) is more competitive in the pea rhizosphere than an isolate without the CD chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rodriguez-Carres
- Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Metabolism of Methionine in Plants and Phototrophic Bacteria. SULFUR METABOLISM IN PHOTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6863-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Rinder J, Casazza AP, Hoefgen R, Hesse H. Regulation of aspartate-derived amino acid homeostasis in potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) by expression of E. coli homoserine kinase. Amino Acids 2007; 34:213-22. [PMID: 17624493 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The availability of the carbon backbone O-phosphohomoserine (OPHS) is critical to methionine (met) and threonine (thr) synthesis. OPHS derives from homoserine and is formed by homoserine kinase (HSK). To clarify the function of HSK in cellular metabolism, the E. coli HSK ortholog thrB was expressed in potato plants targeting the EcHSK protein to chloroplasts and to the cytosol. Both approaches resulted in up to 11 times increased total HSK enzyme activity. Transgenic plants exhibited reduced homoserine levels while met and thr did not accumulate significantly. However, the precursor cysteine and upstream intermediates of met such as cystathionine and homocysteine did indicating an accelerated carbon flow towards the end products. Coincidently, plants with elevated cytosolic levels of EcHSK exhibited a reduction in transcript levels of the endogenous HSK, as well as of threonine synthase (TS), cystathionine beta-lyase (CbL), and met synthase (MS). In all plants, cystathionine gamma-synthase (CgS) expression remained relatively unchanged from wild type levels, while S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (SAMS) expression increased. Feeding studies with externally supplied homoserine fostered the synthesis of met and thr but the regulation of synthesis of both amino acids retained the wild type regulation pattern. The results indicate that excess of plastidial localised HSK activity does not influence the de novo synthesis of met and thr. However, expression of HSK in the cytosol resulted in the down-regulation of gene expression of pathway genes probably mediated via OPHS. We integrated these data in a novel working model describing the regulatory mechanism of met and thr homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rinder
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Golm, Germany
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Fleetwood DJ, Scott B, Lane GA, Tanaka A, Johnson RD. A complex ergovaline gene cluster in epichloe endophytes of grasses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:2571-9. [PMID: 17308187 PMCID: PMC1855613 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00257-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clavicipitaceous fungal endophytes of the genera Epichloë and Neotyphodium form symbioses with grasses of the subfamily Pooideae, in which they can synthesize an array of bioprotective alkaloids. Some strains produce the ergopeptine alkaloid ergovaline, which is implicated in livestock toxicoses caused by ingestion of endophyte-infected grasses. Cloning and analysis of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene from Neotyphodium lolii revealed a putative gene cluster for ergovaline biosynthesis containing a single-module NRPS gene, lpsB, and other genes orthologous to genes in the ergopeptine gene cluster of Claviceps purpurea and the clavine cluster of Aspergillus fumigatus. Despite conservation of gene sequence, gene order is substantially different between the N. lolii, C. purpurea, and A. fumigatus ergot alkaloid gene clusters. Southern analysis indicated that the N. lolii cluster was linked with previously identified ergovaline biosynthetic genes dmaW and lpsA. The ergovaline genes are closely associated with transposon relics, including retrotransposons and autonomous and nonautonomous DNA transposons. All genes in the cluster were highly expressed in planta, but expression was very low or undetectable in mycelia from axenic culture. This work provides a genetic foundation for elucidating biochemical steps in the ergovaline pathway, the ecological role of individual ergot alkaloid compounds, and the regulation of their synthesis in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien J Fleetwood
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Young CA, Felitti S, Shields K, Spangenberg G, Johnson RD, Bryan GT, Saikia S, Scott B. A complex gene cluster for indole-diterpene biosynthesis in the grass endophyte Neotyphodium lolii. Fungal Genet Biol 2006; 43:679-93. [PMID: 16765617 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lolitrems are a structurally diverse group of indole-diterpene mycotoxins synthesized by Epichloë/Neotyphodium endophytes in association with Pooid grasses. Using suppression subtractive hybridization combined with chromosome walking, two clusters of genes for lolitrem biosynthesis were isolated from Neotyphodium lolii, a mutualistic endophyte of perennial ryegrass. The first cluster contains five genes, ltmP, ltmQ, ltmF, ltmC, and ltmB, four of which appear to be orthologues of functionally characterized genes from Penicillium paxilli. The second cluster contains two genes, ltmE and ltmJ, that appear to be unique to lolitrem biosynthesis. The two clusters are separated by a 16 kb AT-rich sequence that includes two imperfect direct repeats. A previously isolated ltm cluster composed of ltmG, ltmM, and ltmK, is linked to these two new clusters by 35 kb of AT-rich retrotransposon relic sequence. All 10 genes at this complex LTM locus were highly expressed in planta but expression was very low or undetectable in mycelia. ltmM and ltmC were shown to be functional orthologues of P. paxilli paxM and paxC, respectively. This work provides a genetic foundation for elucidating the metabolic grid responsible for the diversity of indole-diterpenes synthesized by N. lolii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Young
- Centre for Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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