1
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Barrero DJ, Wijeratne SS, Zhao X, Cunningham GF, Yan R, Nelson CR, Arimura Y, Funabiki H, Asbury CL, Yu Z, Subramanian R, Biggins S. Architecture of native kinetochores revealed by structural studies utilizing a thermophilic yeast. Curr Biol 2024; 34:3881-3893.e5. [PMID: 39127048 PMCID: PMC11387133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic chromosome segregation requires kinetochores, multi-megadalton protein machines that assemble on the centromeres of chromosomes and mediate attachments to dynamic spindle microtubules. Kinetochores are built from numerous complexes, and there has been progress in structural studies on recombinant subassemblies. However, there is limited structural information on native kinetochore architecture. To address this, we purified functional, native kinetochores from the thermophilic yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus and examined them by electron microscopy (EM), cryoelectron tomography (cryo-ET), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The kinetochores are extremely large, flexible assemblies that exhibit features consistent with prior models. We assigned kinetochore polarity by visualizing their interactions with microtubules and locating the microtubule binder, Ndc80c. This work shows that isolated kinetochores are more dynamic and complex than what might be anticipated based on the known structures of recombinant subassemblies and provides the foundation to study the global architecture and functions of kinetochores at a structural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Barrero
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sithara S Wijeratne
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Grace F Cunningham
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rui Yan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Christian R Nelson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Arimura
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Zhiheng Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Radhika Subramanian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sue Biggins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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2
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Li J, Shami GJ, Liffner B, Cho E, Braet F, Duraisingh MT, Absalon S, Dixon MWA, Tilley L. Disruption of Plasmodium falciparum kinetochore proteins destabilises the nexus between the centrosome equivalent and the mitotic apparatus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5794. [PMID: 38987258 PMCID: PMC11237077 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of malaria and remains a pathogen of global importance. Asexual blood stage replication, via a process called schizogony, is an important target for the development of new antimalarials. Here we use ultrastructure-expansion microscopy to probe the organisation of the chromosome-capturing kinetochores in relation to the mitotic spindle, the centriolar plaque, the centromeres and the apical organelles during schizont development. Conditional disruption of the kinetochore components, PfNDC80 and PfNuf2, is associated with aberrant mitotic spindle organisation, disruption of the centromere marker, CENH3 and impaired karyokinesis. Surprisingly, kinetochore disruption also leads to disengagement of the centrosome equivalent from the nuclear envelope. Severing the connection between the nucleus and the apical complex leads to the formation of merozoites lacking nuclei. Here, we show that correct assembly of the kinetochore/spindle complex plays a previously unrecognised role in positioning the nascent apical complex in developing P. falciparum merozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerald J Shami
- School of Medical Sciences (Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine) & Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Liffner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ellie Cho
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Filip Braet
- School of Medical Sciences (Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine) & Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Manoj T Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sabrina Absalon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew W A Dixon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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3
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Zahm JA, Harrison SC. A communication hub for phosphoregulation of kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2308-2318.e6. [PMID: 38776904 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The Mps1 and Aurora B kinases regulate and monitor kinetochore attachment to spindle microtubules during cell division, ultimately ensuring accurate chromosome segregation. In yeast, the critical spindle attachment components are the Ndc80 and Dam1 complexes (Ndc80c and DASH/Dam1c, respectively). Ndc80c is a 600-Å-long heterotetramer that binds microtubules through a globular "head" at one end and centromere-proximal kinetochore components through a globular knob at the other end. Dam1c is a heterodecamer that forms a ring of 16-17 protomers around the shaft of the single kinetochore microtubule in point-centromere yeast. The ring coordinates the approximately eight Ndc80c rods per kinetochore. In published work, we showed that a site on the globular "head" of Ndc80c, including residues from both Ndc80 and Nuf2, binds a bipartite segment in the long C-terminal extension of Dam1. Results reported here show, both by in vitro binding experiments and by crystal structure determination, that the same site binds a conserved segment in the long N-terminal extension of Mps1. It also binds, less tightly, a conserved segment in the N-terminal extension of Ipl1 (yeast Aurora B). Together with results from experiments in yeast cells and from biochemical assays reported in two accompanying papers, the structures and graded affinities identify a communication hub for ensuring uniform bipolar attachment and for signaling anaphase onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Zahm
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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4
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Parnell EJ, Jenson EE, Miller MP. A conserved site on Ndc80 complex facilitates dynamic recruitment of Mps1 to yeast kinetochores to promote accurate chromosome segregation. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2294-2307.e4. [PMID: 38776906 PMCID: PMC11178286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation relies on kinetochores carrying out multiple functions, including establishing and maintaining microtubule attachments, forming precise bi-oriented attachments between sister chromatids, and activating the spindle assembly checkpoint. Central to these processes is the highly conserved Ndc80 complex. This kinetochore subcomplex interacts directly with microtubules but also serves as a critical platform for recruiting kinetochore-associated factors and as a key substrate for error correction kinases. The precise manner in which these kinetochore factors interact and regulate each other's function remains unknown, considerably hindering our understanding of how Ndc80 complex-dependent processes function together to orchestrate accurate chromosome segregation. Here, we aimed to uncover the role of Nuf2's CH domain, a component of the Ndc80 complex, in ensuring these processes. Through extensive mutational analysis, we identified a conserved interaction domain composed of two segments in Nuf2's CH domain that form the binding site for Mps1 within the yeast Ndc80 complex. Interestingly, this site also associates with the Dam1 complex, suggesting Mps1 recruitment may be subject to regulation by competitive binding with other factors. Mutants disrupting this "interaction hub" exhibit defects in spindle assembly checkpoint function and severe chromosome segregation errors. Significantly, specifically restoring Mps1-Ndc80 complex association rescues these defects. Our findings shed light on the intricate regulation of Ndc80 complex-dependent functions and highlight the essential role of Mps1 in kinetochore bi-orientation and accurate chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Parnell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Erin E Jenson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Matthew P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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5
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Polley S, Raisch T, Ghetti S, Körner M, Terbeck M, Gräter F, Raunser S, Aponte-Santamaría C, Vetter IR, Musacchio A. Structure of the human KMN complex and implications for regulation of its assembly. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:861-873. [PMID: 38459128 PMCID: PMC11189300 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Biorientation of chromosomes during cell division is necessary for precise dispatching of a mother cell's chromosomes into its two daughters. Kinetochores, large layered structures built on specialized chromosome loci named centromeres, promote biorientation by binding and sensing spindle microtubules. One of the outer layer main components is a ten-subunit assembly comprising Knl1C, Mis12C and Ndc80C (KMN) subcomplexes. The KMN is highly elongated and docks on kinetochores and microtubules through interfaces at its opposite extremes. Here, we combine cryogenic electron microscopy reconstructions and AlphaFold2 predictions to generate a model of the human KMN that reveals all intra-KMN interfaces. We identify and functionally validate two interaction interfaces that link Mis12C to Ndc80C and Knl1C. Through targeted interference experiments, we demonstrate that this mutual organization strongly stabilizes the KMN assembly. Our work thus reports a comprehensive structural and functional analysis of this part of the kinetochore microtubule-binding machinery and elucidates the path of connections from the chromatin-bound components to the force-generating components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Polley
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tobias Raisch
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ghetti
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marie Körner
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melina Terbeck
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Frauke Gräter
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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6
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Barrero DJ, Wijeratne SS, Zhao X, Cunningham GF, Rui Y, Nelson CR, Yasuhiro A, Funabiki H, Asbury CL, Yu Z, Subramanian R, Biggins S. Architecture and flexibility of native kinetochores revealed by structural studies utilizing a thermophilic yeast. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.28.582571. [PMID: 38464254 PMCID: PMC10925344 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.28.582571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic chromosome segregation requires kinetochores, multi-megadalton protein machines that assemble on the centromeres of chromosomes and mediate attachments to dynamic spindle microtubules. Kinetochores are built from numerous complexes, and understanding how they are arranged is key to understanding how kinetochores perform their multiple functions. However, an integrated understanding of kinetochore architecture has not yet been established. To address this, we purified functional, native kinetochores from Kluyveromyces marxianus and examined them by electron microscopy, cryo-electron tomography and atomic force microscopy. The kinetochores are extremely large, flexible assemblies that exhibit features consistent with prior models. We assigned kinetochore polarity by visualizing their interactions with microtubules and locating the microtubule binder Ndc80c. This work shows that isolated kinetochores are more dynamic and complex than what might be anticipated based on the known structures of recombinant subassemblies, and provides the foundation to study the global architecture and functions of kinetochores at a structural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Barrero
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sithara S. Wijeratne
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Grace F. Cunningham
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yan Rui
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Christian R. Nelson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Arimura Yasuhiro
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Charles L. Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, 1959 NE Pacific Street, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Zhiheng Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Radhika Subramanian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sue Biggins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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7
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Kshirsagar R, Munhoven A, Tran Nguyen TM, Ehrenhofer-Murray AE. A role for β-1,6- and β-1,3-glucans in kinetochore function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2024; 226:iyad195. [PMID: 37950911 PMCID: PMC11221361 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation is crucial for the faithful inheritance of DNA to the daughter cells after DNA replication. For this, the kinetochore, a megadalton protein complex, assembles on centromeric chromatin containing the histone H3 variant CENP-A, and provides a physical connection to the microtubules. Here, we report an unanticipated role for enzymes required for β-1,6- and β-1,3-glucan biosynthesis in regulating kinetochore function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These carbohydrates are the major constituents of the yeast cell wall. We found that the deletion of KRE6, which encodes a glycosylhydrolase/ transglycosidase required for β-1,6-glucan synthesis, suppressed the centromeric defect of mutations in components of the kinetochore, foremost the NDC80 components Spc24, Spc25, the MIND component Nsl1, and Okp1, a constitutive centromere-associated network protein. Similarly, the absence of Fks1, a β-1,3-glucan synthase, and Kre11/Trs65, a TRAPPII component, suppressed a mutation in SPC25. Genetic analysis indicates that the reduction of intracellular β-1,6- and β-1,3-glucans, rather than the cell wall glucan content, regulates kinetochore function. Furthermore, we found a physical interaction between Kre6 and CENP-A/Cse4 in yeast, suggesting a potential function for Kre6 in glycosylating CENP-A/Cse4 or another kinetochore protein. This work shows a moonlighting function for selected cell wall synthesis proteins in regulating kinetochore assembly, which may provide a mechanism to connect the nutritional status of the cell to cell-cycle progression and chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Kshirsagar
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Rhoda-Erdmann-Haus, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Munhoven
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Rhoda-Erdmann-Haus, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tra My Tran Nguyen
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Rhoda-Erdmann-Haus, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ann E Ehrenhofer-Murray
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Rhoda-Erdmann-Haus, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Ólafsson G, Haase MAB, Boeke JD. Humanization reveals pervasive incompatibility of yeast and human kinetochore components. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 14:jkad260. [PMID: 37962556 PMCID: PMC10755175 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Kinetochores assemble on centromeres to drive chromosome segregation in eukaryotic cells. Humans and budding yeast share most of the structural subunits of the kinetochore, whereas protein sequences have diverged considerably. The conserved centromeric histone H3 variant, CenH3 (CENP-A in humans and Cse4 in budding yeast), marks the site for kinetochore assembly in most species. A previous effort to complement Cse4 in yeast with human CENP-A was unsuccessful; however, co-complementation with the human core nucleosome was not attempted. Previously, our lab successfully humanized the core nucleosome in yeast; however, this severely affected cellular growth. We hypothesized that yeast Cse4 is incompatible with humanized nucleosomes and that the kinetochore represented a limiting factor for efficient histone humanization. Thus, we argued that including the human CENP-A or a Cse4-CENP-A chimera might improve histone humanization and facilitate kinetochore function in humanized yeast. The opposite was true: CENP-A expression reduced histone humanization efficiency, was toxic to yeast, and disrupted cell cycle progression and kinetochore function in wild-type (WT) cells. Suppressors of CENP-A toxicity included gene deletions of subunits of 3 conserved chromatin remodeling complexes, highlighting their role in CenH3 chromatin positioning. Finally, we attempted to complement the subunits of the NDC80 kinetochore complex, individually and in combination, without success, in contrast to a previous study indicating complementation by the human NDC80/HEC1 gene. Our results suggest that limited protein sequence similarity between yeast and human components in this very complex structure leads to failure of complementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guðjón Ólafsson
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Max A B Haase
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jef D Boeke
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 14 11201, USA
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9
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Parnell EJ, Jenson E, Miller MP. An interaction hub on Ndc80 complex facilitates dynamic recruitment of Mps1 to yeast kinetochores to promote accurate chromosome segregation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.07.566082. [PMID: 37986816 PMCID: PMC10659343 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.07.566082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation relies on kinetochores carrying out multiple functions, including establishing and maintaining microtubule attachments, forming precise bioriented attachments between sister chromatids, and activating the spindle assembly checkpoint. Central to these processes is the highly conserved Ndc80 complex. This kinetochore subcomplex interacts directly with microtubules, but also serves as a critical platform for recruiting kinetochore-associated factors and as a key substrate for error correction kinases. The precise manner in which these kinetochore factors interact, and regulate each other's function, remains unknown - considerably hindering our understanding of how Ndc80 complex-dependent processes function together to orchestrate accurate chromosome segregation. Here, we aimed to uncover the role of Nuf2's CH domain, a component of the Ndc80 complex, in ensuring accurate chromosome segregation. Through extensive mutational analysis, we identified a conserved "interaction hub" comprising two segments in Nuf2's CH domain, forming the binding site for Mps1 within the yeast Ndc80 complex. Intriguingly, the interaction between Mps1 and the Ndc80 complex seems to be subject to regulation by competitive binding with other factors. Mutants disrupting this interaction hub exhibit defects in spindle assembly checkpoint function and severe chromosome segregation errors. Significantly, specifically restoring Mps1-Ndc80 complex association rescues these defects. Our findings shed light on the intricate regulation of Ndc80 complex-dependent functions and highlight the essential role of Mps1 in kinetochore biorientation and accurate chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Parnell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Erin Jenson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Matthew P. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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10
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Neblik J, Kirupakaran A, Beuck C, Mieres-Perez J, Niemeyer F, Le MH, Telgheder U, Schmuck JF, Dudziak A, Bayer P, Sanchez-Garcia E, Westermann S, Schrader T. Multivalent Molecular Tweezers Disrupt the Essential NDC80 Interaction with Microtubules. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37392180 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Binding of microtubule filaments by the conserved Ndc80 protein is required for kinetochore-microtubule attachments in cells and the successful distribution of the genetic material during cell division. The reversible inhibition of microtubule binding is an important aspect of the physiological error correction process. Small molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions involving Ndc80 are therefore highly desirable, both for mechanistic studies of chromosome segregation and also for their potential therapeutic value. Here, we report on a novel strategy to develop rationally designed inhibitors of the Ndc80 Calponin-homology domain using Supramolecular Chemistry. With a multiple-click approach, lysine-specific molecular tweezers were assembled to form covalently fused dimers to pentamers with a different overall size and preorganization/stiffness. We identified two dimers and a trimer as efficient Ndc80 CH-domain binders and have shown that they disrupt the interaction between Ndc80 and microtubules at low micromolar concentrations without affecting microtubule dynamics. NMR spectroscopy allowed us to identify the biologically important lysine residues 160 and 204 as preferred tweezer interaction sites. Enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations provided a rationale for the binding mode of multivalent tweezers and the role of pre-organization and secondary interactions in targeting multiple lysine residues across a protein surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Neblik
- Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - Abbna Kirupakaran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - Christine Beuck
- Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - Joel Mieres-Perez
- Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
- Computational Bioengineering, Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, North Rhine-Westfalia 44227, Germany
| | - Felix Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - My-Hue Le
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - Ursula Telgheder
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - Jessica Felice Schmuck
- Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - Alexander Dudziak
- Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
- Computational Bioengineering, Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, North Rhine-Westfalia 44227, Germany
| | - Stefan Westermann
- Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
| | - Thomas Schrader
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, North Rhine-Westfalia 45141, Germany
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11
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Zahm JA, Jenni S, Harrison SC. Structure of the Ndc80 complex and its interactions at the yeast kinetochore-microtubule interface. Open Biol 2023; 13:220378. [PMID: 36883282 PMCID: PMC9993044 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The conserved Ndc80 kinetochore complex, Ndc80c, is the principal link between mitotic spindle microtubules and centromere-associated proteins. We used AlphaFold 2 (AF2) to obtain predictions of the Ndc80 'loop' structure and of the Ndc80 : Nuf2 globular head domains that interact with the Dam1 subunit of the heterodecameric DASH/Dam1 complex (Dam1c). The predictions guided design of crystallizable constructs, with structures close to the predicted ones. The Ndc80 'loop' is a stiff, α-helical 'switchback' structure; AF2 predictions and positions of preferential cleavage sites indicate that flexibility within the long Ndc80c rod occurs instead at a hinge closer to the globular head. Conserved stretches of the Dam1 C terminus bind Ndc80c such that phosphorylation of Dam1 serine residues 257, 265 and 292 by the mitotic kinase Ipl1/Aurora B can release this contact during error correction of mis-attached kinetochores. We integrate the structural results presented here into our current molecular model of the kinetochore-microtubule interface. The model illustrates how multiple interactions between Ndc80c, DASH/Dam1c and the microtubule lattice stabilize kinetochore attachments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. Zahm
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, and
| | - Simon Jenni
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, and
| | - Stephen C. Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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Cieslinski K, Wu YL, Nechyporenko L, Hörner SJ, Conti D, Skruzny M, Ries J. Nanoscale structural organization and stoichiometry of the budding yeast kinetochore. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213833. [PMID: 36705601 PMCID: PMC9929930 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper chromosome segregation is crucial for cell division. In eukaryotes, this is achieved by the kinetochore, an evolutionarily conserved multiprotein complex that physically links the DNA to spindle microtubules and takes an active role in monitoring and correcting erroneous spindle-chromosome attachments. Our mechanistic understanding of these functions and how they ensure an error-free outcome of mitosis is still limited, partly because we lack a complete understanding of the kinetochore structure in the cell. In this study, we use single-molecule localization microscopy to visualize individual kinetochore complexes in situ in budding yeast. For major kinetochore proteins, we measured their abundance and position within the metaphase kinetochore. Based on this comprehensive dataset, we propose a quantitative model of the budding yeast kinetochore. While confirming many aspects of previous reports based on bulk imaging, our results present a unifying nanoscale model of the kinetochore in budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstanty Cieslinski
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,Translational Radiation Oncology Unit, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yu-Le Wu
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,Faculty of Biosciences, Collaboration for Joint PhD Degree Between European Molecular Biology Laboratory and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Nechyporenko
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Janice Hörner
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,https://ror.org/04p61dj41Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany,Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Duccio Conti
- https://ror.org/03vpj4s62Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michal Skruzny
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Ries
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Matković J, Ghosh S, Ćosić M, Eibes S, Barišić M, Pavin N, Tolić IM. Kinetochore- and chromosome-driven transition of microtubules into bundles promotes spindle assembly. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7307. [PMID: 36435852 PMCID: PMC9701229 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle assembly is crucial for chromosome segregation and relies on bundles of microtubules that extend from the poles and overlap in the middle. However, how these structures form remains poorly understood. Here we show that overlap bundles arise through a network-to-bundles transition driven by kinetochores and chromosomes. STED super-resolution microscopy reveals that PRC1-crosslinked microtubules initially form loose arrays, which become rearranged into bundles. Kinetochores promote microtubule bundling by lateral binding via CENP-E/kinesin-7 in an Aurora B-regulated manner. Steric interactions between the bundle-associated chromosomes at the spindle midplane drive bundle separation and spindle widening. In agreement with experiments, theoretical modeling suggests that bundles arise through competing attractive and repulsive mechanisms. Finally, perturbation of overlap bundles leads to inefficient correction of erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments. Thus, kinetochores and chromosomes drive coarsening of a uniform microtubule array into overlap bundles, which promote not only spindle formation but also chromosome segregation fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurica Matković
- grid.4905.80000 0004 0635 7705Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Subhadip Ghosh
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mateja Ćosić
- grid.4905.80000 0004 0635 7705Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Susana Eibes
- grid.417390.80000 0001 2175 6024Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marin Barišić
- grid.417390.80000 0001 2175 6024Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nenad Pavin
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva M. Tolić
- grid.4905.80000 0004 0635 7705Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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Schwietert F, Volkov VA, Huis In 't Veld PJ, Dogterom M, Musacchio A, Kierfeld J. Strain stiffening of Ndc80 complexes attached to microtubule plus ends. Biophys J 2022; 121:4048-4062. [PMID: 36199251 PMCID: PMC9675032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mitotic spindle, microtubules attach to chromosomes via kinetochores. The microtubule-binding Ndc80 complex is an integral part of kinetochores, and is essential for kinetochores to attach to microtubules and to transmit forces from dynamic microtubule ends to the chromosomes. The Ndc80 complex has a rod-like appearance with globular domains at its ends that are separated by a long coiled coil. Its mechanical properties are considered important for the dynamic interaction between kinetochores and microtubules. Here, we present a novel method that allows us to time trace the effective stiffness of Ndc80 complexes following shortening microtubule ends against applied force in optical trap experiments. Applying this method to wild-type Ndc80 and three variants (calponin homology (CH) domains mutated or Hec1 tail unphosphorylated, phosphorylated, or truncated), we reveal that each variant exhibits strain stiffening; i.e., the effective stiffness increases under tension that is built up by a depolymerizing microtubule. The strain stiffening relation is roughly linear and independent of the state of the microtubule. We introduce structure-based models that show that the strain stiffening can be traced back to the specific architecture of the Ndc80 complex with a characteristic flexible kink, to thermal fluctuations of the microtubule, and to the bending elasticity of flaring protofilaments, which exert force to move the Ndc80 complexes. Our model accounts for changes in the amount of load-bearing attachments at various force levels and reproduces the roughly linear strain stiffening behavior, highlighting the importance of force-dependent binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir A Volkov
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Pim J Huis In 't Veld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan Kierfeld
- Physics Department, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
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15
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CellDynaMo–stochastic reaction-diffusion-dynamics model: Application to search-and-capture process of mitotic spindle assembly. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010165. [PMID: 35657997 PMCID: PMC9200364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a Stochastic Reaction-Diffusion-Dynamics Model (SRDDM) for simulations of cellular mechanochemical processes with high spatial and temporal resolution. The SRDDM is mapped into the CellDynaMo package, which couples the spatially inhomogeneous reaction-diffusion master equation to account for biochemical reactions and molecular transport within the Langevin Dynamics (LD) framework to describe dynamic mechanical processes. This computational infrastructure allows the simulation of hours of molecular machine dynamics in reasonable wall-clock time. We apply SRDDM to test performance of the Search-and-Capture of mitotic spindle assembly by simulating, in three spatial dimensions, dynamic instability of elastic microtubules anchored in two centrosomes, movement and deformations of geometrically realistic centromeres with flexible kinetochores and chromosome arms. Furthermore, the SRDDM describes the mechanics and kinetics of Ndc80 linkers mediating transient attachments of microtubules to the chromosomal kinetochores. The rates of these attachments and detachments depend upon phosphorylation states of the Ndc80 linkers, which are regulated in the model by explicitly accounting for the reactions of Aurora A and B kinase enzymes undergoing restricted diffusion. We find that there is an optimal rate of microtubule-kinetochore detachments which maximizes the accuracy of the chromosome connections, that adding chromosome arms to kinetochores improve the accuracy by slowing down chromosome movements, that Aurora A and kinetochore deformations have a small positive effect on the attachment accuracy, and that thermal fluctuations of the microtubules increase the rates of kinetochore capture and also improve the accuracy of spindle assembly. The CellDynaMo package models, in 3D, any cellular subsystem where sufficient detail of the macromolecular players and the kinetics of relevant reactions are available. The package is based on the Stochastic Reaction-Diffusion-Dynamics model that combines the stochastic description of chemical kinetics, Brownian diffusion-based description of molecular transport, and Langevin dynamics-based representation of mechanical processes most pertinent to the system. We apply the model to test the Search-and-Capture mechanism of mitotic spindle assembly. We find that there is an optimal rate of microtubule-kinetochore detachments which maximizes the accuracy of chromosome connections, that chromosome arms improve the attachment accuracy by slowing down chromosome movements, that Aurora A kinase and kinetochore deformations have small positive effects on the accuracy, and that thermal fluctuations of the microtubules increase the rates of kinetochore capture and also improve the accuracy.
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16
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Flores RL, Peterson ZE, Zelter A, Riffle M, Asbury CL, Davis TN. Three interacting regions of the Ndc80 and Dam1 complexes support microtubule tip-coupling under load. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213102. [PMID: 35353161 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202107016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate mitosis requires kinetochores to make persistent, load-bearing attachments to dynamic microtubule tips, thereby coupling chromosome movements to tip growth and shortening. This tip-coupling behavior depends on the conserved Ndc80 complex and, in budding yeast, on the Dam1 complex, which bind each other directly via three distinct interacting regions. The functional relevance of these multiple interactions was mysterious. Here we show that interactions between two of these regions support the high rupture strengths that occur when applied force is rapidly increased and also support the stability of tip-coupling when force is held constant over longer durations. The contribution of either of these two regions to tip-coupling is reduced by phosphorylation by Aurora B kinase. The third interaction region makes no apparent contribution to rupture strength, but its phosphorylation by Aurora B kinase specifically decreases the long-term stability of tip-coupling. The specific reduction of long-term stability relative to short-term strength might have important implications for mitotic error correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Flores
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Alex Zelter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael Riffle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Trisha N Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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17
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Bolanos-Garcia VM. On the Regulation of Mitosis by the Kinetochore, a Macromolecular Complex and Organising Hub of Eukaryotic Organisms. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:235-267. [PMID: 36151378 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore is the multiprotein complex of eukaryotic organisms that is assembled on mitotic or meiotic centromeres to connect centromeric DNA with microtubules. Its function involves the coordinated action of more than 100 different proteins. The kinetochore acts as an organiser hub that establishes physical connections with microtubules and centromere-associated proteins and recruits central protein components of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), an evolutionarily conserved surveillance mechanism of eukaryotic organisms that detects unattached kinetochores and destabilises incorrect kinetochore-microtubule attachments. The molecular communication between the kinetochore and the SAC is highly dynamic and tightly regulated to ensure that cells can progress towards anaphase until each chromosome is properly bi-oriented on the mitotic spindle. This is achieved through an interplay of highly cooperative interactions and concerted phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events that are organised in time and space.This contribution discusses our current understanding of the function, structure and regulation of the kinetochore, in particular, how its communication with the SAC results in the amplification of specific signals to exquisitely control the eukaryotic cell cycle. This contribution also addresses recent advances in machine learning approaches, cell imaging and proteomics techniques that have enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that ensure the high fidelity and timely segregation of the genetic material every time a cell divides as well as the current challenges in the study of this fascinating molecular machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Bolanos-Garcia
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
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18
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Pajpach F, Wu T, Shearwin-Whyatt L, Jones K, Grützner F. Flavors of Non-Random Meiotic Segregation of Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091338. [PMID: 34573322 PMCID: PMC8471020 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Segregation of chromosomes is a multistep process occurring both at mitosis and meiosis to ensure that daughter cells receive a complete set of genetic information. Critical components in the chromosome segregation include centromeres, kinetochores, components of sister chromatid and homologous chromosomes cohesion, microtubule organizing centres, and spindles. Based on the cytological work in the grasshopper Brachystola, it has been accepted for decades that segregation of homologs at meiosis is fundamentally random. This ensures that alleles on chromosomes have equal chance to be transmitted to progeny. At the same time mechanisms of meiotic drive and an increasing number of other examples of non-random segregation of autosomes and sex chromosomes provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of chromosome segregation but also question the textbook dogma of random chromosome segregation. Recent advances provide a better understanding of meiotic drive as a prominent force where cellular and chromosomal changes allow autosomes to bias their segregation. Less understood are mechanisms explaining observations that autosomal heteromorphism may cause biased segregation and regulate alternating segregation of multiple sex chromosome systems or translocation heterozygotes as an extreme case of non-random segregation. We speculate that molecular and cytological mechanisms of non-random segregation might be common in these cases and that there might be a continuous transition between random and non-random segregation which may play a role in the evolution of sexually antagonistic genes and sex chromosome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Pajpach
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (F.P.); (L.S.-W.)
| | - Tianyu Wu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Clinical Laboratory, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Linda Shearwin-Whyatt
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (F.P.); (L.S.-W.)
| | - Keith Jones
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK;
| | - Frank Grützner
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (F.P.); (L.S.-W.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Li J, Wang Y, Zou W, Jian L, Fu Y, Zhao J. AtNUF2 modulates spindle microtubule organization and chromosome segregation during mitosis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:801-816. [PMID: 33993566 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The NDC80 complex is a conserved eukaryotic complex composed of four subunits (NUF2, SPC25, NDC80, and SPC24). In yeast and animal cells, the complex is located at the outer layer of the kinetochore, connecting the inner layer of the kinetochore and spindle microtubules (MTs) during cell division. In higher plants, the relationship of the NDC80 complex with MTs is still unclear. In this study, we characterized the biological function of AtNUF2, a subunit of the Arabidopsis NDC80 complex. We found that AtNUF2 is widely expressed in various organs, especially in different stages of embryonic development. It was verified that AtNUF2 co-localized with α-tubulin on MTs during mitosis by immunohistochemical assays. Mutation of AtNUF2 led to severe mitotic defects, not only in the embryo and endosperm, but also in seedlings, resulting in seed abortion and stagnating seedling growth. Furthermore, the biological function of AtNUF2 was studied using partially complemented nuf2-3/-DD45;ABI3pro::AtNUF2 (nuf2-3/-DA ) seedlings. The chromosome bridge and lagging chromatids occurred in nuf2-3/-DA root apical meristem cells, along with aberration of spindle MTs, resulting in blocked root growth. Meanwhile, the direct binding of AtNUF2 and AtSPC25 to MTs was determined by an MT co-sedimentation assay in vitro. This study revealed the function of AtNUF2 in mitosis and the underlying mechanisms, modulating spindle MT organization and ensuring chromosome segregation during embryo, endosperm, and root development, laying the foundation for subsequent research of the NDC80 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenxuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Liufang Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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20
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Chen S, Wang X, Zheng S, Li H, Qin S, Liu J, Jia W, Shao M, Tan Y, Liang H, Song W, Lu S, Liu C, Yang X. Increased SPC24 in prostatic diseases and diagnostic value of SPC24 and its interacting partners in prostate cancer. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:923. [PMID: 34306192 PMCID: PMC8281004 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SPC24 is a crucial component of the mitotic checkpoint machinery in tumorigenesis. High levels of SPC24 have been found in various cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, osteosarcoma and thyroid cancer. However, to the best of our knowledge, the impact of SPC24 on prostate cancer (PCa) and other prostate diseases remains unclear. In the present study expression of global SPC24 messenger RNA (mRNA) was assessed in a subset of patients with PCa included in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Increased levels of SPC24 expression were found in PCa patients >60 years old compared to patients <60 and increased SPC24 expression was also associated with higher levels of prostate specific antigen (P<0.05) and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Higher levels of SPC24 expression were associated with negative outcomes in PCa patients (P<0.05). Furthermore, in Chinese patients with prostatitis, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and PCa, SPC24 was expressed at significantly higher levels than that in adjacent/normal tissues, as assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and western blotting. High expression of SPC24 was associated with high Gleason stages (IV and V; P<0.05). Further analysis, based on Gene Ontology and pathway functional enrichment analysis, suggested that nuclear division cycle 80 (NDC80), an SPC24 protein interaction partner, and mitotic spindle checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 (BUB1), a core subunit of the spindle assembly checkpoint, may be associated with SPC24 in PCa development. Finally, using binary logistic regression, algorithms combining the receiver operating characteristic between SPC24 and BUB1 or NDC80 indicated that a combination of these markers may provide better PCa diagnosis ability than other PCa diagnosis markers. Taken together, these findings suggest that SPC24 may be a promising prostate disease biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suixia Chen
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China.,Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Shengfeng Zheng
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hongwen Li
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
| | - Shouxu Qin
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wenxian Jia
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
| | - Mengnan Shao
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Tan
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China.,Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liang
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
| | - Weiru Song
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Shaoming Lu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250200, P.R. China
| | - Chengwu Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China.,Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics Research, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541100, P.R. China
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21
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Mercadante DL, Manning AL, Olson SD. Modeling reveals cortical dynein-dependent fluctuations in bipolar spindle length. Biophys J 2021; 120:3192-3210. [PMID: 34197801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper formation and maintenance of the mitotic spindle is required for faithful cell division. Although much work has been done to understand the roles of the key molecular components of the mitotic spindle, identifying the consequences of force perturbations in the spindle remains a challenge. We develop a computational framework accounting for the minimal force requirements of mitotic progression. To reflect early spindle formation, we model microtubule dynamics and interactions with major force-generating motors, excluding chromosome interactions that dominate later in mitosis. We directly integrate our experimental data to define and validate the model. We then use simulations to analyze individual force components over time and their relationship to spindle dynamics, making it distinct from previously published models. We show through both model predictions and biological manipulation that rather than achieving and maintaining a constant bipolar spindle length, fluctuations in pole-to-pole distance occur that coincide with microtubule binding and force generation by cortical dynein. Our model further predicts that high dynein activity is required for spindle bipolarity when kinesin-14 (HSET) activity is also high. To the best of our knowledge, our results provide novel insight into the role of cortical dynein in the regulation of spindle bipolarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayna L Mercadante
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Amity L Manning
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester, Massachusetts.
| | - Sarah D Olson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts.
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22
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Ferreira LT, Maiato H. Prometaphase. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:52-61. [PMID: 34127384 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of a metaphase plate in which all chromosomes are attached to mitotic spindle microtubules and aligned at the cell equator is required for faithful chromosome segregation in metazoans. The achievement of this configuration relies on the precise coordination between several concurrent mechanisms that start upon nuclear envelope breakdown, mediate chromosome capture at their kinetochores during mitotic spindle assembly and culminate with the congression of all chromosomes to the spindle equator. This period is called 'prometaphase'. Because the nature of chromosome capture by mitotic spindle microtubules is error prone, the cell is provided of error correction mechanisms that sense and correct most erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments before committing to separate sister chromatids in anaphase. In this review, aimed for newcomers in the field, more than providing an exhaustive mechanistic coverage of each and every concurrent mechanism taking place during prometaphase, we provide an integrative overview of these processes that ultimately promote the subsequent faithful segregation of chromosomes during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa T Ferreira
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Cell Division Group, Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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23
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Brusini L, D'Archivio S, McDonald J, Wickstead B. Trypanosome KKIP1 Dynamically Links the Inner Kinetochore to a Kinetoplastid Outer Kinetochore Complex. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:641174. [PMID: 33834005 PMCID: PMC8023272 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.641174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores perform an essential role in eukaryotes, coupling chromosomes to the mitotic spindle. In model organisms they are composed of a centromere-proximal inner kinetochore and an outer kinetochore network that binds to microtubules. In spite of universal function, the composition of kinetochores in extant eukaryotes differs greatly. In trypanosomes and other Kinetoplastida, kinetochores are extremely divergent, with most components showing no detectable similarity to proteins in other systems. They may also be very different functionally, potentially binding to the spindle directly via an inner-kinetochore protein. However, we do not know the extent of the trypanosome kinetochore, and proteins interacting with a highly divergent Ndc80/Nuf2-like protein (KKIP1) suggest the existence of more centromere-distal complexes. Here we use quantitative proteomics from multiple start-points to define a stable 9-protein kinetoplastid outer kinetochore (KOK) complex. This complex incorporates proteins recruited from other nuclear processes, exemplifying the role of moonlighting proteins in kinetochore evolution. The outer kinetochore complex is physically distinct from inner-kinetochore proteins, but nanometer-scale label separation shows that KKIP1 bridges the two plates in the same orientation as Ndc80. Moreover, KKIP1 exhibits substantial elongation at metaphase, altering kinetochore structure in a manner consistent with pulling at the outer plate. Together, these data suggest that the KKIP1/KOK likely constitute the extent of the trypanosome outer kinetochore and that this assembly binds to the spindle with sufficient strength to stretch the kinetochore, showing design parallels may exist in organisms with very different kinetochore composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Brusini
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simon D'Archivio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Sygnature Discovery, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer McDonald
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bill Wickstead
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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24
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Chen J, Ünal E. Meiotic regulation of the Ndc80 complex composition and function. Curr Genet 2021; 67:511-518. [PMID: 33745061 PMCID: PMC8254699 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the current models for how the subunit abundance of the Ndc80 complex, a key kinetochore component, is regulated in budding yeast and metazoan meiosis. The past decades of kinetochore research have established the Ndc80 complex to be a key microtubule interactor and a central hub for regulating chromosome segregation. Recent studies further demonstrate that Ndc80 is the limiting kinetochore subunit that dictates the timing of kinetochore activation in budding yeast meiosis. Here, we discuss the molecular circuits that regulate Ndc80 protein synthesis and degradation in budding yeast meiosis and compare the findings with those from metazoans. We envision the regulatory principles discovered in budding yeast to be conserved in metazoans, thereby providing guidance into future investigations on kinetochore regulation in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxun Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Elçin Ünal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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25
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Zahm JA, Stewart MG, Carrier JS, Harrison SC, Miller MP. Structural basis of Stu2 recruitment to yeast kinetochores. eLife 2021; 10:e65389. [PMID: 33591274 PMCID: PMC7909949 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation during cell division requires engagement of kinetochores of sister chromatids with microtubules emanating from opposite poles. As the corresponding microtubules shorten, these 'bioriented' sister kinetochores experience tension-dependent stabilization of microtubule attachments. The yeast XMAP215 family member and microtubule polymerase, Stu2, associates with kinetochores and contributes to tension-dependent stabilization in vitro. We show here that a C-terminal segment of Stu2 binds the four-way junction of the Ndc80 complex (Ndc80c) and that residues conserved both in yeast Stu2 orthologs and in their metazoan counterparts make specific contacts with Ndc80 and Spc24. Mutations that perturb this interaction prevent association of Stu2 with kinetochores, impair cell viability, produce biorientation defects, and delay cell cycle progression. Ectopic tethering of the mutant Stu2 species to the Ndc80c junction restores wild-type function in vivo. These findings show that the role of Stu2 in tension-sensing depends on its association with kinetochores by binding with Ndc80c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Zahm
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
| | - Michael G Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Joseph S Carrier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
| | - Matthew P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
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26
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Mossaid I, Chatel G, Martinelli V, Vaz M, Fahrenkrog B. Mitotic checkpoint protein Mad1 is required for early Nup153 recruitment to chromatin and nuclear envelope integrity. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs249243. [PMID: 33023979 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoporin Nup153 is a multifunctional protein and a known binding partner of mitotic checkpoint protein Mad1 (also known as MAD1L1). The functional relevance of their interaction has remained elusive. Here, we have further dissected the interface and functional interplay of Nup153 and Mad1. Using in situ proximity ligation assays, we found that the presence of a nuclear envelope (NE) is a prerequisite for the Nup153-Mad1 association. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that depletion of Mad1 delayed recruitment of Nup153 to anaphase chromatin, which was often accompanied by a prolongation of anaphase. Furthermore, as seen by electron microscopic and three-dimensional structured illumination investigations, Nup153 and Mad1 depletion led to alterations in NE architecture, characterised by a change of membrane curvature at nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and an expansion of the spacing between inner and outer nuclear membranes. Nup153 depletion, but not Mad1 depletion, caused defects in interphase NPC assembly, with partial displacement of cytoplasmic nucleoporins and a reduction in NPC density. Taken together, our results suggest that Nup153 has separable roles in NE and NPC formation: in post-mitotic NE re-formation in concert with Mad1 and in interphase NPC assembly, independent of Mad1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Mossaid
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Laboratory Biologie du Noyau, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Chatel
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Laboratory Biologie du Noyau, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Valérie Martinelli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Laboratory Biologie du Noyau, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Marcela Vaz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Laboratory Biologie du Noyau, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Birthe Fahrenkrog
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Laboratory Biologie du Noyau, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium
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27
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Kukreja AA, Kavuri S, Joglekar AP. Microtubule Attachment and Centromeric Tension Shape the Protein Architecture of the Human Kinetochore. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4869-4881.e5. [PMID: 33035484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nanoscale protein architecture of the kinetochore plays an integral role in specifying the mechanisms underlying its functions in chromosome segregation. However, defining this architecture in human cells remains challenging because of the large size and compositional complexity of the kinetochore. Here, we use Förster resonance energy transfer to reveal the architecture of individual kinetochore-microtubule attachments in human cells. We find that the microtubule-binding domains of the Ndc80 complex cluster at the microtubule plus end. This clustering occurs only after microtubule attachment, and it increases proportionally with centromeric tension. Surprisingly, Ndc80 complex clustering is independent of the organization and number of its centromeric receptors. Moreover, this clustering is similar in yeast and human kinetochores despite significant differences in their centromeric organizations. These and other data suggest that the microtubule-binding interface of the human kinetochore behaves like a flexible "lawn" despite being nucleated by repeating biochemical subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Kukreja
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sisira Kavuri
- Department of Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ajit P Joglekar
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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28
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Gutierrez A, Kim JO, Umbreit NT, Asbury CL, Davis TN, Miller MP, Biggins S. Cdk1 Phosphorylation of the Dam1 Complex Strengthens Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4491-4499.e5. [PMID: 32946748 PMCID: PMC7497780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To ensure the faithful inheritance of DNA, a macromolecular protein complex called the kinetochore sustains the connection between chromosomes and force-generating dynamic microtubules during cell division. Defects in this process lead to aneuploidy, a common feature of cancer cells and the cause of many developmental diseases [1, 2, 3, 4]. One of the major microtubule-binding activities in the kinetochore is mediated by the conserved Ndc80 complex (Ndc80c) [5, 6, 7]. In budding yeast, the retention of kinetochores on dynamic microtubule tips also depends on the essential heterodecameric Dam1 complex (Dam1c) [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15], which binds to the Ndc80c and is proposed to be a functional ortholog of the metazoan Ska complex [16, 17]. The load-bearing activity of the Dam1c depends on its ability to oligomerize, and the purified complex spontaneously self-assembles into microtubule-encircling oligomeric rings, which are proposed to function as collars that allow kinetochores to processively track the plus-end tips of microtubules and harness the forces generated by disassembling microtubules [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. However, it is unknown whether there are specific regulatory events that promote Dam1c oligomerization to ensure accurate segregation. Here, we used a reconstitution system to discover that Cdk1, the major mitotic kinase that drives the cell cycle, phosphorylates the Ask1 component of the Dam1c to increase its residence time on microtubules and enhance kinetochore-microtubule attachment strength. We propose that Cdk1 activity promotes Dam1c oligomerization to ensure that kinetochore-microtubule attachments are stabilized as kinetochores come under tension in mitosis. Cdk1 phosphorylation of Dam1c strengthens kinetochore-microtubule attachments Ask1 is the key Cdk1 target in Dam1c that enhances for kinetochore-microtubule attachments Dynamic phosphorylation of Dam1c by Cdk1 is important in vivo Cdk1 phosphorylation of Ask1 appears to promote Dam1c oligomerization
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Gutierrez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jae Ook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Neil T Umbreit
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Trisha N Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Matthew P Miller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sue Biggins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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29
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Zeeshan M, Pandey R, Ferguson DJP, Tromer EC, Markus R, Abel S, Brady D, Daniel E, Limenitakis R, Bottrill AR, Le Roch KG, Holder AA, Waller RF, Guttery DS, Tewari R. Real-time dynamics of Plasmodium NDC80 reveals unusual modes of chromosome segregation during parasite proliferation. J Cell Sci 2020; 134:jcs245753. [PMID: 32501284 PMCID: PMC7340582 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.245753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cell proliferation requires chromosome replication and precise segregation to ensure daughter cells have identical genomic copies. Species of the genus Plasmodium, the causative agents of malaria, display remarkable aspects of nuclear division throughout their life cycle to meet some peculiar and unique challenges to DNA replication and chromosome segregation. The parasite undergoes atypical endomitosis and endoreduplication with an intact nuclear membrane and intranuclear mitotic spindle. To understand these diverse modes of Plasmodium cell division, we have studied the behaviour and composition of the outer kinetochore NDC80 complex, a key part of the mitotic apparatus that attaches the centromere of chromosomes to microtubules of the mitotic spindle. Using NDC80-GFP live-cell imaging in Plasmodium berghei, we observe dynamic spatiotemporal changes during proliferation, including highly unusual kinetochore arrangements during sexual stages. We identify a very divergent candidate for the SPC24 subunit of the NDC80 complex, previously thought to be missing in Plasmodium, which completes a canonical, albeit unusual, NDC80 complex structure. Altogether, our studies reveal the kinetochore to be an ideal tool to investigate the non-canonical modes of chromosome segregation and cell division in Plasmodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zeeshan
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Rajan Pandey
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - David J P Ferguson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Eelco C Tromer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Robert Markus
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Steven Abel
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Declan Brady
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Emilie Daniel
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Andrew R Bottrill
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbelt Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Karine G Le Roch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Anthony A Holder
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ross F Waller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - David S Guttery
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Rita Tewari
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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30
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Ustinov NB, Korshunova AV, Gudimchuk NB. Protein Complex NDC80: Properties, Functions, and Possible Role in Pathophysiology of Cell Division. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:448-462. [PMID: 32569552 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic division maintains genetic identity of any multicellular organism throughout an entire lifetime. Each time a parent cell divides, chromosomes are equally distributed between the daughter cells due to the action of mitotic spindle. Mitotic spindle is formed by the microtubules that represent dynamic polymers of tubulin protein. Spindle microtubules are attached end-on to kinetochores - large multi-protein complexes on chromosomes. This review focuses on the four-subunit NDC80 complex, one of the most important kinetochore elements that plays a major role in the attachment of assembling/disassembling microtubule ends to the chromosomes. Here, we summarize published data on the structure, properties, and regulation of the NDC80 complex and discuss possible relationship between changes in the expression of genes coding for the NDC80 complex components, mitotic disorders, and oncogenesis with special emphasis on the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of NDC80.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Ustinov
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A V Korshunova
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - N B Gudimchuk
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physico-Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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31
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Prc1-rich kinetochores are required for error-free acentrosomal spindle bipolarization during meiosis I in mouse oocytes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2652. [PMID: 32461611 PMCID: PMC7253481 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acentrosomal meiosis in oocytes represents a gametogenic challenge, requiring spindle bipolarization without predefined bipolar cues. While much is known about the structures that promote acentrosomal microtubule nucleation, less is known about the structures that mediate spindle bipolarization in mammalian oocytes. Here, we show that in mouse oocytes, kinetochores are required for spindle bipolarization in meiosis I. This process is promoted by oocyte-specific, microtubule-independent enrichment of the antiparallel microtubule crosslinker Prc1 at kinetochores via the Ndc80 complex. In contrast, in meiosis II, cytoplasm that contains upregulated factors including Prc1 supports kinetochore-independent pathways for spindle bipolarization. The kinetochore-dependent mode of spindle bipolarization is required for meiosis I to prevent chromosome segregation errors. Human oocytes, where spindle bipolarization is reportedly error prone, exhibit no detectable kinetochore enrichment of Prc1. This study reveals an oocyte-specific function of kinetochores in acentrosomal spindle bipolarization in mice, and provides insights into the error-prone nature of human oocytes. Oocyte meiosis must achieve spindle bipolarization without predefined spatial cues. Yoshida et al. demonstrate that spindle bipolarization during meiosis I in mouse oocytes requires kinetochores to prevent chromosome segregation errors, a phenomenon that does not occur in error-prone human oocytes.
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32
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Hamilton GE, Helgeson LA, Noland CL, Asbury CL, Dimitrova YN, Davis TN. Reconstitution reveals two paths of force transmission through the kinetochore. eLife 2020; 9:56582. [PMID: 32406818 PMCID: PMC7367685 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Partitioning duplicated chromosomes equally between daughter cells is a microtubule-mediated process essential to eukaryotic life. A multi-protein machine, the kinetochore, drives chromosome segregation by coupling the chromosomes to dynamic microtubule tips, even as the tips grow and shrink through the gain and loss of subunits. The kinetochore must harness, transmit, and sense mitotic forces, as a lack of tension signals incorrect chromosome-microtubule attachment and precipitates error correction mechanisms. But though the field has arrived at a ‘parts list’ of dozens of kinetochore proteins organized into subcomplexes, the path of force transmission through these components has remained unclear. Here we report reconstitution of functional Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinetochore assemblies from recombinantly expressed proteins. The reconstituted kinetochores are capable of self-assembling in vitro, coupling centromeric nucleosomes to dynamic microtubules, and withstanding mitotically relevant forces. They reveal two distinct pathways of force transmission and Ndc80c recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Hamilton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Luke A Helgeson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Cameron L Noland
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Yoana N Dimitrova
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Trisha N Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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33
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Roscioli E, Germanova TE, Smith CA, Embacher PA, Erent M, Thompson AI, Burroughs NJ, McAinsh AD. Ensemble-Level Organization of Human Kinetochores and Evidence for Distinct Tension and Attachment Sensors. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107535. [PMID: 32348762 PMCID: PMC7196887 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores are multi-protein machines that form dynamic attachments to microtubules and control chromosome segregation. High fidelity is ensured because kinetochores can monitor attachment status and tension, using this information to activate checkpoints and error-correction mechanisms. To explore how kinetochores achieve this, we used two- and three-color subpixel fluorescence localization to define how proteins from six major complexes (CCAN, MIS12, NDC80, KNL1, RZZ, and SKA) and the checkpoint proteins Bub1, Mad1, and Mad2 are organized in the human kinetochore. This reveals how the outer kinetochore has a high nematic order and is largely invariant to the loss of attachment or tension, except for two mechanical sensors. First, Knl1 unravels to relay tension, and second, NDC80 undergoes jackknifing and loss of nematic order under microtubule detachment, with only the latter wired up to the checkpoint signaling system. This provides insight into how kinetochores integrate mechanical signals to promote error-free chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Roscioli
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Tsvetelina E Germanova
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Christopher A Smith
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Peter A Embacher
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Muriel Erent
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Amelia I Thompson
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Nigel J Burroughs
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Andrew D McAinsh
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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34
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Wimbish RT, DeLuca JG. Hec1/Ndc80 Tail Domain Function at the Kinetochore-Microtubule Interface. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:43. [PMID: 32161753 PMCID: PMC7054225 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful mitotic cell division is critically dependent on the formation of correct attachments between chromosomes and spindle microtubules. Microtubule attachments are mediated by kinetochores, which are large proteinaceous structures assembled on centromeric chromatin of mitotic chromosomes. These attachments must be sufficiently stable to transduce force; however, the strength of these attachments are also tightly regulated to ensure timely, error-free progression through mitosis. The highly conserved, kinetochore-associated NDC80 complex is a core component of the kinetochore-microtubule attachment machinery in eukaryotic cells. A small, disordered region within the Hec1 subunit of the NDC80 complex – the N-terminal “tail” domain – has been actively investigated during the last decade due to its roles in generating and regulating kinetochore-microtubule attachments. In this review, we discuss the role of the NDC80 complex, and specifically the Hec1 tail domain, at the kinetochore-microtubule interface, and how recent studies provide a more unified view of Hec1 tail domain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Wimbish
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer G DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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35
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Huis In 't Veld PJ, Volkov VA, Stender ID, Musacchio A, Dogterom M. Molecular determinants of the Ska-Ndc80 interaction and their influence on microtubule tracking and force-coupling. eLife 2019; 8:49539. [PMID: 31804178 PMCID: PMC6927755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Errorless chromosome segregation requires load-bearing attachments of the plus ends of spindle microtubules to chromosome structures named kinetochores. How these end-on kinetochore attachments are established following initial lateral contacts with the microtubule lattice is poorly understood. Two microtubule-binding complexes, the Ndc80 and Ska complexes, are important for efficient end-on coupling and may function as a unit in this process, but precise conditions for their interaction are unknown. Here, we report that the Ska-Ndc80 interaction is phosphorylation-dependent and does not require microtubules, applied force, or several previously identified functional determinants including the Ndc80-loop and the Ndc80-tail. Both the Ndc80-tail, which we reveal to be essential for microtubule end-tracking, and Ndc80-bound Ska stabilize microtubule ends in a stalled conformation. Modulation of force-coupling efficiency demonstrates that the duration of stalled microtubule disassembly predicts whether a microtubule is stabilized and rescued by the kinetochore, likely reflecting a structural transition of the microtubule end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim J Huis In 't Veld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Volkov
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Isabelle D Stender
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.,Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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36
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Shan F, Diwu Y, Yang X, Tu X. Expression and Interactions of Kinetoplastid Kinetochore Proteins (KKTs) from Trypanosoma brucei. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:860-868. [PMID: 31621553 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190723152359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Kinetochores are the macromolecular protein complex that drives
chromosome segregation by interacting with centromeric DNA and spindle microtubules in
eukaryotes. Kinetochores in well studied eukaryotes bind DNA through widely conserved
components like Centromere Protein (CENP)-A and bind microtubules through the Ndc80
complex. However, unconventional type of kinetochore proteins (KKT1-20) were identified in
evolutionarily divergent kinetoplastid species such as Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei), indicating
that chromosome segregation is driven by a distinct set of proteins. KKT proteins are comprised of
sequential α-helixes that tend to form coiled-coil structures, which will further lead to
polymerization and misfolding of proteins, resulting in the formation of inclusion bodies.
Results and Conclusion:
We expressed and purified the stable KKT proteins with Maltose Binding
Protein (MBP) fusion tag in E. coli or Protein A tag in Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293T
cells. Furthermore, we identified interactions among KKT proteins using yeast two-hybrid system.
The study provides an important basis for further better understanding of the structure and function
of KKT proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhen Shan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yating Diwu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoming Tu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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37
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Miller MP, Evans RK, Zelter A, Geyer EA, MacCoss MJ, Rice LM, Davis TN, Asbury CL, Biggins S. Kinetochore-associated Stu2 promotes chromosome biorientation in vivo. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008423. [PMID: 31584935 PMCID: PMC6795502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate segregation of chromosomes to daughter cells is a critical aspect of cell division. It requires the kinetochores on duplicated chromosomes to biorient, attaching to microtubules from opposite poles of the cell. Bioriented attachments come under tension, while incorrect attachments lack tension and must be released to allow proper attachments to form. A well-studied error correction pathway is mediated by the Aurora B kinase, which destabilizes low tension-bearing attachments. We recently discovered that in vitro, kinetochores display an additional intrinsic tension-sensing pathway that utilizes Stu2. The contribution of kinetochore-associated Stu2 to error correction in cells, however, was unknown. Here, we identify a Stu2 mutant that abolishes its kinetochore function and show that it causes biorientation defects in vivo. We also show that this Stu2-mediated pathway functions together with the Aurora B-mediated pathway. Altogether, our work indicates that cells employ multiple pathways to ensure biorientation and the accuracy of chromosome segregation. The precise regulation of cell division is critical to processes such as self-renewal, proliferation and development. A key event in the cell cycle is the partitioning of every pair of duplicated chromosomes to daughter cells. Defects in chromosome partitioning lead to aneuploidy, a condition that is a common hallmark of cancer cells and the cause of some birth defects. Chromosomes segregate using their kinetochores, the specialized protein structures that are assembled on centromeric DNA sequences and attach to spindle microtubules. Here, we report that a protein that associates with kinetochores called Stu2 ensures that each kinetochore attaches to the proper microtubules. We identified a Stu2 mutant that does not associate with kinetochores and found that it generates aneuploidy. Together, our work identifies a previously unknown mechanism where cells ensure that chromosomes are accurately inherited during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Miller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rena K. Evans
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alex Zelter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth A. Geyer
- Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael J. MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Luke M. Rice
- Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Trisha N. Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States of America
| | - Charles L. Asbury
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sue Biggins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Alex A, Piano V, Polley S, Stuiver M, Voss S, Ciossani G, Overlack K, Voss B, Wohlgemuth S, Petrovic A, Wu Y, Selenko P, Musacchio A, Maffini S. Electroporated recombinant proteins as tools for in vivo functional complementation, imaging and chemical biology. eLife 2019; 8:48287. [PMID: 31310234 PMCID: PMC6656429 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery of native or chemically modified recombinant proteins into mammalian cells shows promise for functional investigations and various technological applications, but concerns that sub-cellular localization and functional integrity of delivered proteins may be affected remain high. Here, we surveyed batch electroporation as a delivery tool for single polypeptides and multi-subunit protein assemblies of the kinetochore, a spatially confined and well-studied subcellular structure. After electroporation into human cells, recombinant fluorescent Ndc80 and Mis12 multi-subunit complexes exhibited native localization, physically interacted with endogenous binding partners, and functionally complemented depleted endogenous counterparts to promote mitotic checkpoint signaling and chromosome segregation. Farnesylation is required for kinetochore localization of the Dynein adaptor Spindly. In cells with chronically inhibited farnesyl transferase activity, in vitro farnesylation and electroporation of recombinant Spindly faithfully resulted in robust kinetochore localization. Our data show that electroporation is well-suited to deliver synthetic and chemically modified versions of functional proteins, and, therefore, constitutes a promising tool for applications in chemical and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Alex
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Valentina Piano
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Soumitra Polley
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marchel Stuiver
- In-Cell NMR Laboratory, Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP Berlin), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Voss
- Chemical Genomics Centre, Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Ciossani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katharina Overlack
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Beate Voss
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabine Wohlgemuth
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arsen Petrovic
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yaowen Wu
- Chemical Genomics Centre, Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Philipp Selenko
- In-Cell NMR Laboratory, Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP Berlin), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.,Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefano Maffini
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
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39
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Abstract
Mistakes in the process of cell division can lead to the loss, gain or rearrangement of chromosomes. Significant chromosomal abnormalities are usually lethal to the cells and cause spontaneous miscarriages. However, in some cases, defects in the spindle assembly checkpoint lead to severe diseases, such as cancer and birth and development defects, including Down's syndrome. The timely and accurate control of chromosome segregation in mitosis relies on the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), an evolutionary conserved, self-regulated signalling system present in higher organisms. The spindle assembly checkpoint is orchestrated by dynamic interactions between spindle microtubules and the kinetochore , a multiprotein complex that constitutes the site for attachment of chromosomes to microtubule polymers to pull sister chromatids apart during cell division. This chapter discusses the current molecular understanding of the essential, highly dynamic molecular interactions underpinning spindle assembly checkpoint signalling and how the complex choreography of interactions can be coordinated in time and space to finely regulate the process. The potential of targeting this signalling pathway to interfere with the abnormal segregation of chromosomes, which occurs in diverse malignancies and the new opportunities that recent technological developments are opening up for a deeper understanding of the spindle assembly checkpoint are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Bolanos-Garcia
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
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40
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Guo W, Kumar S, Görlitz F, Garcia E, Alexandrov Y, Munro I, Kelly DJ, Warren S, Thorpe P, Dunsby C, French P. Automated Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging High-Content Analysis of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer between Endogenously Labeled Kinetochore Proteins in Live Budding Yeast Cells. SLAS Technol 2019; 24:308-320. [PMID: 30629461 PMCID: PMC6537140 DOI: 10.1177/2472630318819240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe an open-source automated multiwell plate fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) methodology to read out Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between fluorescent proteins (FPs) labeling endogenous kinetochore proteins (KPs) in live budding yeast cells. The low copy number of many KPs and their small spatial extent present significant challenges for the quantification of donor fluorescence lifetime in the presence of significant cellular autofluorescence and photobleaching. Automated FLIM data acquisition was controlled by µManager and incorporated wide-field time-gated imaging with optical sectioning to reduce background fluorescence. For data analysis, we used custom MATLAB-based software tools to perform kinetochore foci segmentation and local cellular background subtraction and fitted the fluorescence lifetime data using the open-source FLIMfit software. We validated the methodology using endogenous KPs labeled with mTurquoise2 FP and/or yellow FP and measured the donor fluorescence lifetimes for foci comprising 32 kinetochores with KP copy numbers as low as ~2 per kinetochore under an average labeling efficiency of 50%. We observed changes of median donor lifetime ≥250 ps for KPs known to form dimers. Thus, this FLIM high-content analysis platform enables the screening of relatively low-copy-number endogenous protein-protein interactions at spatially confined macromolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Guo
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics,
Imperial College London, London, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London,
UK
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics,
Imperial College London, London, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London,
UK
| | - Frederik Görlitz
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics,
Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Edwin Garcia
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics,
Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yuriy Alexandrov
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics,
Imperial College London, London, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London,
UK
| | - Ian Munro
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics,
Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Douglas J. Kelly
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics,
Imperial College London, London, UK
- RIKEN Center for Biodynamic Systems
Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sean Warren
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research,
University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Thorpe
- Francis Crick Institute, London,
UK
- Queen Mary University of London, London,
UK
| | - Christopher Dunsby
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics,
Imperial College London, London, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London,
UK
- Centre for Pathology, Imperial College
London, London, UK
| | - Paul French
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics,
Imperial College London, London, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London,
UK
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41
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Dhatchinamoorthy K, Unruh JR, Lange JJ, Levy M, Slaughter BD, Gerton JL. The stoichiometry of the outer kinetochore is modulated by microtubule-proximal regulatory factors. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2124-2135. [PMID: 31118239 PMCID: PMC6605801 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201810070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dhatchinamoorthy et al. suggest the stoichiometry of outer submodules of the budding yeast kinetochore is strongly influenced by factors at the kinetochore–microtubule interface such as Fin1 and Dam1. Outer kinetochore stoichiometry is remarkably plastic and responsive to microtubule-proximal regulation. The kinetochore is a large molecular machine that attaches chromosomes to microtubules and facilitates chromosome segregation. The kinetochore includes submodules that associate with the centromeric DNA and submodules that attach to microtubules. Additional copies of several submodules of the kinetochore are added during anaphase, including the microtubule binding module Ndc80. While the factors governing plasticity are not known, they could include regulation based on microtubule–kinetochore interactions. We report that Fin1 localizes to the microtubule-proximal edge of the kinetochore cluster during anaphase based on single-particle averaging of super-resolution images. Fin1 is required for the assembly of normal levels of Dam1 and Ndc80 submodules. Levels of Ndc80 further depend on the Dam1 microtubule binding complex. Our results suggest the stoichiometry of outer kinetochore submodules is strongly influenced by factors at the kinetochore–microtubule interface such as Fin1 and Dam1, and phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase. Outer kinetochore stoichiometry is remarkably plastic and responsive to microtubule-proximal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Dhatchinamoorthy
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO.,Open University, Milton Keynes, England, UK
| | - Jay R Unruh
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO
| | | | | | | | - Jennifer L Gerton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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42
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Scarborough EA, Davis TN, Asbury CL. Tight bending of the Ndc80 complex provides intrinsic regulation of its binding to microtubules. eLife 2019; 8:44489. [PMID: 31045495 PMCID: PMC6516834 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the outer kinetochore complex Ndc80 is essential to ensure correct kinetochore-microtubule attachments during mitosis. Here, we present a novel mechanism of regulation that is intrinsic to its structure; tight bending of the Ndc80 complex inhibits its microtubule binding. Using single molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), we show that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ndc80 complex can fluctuate between straight and bent forms, and that binding of the complex to microtubules selects for straightened forms. The loop region of the complex enables its bent conformation, as deletion of the loop promotes straightening. In addition, the kinetochore complex MIND enhances microtubule binding by opposing the tightly bent, auto-inhibited conformation of the Ndc80 complex. We suggest that prior to its assembly at the kinetochore, the Ndc80 complex interchanges between bent (auto-inhibited) and open conformations. Once assembled, its association with MIND stabilizes the Ndc80 complex in a straightened form for higher affinity microtubule binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trisha N Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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43
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Zhao G, Cheng Y, Gui P, Cui M, Liu W, Wang W, Wang X, Ali M, Dou Z, Niu L, Liu H, Anderson L, Ruan K, Hong J, Yao X. Dynamic acetylation of the kinetochore-associated protein HEC1 ensures accurate microtubule-kinetochore attachment. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:576-592. [PMID: 30409912 PMCID: PMC6333894 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis is critical for maintaining genome integrity in cell progeny and relies on accurate and robust kinetochore-microtubule attachments. The NDC80 complex, a tetramer comprising kinetochore protein HEC1 (HEC1), NDC80 kinetochore complex component NUF2 (NUF2), NDC80 kinetochore complex component SPC24 (SPC24), and SPC25, plays a critical role in kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Mounting evidence indicates that phosphorylation of HEC1 is important for regulating the binding of the NDC80 complex to microtubules. However, it remains unclear whether other post-translational modifications, such as acetylation, regulate NDC80-microtubule attachment during mitosis. Here, using pulldown assays with HeLa cell lysates and site-directed mutagenesis, we show that HEC1 is a bona fide substrate of the lysine acetyltransferase Tat-interacting protein, 60 kDa (TIP60) and that TIP60-mediated acetylation of HEC1 is essential for accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis. We demonstrate that TIP60 regulates the dynamic interactions between NDC80 and spindle microtubules during mitosis and observed that TIP60 acetylates HEC1 at two evolutionarily conserved residues, Lys-53 and Lys-59. Importantly, this acetylation weakened the phosphorylation of the N-terminal HEC1(1-80) region at Ser-55 and Ser-62, which is governed by Aurora B and regulates NDC80-microtubule dynamics, indicating functional cross-talk between these two post-translation modifications of HEC1. Moreover, the TIP60-mediated acetylation was specifically reversed by sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Taken together, our results define a conserved signaling hierarchy, involving HEC1, TIP60, Aurora B, and SIRT1, that integrates dynamic HEC1 acetylation and phosphorylation for accurate kinetochore-microtubule attachment in the maintenance of genomic stability during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangyin Zhao
- From the Division of Molecular and Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of the China School of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei 230027, China and
| | - Yubao Cheng
- From the Division of Molecular and Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of the China School of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei 230027, China and
| | - Ping Gui
- From the Division of Molecular and Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of the China School of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei 230027, China and
- the Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics and Organoids Plasticity, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Meiying Cui
- From the Division of Molecular and Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of the China School of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei 230027, China and
| | - Wei Liu
- From the Division of Molecular and Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of the China School of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei 230027, China and
- the Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics and Organoids Plasticity, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Wenwen Wang
- From the Division of Molecular and Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of the China School of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei 230027, China and
- the Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics and Organoids Plasticity, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Xueying Wang
- From the Division of Molecular and Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of the China School of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei 230027, China and
- the Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics and Organoids Plasticity, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Mahboob Ali
- From the Division of Molecular and Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of the China School of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei 230027, China and
| | - Zhen Dou
- From the Division of Molecular and Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of the China School of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei 230027, China and
- the Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics and Organoids Plasticity, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Liwen Niu
- From the Division of Molecular and Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of the China School of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei 230027, China and
| | - Haiyan Liu
- From the Division of Molecular and Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of the China School of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei 230027, China and
| | - Leonard Anderson
- the Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics and Organoids Plasticity, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Ke Ruan
- From the Division of Molecular and Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of the China School of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei 230027, China and
| | - Jingjun Hong
- From the Division of Molecular and Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of the China School of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei 230027, China and
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- From the Division of Molecular and Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of the China School of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence on Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei 230027, China and
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44
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Llauró A, Hayashi H, Bailey ME, Wilson A, Ludzia P, Asbury CL, Akiyoshi B. The kinetoplastid kinetochore protein KKT4 is an unconventional microtubule tip-coupling protein. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3886-3900. [PMID: 30209069 PMCID: PMC6219724 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily divergent class of kinetoplastid organisms has a set of unconventional kinetochore proteins that drive chromosome segregation, but it is unclear which components interact with spindle microtubules. Llauró et al. now identify KKT4 as the first microtubule-binding kinetochore protein in Trypanosoma brucei, a major human pathogenic parasite. Kinetochores are multiprotein machines that drive chromosome segregation by maintaining persistent, load-bearing linkages between chromosomes and dynamic microtubule tips. Kinetochores in commonly studied eukaryotes bind microtubules through widely conserved components like the Ndc80 complex. However, in evolutionarily divergent kinetoplastid species such as Trypanosoma brucei, which causes sleeping sickness, the kinetochores assemble from a unique set of proteins lacking homology to any known microtubule-binding domains. Here, we show that the T. brucei kinetochore protein KKT4 binds directly to microtubules and maintains load-bearing attachments to both growing and shortening microtubule tips. The protein localizes both to kinetochores and to spindle microtubules in vivo, and its depletion causes defects in chromosome segregation. We define a microtubule-binding domain within KKT4 and identify several charged residues important for its microtubule-binding activity. Thus, despite its lack of significant similarity to other known microtubule-binding proteins, KKT4 has key functions required for driving chromosome segregation. We propose that it represents a primary element of the kinetochore–microtubule interface in kinetoplastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Llauró
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Hanako Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Megan E Bailey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Alex Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patryk Ludzia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Bungo Akiyoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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45
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Pan D, Brockmeyer A, Mueller F, Musacchio A, Bange T. Simplified Protocol for Cross-linking Mass Spectrometry Using the MS-Cleavable Cross-linker DSBU with Efficient Cross-link Identification. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10990-10999. [PMID: 30074391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical cross-linking combined with mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful approach to identify and map protein-protein interactions. Its applications support computational modeling of three-dimensional structures and complement classical structural methodologies such as X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and electron microscopy (EM). A plethora of cross-linkers, MS methods, and data analysis programs have been developed, but due to their methodological complexity application is currently reserved for specialized mass spectrometry laboratories. Here, we present a simplified single-step purification protocol that results in improved identifications of cross-linked peptides. We describe an easy-to-follow pipeline that combines the MS-cleavable cross-linker DSBU (disuccinimidyl dibutyric urea), a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer, and the dedicated software MeroX for data analysis to make cross-linking MS accessible to structural biology and biochemistry laboratories. In experiments focusing on kinetochore subcomplexes containing 4-10 subunits (so-called KMN network), one-step peptide purification, and enrichment by size-exclusion chromatography yielded identification of 135-228 non-redundant cross-links (577-820 cross-linked peptides) from each experiment. Notably, half of the non-redundant cross-links identified were not lysine-lysine cross-links and involved side chains with hydroxy groups. The new pipeline has a comparable potential toward the identification of protein-protein interactions as previously used pipelines based on isotope-labeled cross-linkers. A newly identified cross-link enabled us to improve our 3D-model of the KMN, emphasizing the power of cross-linking data for evaluation of low-resolution EM maps. In sum, our optimized experimental scheme represents a viable shortcut toward obtaining reliable cross-link data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Pan
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology , Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Andreas Brockmeyer
- Department of Chemical Biology , Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Franziska Mueller
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology , Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology , Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany.,Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology , University Duisburg-Essen , Universitaetsstrasse , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Tanja Bange
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology , Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Otto-Hahn-Str. 11 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany.,Department for Systems Chronobiology , Institute of Medical Psychology, LMU Munich , Goethe-Str. 31 , 80336 Munich , Germany
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46
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Jenni S, Harrison SC. Structure of the DASH/Dam1 complex shows its role at the yeast kinetochore-microtubule interface. Science 2018; 360:552-558. [PMID: 29724956 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar6436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores connect mitotic-spindle microtubules with chromosomes, allowing microtubule depolymerization to pull chromosomes apart during anaphase while resisting detachment as the microtubule shortens. The heterodecameric DASH/Dam1 complex (DASH/Dam1c), an essential component of yeast kinetochores, assembles into a microtubule-encircling ring. The ring associates with rodlike Ndc80 complexes to organize the kinetochore-microtubule interface. We report the cryo-electron microscopy structure (at ~4.5-angstrom resolution) of a DASH/Dam1c ring and a molecular model of its ordered components, validated by evolutionary direct-coupling analysis. Integrating this structure with that of the Ndc80 complex and with published interaction data yields a molecular picture of kinetochore-microtubule attachment, including how flexible, C-terminal extensions of DASH/Dam1c subunits project and contact widely separated sites on the Ndc80 complex rod and how phosphorylation at previously identified sites might regulate kinetochore assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jenni
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Joglekar AP, Kukreja AA. How Kinetochore Architecture Shapes the Mechanisms of Its Function. Curr Biol 2018; 27:R816-R824. [PMID: 28829971 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic kinetochore is a sophisticated multi-protein machine that segregates chromosomes during cell division. To ensure accurate chromosome segregation, it performs three major functions using disparate molecular mechanisms. It operates a mechanosensitive signaling cascade known as the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) to detect and signal the lack of attachment to spindle microtubules, and delay anaphase onset in response. In addition, after attaching to spindle microtubules, the kinetochore generates the force necessary to move chromosomes. Finally, if the two sister kinetochores on a chromosome are both attached to microtubules emanating from the same spindle pole, they activate another mechanosensitive mechanism to correct the monopolar attachments. All three of these functions maintain genome stability during cell division. The outlines of the biochemical activities responsible for these functions are now available. How the kinetochore integrates the underlying molecular mechanisms is still being elucidated. In this Review, we discuss how the nanoscale protein organization in the kinetochore, which we refer to as kinetochore 'architecture', organizes its biochemical activities to facilitate the realization and integration of emergent mechanisms underlying its three major functions. For this discussion, we will use the relatively simple budding yeast kinetochore as a model, and extrapolate insights gained from this model to elucidate functional roles of the architecture of the much more complex human kinetochore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit P Joglekar
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Petsalaki E, Dandoulaki M, Zachos G. Chmp4c is required for stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments. Chromosoma 2018; 127:461-473. [PMID: 29968190 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-018-0675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Formation of stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments is essential for accurate chromosome segregation in human cells and depends on the NDC80 complex. We recently showed that Chmp4c, an endosomal sorting complex required for transport protein involved in membrane remodelling, localises to prometaphase kinetochores and promotes cold-stable kinetochore microtubules, faithful chromosome alignment and segregation. In the present study, we show that Chmp4c associates with the NDC80 components Hec1 and Nuf2 and is required for optimal NDC80 stability and Hec1-Nuf2 localisation to kinetochores in prometaphase. However, Chmp4c-depletion does not cause a gross disassembly of outer or inner kinetochore complexes. Conversely, Nuf2 is required for Chmp4c kinetochore targeting. Constitutive Chmp4c kinetochore tethering partially rescues cold-stable microtubule polymers in cells depleted of the endogenous Nuf2, showing that Chmp4c also contributes to kinetochore-microtubule stability independently of regulating Hec1 and Nuf2 localisation. Chmp4c interacts with tubulin in cell extracts, and binds and bundles microtubules in vitro through its highly basic N-terminal region (amino acids 1-77). Furthermore, the N-terminal region of Chmp4c is required for cold-stable kinetochore microtubules and efficient chromosome alignment. We propose that Chmp4c promotes stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments by regulating Hec1-Nuf2 localisation to kinetochores in prometaphase and by binding to spindle microtubules. These results identify Chmp4c as a novel protein that regulates kinetochore-microtubule interactions to promote accurate chromosome segregation in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Petsalaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Dandoulaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Zachos
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece.
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Volkov VA, Huis In 't Veld PJ, Dogterom M, Musacchio A. Multivalency of NDC80 in the outer kinetochore is essential to track shortening microtubules and generate forces. eLife 2018; 7:36764. [PMID: 29629870 PMCID: PMC5940359 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Presence of multiple copies of the microtubule-binding NDC80 complex is an evolutionary conserved feature of kinetochores, points of attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules. This may enable multivalent attachments to microtubules, with implications that remain unexplored. Using recombinant human kinetochore components, we show that while single NDC80 complexes do not track depolymerizing microtubules, reconstituted particles containing the NDC80 receptor CENP-T bound to three or more NDC80 complexes do so effectively, as expected for a kinetochore force coupler. To study multivalency systematically, we engineered modules allowing incremental addition of NDC80 complexes. The modules’ residence time on microtubules increased exponentially with the number of NDC80 complexes. Modules with two or more complexes tracked depolymerizing microtubules with increasing efficiencies, and stalled and rescued microtubule depolymerization in a force-dependent manner when conjugated to cargo. Our observations indicate that NDC80, rather than through biased diffusion, tracks depolymerizing microtubules by harnessing force generated during microtubule disassembly. Before a cell divides, its genome duplicates so that each copy can be given to the daughter cells. In a dividing cell, the chromosomes – the structures that store genetic information – look like an ‘X’. This is because each chromosome is formed of two identical, rod-like, ‘sister chromatids’ which are attached by their middle. Each daughter cell should inherit one of the chromatids. As division progresses, both sister chromatids in a pair fasten to ‘microtubules’, string-like structures made of a large number of identical proteins stacked together. These strings attach each chromatids to opposite sides of the cell. Then, the ends of the microtubules that bind to a chromatid start to peel off and disassemble. The microtubules get shorter and shorter, which creates a force that pulls the chromatids apart. Microtubules latch on a chromatid via a large structure known as the kinetochore, which has tether-like protein complexes called NDC80 at its surface. NDC80 links the kinetochore with the microtubules, yet little is known about this connection. In particular, it is unclear how this complex relays the forces from the shortening microtubules to the chromatids, and how many NDC80 complexes are required for this process. To study how these proteins interact without any molecular background ‘noise’ from the cell, Volkov, Huis in ‘t Veld et al. engineered simplified versions of the microtubule-kinetochore-NDC80 connection using components of human kinetochores. These versions, named ‘modules’, contained different numbers of NDC80 complexes, from one to four copies. Volkov, Huis in ‘t Veld et al. found that single NDC80 complexes did not follow the microtubules as they shortened, while the connections with two or more NDC80 complexes did. When a few modules, each with two or three NDC80s, were closeby, they also bound to the end of the same shortening microtubule, and captured more force as a team. NDC80 complexes therefore work together to connect to microtubule ends and harness their energy. The artificial kinetochore-microtubule-NDC80 connections developed by Volkov, Huis in ‘t Veld et al. provides a new method to study how cells divide, and it could reveal how other proteins and biological processes participate in this mechanism. It could also help understand how chromatids are kept from separating incorrectly during division, which is an error that could be fatal for the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Volkov
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Pim J Huis In 't Veld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
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50
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Shin J, Jeong G, Park JY, Kim H, Lee I. MUN (MERISTEM UNSTRUCTURED), encoding a SPC24 homolog of NDC80 kinetochore complex, affects development through cell division in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:977-991. [PMID: 29356153 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Kinetochore, a protein super-complex on the centromere of chromosomes, mediates chromosome segregation during cell division by providing attachment sites for spindle microtubules. The NDC80 complex, composed of four proteins, NDC80, NUF2, SPC24 and SPC25, is localized at the outer kinetochore and connects spindle fibers to the kinetochore. Although it is conserved across species, functional studies of this complex are rare in Arabidopsis. Here, we characterize a recessive mutant, meristem unstructured-1 (mun-1), exhibiting an abnormal phenotype with unstructured shoot apical meristem caused by ectopic expression of the WUSCHEL gene in unexpected tissues. mun-1 is a weak allele because of the insertion of T-DNA in the promoter region of the SPC24 homolog. The mutant exhibits stunted growth, embryo arrest, DNA aneuploidy, and defects in chromosome segregation with a low cell division rate. Null mutants of MUN from TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis showed zygotic embryonic lethality similar to nuf2-1; however, the null mutations were fully transmissible via pollen and ovules. Interactions among the components of the NDC80 complex were confirmed in a yeast two-hybrid assay and in planta co-immunoprecipitation. MUN is co-localized at the centromere with HTR12/CENH3, which is a centromere-specific histone variant, but MUN is not required to recruit HTR12/CENH3 to the kinetochore. Our results support that MUN is a functional homolog of SPC24 in Arabidopsis, which is required for proper cell division. In addition, we report the ectopic generations of stem cell niches by the malfunction of kinetochore components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Shin
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Goowon Jeong
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jong-Yoon Park
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hoyeun Kim
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ilha Lee
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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