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Xu X, Li T, Zhang L, Liu X. Effect of silencing the E74B gene on the development and metamorphosis of Helicoverpa armigera. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1435-1445. [PMID: 37939129 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growth and development transition of insects are mainly mediated by ecdysone. As one of the ecdysone-induced transcription factors, E74 is involved in many physiological processes of insect growth and development. However, E74 and its function in Helicoverpa armigera remains unclear. RESULTS In this study, E74B, a subtype of the E74, was identified for the first time in H. armigera. Bioinformatics analysis showed that H. armigera E74B shared the highest homology with E74B in Bombyx mori, which belongs to the E26 transformation-specific (ETS) superfamily. The expression profile showed that the transcription level of HaE74B increased in the late stages of fourth to sixth instars compared with the early stages; it was also high in the pupa and midgut. Moreover, we investigated the function of HaE74B through RNA interference and 20E rescue experiments. The results showed silencing of E74B affected the molting and growth of larvae, resulting in the death of more than 60% of larvae. In addition, it also seriously affected the metamorphosis of H. armigera, which reduced the pupae rate, the eclosion rate of the pupae, and fecundity. Application of 20E partially restored the defects in the molting, development and pupae rate of H. armigera. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results demonstrated that HaE74B plays a critical role in the growth, development, and metamorphosis of H. armigera, which serves as a molecular target and sets out a theoretical foundation for RNAi-mediated control of this key pest. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Xu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
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2
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Fu B, Ma R, Liu F, Chen X, Wang M, Jin W, Zhang S, Wang Y, Sun L. New insights into ginsenoside Rg1 regulating the niche to inhibit age-induced germline stem cells depletion through targeting ECR/BMP signaling pathway in Drosophila. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:3612-3630. [PMID: 38364249 PMCID: PMC10929810 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The age-induced imbalance in ecological niches leads to the loss of GSCs, which is the main reason for ovarian germline senescence. Ginsenoside Rg1 can delay ovarian senescence. Here, we shed light on new insights of ginsenoside Rg1 in regulating the niche to maintain GSCs self-renewal and discussing related molecular mechanisms. METHODS The differences among GSC number, reproductive capacity of naturally aging female Drosophila after ginsenoside Rg1 feeding were analyzed by immunofluorescence and behavior monitoring. The expressions of the active factors in the niche and the BMP signaling were analyzed through Western blot and RT-qPCR. The target effect was verified in the ECR mutant and combined with the molecular docking. RESULTS Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibited the age-induced reduction of the GSCs number and restored offspring production and development. Ginsenoside Rg1 promoted the expression of anchor proteins E-cadherin, stemness maintenance factor Nos and differentiation promoting factor Bam, thereby GSCs niche homeostasis was regulated. In addition, ginsenoside Rg1 was bound to the LBD region of the hormone receptor ECR. Ginsenoside Rg1 promotes the regeneration of GSCs by targeting the ECR to increase pSmad1/5/8 expression and thereby activating the BMP signaling pathway. In addition, ginsenoside Rg1 maintenance of niche homeostasis to promote GSCs regeneration is dependent on ECR as demonstrated in ECR mutants. CONCLUSIONS Ginsenoside Rg1 regulated the ecological niche homeostasis of GSCs and promoted the regeneration of GSCs by targeting the ECR/BMP signaling pathway in hormone-deficient states in aging ovaries. It is of great significance for prolonging fertility potential and delaying ovarian senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Fu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Fangbing Liu
- Northeast Asia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Xuenan Chen
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Manying Wang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Wenqi Jin
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Northeast Asia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
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Wang M, Wang Y, Chang M, Wang X, Shi Z, Raikhel AS, Zou Z. Ecdysone signaling mediates the trade-off between immunity and reproduction via suppression of amyloids in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010837. [PMID: 36137163 PMCID: PMC9531809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between immunity and reproduction is essential for many key physiological functions. We report that to maintain an optimal fertility, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and the ecdysone receptor (EcR) downregulate the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway during the post blood meal phase (PBM) of the Aedes aegypti reproductive cycle. RNA interference-mediated depletion of EcR elicited an increased expression of the IMD pathway components, and these mosquitoes were more resistant to infection by Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, 20E and EcR recruit Pirk-like, the mosquito ortholog of Drosophila melanogaster Pirk. CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of Pirk-like has shown that it represses the IMD pathway by interfering with IMD-mediated formation of amyloid aggregates. 20E and EcR disruption of the amyloid formation is pivotal for maintaining normal yolk protein production and fertility. Additionally, 20E and its receptor EcR directly induce Pirk-like to interfere with cRHIM-mediated formation of amyloid. Our study highlights the vital role of 20E in governing the trade-off between immunity and reproduction. Pirk-like might be a potential target for new methods to control mosquito reproduction and pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuokun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alexander S. Raikhel
- Department of Entomology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ASR); (ZZ)
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (ASR); (ZZ)
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Direct and indirect gene repression by the ecdysone cascade during mosquito reproductive cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116787119. [PMID: 35254892 PMCID: PMC8931382 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116787119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematophagous Aedes aegypti mosquitoes spread devastating viral diseases. Upon blood feeding, a steroid hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), initiates a reproductive program during which thousands of genes are differentially expressed. While 20E-mediated gene activation is well known, repressive action by this hormone remains poorly understood. Using bioinformatics and molecular biological approaches, we have identified the mechanisms of 20E-dependent direct and indirect transcriptional repression by the ecdysone receptor (EcR). While indirect repression involves E74, EcR binds to an ecdysone response element different from those utilized in 20E-mediated gene activation to exert direct repressive action. Moreover, liganded EcR recruits a corepressor Mi2, initiating chromatin compaction. This study advances our understanding of the 20E-EcR repression mechanism and could lead to improved vector control approaches. Hematophagous mosquitoes transmit devastating human diseases. Reproduction of these mosquitoes is cyclical, with each egg maturation period supported by a blood meal. Previously, we have shown that in the female mosquito Aedes aegypti, nearly half of all genes are differentially expressed during the postblood meal reproductive period in the fat body, an insect analog of mammalian liver and adipose tissue. This work aims to decipher how transcription networks govern these genes. Bioinformatics tools found 89 putative transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) on the cis-regulatory regions of more than 1,400 differentially expressed genes. Putative transcription factors that may bind to these TFBSs were identified and used for the construction of temporally coordinated regulatory networks. Further molecular biology analyses have uncovered mechanisms of direct and indirect negative transcriptional regulation by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) through the ecdysone receptor (EcR). Genes within the two groups, early genes and late mid-genes, have distinctly different expression profiles. However, both groups of genes show lower expression at the high titers of 20E and are down-regulated by the 20E/EcR cascade by different molecular mechanisms. Transcriptional repression of early genes is indirect and involves the classic 20E pathway with ecdysone-induced protein E74 functioning as a repressor. Late mid-genes are repressed directly by EcR that recognizes and binds a previously unreported DNA element, different from those utilized in the 20E-mediated gene activation, within the regulatory regions of its target genes and recruits Mi2 that acts as a corepressor, initiating chromatin condensation.
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5
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Guo SH, Liu YM, Wang ZY, Wang FF, Mao YK, Hu YW, Han P, Cuthbertson AGS, Qiu BL, Sang W. Transcriptome analysis reveals TOR signalling-mediated plant flush shoots governing Diaphorina citri Kuwayama oviposition. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 30:264-276. [PMID: 33410566 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri, is a key vector transmitting the causative agent of Huanglongbing (HLB) disease. Population growth of ACP is evident after feeding on plant flush shoots, as they only oviposit here. However, the underlying mechanism as to why flush shoots govern oviposition is unclear. This study compares the fecundity and ovarian morphology of ACP between young flush and mature leaves. Furthermore, the transcriptome of mated females infesting Murraya paniculata was analysed. Finally, the gene of the key Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signalling pathway was silenced by RNAi. Results indicated that flush shoot feeding activated the development of the psyllids ovary and therefore induced oviposition. A total of 126 and 2794 differentially expressed genes were detected at 1 and 5 days, respectively, after pest infestation of flush shoots compared to mature leaves. Many genes are involved in protein metabolism, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway, hormone synthesis, and TOR signalling pathway: all thought to activate reproduction. Silencing of the positive regulator gene DcRheb in the TOR pathway resulted in lower levels of ecdysone and juvenile hormone and decreased vitellogenin synthesis, further disrupting reproductive ability. This study enhances understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying ACP's reproductive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y-M Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z-Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - F-F Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y-K Mao
- Guangdong Provincial Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangzhou, China
| | - Y-W Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangzhou, China
| | - P Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, China
| | | | - B-L Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - W Sang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhou J, Chen J, Shu Y. Lead stress affects the reproduction of Spodoptera litura but not by regulating the vitellogenin gene promoter. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111581. [PMID: 33396104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) stress affects hormone-mediated responses (e.g., reproduction) in insects. In this study, the effects of Pb stress (12.5-50 mg Pb/kg in larval artificial diets) on the reproduction of the common cutworm Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were investigated after 7 generations. The results showed that Pb stress did not reduce the longevity of adult females, but 50 mg Pb/kg significantly reduced the longevity of adult males, regardless of the generation. After 50 mg Pb/kg stress for one or 7 generations, the peak time of egg-laying was delayed, and egg production and hatchability were decreased significantly. The vitellin content in eggs was significantly inhibited by Pb stress. The S. litura vitellogenin (Vg) gene promoter was cloned and analyzed. Multiple putative transcription factors were predicted for the 2321 bp Vg promoter region, including the TATA box, GATA, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, Broad-Complex (BR-C) binding sites, etc. The fragment from -2222 to -211 bp of the Vg promoter was the activation domain for Vg, whereas the region from -211 to -55 bp repressed the activity of the Vg promoter. The construct promoter (-782/+76) in Trichoplusia ni (Hi5) cells significantly improved Vg expression, which was not affected by Pb stress (1 or 10 mg/ml). Therefore, Pb stress significantly inhibited the reproduction of S. litura but not by regulating the Vg promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yinghua Shu
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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7
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Liu D, Zhang X, Liu X, Zhang A, Zhu B. Roles of a small GTPase Sar1 in ecdysteroid signaling and immune response of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:550-556. [PMID: 33137382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Secretion-associated and ras-related protein 1 (Sar1) is a small GTPase that plays an important role in the transport of protein coated with coat protein complex II vesicles. However, its alternative roles in the biological processes of Procambarus clarkii remain unclear. Here, a sar1 gene (named as Pc-sar1) with an open reading frame of 582 bp from P. clarkii was identified. Pc-sar1 was expressed in all examined tissues with highest expression levels in muscle, which was determined by real-time PCR and western blotting. After the induction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polycytidylic acid (Poly I: C), the transcriptional levels of Pc-sar1 differed in hepatopancreas, gill, muscle and intestine. In contrast, the expression of Pc-sar1 was upregulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone in these four tissues. In addition, the RNA interference of Pc-sar1 significantly affected the expression levels of immune and hormone-related genes. These results indicate that Pc-sar1 is involved in the innate immune response and ecdysteroid signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaojiao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Awei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Baojian Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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8
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Wang YF, Chen XD, Wang G, Li QY, Liang XY, Sima YH, Xu SQ. Influence of hyperproteinemia on reproductive development in an invertebrate model. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2170-2181. [PMID: 31592097 PMCID: PMC6775287 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.33310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperproteinemia is a severe metabolic disease characterized by abnormally elevated plasma protein concentrations (PPC). However, there is currently no reliable animal model for PPC, and the pathological mechanism of hyperproteinemia thus remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of hyperproteinemia on reproductive development in an invertebrate silkworm model with a controllable PPC and no primary disease effects. High PPC inhibited the synthesis of vitellogenin and 30K protein essential for female ovarian development in the fat body of metabolic tissues, and inhibited their transport through the hemolymph to the ovary. High PPC also induced programmed cell death in testis and ovary cells, slowed the development of germ cells, and significantly reduced the reproductive coefficient. Furthermore, the intensities and mechanisms of high-PPC-induced reproductive toxicity differed between sexes in this silkworm model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Feng Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xue-Dong Chen
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guang Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiu-Ying Li
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xin-Yin Liang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yang-Hu Sima
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shi-Qing Xu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Xu QY, Meng QW, Deng P, Fu KY, Guo WC, Li GQ. Requirement of Leptinotarsa decemlineata gene within the 74EF puff for larval-pupal metamorphosis and appendage growth. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:439-453. [PMID: 29582498 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two Drosophila melanogaster E-twenty-six domain transcription factor isoforms (E74A and E74B) act differentially at the start of the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signalling cascade to regulate larval-pupal metamorphosis. In the present paper, we identified the two isoforms (LdE74A and LdE74B) in Leptinotarsa decemlineata. During the larval development stage, the mRNA transcript levels of the two LdE74 isoforms were correlated with circulating 20E titres. In vitro midgut culture and in vivo dietary supplementation with 20E revealed that the presence of 20E induced expression peaks of both LdE74A and LdE74B, with similar patterns observed for the two isoforms. Moreover, the mRNA transcript levels of both LdE74A and LdE74B isoforms were significantly downregulated in the L. decemlineata ecdysone receptor RNA interference (RNAi) specimens, but not in the LdE75 RNAi beetles. Ingestion of 20E reduced the larval fresh weights and shortened the larval development period, irrespective of knockdown of LdE74 or not. RNAi of LdE74 did not affect 20E-induced expression of the Ecdysone induced protein 75-hormone receptor 3-fushi tarazu factor 1 (E75-HR3-FTZ-F1) transcriptional cascade. Thus, it seems that LdE74 mediates 20E signalling independent of the E75-HR3-FTZ-F1 transcriptional cascade. Furthermore, silencing of both LdE74 isoforms caused failure of ecdysis. Most of the LdE74 RNAi beetles remained as prepupae. The LdE74 RNAi prepupae exhibited adult character-like forms underneath after removal of the apolysed larval cuticle. Their appendages such as antennae, legs and wings were shorter than those of control larvae. Only a few LdE74 RNAi larvae finally became deformed pupae, with shortened antennae and legs. Therefore, LdE74 is required for larval-pupal metamorphosis and appendage growth in L. decemlineata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-Y Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management in Eastern China (Agricultural Ministry of China), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Q-W Meng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management in Eastern China (Agricultural Ministry of China), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - P Deng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management in Eastern China (Agricultural Ministry of China), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - K-Y Fu
- Department of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - W-C Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - G-Q Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management in Eastern China (Agricultural Ministry of China), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Dong D, Zhang Y, Smykal V, Ling L, Raikhel AS. HR38, an ortholog of NR4A family nuclear receptors, mediates 20-hydroxyecdysone regulation of carbohydrate metabolism during mosquito reproduction. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96. [PMID: 29526770 PMCID: PMC5959765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the principal vector for many dangerous human viral diseases. Carbohydrate metabolism (CM) is essential for supplying the energy necessary for host seeking, blood digestion and rapid egg development of this vector insect. The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and the ecdysone receptor (EcR) are important regulators of CM, coordinating it with female reproductive events. We report here that the NR4A nuclear receptor AHR38 plays a critical role in mediating these actions of 20E and EcR. AHR38 RNA interference (RNAi) depletion in female mosquitoes blocked the transcriptional activation of CM genes encoding phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and trehalose-6-phophate synthase (TPS); it caused an increase of glycogen accumulation and a decrease of the circulating sugar trehalose. This treatment also resulted in a dramatic reduction in fecundity. Considering that these phenotypes resulting from AHR38 RNAi depletion are similar to those of EcR RNAi, we investigated a possible connection between these transcription factors in CM regulation. EcR RNAi inhibits the AHR38 gene expression. Moreover, the 20E-induced EcR complex directly activates AHR38 by binding to the ecdysone response element (EcRE) in the upstream regulatory region of this gene. The present work has implicated AHR38 in the 20E-mediated control of CM and provided new insight into mechanisms of 20E regulation of metabolism during female mosquito reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dujuan Dong
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Vlastimil Smykal
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lin Ling
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Alexander S Raikhel
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Institute for Integrative Genomic Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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11
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Roy S, Saha TT, Zou Z, Raikhel AS. Regulatory Pathways Controlling Female Insect Reproduction. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 63:489-511. [PMID: 29058980 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of vitellogenin and its uptake by maturing oocytes during egg maturation are essential for successful female reproduction. These events are regulated by the juvenile hormones and ecdysteroids and by the nutritional signaling pathway regulated by neuropeptides. Juvenile hormones act as gonadotropins, regulating vitellogenesis in most insects, but ecdysteroids control this process in Diptera and some Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. The complex crosstalk between the juvenile hormones, ecdysteroids, and nutritional signaling pathways differs distinctly depending on the reproductive strategies adopted by various insects. Molecular studies within the past decade have revealed much about the relationships among, and the role of, these pathways with respect to regulation of insect reproduction. Here, we review the role of juvenile hormones, ecdysteroids, and nutritional signaling, along with that of microRNAs, in regulating female insect reproduction at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Roy
- Department of Entomology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, and Center for Disease Vector Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA; , ,
| | - Tusar T Saha
- Department of Entomology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, and Center for Disease Vector Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA; , ,
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Alexander S Raikhel
- Department of Entomology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, and Center for Disease Vector Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA; , ,
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Sun W, Wang CF, Zhang Z. Transcription factor E74A affects the ecdysone titer by regulating the expression of the EO gene in the silkworm, Bomby mori. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:551-558. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Methoprene-tolerant (Met) and Krüpple-homologue 1 (Kr-h1) are required for ovariole development and egg maturation in the brown plant hopper. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18064. [PMID: 26658174 PMCID: PMC4677288 DOI: 10.1038/srep18064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The brown plant hopper is one of the most destructive known pests of rice. We studied the roles of the JH receptor Met and the downstream transcription factor Kr-h1 in ovariole development and egg maturation. The predicted Met protein in N. lugens (NlMet) contained 517 amino acids. qRT-PCR showed that NlMet was expressed in all tissues and that the highest expression occurred in the embryonic stage. In NlMet- or NlKr-h1-silenced female adults, ovarian development varied significantly, whereas the numbers of ovarioles were less variable in those injected with dsRNA targeting NlMet, NlKrh-1 or both NlMet and NlKr-h1. In females injected with dsNlKr-h1 or with dsNlMet in combination with dsNlKr-h1 dsRNA, the preoviposition period was prolonged, whereas the females injected with NlMet dsRNA showed no significant changes. Moreover, we found no differences in the length of the preoviposition period between macropterous and brachypterous females. The disruption of Nlmet or NlKr-h1 or the dual knockdown of NlMet and NlKr-h1 significantly reduced the number of eggs laid. Moreover, significant differences were also found between the macropterous and the brachypterous brown plant hoppers. These results indicated that Met and Kr-h1 are required for ovariole development and egg maturation in the brown plant hopper.
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Külshammer E, Mundorf J, Kilinc M, Frommolt P, Wagle P, Uhlirova M. Interplay among Drosophila transcription factors Ets21c, Fos and Ftz-F1 drives JNK-mediated tumor malignancy. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1279-93. [PMID: 26398940 PMCID: PMC4610234 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer initiation and maintenance of the transformed cell state depend on altered cellular signaling and aberrant activities of transcription factors (TFs) that drive pathological gene expression in response to cooperating genetic lesions. Deciphering the roles of interacting TFs is therefore central to understanding carcinogenesis and for designing cancer therapies. Here, we use an unbiased genomic approach to define a TF network that triggers an abnormal gene expression program promoting malignancy of clonal tumors, generated in Drosophila imaginal disc epithelium by gain of oncogenic Ras (RasV12) and loss of the tumor suppressor Scribble (scrib1). We show that malignant transformation of the rasV12scrib1 tumors requires TFs of distinct families, namely the bZIP protein Fos, the ETS-domain factor Ets21c and the nuclear receptor Ftz-F1, all acting downstream of Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). Depleting any of the three TFs improves viability of tumor-bearing larvae, and this positive effect can be enhanced further by their combined removal. Although both Fos and Ftz-F1 synergistically contribute to rasV12scrib1 tumor invasiveness, only Fos is required for JNK-induced differentiation defects and Matrix metalloprotease (MMP1) upregulation. In contrast, the Fos-dimerizing partner Jun is dispensable for JNK to exert its effects in rasV12scrib1 tumors. Interestingly, Ets21c and Ftz-F1 are transcriptionally induced in these tumors in a JNK- and Fos-dependent manner, thereby demonstrating a hierarchy within the tripartite TF network, with Fos acting as the most upstream JNK effector. Of the three TFs, only Ets21c can efficiently substitute for loss of polarity and cooperate with RasV12 in inducing malignant clones that, like rasV12scrib1 tumors, invade other tissues and overexpress MMP1 and the Drosophila insulin-like peptide 8 (Dilp8). While rasV12ets21c tumors require JNK for invasiveness, the JNK activity is dispensable for their growth. In conclusion, our study delineates both unique and overlapping functions of distinct TFs that cooperatively promote aberrant expression of target genes, leading to malignant tumor phenotypes. Summary: This study provides genetic evidence that malignancy driven by oncogenic Ras and loss of polarity requires transcription factors of three distinct protein families, acting in synergy downstream of JNK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Külshammer
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Juliane Mundorf
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Merve Kilinc
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Frommolt
- Bioinformatics Facility, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Prerana Wagle
- Bioinformatics Facility, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mirka Uhlirova
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Shaw WR, Attardo GM, Aksoy S, Catteruccia F. A comparative analysis of reproductive biology of insect vectors of human disease. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 10:142-148. [PMID: 26140265 PMCID: PMC4484812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Studying the reproductive strategies of insect species that transmit diseases to humans can identify new exploitable targets for the development of vector control methods. Here we describe shared characteristics and individual features of the reproductive biology of three major disease vectors: Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti and Glossina morsitans. Current studies are identifying i) species-specific molecular cascades that determine female monandrous behavior, ii) core aspects of egg development that could be disrupted for controlling natural populations, and iii) the increasingly apparent role of resident microbiota in shaping reproductive success and disease transmission potential. The recent completion of multiple genome sequencing projects is allowing comparative genomics studies that not only increase our knowledge of reproductive processes but also facilitate the identification of novel targets for vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Robert Shaw
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey M Attardo
- Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven CT 06520 United States of America
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven CT 06520 United States of America
| | - Flaminia Catteruccia
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston MA 02115, United States of America ; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia 06100, Italy
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Hou Y, Wang XL, Saha TT, Roy S, Zhao B, Raikhel AS, Zou Z. Temporal Coordination of Carbohydrate Metabolism during Mosquito Reproduction. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005309. [PMID: 26158648 PMCID: PMC4497655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematophagous mosquitoes serve as vectors of multiple devastating human diseases, and many unique physiological features contribute to the incredible evolutionary success of these insects. These functions place high-energy demands on a reproducing female mosquito, and carbohydrate metabolism (CM) must be synchronized with these needs. Functional analysis of metabolic gene profiling showed that major CM pathways, including glycolysis, glycogen and sugar metabolism, and citrate cycle, are dramatically repressed at post eclosion (PE) stage in mosquito fat body followed by a sharply increase at post-blood meal (PBM) stage, which were also verified by Real-time RT-PCR. Consistent to the change of transcript and protein level of CM genes, the level of glycogen, glucose and trehalose and other secondary metabolites are also periodically accumulated and degraded during the reproductive cycle respectively. Levels of triacylglycerols (TAG), which represent another important energy storage form in the mosquito fat body, followed a similar tendency. On the other hand, ATP, which is generated by catabolism of these secondary metabolites, showed an opposite trend. Additionally, we used RNA interference studies for the juvenile hormone and ecdysone receptors, Met and EcR, coupled with transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses to show that these hormone receptors function as major regulatory switches coordinating CM with the differing energy requirements of the female mosquito throughout its reproductive cycle. Our study demonstrates how, by metabolic reprogramming, a multicellular organism adapts to drastic and rapid functional changes. Mosquitoes transmit numerous devastating human diseases due to their obligatory hematophagy that is required for the efficient reproduction. Metabolism must be synchronized with high energetic needs of a female mosquito for host seeking, blood feeding and rapid egg development. Each reproductive cycle is divided into two phases that are sequentially governed by juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone. During the pre-blood meal phase, the JH receptor Methoprene-tolerant (Met) controls carbohydrate metabolism (CM) pathways and its RNA interference (RNAi) silencing caused up-regulation of CM enzymes at the transcript and protein levels activating glycolytic flux and depletion of storage and circulating sugars. During the second, post blood meal phase, CM was regulated by the ecdysone receptor EcR and its RNAi silencing had a dramatic effect opposite to that of Met RNAi. Thus, we show that Met and EcR function as regulatory switches coordinating carbohydrate metabolism with energetic requirements of the female mosquito reproductive cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tusar T. Saha
- Department of Entomology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Sourav Roy
- Department of Entomology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Entomology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander S. Raikhel
- Department of Entomology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ASR); (ZZ)
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ASR); (ZZ)
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Shen Y, Gong YJ, Gu J, Huang LH, Feng QL. Physiological effect of mild thermal stress and its induction of gene expression in the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 61:34-41. [PMID: 24406661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein (Hsp) and its cognate protein (Hsc) play important roles in helping insects survive extreme temperatures. However, high level of Hsp expression usually brings negative physiological effects on organisms. The mechanism of this trade-off is unclear. In this study, a lepidopteran insect, the common cutworm Spodoptera litura, was stressed at different temperatures, and the impact on both thermotolerance and fecundity was examined. The mRNA levels of four Hsp/Hscs (Hsp90, Hsc90, Hsp70 and Hsc70) and two ecdysone receptors (EcRs, EcRA and EcRB1) in different stresses and during the larval-pupal metamorphosis were determined. The results revealed that the pre-acclamation at mild stress increased the thermotolerance but decreased the egg production in adults. During the stress process, the mRNA levels of all the Hsp/Hsc and ecdysone receptor genes were significantly up-regulated. The two Hsp/Hsc70s and EcRs revealed consistent expression profiles with each other during the larval-pupal metamorphosis. Co-immunoprecipitation and Western blotting analysis indicated that Hsp/Hsc70 interacted with EcRs. RNAi of Hsc70 decreased the mRNA levels of two 20E-induced genes such as E74B and E75. Hsp70 transferred from the cytoplasm to nucleus in response to cold stress. These data together suggest that Hsp/Hsc70 might be involved in the regulation of 20E signaling, and the protein-protein interaction between Hsp/Hsc70 and EcRs probably act as a bridge mediating the trade-off between high thermotolerance and physiological defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Entomology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yan-Jun Gong
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Entomology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Entomology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Li-Hua Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Entomology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
| | - Qi-Li Feng
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Entomology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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Juvenile hormone and its receptor, methoprene-tolerant, control the dynamics of mosquito gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E2173-81. [PMID: 23633570 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305293110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormone III (JH) plays a key role in regulating the reproduction of female mosquitoes. Microarray time-course analysis revealed dynamic changes in gene expression during posteclosion (PE) development in the fat body of female Aedes aegypti. Hierarchical clustering identified three major gene clusters: 1,843 early-PE (EPE) genes maximally expressed at 6 h PE, 457 mid-PE (MPE) genes at 24 h PE, and 1,815 late-PE (LPE) genes at 66 h PE. The RNAi microarray screen for the JH receptor Methoprene-tolerant (Met) showed that 27% of EPE and 40% of MPE genes were up-regulated whereas 36% of LPE genes were down-regulated in the absence of this receptor. Met repression of EPE and MPE and activation of LPE genes were validated by an in vitro fat-body culture experiment using Met RNAi. Sequence motif analysis revealed the consensus for a 9-mer Met-binding motif, CACG(C)/TG(A)/G(T)/AG. Met-binding motif variants were overrepresented within the first 300 bases of the promoters of Met RNAi-down-regulated (LPE) genes but not in Met RNAi-up-regulated (EPE) genes. EMSAs using a combination of mutational and anti-Met antibody supershift analyses confirmed the binding properties of the Met consensus motif variants. There was a striking temporal separation of expression profiles among major functional gene groups, with carbohydrate, lipid, and xenobiotics metabolism belonging to the EPE and MPE clusters and transcription and translation to the LPE cluster. This study represents a significant advancement in the understanding of the regulation of gene expression by JH and its receptor Met during female mosquito reproduction.
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Mane-Padros D, Cruz J, Cheng A, Raikhel AS. A critical role of the nuclear receptor HR3 in regulation of gonadotrophic cycles of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45019. [PMID: 23049766 PMCID: PMC3458863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor HR3 is essential for developmental switches during insect development and metamorphosis regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Reproduction of female mosquitoes of the major vector of Dengue fever, Aedes aegypti, is cyclic because of its dependence on blood feeding. 20E is an important hormone regulating vitellogenic events in this mosquito; however, any role for HR3 in 20E-driven reproductive events has not been known. Using RNA interference (RNAi) approach, we demonstrated that Aedes HR3 plays a critical role in a timely termination of expression of the vitellogenin (Vg) gene encoding the major yolk protein precursor. It is also important for downregulation of the Target-of-Rapamycin pathway and activation of programmed autophagy in the Aedes fat body at the end of vitellogenesis. HR3 is critical in activating betaFTZ-F1, EcRB and USPA, the expressions of which are highly elevated at the end of vitellogenesis. RNAi depletion of HR3 (iHR3) prior to the first gonadotrophic cycle affects a normal progression of the second gonadotrophic cycle. Most of ovaries 24 h post second blood meal from iHR3 females in the second cycle were small with follicles that were only slightly different in length from of those of resting stage. In addition, these iHR3 females laid a significantly reduced number of eggs per mosquito as compared to those of iMal and the wild type. Our results indicate an important role of HR3 in regulation of 20E-regulated developmental switches during reproductive cycles of A. aegypti females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mane-Padros
- Department of Entomology and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Josefa Cruz
- Department of Entomology and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Cheng
- Department of Entomology and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander S. Raikhel
- Department of Entomology and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ali MS, Iwanaga M, Kawasaki H. Ecdysone-responsive transcription factors determine the expression region of target cuticular protein genes in the epidermis of Bombyx mori. Dev Genes Evol 2012; 222:89-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00427-012-0392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cruz J, Mane-Padros D, Zou Z, Raikhel AS. Distinct roles of isoforms of the heme-liganded nuclear receptor E75, an insect ortholog of the vertebrate Rev-erb, in mosquito reproduction. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349:262-71. [PMID: 22115961 PMCID: PMC3306807 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are adapted to using vertebrate blood as a nutrient source to promote egg development and as a consequence serve as disease vectors. Blood-meal activated reproductive events in female mosquitoes are hormonally and nutritionally controlled with an insect steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) playing a central role. The nuclear receptor E75 is an essential factor in the 20E genetic hierarchy, however functions of its three isoforms - E75A, E75B, and E75C - in mosquito reproduction are unclear. By means of specific RNA interference depletion of E75 isoforms, we identified their distinct roles in regulating the level and timing of expression of key genes involved in vitellogenesis in the fat body (an insect analog of vertebrate liver and adipose tissue) of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Heme is required in a high level of expression of 20E-controlled genes in the fat body, and this heme action depends on E75. Thus, in mosquitoes, heme is an important signaling molecule, serving as a sensor of the availability of a protein meal for egg development. Disruption of this signaling pathway could be explored in the design of mosquito control approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexander S. Raikhel
- Corresponding author: Department of Entomology and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Tel: +1 951 827 2129;
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Bryant B, Raikhel AS. Programmed autophagy in the fat body of Aedes aegypti is required to maintain egg maturation cycles. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25502. [PMID: 22125592 PMCID: PMC3219638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a pivotal role by allowing cells to recycle cellular components under conditions of stress, starvation, development and cancer. In this work, we have demonstrated that programmed autophagy in the mosquito fat body plays a critical role in maintaining of developmental switches required for normal progression of gonadotrophic cycles. Mosquitoes must feed on vertebrate blood for their egg development, with each gonadotrophic cycle being tightly coupled to a separate blood meal. As a consequence, some mosquito species are vectors of pathogens that cause devastating diseases in humans and domestic animals, most importantly malaria and Dengue fever. Hence, deciphering mechanisms to control egg developmental cycles is of paramount importance for devising novel approaches for mosquito control. Central to egg development is vitellogenesis, the production of yolk protein precursors in the fat body, the tissue analogous to a vertebrate liver, and their subsequent specific accumulation in developing oocytes. During each egg developmental cycle, the fat body undergoes a developmental program that includes previtellogenic build-up of biosynthetic machinery, intense production of yolk protein precursors, and termination of vitellogenesis. The importance of autophagy for termination of vitellogenesis was confirmed by RNA interference (RNAi) depletions of several autophagic genes (ATGs), which inhibited autophagy and resulted in untimely hyper activation of TOR and prolonged production of the major yolk protein precursor, vitellogenin (Vg). RNAi depletion of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) demonstrated its activating role of autophagy. Depletion of the autophagic genes and of EcR led to inhibition of the competence factor, betaFTZ-F1, which is required for ecdysone-mediated developmental transitions. Moreover, autophagy-incompetent female mosquitoes were unable to complete the second reproductive cycle and exhibited retardation and abnormalities in egg maturation. Thus, our study has revealed a novel function of programmed autophagy in maintaining egg maturation cycles in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Bryant
- Department of Entomology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander S. Raikhel
- Department of Entomology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
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Profile of Alexander S. Raikhel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:22381-3. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018340108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Horigane M, Shinoda T, Honda H, Taylor D. Characterization of a vitellogenin gene reveals two phase regulation of vitellogenesis by engorgement and mating in the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata (Acari: Argasidae). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 19:501-515. [PMID: 20456507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2010.01007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of the precursor yolk protein vitellogenin (Vg) occurs after engorgement in haematophagous arthropods. We identified the Vg cDNA of the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata (OmVg) and compared its expression in mated and virgin females. Both mated and virgin females showed increases in OmVg expression after engorgement but expression was higher in mated females than virgin females particularly as time advanced. Delayed mating in virgin females induced an increase in OmVg expression. OmVg expression was observed in the midgut and fat body by whole mount in situ hybridization, but enlarged fat body with high expression occurred in only mated females during the late phase of vitellogenesis. Therefore, engorgement initially induces OmVg expression but mating is necessary for continued Vg expression to produce mature eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Horigane
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Wang HB, Moriyama M, Iwanaga M, Kawasaki H. Ecdysone directly and indirectly regulates a cuticle protein gene, BMWCP10, in the wing disc of Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 40:453-459. [PMID: 20399856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The hormonal regulation of cuticle protein genes is a good model to study the molecular mechanism of signaling by ecdysteroids, which initiates each of the major developmental transitions in insects. This study was conducted to clarify the regulation of the expression of an ecdysone-inducible cuticle protein gene, BMWCP10. Induction of the BMWCP10 transcript by ecdysone was partly inhibited in the presence of cycloheximide, which implies that the BMWCP10 promoter is directly and indirectly activated by ecdysone. Using electrophoretic mobility shift analysis and a competition experiment, we identified a putative ecdysone response element (EcRE1) located at positions -93 to -81 relative to the transcription start site. Site-directed mutagenesis of this site, followed by introduction into wing discs, dramatically abolished the reporter activity. This EcRE1 is necessary for the activation of the promoter by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in the wing disc, since the mutation of EcRE1 caused loss of responsiveness to 20E. Collectively, the data obtained in our current and previous work indicate that ecdysone receptor and Broad-Complex Z2 (BR-Z2) are required for maximal BMWCP10 expression in wing disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Bing Wang
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
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Marmaras VJ, Lampropoulou M. Regulators and signalling in insect haemocyte immunity. Cell Signal 2009; 21:186-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Cruz J, Sieglaff DH, Arensburger P, Atkinson PW, Raikhel AS. Nuclear receptors in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. FEBS J 2009; 276:1233-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sekimoto T, Iwami M, Sakurai S. 20-Hydroxyecdysone regulation of two isoforms of the Ets transcription factor E74 gene in programmed cell death in the silkworm anterior silk gland. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 16:581-90. [PMID: 17894557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2007.00751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death of larval-specific tissues in insects is under the control of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). The ecdysteroid-regulated early genes are conserved in the programmed cell death of anterior silk glands (ASGs) in Bombyx mori and salivary glands in Drosophila melanogaster. We identified and characterized two isoforms of the Ets transcription factor E74 gene in B. mori (BmE74). In ASGs of B. mori last instar larvae, the Bm74A mRNA level increased concomitantly with an increase in haemolymph ecdysteroid titre after gut purge. The optimal 20E concentration for stimulation of Bm74A in ASGs was 4 microM, a similar value to the peak haemolymph ecdysteroid concentration after gut purge. In contrast, BmE74B expression peaked on day 5 of the feeding period, after which it did not increase again. These findings suggest that the BmE74 isoforms play different roles in the regulation of programmed cell death in B. mori ASGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sekimoto
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakumamachi, Kanazawa, Japan
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Zhu J, Chen L, Raikhel AS. Distinct roles of Broad isoforms in regulation of the 20-hydroxyecdysone effector gene, Vitellogenin, in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 267:97-105. [PMID: 17303321 PMCID: PMC1929017 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of the mosquito broad (br) gene in regulating the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) effector Vitellogenin (Vg) gene. Injection of double-stranded RNA corresponding to the BR isoform Z2 led to a significant decrease in expression of the Vg gene at 8 and 24h post-blood meal. Knockdown of Z1 or Z4 resulted in enhanced Vg expression beyond its normal expression time. In vitro studies suggested that the effects of BR require its direct binding to the Vg promoter, as well as protein-protein interaction between BR and the ecdysone receptor complex. The BR isoforms are therefore essential for a proper stage-specific biological response to 20E in the adult female mosquito. In particular, the isoform Z2 is required for 20E-mediated activation of Vg, while isoforms Z1 and Z4 serve as repressors to ensure appropriate termination of Vg expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Zhu
- Department of Entomology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Zhu J, Chen L, Sun G, Raikhel AS. The competence factor beta Ftz-F1 potentiates ecdysone receptor activity via recruiting a p160/SRC coactivator. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:9402-12. [PMID: 17015464 PMCID: PMC1698532 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01318-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones provide generalized signals that are interpreted in a specific spatial and temporal manner by a developing or reproducing multicellular organism. The ability to respond to hormones is determined by the competence of a cell or a tissue. The betaFtz-F1 orphan nuclear receptor acts as a competence factor for the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in Drosophila melanogaster metamorphosis and mosquito reproduction. The molecular nature of the betaFtz-F1 action remains unclear. We report that the protein-protein interaction between betaFtz-F1 and a p160/SRC coactivator of the ecdysone receptor, FISC, is crucial for the stage-specific expression of the 20E effector genes during mosquito reproduction. This interaction dramatically increases recruitment of FISC to the functional ecdysone receptor in a 20E-dependent manner. The presence of betaFtz-F1 facilitates loading of FISC and the ecdysone receptor on the target promoters, leading to enhanced local histone H4 acetylation and robust activation of the target genes. Thus, our results reveal the molecular basis of competence for the stage-specific 20E response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Zhu
- Department of Entomology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Tokishita SI, Kato Y, Kobayashi T, Nakamura S, Ohta T, Yamagata H. Organization and repression by juvenile hormone of a vitellogenin gene cluster in the crustacean, Daphnia magna. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:362-70. [PMID: 16681994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two Daphnia magna vitellogenin (VTG) genes in neighboring but opposite orientations were identified. One was the gene for DmagVTG1, a previously characterized VTG polypeptide with a superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like domain at its NH(2)-terminus [Kato et al., Gene 334 (2004) 157-165]. Both genes had a 17-exon and 16-intron structure in the same configuration. DmagVTG2, a polypeptide encoded by the other gene, also had a SOD-like domain at its NH(2)-terminus. The amino acid sequences of the two VTG domains were highly homologous (95.5% identity), while those of the SOD-like domains were less homologous (62.4% identity). The VTG domains are phylogenetically related to insect VTGs while the SOD-like domains are related to viral and bacterial SODs. The intergenic region of 2.6kb between the two genes contains sequences resembling known juvenile hormone (JH)-responsive and ecdysone-responsive elements. JH agonists, pyriproxyfen and fenoxycarb, strongly repressed the expression of VTG genes in neonate daphnids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Tokishita
- Laboratory of Environmental and Molecular Biology, Environmental Science Division, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan. shinichi@.ls.toyaku.ac.jp
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