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Amason ME, Li L, Harvest CK, Lacey CA, Miao EA. Validation of the Intermolecular Disulfide Bond in Caspase-2. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:49. [PMID: 38248479 PMCID: PMC10813798 DOI: 10.3390/biology13010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Caspases are a family of proteins involved in cell death. Although several caspase members have been well characterized, caspase-2 remains enigmatic. Caspase-2 has been implicated in several phenotypes, but there has been no consensus in the field about its upstream activating signals or its downstream protein targets. In addition, the unique ability of caspase-2 to form a disulfide-bonded dimer has not been studied in depth. Herein, we investigate the disulfide bond in the context of inducible dimerization, showing that disulfide bond formation is dimerization dependent. We also explore and review several stimuli published in the caspase-2 field, test ferroptosis-inducing stimuli, and study in vivo infection models. We hypothesize that the disulfide bond will ultimately prove to be essential for the evolved function of caspase-2. Proving this will require the discovery of cell death phenotypes where caspase-2 is definitively essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Amason
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lupeng Li
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Carissa K. Harvest
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Carolyn A. Lacey
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Edward A. Miao
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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2
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Zeng M, Zhang T, Lin Y, Lin Y, Wu Z. The Common LncRNAs of Neuroinflammation-Related Diseases. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 103:113-131. [PMID: 36456192 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatio-temporal specific long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important regulatory roles not only in the growth and development of the brain but also in the occurrence and development of neurologic diseases. Generally, the occurrence of neurologic diseases is accompanied by neuroinflammation. Elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs on neuroinflammation is helpful for the clinical treatment of neurologic diseases. This paper focuses on recent findings on the regulatory effect of lncRNAs on neuroinflammatory diseases and selects 10 lncRNAs that have been intensively studied to analyze their mechanism action. The clinical treatment status of lncRNAs as drug targets is also reviewed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Gene therapies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats technology, antisense RNA technology, and RNAi technology are gradually applied in clinical treatment, and the development of technology is based on a large number of basic research investigations. This paper focuses on the mechanisms of lncRNAs regulation of neuroinflammation, elucidates the beneficial or harmful effects of lncRNAs in neurosystemic diseases, and provides theoretical bases for lncRNAs as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixing Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (M.Z., Y.L., Z.W.) and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (Y.L.), Shantou, Guangdong, China, and The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China(T.Z.)
| | - Ting Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (M.Z., Y.L., Z.W.) and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (Y.L.), Shantou, Guangdong, China, and The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China(T.Z.)
| | - Yan Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (M.Z., Y.L., Z.W.) and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (Y.L.), Shantou, Guangdong, China, and The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China(T.Z.)
| | - Yongluan Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (M.Z., Y.L., Z.W.) and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (Y.L.), Shantou, Guangdong, China, and The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China(T.Z.)
| | - Zhuomin Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (M.Z., Y.L., Z.W.) and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (Y.L.), Shantou, Guangdong, China, and The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China(T.Z.)
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3
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Kim JY, Wang LQ, Sladky VC, Oh TG, Liu J, Trinh K, Eichin F, Downes M, Hosseini M, Jacotot ED, Evans RM, Villunger A, Karin M. PIDDosome-SCAP crosstalk controls high-fructose-diet-dependent transition from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1548-1560.e6. [PMID: 36041455 PMCID: PMC9547947 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sterol deficiency triggers SCAP-mediated SREBP activation, whereas hypernutrition together with ER stress activates SREBP1/2 via caspase-2. Whether these pathways interact and how they are selectively activated by different dietary cues are unknown. Here, we reveal regulatory crosstalk between the two pathways that controls the transition from hepatosteatosis to steatohepatitis. Hepatic ER stress elicited by NASH-inducing diets activates IRE1 and induces expression of the PIDDosome subunits caspase-2, RAIDD, and PIDD1, along with INSIG2, an inhibitor of SCAP-dependent SREBP activation. PIDDosome assembly activates caspase-2 and sustains IRE1 activation. PIDDosome ablation or IRE1 inhibition blunt steatohepatitis and diminish INSIG2 expression. Conversely, while inhibiting simple steatosis, SCAP ablation amplifies IRE1 and PIDDosome activation and liver damage in NASH-diet-fed animals, effects linked to ER disruption and preventable by IRE1 inhibition. Thus, the PIDDosome and SCAP pathways antagonistically modulate nutrient-induced hepatic ER stress to control non-linear transition from simple steatosis to hepatitis, a key step in NASH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Youn Kim
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Lily Q Wang
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Valentina C Sladky
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tae Gyu Oh
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 9037, USA
| | - Junlai Liu
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Trinh
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Felix Eichin
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 9037, USA
| | - Mojgan Hosseini
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Etienne D Jacotot
- INSERM U1164 Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Department of Pathology & Cell Biology and the Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10033, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 9037, USA
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Cheng X, Zhou T, Yang Z, Zhou J, Gao M, Huang Y, Su Z. Premature termination codon: a tunable protein translation approach. Biotechniques 2022; 73:80-89. [PMID: 35796100 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2022-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular protein-protein interactions are largely dependent on the activities of signaling proteins. Here, we present a technique to tune gene expression at translation level based on G418-inducible readthrough premature termination codon (PTC-on). To demonstrate how this PTC-on can control the expression level of a cellular signaling protein to regulate signal transduction, we settled a p53 PTC-on system in p53-null H1299 cells. After treating with G418, the cells expressed full-length p53 protein in a dose-dependent manner. We further demonstrated to use this PTC-on approach to dissect p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptosis in response to the DNA double strand breaks in H1299 cells. In principle, the PTC-on can be used as a general approach for exploring the functions of any other signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyao Cheng
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guanxi University, No. 100, Daxuedong Road, Xixiangtang District, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.,Protein Engineering & Biopharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Hubei University of Technology, 28 Nanli Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430068, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Protein Engineering & Biopharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Hubei University of Technology, 28 Nanli Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430068, China
| | - Zixin Yang
- Protein Engineering & Biopharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Hubei University of Technology, 28 Nanli Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430068, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Protein Engineering & Biopharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Hubei University of Technology, 28 Nanli Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430068, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Protein Engineering & Biopharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Hubei University of Technology, 28 Nanli Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430068, China
| | - Yongqi Huang
- Protein Engineering & Biopharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Hubei University of Technology, 28 Nanli Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430068, China
| | - Zhengding Su
- Protein Engineering & Biopharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Hubei University of Technology, 28 Nanli Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430068, China
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5
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An Z, Chen X, Li J. Response to Different Oxygen Partial Pressures and Evolution Analysis of Apoptosis-Related Genes in Plateau Zokor ( Myospalax baileyi). Front Genet 2022; 13:865301. [PMID: 35754836 PMCID: PMC9214310 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.865301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi) is a native species of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau that spends its entire life underground in sealed burrows with hypoxic conditions. The present study aimed to assess the sequence characteristics of apoptosis-related genes and the response to different oxygen partial pressures (pO2) in plateau zokor and Sprague-Dawley rats. The sequences of the p53-induced protein with a death domain (Pidd), p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (Puma), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (Igfbp3), and apoptosis protease-activating factor 1 (Apaf1) were evaluated concerning homology and convergent evolution sites, and their mRNA levels were evaluated in different tissues under 14.13 (3,300 m) and 16.12 kPa (2,260 m) pO2 conditions. Our results showed that, (1) the sequences of the apoptosis-related genes in plateau zokor were highly similar to those of Nannospalax galili, followed by Rattus norvegicus; (2). Pidd, Puma, Igfbp3, and Apaf1 of plateau zokor were found to have five, one, two, and five convergent sites in functional domains with N. galili, respectively. Lastly (3), under low pO2, the expression of Pidd and Puma was downregulated in the lung of plateau zokors. In turn, Igfbp3 and Apaf1 were upregulated in the liver and lung, and Puma was upregulated in the skeletal muscle of plateau zokor under low pO2. In Sprague-Dawley rats, low pO2 downregulated Puma and Apaf1 expression in the liver and downregulated Igfbp3 and Puma in the lung and skeletal muscle separately. In contrast, low pO2 upregulated Pidd expression in the liver and skeletal muscle of Sprague-Dawley rats. Overall, the expression patterns of Apaf1, Igfbp3, and Puma showed the opposite pattern in the liver, lung, and skeletal muscle, respectively, of plateau zokor as compared with Sprague-Dawley rats. In conclusion, for the long-time adaptation to hypoxic environments, Pidd, Puma, Igfbp3, and Apaf1 of plateau zokor underwent convergent evolution, which we believe may have led to upregulation of their levels under low oxygen partial pressures to induce apoptosis, so as to suppress tumorigenesis under hypoxic environments in plateau zokor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang An
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Xiaoqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China.,Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jimei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China.,Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China.,Department of General Medicine, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
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p53 Isoforms as Cancer Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133145. [PMID: 35804915 PMCID: PMC9264937 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The well-known tumor suppressor protein p53 plays important roles in tumor prevention through transcriptional regulation of its target genes. Reactivation of p53 activity has been a potent strategy for cancer treatment. Accumulating evidences indicate that p53 isoforms truncated/modified in the N- or C-terminus can modulate the p53 pathway in a p53-dependent or p53-independent manner. It is thus imperative to characterize the roles of the p53 isoforms in cancer development. This review illustrates how p53 isoforms participate in tumor development and/or suppression. It also summarizes the knowledge about the p53 isoforms as promising cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Abstract This review aims to summarize the implications of the major isoforms of the tumor suppressor protein p53 in aggressive cancer development. The current knowledge of p53 isoforms, their involvement in cell-signaling pathways, and their interactions with other cellular proteins or factors suggests the existence of an intricate molecular network that regulates their oncogenic function. Moreover, existing literature about the involvement of the p53 isoforms in various cancers leads to the proposition of therapeutic solutions by altering the cellular levels of the p53 isoforms. This review thus summarizes how the major p53 isoforms Δ40p53α/β/γ, Δ133p53α/β/γ, and Δ160p53α/β/γ might have clinical relevance in the diagnosis and effective treatments of cancer.
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7
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PIDD1 in cell cycle control, sterile inflammation and cell death. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:813-824. [PMID: 35343572 PMCID: PMC9162469 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The death fold domain-containing protein PIDD1 has recently attracted renewed attention as a regulator of the orphan cell death-related protease, Caspase-2. Caspase-2 can activate p53 to promote cell cycle arrest in response to centrosome aberrations, and its activation requires formation of the PIDDosome multi-protein complex containing multimers of PIDD1 and the adapter RAIDD/CRADD at its core. However, PIDD1 appears to be able to engage with multiple client proteins to promote an even broader range of biological responses, such as NF-κB activation, translesion DNA synthesis or cell death. PIDD1 shows features of inteins, a class of self-cleaving proteins, to create different polypeptides from a common precursor protein that allow it to serve these diverse functions. This review summarizes structural information and molecular features as well as recent experimental advances that highlight the potential pathophysiological roles of this unique death fold protein to highlight its drug-target potential.
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8
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Serum Autoantibodies against LRDD, STC1, and FOXA1 as Biomarkers in the Detection of Ovarian Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:6657820. [PMID: 35273656 PMCID: PMC8904091 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6657820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study is aimed at evaluating serum autoantibodies against four tumor-associated antigens, including LRDD, STC1, FOXA1, and EDNRB, as biomarkers in the immunodiagnosis of ovarian cancer (OC). Methods The autoantibodies against LRDD, STC1, FOXA1, and EDNRB were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 94 OC patients and 94 normal healthy controls (NHC) in the research group. In addition, the diagnostic values of different autoantibodies were validated in another independent validation group, which comprised 136 OC patients, 136 NHC, and 181 patients with benign ovarian diseases (BOD). Results In the research group, autoantibodies against LRDD, STC1, and FOXA1 had higher serum titer in OC patients than NHC (P < 0.001). The area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) of these three autoantibodies were 0.910, 0.879, and 0.817, respectively. In the validation group, they showed AUCs of 0.759, 0.762, and 0.817 and sensitivities of 49.3%, 42.7%, and 48.5%, respectively, at specificity over 90% for discriminating OC patients from NHC. For discriminating OC patients from BOD, they showed AUCs of 0.718, 0.729, and 0.814 and sensitivities of 47.1%, 39.0%, and 51.5%, respectively, at specificity over 90%. The parallel analyses demonstrated that the combination of anti-LRDD and anti-FOXA1 autoantibodies achieved the optimal diagnostic performance with the sensitivity of 58.1% at 87.5% specificity and accuracy of 72.8%. The positive rate of the optimal autoantibody panel improved from 62.4% to 87.1% when combined with CA125 in detecting OC patients. Conclusion Serum autoantibodies against LRDD, STC1, and FOXA1 have potential diagnostic values in detecting OC.
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Boice AG, Lopez KE, Pandita RK, Parsons MJ, Charendoff CI, Charaka V, Carisey AF, Pandita TK, Bouchier-Hayes L. Caspase-2 regulates S-phase cell cycle events to protect from DNA damage accumulation independent of apoptosis. Oncogene 2022; 41:204-219. [PMID: 34718349 PMCID: PMC8738157 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02085-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its classical role in apoptosis, accumulating evidence suggests that caspase-2 has non-apoptotic functions, including regulation of cell division. Loss of caspase-2 is known to increase proliferation rates but how caspase-2 is regulating this process is currently unclear. We show that caspase-2 is activated in dividing cells in G1-phase of the cell cycle. In the absence of caspase-2, cells exhibit numerous S-phase defects including delayed exit from S-phase, defects in repair of chromosomal aberrations during S-phase, and increased DNA damage following S-phase arrest. In addition, caspase-2-deficient cells have a higher frequency of stalled replication forks, decreased DNA fiber length, and impeded progression of DNA replication tracts. This indicates that caspase-2 protects from replication stress and promotes replication fork protection to maintain genomic stability. These functions are independent of the pro-apoptotic function of caspase-2 because blocking caspase-2-induced cell death had no effect on cell division, DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest, or DNA damage. Thus, our data supports a model where caspase-2 regulates cell cycle and DNA repair events to protect from the accumulation of DNA damage independently of its pro-apoptotic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley G Boice
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Karla E Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Raj K Pandita
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Melissa J Parsons
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chloe I Charendoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Vijay Charaka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alexandre F Carisey
- Texas Children's Hospital William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tej K Pandita
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lisa Bouchier-Hayes
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Texas Children's Hospital William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Koprulu M, Shabbir RMK, Zaman Q, Nalbant G, Malik S, Tolun A. CRADD and USP44 mutations in intellectual disability, mild lissencephaly, brain atrophy, developmental delay, strabismus, behavioural problems and skeletal anomalies. Eur J Med Genet 2021; 64:104181. [PMID: 33647455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a consanguineous Pakistani kinship afflicted with mild to moderate intellectual disability (ID), mild lissencephaly, brain atrophy and skeletal anomalies, we detected homozygous CRADD c.2T > G (p.Met1?) and USP44 c.873_886delinsT (p.Leu291Phefs*8), two good candidates 1.85-Mb apart that segregated with the disorder. Biallelic damaging variants in CRADD cause recessive mental retardation-34 (MRT34; MIM 614499) with mild to moderate ID, "thin" lissencephaly, and variable megalencephaly and seizures. For USP44, only a single ID family has been reported with a homozygous deleterious variant, which is the same as the variant we detected. In affected individuals we present, at ages 29-32 years, clinical findings are similar yet not fully concordant with phenotypes for either gene considering the skeletal findings, and ID is not as severe as would be expected for defects in two genes with additive effect. Some variable CRADD-related features such as language impairment and seizures are not observed in the presented family. The presence of the two variants in the family is a very rare example of familial linked homozygous variants, and whether the damaging USP44 variant contributed to the disease in the family we present is not clear. As for the skeletal findings, facial dysmorphism and digestive problems, we did not find a candidate variant. This study is an example of both clinical variation and difficulty in variant detection and evaluation. Our findings highlight that even an extensive exome sequence analysis can fail to fully uncover the complex molecular basis of a syndrome even if potentially causative variants are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Koprulu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rana Muhammad Kamran Shabbir
- Human Genetics Program, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Zaman
- Human Genetics Program, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gökhan Nalbant
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Institute of Health Sciences, Mehmet Ali Aydinlar Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sajid Malik
- Human Genetics Program, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Aslıhan Tolun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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11
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Sladky VC, Knapp K, Szabo TG, Braun VZ, Bongiovanni L, van den Bos H, Spierings DCJ, Westendorp B, Curinha A, Stojakovic T, Scharnagl H, Timelthaler G, Tsuchia K, Pinter M, Semmler G, Foijer F, de Bruin A, Reiberger T, Rohr‐Udilova N, Villunger A. PIDDosome-induced p53-dependent ploidy restriction facilitates hepatocarcinogenesis. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50893. [PMID: 33225610 PMCID: PMC7726793 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidization frequently precedes tumorigenesis but also occurs during normal development in several tissues. Hepatocyte ploidy is controlled by the PIDDosome during development and regeneration. This multi-protein complex is activated by supernumerary centrosomes to induce p53 and restrict proliferation of polyploid cells, otherwise prone for chromosomal instability. PIDDosome deficiency in the liver results in drastically increased polyploidy. To investigate PIDDosome-induced p53-activation in the pathogenesis of liver cancer, we chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in mice. Strikingly, PIDDosome deficiency reduced tumor number and burden, despite the inability to activate p53 in polyploid cells. Liver tumors arise primarily from cells with low ploidy, indicating an intrinsic pro-tumorigenic effect of PIDDosome-mediated ploidy restriction. These data suggest that hyperpolyploidization caused by PIDDosome deficiency protects from HCC. Moreover, high tumor cell density, as a surrogate marker of low ploidy, predicts poor survival of HCC patients receiving liver transplantation. Together, we show that the PIDDosome is a potential therapeutic target to manipulate hepatocyte polyploidization for HCC prevention and that tumor cell density may serve as a novel prognostic marker for recurrence-free survival in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina C Sladky
- Institute of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Katja Knapp
- Institute of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Tamas G Szabo
- Institute of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Vincent Z Braun
- Institute of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Department of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Hilda van den Bos
- European Research Institute for the Biology of AgeingUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Diana CJ Spierings
- European Research Institute for the Biology of AgeingUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bart Westendorp
- Department of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ana Curinha
- Institute of PathophysiologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory DiagnosticsUniversity Hospital GrazGrazAustria
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory DiagnosticsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Gerald Timelthaler
- Institute for Cancer ResearchInternal Medicine IMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Kaoru Tsuchia
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyMusashino Red Cross HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Matthias Pinter
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Georg Semmler
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of AgeingUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI‐RUD)ViennaAustria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Nataliya Rohr‐Udilova
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Institute of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI‐RUD)ViennaAustria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
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12
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Tsabar M, Mock CS, Venkatachalam V, Reyes J, Karhohs KW, Oliver TG, Regev A, Jambhekar A, Lahav G. A Switch in p53 Dynamics Marks Cells That Escape from DSB-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107995. [PMID: 32755587 PMCID: PMC7521664 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular responses to stimuli can evolve over time, resulting in distinct early and late phases in response to a single signal. DNA damage induces a complex response that is largely orchestrated by the transcription factor p53, whose dynamics influence whether a damaged cell will arrest and repair the damage or will initiate cell death. How p53 responses and cellular outcomes evolve in the presence of continuous DNA damage remains unknown. Here, we have found that a subset of cells switches from oscillating to sustained p53 dynamics several days after undergoing damage. The switch results from cell cycle progression in the presence of damaged DNA, which activates the caspase-2-PIDDosome, a complex that stabilizes p53 by inactivating its negative regulator MDM2. This work defines a molecular pathway that is activated if the canonical checkpoints fail to halt mitosis in the presence of damaged DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tsabar
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Caroline S Mock
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Veena Venkatachalam
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jose Reyes
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kyle W Karhohs
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Trudy G Oliver
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ashwini Jambhekar
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Galit Lahav
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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13
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Connolly P, Garcia-Carpio I, Villunger A. Cell-Cycle Cross Talk with Caspases and Their Substrates. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:a036475. [PMID: 31727679 PMCID: PMC7263087 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Caspases play central roles in mediating both cell death and inflammation. It has more recently become evident that caspases also drive other biological processes. Most prominently, caspases have been shown to be involved in differentiation. Several stem and progenitor cell types rely on caspases to initiate and execute their differentiation processes. These range from neural and glial cells, to skeletal myoblasts and osteoblasts, and several cell types of the hematopoietic system. Beyond differentiation, caspases have also been shown to play roles in other "noncanonical" processes, including cell proliferation, arrest, and senescence, thereby contributing to the mechanisms that regulate tissue homeostasis at multiple levels. Remarkably, caspases directly influence the course of the cell cycle in both a positive and negative manner. Caspases both cleave elements of the cell-cycle machinery and are themselves substrates of cell-cycle kinases. Here we aim to summarize the breadth of interactions between caspases and cell-cycle regulators. We also highlight recent developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Connolly
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Irmina Garcia-Carpio
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna 1090, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
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14
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Vigneswara V, Ahmed Z. The Role of Caspase-2 in Regulating Cell Fate. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051259. [PMID: 32438737 PMCID: PMC7290664 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-2 is the most evolutionarily conserved member of the mammalian caspase family and has been implicated in both apoptotic and non-apoptotic signaling pathways, including tumor suppression, cell cycle regulation, and DNA repair. A myriad of signaling molecules is associated with the tight regulation of caspase-2 to mediate multiple cellular processes far beyond apoptotic cell death. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the literature pertaining to possible sophisticated molecular mechanisms underlying the multifaceted process of caspase-2 activation and to highlight its interplay between factors that promote or suppress apoptosis in a complicated regulatory network that determines the fate of a cell from its birth and throughout its life.
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15
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Sladky VC, Villunger A. Uncovering the PIDDosome and caspase-2 as regulators of organogenesis and cellular differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2037-2047. [PMID: 32415279 PMCID: PMC7308375 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The PIDDosome is a multiprotein complex that drives activation of caspase-2, an endopeptidase originally implicated in apoptosis. Yet, unlike other caspases involved in cell death and inflammation, caspase-2 seems to exert additional versatile functions unrelated to cell death. These emerging roles range from control of transcription factor activity to ploidy surveillance. Thus, caspase-2 and the PIDDosome act as a critical regulatory unit controlling cellular differentiation processes during organogenesis and regeneration. These newly established functions of the PIDDosome and its downstream effector render its components attractive targets for drug-development aiming to prevent fatty liver diseases, neurodegenerative disorders or osteoporosis. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina C Sladky
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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16
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E2F-Family Members Engage the PIDDosome to Limit Hepatocyte Ploidy in Liver Development and Regeneration. Dev Cell 2020; 52:335-349.e7. [PMID: 31983631 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
E2F transcription factors control the cytokinesis machinery and thereby ploidy in hepatocytes. If or how these proteins limit proliferation of polyploid cells with extra centrosomes remains unknown. Here, we show that the PIDDosome, a signaling platform essential for caspase-2-activation, limits hepatocyte ploidy and is instructed by the E2F network to control p53 in the developing as well as regenerating liver. Casp2 and Pidd1 act as direct transcriptional targets of E2F1 and its antagonists, E2F7 and E2F8, that together co-regulate PIDDosome expression during juvenile liver growth and regeneration. Of note, whereas hepatocyte aneuploidy correlates with the basal ploidy state, the degree of aneuploidy itself is not limited by PIDDosome-dependent p53 activation. Finally, we provide evidence that the same signaling network is engaged to control ploidy in the human liver after resection. Our study defines the PIDDosome as a primary target to manipulate hepatocyte ploidy and proliferation rates in the regenerating liver.
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17
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Ji L, Zhang R, Chen J, Xue Q, Moghal N, Tsao MS. PIDD interaction with KEAP1 as a new mutation-independent mechanism to promote NRF2 stabilization and chemoresistance in NSCLC. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12437. [PMID: 31455821 PMCID: PMC6712044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance is a major problem in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. A major mechanism of chemoresistance involves stabilization of the NRF2 transcription factor. NRF2 levels are normally tightly regulated through interaction with KEAP1, an adaptor that targets NRF2 to the CUL3 E3 ubiquitin ligase for proteolysis. In NSCLC, aberrant NRF2 stabilization is best understood through mutations in NRF2, KEAP1, or CUL3 that disrupt their interaction. Biochemical studies, however, have revealed that NRF2 can also be stabilized through expression of KEAP1-interacting proteins that competitively sequester KEAP1 away from NRF2. Here, we have identified PIDD, as a novel KEAP1-interactor in NSCLC that regulates NRF2. We show that this interaction allows PIDD to reduce NRF2 ubiquitination and increase its stability. We also demonstrate that PIDD promotes chemoresistance in NSCLC cells both in vitro and in vivo, and that this effect is dependent on NRF2. Finally, we report that NRF2 protein expression in a NSCLC cohort exceeds the typical incidence of combined NRF2, KEAP1, and CUL3 mutations, and that NRF2 expression in this cohort is correlated with PIDD levels. Our data identify PIDD as a new NRF2 regulator, and suggest that variations in PIDD levels contribute to differential chemosensitivities among NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ji
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China. .,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Tuberculosis, the Sixth Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226000, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Oncology, Jiangyin People's Hospital, Jiangyin, China
| | - Qun Xue
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nadeem Moghal
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
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18
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Phenotypic spectrum associated with a CRADD founder variant underlying frontotemporal predominant pachygyria in the Finnish population. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:1235-1243. [PMID: 30914828 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0383-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID), megalencephaly, frontal predominant pachygyria, and seizures, previously called "thin" lissencephaly, are reported to be caused by recessive variants in CRADD. Among five families of different ethnicities identified, one homozygous missense variant, c.509G>A p.(Arg170His), was of Finnish ancestry. Here we report on the phenotypic variability associated for this potential CRADD founder variant in 22 Finnish individuals. Exome sequencing was used to identify candidate genes in Finnish patients presenting with ID. Targeted Sanger sequencing and restriction enzyme analysis were applied to screen for the c.509G>A CRADD variant in cohorts from Finland. Detailed phenotyping and genealogical studies were performed. Twenty two patients were identified with the c.509G>A p.(Arg170His) homozygous variant in CRADD. The majority of the ancestors originated from Northeastern Finland indicating a founder effect. The hallmark of the disease is frontotemporal predominant pachygyria with mild cortical thickening. All patients show ID of variable severity. Aggressive behavior was found in nearly half of the patients, EEG abnormalities in five patients and megalencephaly in three patients. This study provides detailed data about the phenotypic spectrum of patients with lissencephaly due to a CRADD variant that affects function. High inter- and intrafamilial phenotypic heterogeneity was identified in patients with pachygyria caused by the homozygous CRADD founder variant. The phenotype variability suggests that additional genetic and/or environmental factors play a role in the clinical presentation. Since frontotemporal pachygyria is the hallmark of the disease, brain imaging studies are essential to support the molecular diagnosis for individuals with ID and a CRADD variant.
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19
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Forsberg J, Li X, Zamaraev AV, Panaretakis T, Zhivotovsky B, Olsson M. Caspase-2 associates with FAN through direct interaction and overlapping functionality. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:822-828. [PMID: 29621545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-2 has been implicated in diverse cellular processes, and the identification of factors with which it interacts has steadily increased. In the present study, we report a direct interaction between caspase-2 and factor associated with neutral sphingomyelinase activation (FAN) using yeast two-hybrid screening and co-immunoprecipitation. Further, stable suppression of caspase-2 expression in HEK293T and HeLa cells enabled a systematic investigation of putative novel enzyme functionalities, especially with respect to ceramide production, cell migration, IL-6 production and vesicular homeostasis, all of which have been previously reported to be associated with FAN. Lipidomics excluded the involvement of caspase-2 in the generation of ceramide species, but caspase-2-dependent deregulation of IL-6 release, vesicular size and delayed cell relocation supported an association between caspase-2 and FAN. Collectively, these data identify a novel caspase-2-interacting factor, FAN, and expand the role for the enzyme in seemingly non-apoptotic cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Forsberg
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinge Li
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Theocharis Panaretakis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Magnus Olsson
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Sladky V, Schuler F, Fava LL, Villunger A. The resurrection of the PIDDosome - emerging roles in the DNA-damage response and centrosome surveillance. J Cell Sci 2018; 130:3779-3787. [PMID: 29142064 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The PIDDosome is often used as the alias for a multi-protein complex that includes the p53-induced death domain protein 1 (PIDD1), the bipartite linker protein CRADD (also known as RAIDD) and the pro-form of an endopeptidase belonging to the caspase family, i.e. caspase-2. Yet, PIDD1 variants can also interact with a number of other proteins that include RIPK1 (also known as RIP1) and IKBKG (also known as NEMO), PCNA and RFC5, as well as nucleolar components such as NPM1 or NCL. This promiscuity in protein binding is facilitated mainly by autoprocessing of the full-length protein into various fragments that contain different structural domains. As a result, multiple responses can be mediated by protein complexes that contain a PIDD1 domain. This suggests that PIDD1 acts as an integrator for multiple types of stress that need instant attention. Examples are various types of DNA lesion but also the presence of extra centrosomes that can foster aneuploidy and, ultimately, promote DNA damage. Here, we review the role of PIDD1 in response to DNA damage and also highlight novel functions of PIDD1, such as in centrosome surveillance and scheduled polyploidisation as part of a cellular differentiation program during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sladky
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabian Schuler
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Luca L Fava
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, Italy
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Zhong J, Jiang L, Huang Z, Zhang H, Cheng C, Liu H, He J, Wu J, Darwazeh R, Wu Y, Sun X. The long non-coding RNA Neat1 is an important mediator of the therapeutic effect of bexarotene on traumatic brain injury in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:183-194. [PMID: 28483659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bexarotene treatments exert neuroprotective effects on mice following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present study aims to investigate the potential roles of the long noncoding RNA Neat1 in the neuroprotective effects of bexarotene. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male C57BL/6J mice (n=80) and newborn mice (within 24h after birth) (n=20) were used to generate a "controlled cortical impact" (CCI) model and harvest primary cortex neurons, respectively. The HT22 cell line and the BV2 cell line were cultured under "normal" or "oxygen/glucose-deprived" (OGD) conditions. The relationship between RXR-α and the Neat1 promoter was clarified using ChIP-qPCR and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays. The mRNA alterations induced by Neat1 knockdown were measured using next-generation RNA sequencing. Proteins were captured by Neat1, pulled down and subjected to mass spectrometry. The neurological severity score, rotarod test and water maze test were employed to measure the animals' motor and cognitive functions. RESULTS Bexarotene prominently up-regulated the Neat1 level in an RXR-α-dependent manner. Neat1 knockdown induced significant changes in mRNA expression, and the altered mRNAs were involved in many biological processes, including synapse formation and axon guidance. In primary neurons, Neat1 knockdown inhibited and Neat1 over-expression prompted axon elongation. Multiple proteins, including Pidd1, were captured by Neat1. Neat1 inhibited cell apoptosis and restricted inflammation by capturing Pidd1. The in vitro anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of Neat1 were further confirmed in C57BL/6 mice, which resulted in better motor and cognitive function after TBI. CONCLUSION Bexarotene up-regulates the lncRNA Neat1, which inhibits apoptosis and inflammation, thereby resulting in better functional recovery in mice after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China.
| | - Zhijian Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Hongrong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Chongjie Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Junchi He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Jingchuan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Rami Darwazeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China.
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22
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Ando K, Parsons MJ, Shah RB, Charendoff CI, Paris SL, Liu PH, Fassio SR, Rohrman BA, Thompson R, Oberst A, Sidi S, Bouchier-Hayes L. NPM1 directs PIDDosome-dependent caspase-2 activation in the nucleolus. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1795-1810. [PMID: 28432080 PMCID: PMC5461015 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201608095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The PIDDosome (PIDD-RAIDD-caspase-2 complex) is considered to be the primary signaling platform for caspase-2 activation in response to genotoxic stress. Yet studies of PIDD-deficient mice show that caspase-2 activation can proceed in the absence of PIDD. Here we show that DNA damage induces the assembly of at least two distinct activation platforms for caspase-2: a cytoplasmic platform that is RAIDD dependent but PIDD independent, and a nucleolar platform that requires both PIDD and RAIDD. Furthermore, the nucleolar phosphoprotein nucleophosmin (NPM1) acts as a scaffold for PIDD and is essential for PIDDosome assembly in the nucleolus after DNA damage. Inhibition of NPM1 impairs caspase-2 processing, apoptosis, and caspase-2-dependent inhibition of cell growth, demonstrating that the NPM1-dependent nucleolar PIDDosome is a key initiator of the caspase-2 activation cascade. Thus we have identified the nucleolus as a novel site for caspase-2 activation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohiro Ando
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Melissa J Parsons
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Richa B Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Chloé I Charendoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sheré L Paris
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Peter H Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Sara R Fassio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Brittany A Rohrman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ruth Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029.,Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Samuel Sidi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 .,Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Lisa Bouchier-Hayes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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Expression of adenoviral E1A throws the PIDD switch. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2527. [PMID: 28055009 PMCID: PMC5386362 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Miles M, Kitevska-Ilioski T, Hawkins C. Old and Novel Functions of Caspase-2. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 332:155-212. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Mutations in CRADD Result in Reduced Caspase-2-Mediated Neuronal Apoptosis and Cause Megalencephaly with a Rare Lissencephaly Variant. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:1117-1129. [PMID: 27773430 PMCID: PMC5097945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lissencephaly is a malformation of cortical development typically caused by deficient neuronal migration resulting in cortical thickening and reduced gyration. Here we describe a “thin” lissencephaly (TLIS) variant characterized by megalencephaly, frontal predominant pachygyria, intellectual disability, and seizures. Trio-based whole-exome sequencing and targeted re-sequencing identified recessive mutations of CRADD in six individuals with TLIS from four unrelated families of diverse ethnic backgrounds. CRADD (also known as RAIDD) is a death-domain-containing adaptor protein that oligomerizes with PIDD and caspase-2 to initiate apoptosis. TLIS variants cluster in the CRADD death domain, a platform for interaction with other death-domain-containing proteins including PIDD. Although caspase-2 is expressed in the developing mammalian brain, little is known about its role in cortical development. CRADD/caspase-2 signaling is implicated in neurotrophic factor withdrawal- and amyloid-β-induced dendritic spine collapse and neuronal apoptosis, suggesting a role in cortical sculpting and plasticity. TLIS-associated CRADD variants do not disrupt interactions with caspase-2 or PIDD in co-immunoprecipitation assays, but still abolish CRADD’s ability to activate caspase-2, resulting in reduced neuronal apoptosis in vitro. Homozygous Cradd knockout mice display megalencephaly and seizures without obvious defects in cortical lamination, supporting a role for CRADD/caspase-2 signaling in mammalian brain development. Megalencephaly and lissencephaly associated with defective programmed cell death from loss of CRADD function in humans implicate reduced apoptosis as an important pathophysiological mechanism of cortical malformation. Our data suggest that CRADD/caspase-2 signaling is critical for normal gyration of the developing human neocortex and for normal cognitive ability.
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26
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Radke JR, Siddiqui ZK, Figueroa I, Cook JL. E1A enhances cellular sensitivity to DNA-damage-induced apoptosis through PIDD-dependent caspase-2 activation. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16076. [PMID: 27833761 PMCID: PMC5086486 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the adenoviral protein, E1A, sensitizes mammalian cells to a wide variety of apoptosis-inducing agents through multiple cellular pathways. For example, E1A sensitizes cells to apoptosis induced by TNF-superfamily members by inhibiting NF-kappa B (NF-κB)-dependent gene expression. In contrast, E1A sensitization to nitric oxide, an inducer of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, is not dependent upon repression of NF-κB-dependent transcription but rather is dependent upon caspase-2 activation. The latter observation suggested that E1A-induced enhancement of caspase-2 activation might be a critical factor in cellular sensitization to other intrinsic apoptosis pathway-inducing agents. Etoposide and gemcitabine are two DNA damaging agents that induce intrinsic apoptosis. Here we report that E1A-induced sensitization to both of these agents, like NO, is independent of NF-κB activation but dependent on caspase-2 activation. The results show that caspase-2 is a key mitochondrial-injuring caspase during etoposide and gemcitabine-induced apoptosis of E1A-positive cells, and that caspase-2 is required for induction of caspase-3 activity by both chemotherapeutic agents. Expression of PIDD was required for caspase-2 activation, mitochondrial injury and enhanced apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, E1A-enhanced sensitivity to injury-induced apoptosis required PIDD cleavage to PIDD-CC. These results define the PIDD/caspase-2 pathway as a key apical, mitochondrial-injuring mechanism in E1A-induced sensitivity of mammalian cells to chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Radke
- Research Section, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, 5000 S 5th Ave., Hines, IL 60141, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Loyola University Medical Center; Infectious Diseases and Immunology Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago-Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago-Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Zeba K Siddiqui
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Iris Figueroa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago-Stritch School of Medicine , Maywood, IL, USA
| | - James L Cook
- Research Section, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, 5000 S 5th Ave., Hines, IL 60141, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Loyola University Medical Center; Infectious Diseases and Immunology Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago-Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago-Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
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27
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Crocetin exploits p53-induced death domain (PIDD) and FAS-associated death domain (FADD) proteins to induce apoptosis in colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32979. [PMID: 27622714 PMCID: PMC5020693 DOI: 10.1038/srep32979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 preserves the genomic integrity by restricting anomaly at the gene level. The hotspots for mutation in half of all colon cancers reside in p53. Hence, in a p53-mutated cellular milieu targeting cancer cells may be achievable by targeting the paralogue(s) of p53. Here we have shown the effectiveness of crocetin, a dietary component, in inducing apoptosis of colon cancer cells with varying p53 status. In wild-type p53-expressing cancer cells, p53 in one hand transactivates BAX and in parallel up-regulates p53-induced death domain protein (PIDD) that in turn cleaves and activates BID through caspase-2. Both BAX and t-BID converge at mitochondria to alter the transmembrane potential thereby leading to caspase-9 and caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. In contrast, in functional p53-impaired cells, this phytochemical exploits p53-paralogue p73, which up-regulates FAS to cleave BID through FAS-FADD-caspase-8-pathway. These findings not only underline the phenomenon of functional switch-over from p53 to p73 in p53-impaired condition, but also validate p73 as a promising and potential target for cancer therapy in absence of functional p53.
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28
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Shao Y, Li C, Zhang W, Duan X, Li Y, Jin C, Xiong J, Qiu Q. Molecular cloning and characterization of four caspases members in Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:203-211. [PMID: 27245866 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The caspase family representing aspartate-specific cysteine proteases have been demonstrated to possess key roles in apoptosis and immune response. We previously demonstrated that LPS challenged Apostichopus japonicus coelomocyte could significantly induced apoptosis in vitro. However, apoptosis related molecules were scarcely investigated in this economic species. In the present work, we cloned and characterized four members caspase family from A. japonicus (designated as Ajcaspase-2, Ajcaspase-3, Ajcaspase-6, and Ajcaspase-8, respectively) by RACE. Multiple sequence alignment and structural analysis revealed that all Ajcaspases contained the conservative CASC domain at C terminal, in which some unique features for each Ajcaspase made them different from each other. These specific domains together with phylogenetic analysis supported that all these four identified proteins belonged to novel members of apoptotic signaling pathway in sea cucumber. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that four Ajcaspase genes were constitutively expressed in all examined tissues. The expression of Ajcaspase-2 was tightly correlated with that of Ajcaspase-8 in each detected tissues. Ajcaspase-3 and Ajcaspase-6 transcripts were both highly expressed in immune tissue of coelomocytes. Furthermore, the Vibrio splendidus challenged sea cucumber coelomocytes could significantly up-regulate the mRNA expressions of four genes. The expression levels of Ajcaspase-2 and Ajcaspase-8 were relative earlier than those of Ajcaspase-6 and Ajcaspase-3, respectively, which could be inferred that Ajcapase-2 might directly modulate Ajcaspase-6, and Ajcaspase-8 initiate the expression of Ajcaspase-3. The induce expressions differed among each Ajcaspase depending upon their roles such as initiator or effector caspase. All our results demonstrated that four Ajcaspases present diversified functions in apoptotic cascade signaling pathway of sea cucumber under immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Shao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China.
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Xuemei Duan
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Ye Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Chunhua Jin
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Jinbo Xiong
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Qiongfen Qiu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
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29
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Abstract
In cerebral ischemia, studies of cell death have focused primarily on neurons, but recent work indicates that ischemia also causes damage to astrocytes. Activation of astrocytes is a typical brain response to stress stimuli and is evidenced by changes in cellular function and morphology, as well as upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein. The tumor-suppressor transcription factor p53 has recently been implicated as a mediator of ischemia-induced neuronal death, but very little is known about its role in the activation or the death of astrocytes. The present study investigated the role of p53 in astrocyte and neuronal toxicity using in-vitro and in-vivo ischemic stroke models. We showed that p53 is activated in ischemic brains and in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell death in neurons and astrocytes. Inhibition of p53 activity using either pifithrin-α or small interference RNA interference reduced OGD-induced cell death and pifithrin-α reversed OGD-induced impairment of glutamate uptake in astrocytes, suggesting that p53 might play a key role in mediating neurotoxicity and gliotoxicity in ischemic brain injury. This study shows that p53 is activated in astrocytes during ischemia and that inhibition of the activity of this molecule prevents not only OGD-induced neuronal and astrocytic death but also astrocyte activation and impaired glutamate uptake. These findings suggest that p53 may be a valuable therapeutic target in ischemic brain injury.
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30
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Shi W, Huang W, Chen Y, Zhang S, Xu P, Gu X, Fan H, Xu J, Chen Y, Ni R, Lu C, Zhang X. Low expression of PIDD is associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10447-57. [PMID: 26846109 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4556-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
p53-induced death domain protein (PIDD) facilitates p53-dependent apoptosis through the interaction with components of the death receptor signaling pathways. However, the role of PIDD in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of PIDD in clinical HCC samples and adjacent non-cancerous tissues using immunohistochemistrical and Western blot analyses. The results showed that PIDD was lowly expressed in HCC tissues and HCC cell lines, compared with the adjacent non-tumorous tissues and LO2 normal hepatocytes. In addition, clinicopathological analysis showed that the expression of PIDD was closely related with multiple clinicopathological variables, such as American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, AFP, and poor prognosis of HCC. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses demonstrated that PIDD could serve as an independent prognostic factor to predict the survival of HCC patients. We used serum starvation-refeeding experiment to explore the involvement of PIDD in HCC cell cycle regulation. We found that PIDD was accumulated in growth-arrested HCC cells and was progressively decreased when cells entered into S phase. Moreover, flow cytometry and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays indicated that depleting the expression of PIDD could facilitate cell cycle progression and accelerate cell proliferation in HepG2 cells, while overexpression of PIDD could result in cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and hinder the cell proliferation in Hep3B cells. Finally, flow cytometry revealed that overexpression of PIDD slightly increased the apoptosis of HCC cells. Taken together, we concluded that PIDD may be a valuable prognostic marker and promising therapeutic target of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Second People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyan Chen
- Class 5, Grade 13, Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shusen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Information and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Gu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Information and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Second People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Second People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Second People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Runzhou Ni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiubing Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Second People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Dillon CP, Green DR. Molecular Cell Biology of Apoptosis and Necroptosis in Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 930:1-23. [PMID: 27558815 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39406-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is a major mechanism to eliminate cells in which DNA is damaged, organelles are stressed, or oncogenes are overexpressed, all events that would otherwise predispose cells to oncogenic transformation. The pathways that initiate and execute cell death are complex, genetically encoded, and subject to significant regulation. Consequently, while these pathways are often mutated in malignancy, there is considerable interest in inducing cell death in tumor cells as therapy. This chapter addresses our current understanding of molecular mechanisms contributing to two cell death pathways, apoptotic cell death and necroptosis, a regulated form of necrotic cell death. Apoptosis can be induced by a wide variety of signals, leading to protease activation that dismantles the cell. We discuss the physiological importance of each apoptosis pathway and summarize their known roles in cancer suppression and the current efforts at targeting each pathway therapeutically. The intricate mechanistic link between death receptor-mediated apoptosis and necroptosis is described, as well as the potential opportunities for utilizing necroptosis in the treatment of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Dillon
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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32
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Thompson R, Shah RB, Liu PH, Gupta YK, Ando K, Aggarwal AK, Sidi S. An Inhibitor of PIDDosome Formation. Mol Cell 2015; 58:767-79. [PMID: 25936804 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The PIDDosome-PIDD-RAIDD-caspase-2 complex-is a proapoptotic caspase-activation platform of elusive significance. DNA damage can initiate complex assembly via ATM phosphorylation of the PIDD death domain (DD), which enables RAIDD recruitment to PIDD. In contrast, the mechanisms limiting PIDDosome formation have remained unclear. We identify the mitotic checkpoint factor BubR1 as a direct PIDDosome inhibitor, acting in a noncanonical role independent of Mad2. Following its phosphorylation by ATM at DNA breaks, "primed" PIDD relocates to kinetochores via a direct interaction with BubR1. BubR1 binds the PIDD DD, competes with RAIDD recruitment, and negates PIDDosome-mediated apoptosis after ionizing radiation. The PIDDosome thus sequentially integrates DNA damage and mitotic checkpoint signals to decide cell fate in response to genotoxic stress. We further show that by sequestering PIDD at the kinetochore, BubR1 acts to delay PIDDosome formation until the next cycle, defining a new mechanism by which cells evade apoptosis during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Richa B Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Peter H Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yogesh K Gupta
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kiyohiro Ando
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Aneel K Aggarwal
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Samuel Sidi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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33
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Peintner L, Dorstyn L, Kumar S, Aneichyk T, Villunger A, Manzl C. The tumor-modulatory effects of Caspase-2 and Pidd1 do not require the scaffold protein Raidd. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1803-11. [PMID: 25857265 PMCID: PMC4648327 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor-interacting protein-associated ICH-1/CED-3 homologous protein with a death domain (RAIDD/CRADD) functions as a dual adaptor and is a constituent of different multi-protein complexes implicated in the regulation of inflammation and cell death. Within the PIDDosome complex, RAIDD connects the cell death-related protease, Caspase-2, with the p53-induced protein with a death domain 1 (PIDD1). As such, RAIDD has been implicated in DNA-damage-induced apoptosis as well as in tumorigenesis. As loss of Caspase-2 leads to an acceleration of tumor onset in the Eμ-Myc mouse lymphoma model, whereas loss of Pidd1 actually delays onset of this disease, we set out to interrogate the role of Raidd in cancer in more detail. Our data obtained analyzing Eμ-Myc/Raidd−/− mice indicate that Raidd is unable to protect from c-Myc-driven lymphomagenesis. Similarly, we failed to observe a modulatory effect of Raidd deficiency on DNA-damage-driven cancer. The role of Caspase-2 as a tumor suppressor and that of Pidd1 as a tumor promoter can therefore be uncoupled from their ability to interact with the Raidd scaffold, pointing toward the existence of alternative signaling modules engaging these two proteins in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Peintner
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L Dorstyn
- Centre for Cancer Biology - An Alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - S Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology - An Alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - T Aneichyk
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - A Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Manzl
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of General Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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34
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Parsons MJ, Bouchier-Hayes L. Measuring initiator caspase activation by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2015; 2015:pdb.prot082552. [PMID: 25561623 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot082552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Initiator caspases, including caspase-2, -8, and -9, are activated by the proximity-driven dimerization that occurs after their recruitment to activation platforms. Here we describe the use of caspase bimolecular fluorescence complementation (caspase BiFC) to measure this induced proximity. BiFC assays rely on the use of a split fluorescent protein to identify protein-protein interactions in cells. When fused to interacting proteins, the fragments of the split fluorescent protein (which do not fluoresce on their own) can associate and fluoresce. In this protocol, we use the fluorescent protein Venus, a brighter and more photostable variant of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), to detect the induced proximity of caspase-2. Plasmids encoding two fusion products (caspase-2 fused to either the amino- or carboxy-terminal halves of Venus) are transfected into cells. The cells are then treated with an activating (death) stimulus. The induced proximity (and subsequent activation) of caspase-2 in the cells is visualized as Venus fluorescence. The proportion of Venus-positive cells at a single time point can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. Alternatively, the increase in fluorescence intensity over time can be evaluated by time-lapse confocal microscopy. The caspase BiFC strategy described here should also work for other initiator caspases, such as caspase-8 or -9, as long as the correct controls are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Parsons
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 Department of Pediatrics-Hematology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Lisa Bouchier-Hayes
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 Department of Pediatrics-Hematology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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35
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Shen Q, Tang W, Sun J, Feng L, Jin H, Wang X. Regulation of CRADD-caspase 2 cascade by histone deacetylase 1 in gastric cancer. Am J Transl Res 2014; 6:538-547. [PMID: 25360218 PMCID: PMC4212928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CRADD, also referred as RAIDD, is an adaptor protein that could interact with both caspase 2 and RIP that can promote apoptosis once activated. HDAC inhibitors are promising anti-cancer agents by inducing apoptosis of various cancer cells. In this study, we found that CRADD was induced by TSA (trichostatin A) to activate caspase 2-dependent apoptosis. CRADD was downregulated in gastric cancer and the restoration of its expression suppressed the viability of gastric cancer cells. HDAC1 was responsible for its downregulation in gastric cancer since HDAC1 siRNA upregulated CRADD expression and HDAC1 directly bound to the promoter of CRADD. Therefore, the high expression of HDAC1 can downregulate CRADD to confer gastric cancer cells the resistance to caspase 2-dependent apoptosis. HDAC inhibitors, potential anti-cancer drugs under investigation, can promote caspase 2-dependent apoptosis by inducing the expression of CRADD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Biomedical Research Center, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityChina
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityChina
| | - Wanfen Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Biomedical Research Center, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityChina
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinhua Guangfu HospitalJinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityChina
| | - Lifeng Feng
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityChina
| | - Hongchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityChina
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Biomedical Research Center, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityChina
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36
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Olsson M, Forsberg J, Zhivotovsky B. Caspase-2: the reinvented enzyme. Oncogene 2014; 34:1877-82. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Wan C, Jiang J, Mao H, Cao J, Wu X, Cui G. Involvement of Upregulated P53-Induced Death Domain Protein (PIDD) in Neuronal Apoptosis after Rat Traumatic Brain Injury. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 51:695-702. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Di Paolo NC, Doronin K, Baldwin LK, Papayannopoulou T, Shayakhmetov DM. The transcription factor IRF3 triggers "defensive suicide" necrosis in response to viral and bacterial pathogens. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1840-6. [PMID: 23770239 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although molecular components that execute noninflammatory apoptotic cell death are well defined, molecular pathways that trigger necrotic cell death remain poorly characterized. Here, we show that in response to infection with adenovirus or Listeria monocytogenes, macrophages in vivo undergo rapid proinflammatory necrotic death that is controlled by interferon-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). The transcriptional activity of IRF3 is, surprisingly, not required for the induction of necrosis, and it proceeds normally in mice deficient in all known regulators of necrotic death or IRF3 activation, including RIPK3, caspases 1, 8, or 11, STING, and IPS1/MAVS. Although L. monocytogenes triggers necrosis to promote the infection, IRF3-dependent necrosis is required for reducing pathogen burden in the models of disseminated infection with adenovirus. Therefore, our studies implicate IRF3 as a principal and nonredundant component of a physiologically regulated necrotic cell-death pathway that operates as an effective innate immune mechanism of host protection against disseminated virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson C Di Paolo
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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39
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Parrish AB, Freel CD, Kornbluth S. Cellular mechanisms controlling caspase activation and function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:5/6/a008672. [PMID: 23732469 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are the primary drivers of apoptotic cell death, cleaving cellular proteins that are critical for dismantling the dying cell. Initially translated as inactive zymogenic precursors, caspases are activated in response to a variety of cell death stimuli. In addition to factors required for their direct activation (e.g., dimerizing adaptor proteins in the case of initiator caspases that lie at the apex of apoptotic signaling cascades), caspases are regulated by a variety of cellular factors in a myriad of physiological and pathological settings. For example, caspases may be modified posttranslationally (e.g., by phosphorylation or ubiquitylation) or through interaction of modulatory factors with either the zymogenic or active form of a caspase, altering its activation and/or activity. These regulatory events may inhibit or enhance enzymatic activity or may affect activity toward particular cellular substrates. Finally, there is emerging literature to suggest that caspases can participate in a variety of cellular processes unrelated to apoptotic cell death. In these settings, it is particularly important that caspases are maintained under stringent control to avoid inadvertent cell death. It is likely that continued examination of these processes will reveal new mechanisms of caspase regulation with implications well beyond control of apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Parrish
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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40
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Bath C, Muttuvelu D, Emmersen J, Vorum H, Hjortdal J, Zachar V. Transcriptional dissection of human limbal niche compartments by massive parallel sequencing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64244. [PMID: 23717577 PMCID: PMC3661480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal epithelium is maintained throughout life by well-orchestrated proliferation of limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs), followed by migration and maturation centripetally towards the ocular surface. Disturbance of LESCs can potentially lead to a blinding condition, which can be reversed by reconstitution of a functional LESC pool. The current clinical procedures are effective to some degree, however, deeper knowledge of the molecular interplay within the limbal niche is necessary to achieve a fully satisfactory patient outcome. The present study was thus undertaken to carry out a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of four distinct human limbal compartments, including basal limbal crypts (BLCs), superficial limbal crypts (SLCs), cornea, and the supporting stroma, with the aid of laser capture microdissection and deep RNA sequencing. The tissue harvest pipeline was rigorously optimized so that the exposure to cold ischemia would be less than five minutes. The global gene ontology analysis confirmed existence of primitive cells in BLCs, migratory and activated cells in SLCs, and differentiated cells in cornea. Interestingly, many significantly upregulated genes in SLCs mapped to processes involved in regulation of vasculature, such as sFLT1. In contrast, BLCs exhibited many genes mapping to neurogenic processes and processes related to cell development. The primitive nature of BLCs was, furthermore, confirmed by the KEGG pathway analysis, and some potential regulators of LESCs were revealed, such as Lrig1 and SOX9. The analysis also yielded comprehensive lists of uniquely expressed genes in both BLCs and cornea, which may be useful to identify possible biomarkers. In conclusion, the current investigation provides new insight into the relationship between distinct cell populations within the limbal niche, identifies candidates to be verified for novel biological functions, and yields a wealth of information for prospective data mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bath
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Danson Muttuvelu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Emmersen
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vorum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jesper Hjortdal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Zachar
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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41
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Jang TH, Seo EK, Park HH. Analysis of mutation effects on PIDDosome core complex. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:210-8. [PMID: 23494218 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PIDDosome is a recently-identified caspase-2-activating molecular complex formed by genotoxic stress that leads to caspase-2-dependent apoptosis. PIDD, RAIDD, and caspase-2 are three protein components of PIDDosome. The core portion of PIDDosome is formed by the unique screw rotation of seven RAIDD DD and five PIDD DD. In the current study, we found that two mutations generated during structural-based mutagenesis studies, Q169E and R170A on RAIDD DD, were dominant negative. Because the discovery of dominant-negative mutants might implicate the disease and therapeutic intervention, newly identified dominant-negative mutants could lead to new potential applications for treatment of human diseases caused by excessive or reduced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Ho Jang
- School of Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biochemistry at Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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43
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Li C, Hashimi SM, Good DA, Cao S, Duan W, Plummer PN, Mellick AS, Wei MQ. Apoptosis and microRNA aberrations in cancer. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:739-46. [PMID: 22409455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis arises from the malfunction of genes that control cell growth and division. Therefore, the most effective method of hindering tumourigenesis is to induce the death of immortalized cancer cells. Apoptosis or programmed cell death has shown the most promises in impairing cancer growth. A variety of proteins is involved in the regulation of apoptosis and the malfunction of any these regulators may cause cell proliferation. The microRNAs have been shown to play a central role in the regulation of the cell cycle, including apoptosis. The microRNAs are involved in post-transcriptional gene suppression and have been implicated in the regulation of cell differentiation and development. Aberrations in the microRNA regulation of apoptosis lead to tumourigenesis. The present review assesses the current knowledge of apoptotic regulation in cancer and the effect of microRNA aberrations in tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Division of Molecular and Gene Therapies, Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
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Jiang Y, Zhang XY, Sun L, Zhang GL, Duerksen-Hughes P, Zhu XQ, Yang J. Methyl methanesulfonate induces apoptosis in p53-deficient H1299 and Hep3B cells through a caspase 2- and mitochondria-associated pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 34:694-704. [PMID: 23117069 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) has been shown to induce apoptosis in various cell types through p53-dependent pathways. Nevertheless, pharmacological and genetic blockade of p53 functions results in similar or delayed sensitivity to MMS treatment, suggesting the presence of p53-independent apoptotic mechanisms. To understand the p53-independent mechanisms that are engaged during MMS-induced apoptosis, we established MMS-induced apoptotic cell models using p53-deficient H1299 and Hep3B cells. Our results demonstrated that MMS at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 μM induced the formation of gammaH2AX foci, and that at higher concentrations, 400 and 800 μM, MMS treatment led to apoptosis in the two cell lines. This apoptotic cell death was concurrent with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, nuclear-cytosolic translocation of active caspase 2, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, and the cleavage of caspase 9, caspase 3 and PARP. However, MMS-induced DNA damage failed to stabilize the p53 family members TAp73 and DNp73. These results demonstrated a p53- and p73-independent mechanism for MMS-induced apoptosis that involves the nuclear-cytosolic translocation of active caspase 2 as well as the mitochondria-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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Abstract
Caspase 2 was initially identified as a neuronally expressed developmentally down-regulated gene (HUGO gene nomenclature CASP2) and has been shown to be required for neuronal death induced by several stimuli, including NGF (nerve growth factor) deprivation and Aβ (β-amyloid). In non-neuronal cells the PIDDosome, composed of caspase 2 and two death adaptor proteins, PIDD (p53-inducible protein with a death domain) and RAIDD {RIP (receptor-interacting protein)-associated ICH-1 [ICE (interleukin-1β-converting enzyme)/CED-3 (cell-death determining 3) homologue 1] protein with a death domain}, has been proposed as the caspase 2 activation complex, although the absolute requirement for the PIDDosome is not clear. To investigate the requirement for the PIDDosome in caspase-2-dependent neuronal death, we have examined the necessity for each component in induction of active caspase 2 and in execution of caspase-2-dependent neuronal death. We find that both NGF deprivation and Aβ treatment of neurons induce active caspase 2 and that induction of this activity depends on expression of RAIDD, but is independent of PIDD expression. We show that treatment of wild-type or PIDD-null neurons with Aβ or NGF deprivation induces formation of a complex of caspase 2 and RAIDD. We also show that caspase-2-dependent execution of neurons requires RAIDD, not PIDD. Caspase 2 activity can be induced in neurons from PIDD-null mice, and NGF deprivation or Aβ use caspase 2 and RAIDD to execute death of these neurons.
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46
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Ando K, Kernan JL, Liu PH, Sanda T, Logette E, Tschopp J, Look AT, Wang J, Bouchier-Hayes L, Sidi S. PIDD death-domain phosphorylation by ATM controls prodeath versus prosurvival PIDDosome signaling. Mol Cell 2012; 47:681-93. [PMID: 22854598 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical evidence implicates the death-domain (DD) protein PIDD as a molecular switch capable of signaling cell survival or death in response to genotoxic stress. PIDD activity is determined by binding-partner selection at its DD: whereas recruitment of RIP1 triggers prosurvival NF-κB signaling, recruitment of RAIDD activates proapoptotic caspase-2 via PIDDosome formation. However, it remains unclear how interactor selection, and thus fate decision, is regulated at the PIDD platform. We show that the PIDDosome functions in the "Chk1-suppressed" apoptotic response to DNA damage, a conserved ATM/ATR-caspase-2 pathway antagonized by Chk1. In this pathway, ATM phosphorylates PIDD on Thr788 within the DD. This phosphorylation is necessary and sufficient for RAIDD binding and caspase-2 activation. Conversely, nonphosphorylatable PIDD fails to bind RAIDD or activate caspase-2, and engages prosurvival RIP1 instead. Thus, ATM phosphorylation of the PIDD DD enables a binary switch through which cells elect to survive or die upon DNA injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohiro Ando
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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47
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Manzl C, Peintner L, Krumschnabel G, Bock F, Labi V, Drach M, Newbold A, Johnstone R, Villunger A. PIDDosome-independent tumor suppression by Caspase-2. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1722-32. [PMID: 22595758 PMCID: PMC3438502 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The PIDDosome, a multiprotein complex constituted of the ‘p53-induced protein with a death domain (PIDD), ‘receptor-interacting protein (RIP)-associated ICH-1/CED-3 homologous protein with a death domain' (RAIDD) and pro-Caspase-2 has been defined as an activating platform for this apoptosis-related protease. PIDD has been implicated in p53-mediated cell death in response to DNA damage but also in DNA repair and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer (NF-κB) activation upon genotoxic stress, together with RIP-1 kinase and Nemo/IKKγ. As all these cellular responses are critical for tumor suppression and deregulated expression of individual PIDDosome components has been noted in human cancer, we investigated their role in oncogenesis induced by DNA damage or oncogenic stress in gene-ablated mice. We observed that Pidd or Caspase-2 failed to suppress lymphoma formation triggered by γ-irradiation or 3-methylcholanthrene-driven fibrosarcoma development. In contrast, Caspase-2 showed tumor suppressive capacity in response to aberrant c-Myc expression, which did not rely on PIDD, the BH3-only protein Bid (BH3 interacting domain death agonist) or the death receptor ligand Trail (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand), but associated with reduced rates of p53 loss and increased extranodal dissemination of tumor cells. In contrast, Pidd deficiency associated with abnormal M-phase progression and delayed disease onset, indicating that both proteins are differentially engaged upon oncogenic stress triggered by c-Myc, leading to opposing effects on tumor-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Manzl
- Division of Developmental Immunology, BIOCENTER, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
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Lin Q, Liu Y, Moore DJ, Elizer SK, Veach RA, Hawiger J, Ruley HE. Cutting edge: the "death" adaptor CRADD/RAIDD targets BCL10 and suppresses agonist-induced cytokine expression in T lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2493-7. [PMID: 22323537 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in response to TCR agonists is regulated by the caspase-recruitment domain membrane-associated guanylate kinase 1 (CARMA1) signalosome through the coordinated assembly of complexes containing the BCL10 adaptor protein. We describe a novel mechanism to negatively regulate the CARMA1 signalosome by the "death" adaptor protein caspase and receptor interacting protein adaptor with death domain (CRADD)/receptor interacting protein-associated ICH-1/CED-3 homologous protein with a death domain. We show that CRADD interacts with BCL10 through its caspase recruitment domain and suppresses interactions between BCL10 and CARMA1. TCR agonist-induced interaction between CRADD and BCL10 coincides with reduction of its complex formation with CARMA1 in wild-type, as compared with Cradd-deficient, primary cells. Finally, Cradd-deficient spleen cells, CD4(+) T cells, and mice respond to T cell agonists with strikingly higher production of proinflammatory mediators, including IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, and IL-17. These results define a novel role for CRADD as a negative regulator of the CARMA1 signalosome and suppressor of Th1- and Th17-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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49
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Bock FJ, Peintner L, Tanzer M, Manzl C, Villunger A. P53-induced protein with a death domain (PIDD): master of puppets? Oncogene 2012; 31:4733-9. [PMID: 22266869 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
P53-induced protein with a death domain (PIDD) has been described as primary p53 target gene, induced upon DNA damage. More than 10 years after its discovery, its physiological role in the DNA damage response remains enigmatic, as it seems to be able to execute life-death decisions in vitro, yet genetic ablation in mice failed to reveal an obvious phenotype. Nonetheless, evidence is accumulating that it contributes to the fine-tuning of the DNA-damage response by orchestrating critical processes such as caspase activation or nuclear factor κB translocation and can also exert additional nuclear functions, for example, the modulation of translesion synthesis. In this review, we aim to integrate these observations and propose possible unexplored functions of PIDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Bock
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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50
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Puffenberger EG, Jinks RN, Sougnez C, Cibulskis K, Willert RA, Achilly NP, Cassidy RP, Fiorentini CJ, Heiken KF, Lawrence JJ, Mahoney MH, Miller CJ, Nair DT, Politi KA, Worcester KN, Setton RA, Dipiazza R, Sherman EA, Eastman JT, Francklyn C, Robey-Bond S, Rider NL, Gabriel S, Morton DH, Strauss KA. Genetic mapping and exome sequencing identify variants associated with five novel diseases. PLoS One 2012; 7:e28936. [PMID: 22279524 PMCID: PMC3260153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Clinic for Special Children (CSC) has integrated biochemical and molecular methods into a rural pediatric practice serving Old Order Amish and Mennonite (Plain) children. Among the Plain people, we have used single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays to genetically map recessive disorders to large autozygous haplotype blocks (mean = 4.4 Mb) that contain many genes (mean = 79). For some, uninformative mapping or large gene lists preclude disease-gene identification by Sanger sequencing. Seven such conditions were selected for exome sequencing at the Broad Institute; all had been previously mapped at the CSC using low density SNP microarrays coupled with autozygosity and linkage analyses. Using between 1 and 5 patient samples per disorder, we identified sequence variants in the known disease-causing genes SLC6A3 and FLVCR1, and present evidence to strongly support the pathogenicity of variants identified in TUBGCP6, BRAT1, SNIP1, CRADD, and HARS. Our results reveal the power of coupling new genotyping technologies to population-specific genetic knowledge and robust clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik G Puffenberger
- Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
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