1
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Boshoff DS. Understanding fire regimes: A biogeographical perspective. JAMBA (POTCHEFSTROOM, SOUTH AFRICA) 2024; 16:1673. [PMID: 39113928 PMCID: PMC11304166 DOI: 10.4102/jamba.v16i1.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Fire regimes are often considered to be either driven by climate, fuel load or human activities. A significant proportion of fires across various ecosystems occur via large fire events. Recently, suggestions have been made that fires are becoming more severe and frequent as a consequence of current climate change. Although there are many factors influencing fire events, scientists have not found a suitable framework that can provide for understanding fires at the macroscale level. This review article proposes a new conceptual framework to better understand fire regimes. The proposed framework relies on a biogeographical perspective of fire regimes that include characteristics that have been underestimated in previous frameworks and to mitigate time as well as spatial scale issues at the macrolevel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Boshoff
- Disaster Risk Science, Unit for Environmental Science and Management, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
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2
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Cordero RR, Feron S, Damiani A, Carrasco J, Karas C, Wang C, Kraamwinkel CT, Beaulieu A. Extreme fire weather in Chile driven by climate change and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Sci Rep 2024; 14:1974. [PMID: 38263390 PMCID: PMC10806187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A string of fierce fires broke out in Chile in the austral summer 2023, just six years after the record-breaking 2017 fire season. Favored by extreme weather conditions, fire activity has dramatically risen in recent years in this Andean country. A total of 1.7 million ha. burned during the last decade, tripling figures of the prior decade. Six of the seven most destructive fire seasons on record occurred since 2014. Here, we analyze the progression during the last two decades of the weather conditions associated with increased fire risk in Central Chile (30°-39° S). Fire weather conditions (including high temperatures, low humidity, dryness, and strong winds) increase the potential for wildfires, once ignited, to rapidly spread. We show that the concurrence of El Niño and climate-fueled droughts and heatwaves boost the local fire risk and have decisively contributed to the intense fire activity recently seen in Central Chile. Our results also suggest that the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean variability modulates the seasonal fire weather in the country, driving in turn the interannual fire activity. The signature of the warm anomalies in the Niño 1 + 2 region (0°-10° S, 90° W-80° W) is apparent on the burned area records seen in Central Chile in 2017 and 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl R Cordero
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sarah Feron
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile.
- Knowledge Infrastructure, University of Groningen, Wirdumerdijk 34, 8911 CE, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
| | - Alessandro Damiani
- Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Jorge Carrasco
- University of Magallanes, Av. Manuel Bulnes 1855, 621-0427, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Cyrus Karas
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Chenghao Wang
- School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73072, USA
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Clarisse T Kraamwinkel
- Knowledge Infrastructure, University of Groningen, Wirdumerdijk 34, 8911 CE, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Beaulieu
- Knowledge Infrastructure, University of Groningen, Wirdumerdijk 34, 8911 CE, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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3
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Hulsey G, Alderson DL, Carlson J. Birth-death-suppression Markov process and wildfires. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:014110. [PMID: 38366404 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.014110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Birth and death Markov processes can model stochastic physical systems from percolation to disease spread and, in particular, wildfires. We introduce and analyze a birth-death-suppression Markov process as a model of controlled culling of an abstract, dynamic population. Using analytic techniques, we characterize the probabilities and timescales of outcomes like absorption at zero (extinguishment) and the probability of the cumulative population (burned area) reaching a given size. The latter requires control over the embedded Markov chain: this discrete process is solved using the Pollazcek orthogonal polynomials, a deformation of the Gegenbauer/ultraspherical polynomials. This allows analysis of processes with bounded cumulative population, corresponding to finite burnable substrate in the wildfire interpretation, with probabilities represented as spectral integrals. This technology is developed to lay the foundations for a dynamic decision support framework. We devise real-time risk metrics and suggest future directions for determining optimal suppression strategies, including multievent resource allocation problems and potential applications for reinforcement learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hulsey
- Department of Physics, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - David L Alderson
- Operations Research Department, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943, USA
| | - Jean Carlson
- Department of Physics, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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4
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de Souza Fernandes Duarte E, Salgueiro V, Costa MJ, Lucio PS, Potes M, Bortoli D, Salgado R. Fire-Pollutant-Atmosphere Components and Its Impact on Mortality in Portugal During Wildfire Seasons. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2023GH000802. [PMID: 37811341 PMCID: PMC10558046 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh000802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed fire-pollutant-meteorological variables and their impact on cardio-respiratory mortality in Portugal during wildfire season. Data of burned area, particulate matter with a diameter of 10 or 2.5 μm (μm) or less (PM10, PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, aerosol optical depth and mortality rates of Circulatory System Disease (CSD), Respiratory System Disease (RSD), Pneumonia (PNEU), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Asthma (ASMA), were used. Only the months of 2011-2020 wildfire season (June-July-August-September-October) with a burned area greater than 1,000 ha were considered. Principal component analysis was used on fire-pollutant-meteorological variables to create two indices called Pollutant-Burning Interaction (PBI) and Atmospheric-Pollutant Interaction (API). PBI was strongly correlated with the air pollutants and burned area while API was strongly correlated with temperature and relative humidity, and O3. Cluster analysis applied to PBI-API divided the data into two Clusters. Cluster 1 included colder and wetter months and higher NO2 concentration. Cluster 2 included warmer and dried months, and higher PM10, PM2.5, CO, and O3 concentrations. The clusters were subjected to Principal Component Linear Regression to better understand the relationship between mortality and PBI-API indices. Cluster 1 showed statistically significant (p-value < 0.05) correlation (r) between RSDxPBI (r RSD = 0.58) and PNEUxPBI (r PNEU = 0.67). Cluster 2 showed statistically significant correlations between RSDxPBI (r RSD = 0.48), PNEUxPBI (r PNEU = 0.47), COPDxPBI (r COPD = 0.45), CSDxAPI (r CSD = 0.70), RSDxAPI (r CSD = 0.71), PNEUxAPI (r PNEU = 0.49), and COPDxAPI (r PNEU = 0.62). Cluster 2 analysis indicates that the warmest, driest, and most polluted months of the wildfire season were associated with cardio-respiratory mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ediclê de Souza Fernandes Duarte
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra—ICT (Pólo de Évora)Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA)Universidade de ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
- Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab)Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA)Universidade de ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
- Departamento de FísicaEscola de Ciências e Tecnologia (ECT)Universidade de ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
| | - Vanda Salgueiro
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra—ICT (Pólo de Évora)Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA)Universidade de ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
- Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab)Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA)Universidade de ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
- Departamento de FísicaEscola de Ciências e Tecnologia (ECT)Universidade de ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
| | - Maria João Costa
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra—ICT (Pólo de Évora)Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA)Universidade de ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
- Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab)Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA)Universidade de ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
- Departamento de FísicaEscola de Ciências e Tecnologia (ECT)Universidade de ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
| | - Paulo Sérgio Lucio
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas e ClimáticasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteNatalBrazil
| | - Miguel Potes
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra—ICT (Pólo de Évora)Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA)Universidade de ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
- Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab)Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA)Universidade de ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
- Departamento de FísicaEscola de Ciências e Tecnologia (ECT)Universidade de ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
| | - Daniele Bortoli
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra—ICT (Pólo de Évora)Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA)Universidade de ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
- Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab)Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA)Universidade de ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
- Departamento de FísicaEscola de Ciências e Tecnologia (ECT)Universidade de ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
| | - Rui Salgado
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra—ICT (Pólo de Évora)Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA)Universidade de ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
- Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab)Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada (IIFA)Universidade de ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
- Departamento de FísicaEscola de Ciências e Tecnologia (ECT)Universidade de ÉvoraÉvoraPortugal
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5
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Ramos AM, Russo A, DaCamara CC, Nunes S, Sousa P, Soares PMM, Lima MM, Hurduc A, Trigo RM. The compound event that triggered the destructive fires of October 2017 in Portugal. iScience 2023; 26:106141. [PMID: 36915678 PMCID: PMC10006635 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Portugal is regularly affected by destructive wildfires that have severe social, economic, and ecological impacts. The total burnt area in 2017 (∼540,000 ha) marked the all-time record value since 1980 with a tragic toll of 114 fatalities that occurred in June and October events. The local insurance sector declared it was the costliest natural disaster in Portugal with payouts exceeding USD295 million. Here, the 2017 October event, responsible for more than 200,000 ha of burnt area and 50 fatalities is analyzed from a compound perspective. A prolonged drought led to preconditioned cumulative hydric stress of vegetation in October 2017. In addition, on 15 October 2017, two other major drivers played a critical role: 1) the passage of hurricane Ophelia off the Coast of Portugal, responsible for exceptional meteorological conditions and 2) the human agent, responsible for an extremely elevated number of negligent ignitions. This disastrous combination of natural and anthropogenic drivers led to the uncontrolled wildfires observed on 15 October.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre M Ramos
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Building 435, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Dom Luiz, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Russo
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Dom Luiz, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos C DaCamara
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Dom Luiz, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Silvia Nunes
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Dom Luiz, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Sousa
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Dom Luiz, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), 1749-077 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P M M Soares
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Dom Luiz, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Lima
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Dom Luiz, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Hurduc
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Dom Luiz, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo M Trigo
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Dom Luiz, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.,Departamento de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-919, Brazil
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6
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Juang CS, Williams AP, Abatzoglou JT, Balch JK, Hurteau MD, Moritz MA. Rapid Growth of Large Forest Fires Drives the Exponential Response of Annual Forest-Fire Area to Aridity in the Western United States. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 49:e2021GL097131. [PMID: 35866067 PMCID: PMC9286820 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl097131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Annual forest area burned (AFAB) in the western United States (US) has increased as a positive exponential function of rising aridity in recent decades. This non-linear response has important implications for AFAB in a changing climate, yet the cause of the exponential AFAB-aridity relationship has not been given rigorous attention. We investigated the exponential AFAB-aridity relationship in western US forests using a new 1984-2019 database of fire events and 2001-2020 satellite-based records of daily fire growth. While forest-fire frequency and duration grow linearly with aridity, the exponential AFAB-aridity relationship results from the exponential growth rates of individual fires. Larger fires generally have more potential for growth due to more extensive firelines. Thus, forces that promote fire growth, such as aridification, have more potent effects on larger fires. As aridity increases linearly, the potential for growth of large fires accelerates, leading to exponential increases in AFAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. S. Juang
- Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - A. P. Williams
- Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
- Department of GeographyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - J. T. Abatzoglou
- Management of Complex Systems DepartmentUniversity of California, MercedMercedCAUSA
| | - J. K. Balch
- Earth LabCooperative Institute for Research in Environmental ScienceUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- Department of GeographyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - M. D. Hurteau
- Biology DepartmentUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - M. A. Moritz
- Cooperative Extension Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources & Bren School of Environmental Science & ManagementUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
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7
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Pimont F, Fargeon H, Opitz T, Ruffault J, Barbero R, Martin-StPaul N, Rigolot E, RiviÉre M, Dupuy JL. Prediction of regional wildfire activity in the probabilistic Bayesian framework of Firelihood. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02316. [PMID: 33636026 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Modeling wildfire activity is crucial for informing science-based risk management and understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of fire-prone ecosystems worldwide. Models help disentangle the relative influences of different factors, understand wildfire predictability, and provide insights into specific events. Here, we develop Firelihood, a two-component, Bayesian, hierarchically structured, probabilistic model of daily fire activity, which is modeled as the outcome of a marked point process: individual fires are the points (occurrence component), and fire sizes are the marks (size component). The space-time Poisson model for occurrence is adjusted to gridded fire counts using the integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) combined with the stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE) approach. The size model is based on piecewise-estimated Pareto and generalized Pareto distributions, adjusted with INLA. The Fire Weather Index (FWI) and forest area are the main explanatory variables. Temporal and spatial residuals are included to improve the consistency of the relationship between weather and fire occurrence. The posterior distribution of the Bayesian model provided 1,000 replications of fire activity that were compared with observations at various temporal and spatial scales in Mediterranean France. The number of fires larger than 1 ha across the region was coarsely reproduced at the daily scale, and was more accurately predicted on a weekly basis or longer. The regional weekly total number of larger fires (10-100 ha) was predicted as well, but the accuracy degraded with size, as the model uncertainty increased with event rareness. Local predictions of fire numbers or burned areas also required a longer aggregation period to maintain model accuracy. The estimation of fires larger than 1 ha was also consistent with observations during the extreme fire season of the 2003 unprecedented heat wave, but the model systematically underrepresented large fires and burned areas, which suggests that the FWI does not consistently rate the actual danger of large fire occurrence during heat waves. Firelihood enabled a novel analysis of the stochasticity underlying fire hazard, and offers a variety of applications, including fire hazard predictions for management and projections in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Pimont
- Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), INRAe, Avignon, 84914, France
| | - Héléne Fargeon
- Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), INRAe, Avignon, 84914, France
| | - Thomas Opitz
- Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, INRAe, Avignon, 84914, France
| | - Julien Ruffault
- Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), INRAe, Avignon, 84914, France
| | - Renaud Barbero
- Ecosystèmes Méditerranéens et Risques, INRAe, Aix-en-Provence, 13182, France
| | | | - Eric Rigolot
- Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), INRAe, Avignon, 84914, France
| | - Miguel RiviÉre
- Université de Lorraine, Université de Strasbourg, AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRAe, BETA, Nancy, 54000, France
| | - Jean-Luc Dupuy
- Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), INRAe, Avignon, 84914, France
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8
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Ruffault J, Curt T, Moron V, Trigo RM, Mouillot F, Koutsias N, Pimont F, Martin-StPaul N, Barbero R, Dupuy JL, Russo A, Belhadj-Khedher C. Increased likelihood of heat-induced large wildfires in the Mediterranean Basin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13790. [PMID: 32796945 PMCID: PMC7427790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildfire activity is expected to increase across the Mediterranean Basin because of climate change. However, the effects of future climate change on the combinations of atmospheric conditions that promote wildfire activity remain largely unknown. Using a fire-weather based classification of wildfires, we show that future climate scenarios point to an increase in the frequency of two heat-induced fire-weather types that have been related to the largest wildfires in recent years. Heat-induced fire-weather types are characterized by compound dry and warm conditions occurring during summer heatwaves, either under moderate (heatwave type) or intense (hot drought type) drought. The frequency of heat-induced fire-weather is projected to increase by 14% by the end of the century (2071–2100) under the RCP4.5 scenario, and by 30% under the RCP8.5, suggesting that the frequency and extent of large wildfires will increase throughout the Mediterranean Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ruffault
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Avignon, France. .,INRAE, Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (UR 629), Avignon, France.
| | - Thomas Curt
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, RECOVER, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Vincent Moron
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll. de France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Ricardo M Trigo
- Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.,Departamento de Meteorologia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-916, Brazil
| | - Florent Mouillot
- CEFE, UMR 5175, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, univ. Paul Valery Montpellier 3, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Nikos Koutsias
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, G. Seferi 2, 30100, Agrinio, Greece
| | - François Pimont
- INRAE, Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (UR 629), Avignon, France
| | | | - Renaud Barbero
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, RECOVER, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Jean-Luc Dupuy
- INRAE, Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (UR 629), Avignon, France
| | - Ana Russo
- Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
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9
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Fire deficit increases wildfire risk for many communities in the Canadian boreal forest. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2121. [PMID: 32358496 PMCID: PMC7195457 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The top priority of fire management agencies in Canada is to protect human life and property. Here we investigate if decades of aggressive fire suppression in the boreal biome of Canada has reduced the proportion of recently burned forests (RBF; <30 years) near human communities, and thereby inadvertently increased the risk of wildfire. We measured the percentage of RBF, which are usually less flammable than older forests, up to a 25-km radius around communities compared to that in the surrounding regional fire regime zone. Our analysis of 160 communities across boreal Canada shows that 54.4% exhibited a deficit or lack of RBF, whereas only 15.0% showed a surplus. Overall, a majority (74.4%) of communities are surrounded by a low (≤10%) proportion of RBF, indicating a higher vulnerability of those communities to wildfire. These findings suggest that suppression policies are increasing flammability in the wildland–urban interface of boreal Canada. A primary element of modern wildfire management is to aggressively suppress small fires before they become large, but benefits can be offset by the fact that these practices promote older forests that are more ‘flammable’. Here the authors show that this downside puts numerous human communities at elevated risk of fires in boreal Canada.
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10
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Koontz MJ, North MP, Werner CM, Fick SE, Latimer AM. Local forest structure variability increases resilience to wildfire in dry western U.S. coniferous forests. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:483-494. [PMID: 31922344 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A 'resilient' forest endures disturbance and is likely to persist. Resilience to wildfire may arise from feedback between fire behaviour and forest structure in dry forest systems. Frequent fire creates fine-scale variability in forest structure, which may then interrupt fuel continuity and prevent future fires from killing overstorey trees. Testing the generality and scale of this phenomenon is challenging for vast, long-lived forest ecosystems. We quantify forest structural variability and fire severity across >30 years and >1000 wildfires in California's Sierra Nevada. We find that greater variability in forest structure increases resilience by reducing rates of fire-induced tree mortality and that the scale of this effect is local, manifesting at the smallest spatial extent of forest structure tested (90 × 90 m). Resilience of these forests is likely compromised by structural homogenisation from a century of fire suppression, but could be restored with management that increases forest structural variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Koontz
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Earth Lab, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Malcolm P North
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Mammoth Lakes, CA, USA
| | - Chhaya M Werner
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephen E Fick
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, UT, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrew M Latimer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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11
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Alderson DL, Doyle JC, Willinger W. Lessons from "a first-principles approach to understanding the internet's router-level topology". ACM SIGCOMM COMPUTER COMMUNICATION REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1145/3371934.3371964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Our main purpose for this editorial is to reiterate the main message that we tried to convey in our SIGCOMM'04 paper but that got largely lost in all the hype surrounding the use of scale-free network models throughout the sciences in the last two decades. That message was that because of (1) the Internet's highly-engineered architecture, (2) a thorough understanding of its component technologies, and (3) the availability of extensive (but typically noisy) measurements, this complex man-made system affords unique opportunities to unambiguously resolve most claims about its properties, structure, and functionality. In the process, we point out the fallacy of popular approaches that consider complex systems such as the Internet from the perspective of
disorganized complexity
and argue for renewed efforts and increased focus on advancing an "architecture first" view with its emphasis on studying the
organized complexity
of systems such as the Internet.
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12
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Jurečka F, Možný M, Balek J, Žalud Z, Trnka M. Comparison of Methods for the Assessment of Fire Danger in the Czech Republic. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201967051285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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13
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Evolution of Burned Area in Forest Fires under Climate Change Conditions in Southern Spain Using ANN. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9194155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wildfires in Mediterranean regions have become a serious problem, and it is currently the main cause of forest loss. Numerous prediction methods have been applied worldwide to estimate future fire activity and area burned in order to provide a stable basis for future allocation of fire-fighting resources. The present study investigated the performance of an artificial neural network (ANN) in burned area size prediction and to assess the evolution of future wildfires and the area concerned under climate change in southern Spain. The study area comprised 39.41 km2 of land burned from 2000 to 2014. ANNs were used in two subsequential phases: classifying the size of the wildfires and predicting the burned surface for fires larger than 30,000 m2. Matrix of confusion and 10-fold cross-validations were used to evaluate ANN classification and mean absolute deviation, root mean square error, mean absolute percent error and bias, which were the metrics used for burned area prediction. The success rate achieved was above 60–70% depending on the zone. An average temperature increase of 3 °C and a 20% increase in wind speed during 2071–2100 results in a significant increase of the number of fires, up to triple the current figure, resulting in seven times the average yearly burned surface depending on the zone and the climate change scenario.
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Parente J, Amraoui M, Menezes I, Pereira MG. Drought in Portugal: Current regime, comparison of indices and impacts on extreme wildfires. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:150-173. [PMID: 31174114 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In Portugal, drought characterizes the climatic variability, contributes to the increase of fire risk and its duration and intensity are expected to increase in future climate. Surprisingly, the quantitative and objective analysis to characterize the drought regime in current climate conditions as well as its influence on the occurrence of large wildfires (LW) has never been done for Portugal, which are the main objectives of this study. We assessed drought regime for recent past climate conditions (1981-2017), using four different drought indices, namely SPI, SPEI, RDI and VCI, and assessed the influence of drought in LW occurrence. Results include the characterization of drought number, duration, severity, intensity, extension, intra- and inter-annual variability for different classes of severity and the space-time distribution of LW in drought periods and affected area. Our main findings include 67% of the study period were drought months; regions with higher drought duration and severity assessed with SPI and SPEI for general drought conditions evolves from north to south with the increase of drought assessment period; drought characteristics present low intra - annual and inter - annual variability but are clearly associated to the temporal and spatial distribution of LW. In fact, all LW occurred during drought assessed with SPI or SPEI, almost all LW (97% to 95%) and corresponding burnt area (98% to 97%) occurred during drought assessed with SPI and SPEI. The relationship between drought and fire incidence is statistical significant for 3 - month SPI, 3 - and 6 - month SPEI, and is particularly strong for Moderate and Severe drought. 85% and 87% of LW occurred in area affected by drought assessed with SPI or SPEI, respectively. It is not clear which is the best index, but drought plays a fundamental role in the occurrence of large wildfires in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Parente
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal.
| | - M Amraoui
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal.
| | - I Menezes
- ICAAM, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal; DREAMS, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologia, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M G Pereira
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal; Instituto Dom Luiz, IDL, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
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15
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Newman EA, Kennedy MC, Falk DA, McKenzie D. Scaling and Complexity in Landscape Ecology. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Forest Fire Trend and Influence of Climate Variability in India: A Geospatial Analysis at National and Local Scale. EKOLÓGIA (BRATISLAVA) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/eko-2019-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Climate change and its severity play an important role in forest fire regime. Analysing the forest fires events becomes a prerequisite for safeguarding the forest from further damage. We have made an assessment of the long-term forest fire events at the district level in India and identified the forest fire hotspot districts. The spatial seasonal (January to June) district wise pattern and forest fire trend were analysed. In the second part of the study area (central part of India), we have evaluated the forest fire events in grid format with respect to the climatic/weather datasets, and the statistical analysis Cramer V coefficient (CVC) was performed to understand its association/relationship with forest fire events.
The study revealed that Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills districts of Assam of India have the highest forest fire percent among all districts equivalent to 3.4 and 3.2% respectively. Dantewada district of Chhattisgarh and Garhchiroli district of Maharashtra of India occupied 3rd and 4th rank with value 3.1 and 3.0% respectively. The grid-based evaluation (local scale) revealed that most of the fire equivalent of 80% was found in the month of March and April. Forest fire frequency of the month of April is spread over 88 % of the grids over the study area. The 11 years average seasonal month-wise (February to June) maximum temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity, and solar radiation were found in the range of (25.9 to 40.6), (1.69 to 2.7), (0.301 to 0.736) and (14.21 to 22.98) respectively. The percentage increase (in the month of March) of maximum temperature, wind velocity, and solar radiation were 36, 39 and 62% respectively, when compared with the preceding month; whereas, a 60% decrease to relative humidity that was observed in the same month is usually the major cause of forest fire events in the month of March onwards.
The evaluation of Cramer V coefficient (CVC) values of rainfall, relative humidity, potential evapotranspiration, maximum temperature, wind velocity, and solar radiation were in decreasing order and in the range of 0.778 to 0.293. The highest value of rainfall (0.778) showed its strongest association with the forest fire events. In the month of June, these areas receive adequate rainfall, which leads to an increase in the soil moisture and a reduction in forest fuel burning capacity by absorbing the moisture and it is a strong reason for less forest fire events during this month. Geospatial technology provides an opportunity to evaluate large datasets over various spatial and temporal scales and help in decision making/formulating various policies.
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17
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Povak NA, Hessburg PF, Salter RB. Evidence for scale‐dependent topographic controls on wildfire spread. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Povak
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) 100 ORAU Way Oak Ridge Tennessee 37830 USA
- USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Wenatchee Forestry Sciences Laboratory 1133 N. Western Avenue Wenatchee Washington 98801 USA
| | - Paul F. Hessburg
- USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Wenatchee Forestry Sciences Laboratory 1133 N. Western Avenue Wenatchee Washington 98801 USA
| | - R. Brion Salter
- USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Wenatchee Forestry Sciences Laboratory 1133 N. Western Avenue Wenatchee Washington 98801 USA
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18
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Keane RE, Loehman RA, Holsinger LM, Falk DA, Higuera P, Hood SM, Hessburg PF. Use of landscape simulation modeling to quantify resilience for ecological applications. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Keane
- USDA Forest Service; Rocky Mountain Research Station; Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory; 5775 Highway 10 West Missoula Montana 59808 USA
| | - Rachel A. Loehman
- US Geological Survey; Alaska Science Center; 4210 University Drive Anchorage Alaska 99508 USA
| | - Lisa M. Holsinger
- USDA Forest Service; Rocky Mountain Research Station; Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory; 5775 Highway 10 West Missoula Montana 59808 USA
| | - Donald A. Falk
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment; Environment and Natural Resources II; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Philip Higuera
- W.A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation; University of Montana; 32 Campus Drive Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - Sharon M. Hood
- USDA Forest Service; Rocky Mountain Research Station; Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory; 5775 Highway 10 West Missoula Montana 59808 USA
| | - Paul F. Hessburg
- USDA Forest Service; Pacific Northwest Research Station; Forestry Sciences Laboratory; 1133 N. Western Avenue Wenatchee Washington 98801 USA
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19
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Lalonde SJ, Mach KJ, Anderson CM, Francis EJ, Sanchez DL, Stanton CY, Turner PA, Field CB. Forest management in the Sierra Nevada provides limited carbon storage potential: an expert elicitation. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seth J. Lalonde
- Carnegie Institution for Science; 260 Panama Street Stanford California 94305 USA
| | | | | | - Emily J. Francis
- Stanford University; 473 Via Ortega Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Daniel L. Sanchez
- Carnegie Institution for Science; 260 Panama Street Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Charlotte Y. Stanton
- Carnegie Institution for Science; 260 Panama Street Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Peter A. Turner
- Carnegie Institution for Science; 260 Panama Street Stanford California 94305 USA
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20
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Costafreda-Aumedes S, Vega-Garcia C, Comas C. Improving fire season definition by optimized temporal modelling of daily human-caused ignitions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 217:90-99. [PMID: 29597111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire suppression management is usually based on fast control of all ignitions, especially in highly populated countries with pervasive values-at-risk. To minimize values-at-risk loss by improving response time of suppression resources it is necessary to anticipate ignitions, which are mainly caused by people. Previous studies have found that human-ignition patterns change spatially and temporally depending on socio-economic activities, hence, the deployment of suppression resources along the year should consider these patterns. However, full suppression capacity is operational only within legally established fire seasons, driven by past events and budgets, which limits response capacity and increases damages out of them. The aim of this study was to assess the temporal definition of fire seasons from the perspective of human-ignition patterns for the case study of Spain, where people cause over 95% of fires. Humans engage in activities that use fire as a tool in certain periods within a year, and in locations linked to specific spatial factors. Geographic variables (population, infrastructures, physiography and land uses) were used as explanatory variables for human-ignition patterns. The changing influence of these geographic variables on occurrence along the year was analysed with day-by-day logistic regression models. Daily models were built for all the municipal units in the two climatic regions in Spain (Atlantic and Mediterranean Spain) from 2002 to 2014, and similar models were grouped within continuous periods, designated as ignition-based seasons. We found three ignition-based seasons in the Mediterranean region and five in the Atlantic zones, not coincidental with calendar seasons, but with a high degree of agreement with current legally designated operational fire seasons. Our results suggest that an additional late-winter-early-spring fire season in the Mediterranean area and the extension of this same season in the Atlantic zone should be re-considered for operational purposes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Costafreda-Aumedes
- Department of Agri-food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144, Florence, Italy.
| | - C Vega-Garcia
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Engineering, University of Lleida, Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain; Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia, Ctra. Sant Llorenç de Morunys km 2, 25280, Solsona, Spain
| | - C Comas
- Department of Mathematics, University of Lleida, Agrotecnio Center, Avinguda Estudi General 4, 25001, Lleida, Spain
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21
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Human-Related Ignitions Increase the Number of Large Wildfires across U.S. Ecoregions. FIRE-SWITZERLAND 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fire1010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Large fires account for the majority of burned area and are an important focus of fire management. However, ‘large’ is typically defined by a fire size threshold, minimizing the importance of proportionally large fires in less fire-prone ecoregions. Here, we defined ‘large fires’ as the largest 10% of wildfires by ecoregion (n = 175,222 wildfires from 1992 to 2015) across the United States (U.S.). Across ecoregions, we compared fire size, seasonality, and environmental conditions (e.g., wind speed, fuel moisture, biomass, vegetation type) of large human- and lighting-started fires that required a suppression response. Mean large fire size varied by three orders of magnitude: from 1 to 10 ha in the Northeast vs. >1000 ha in the West. Humans ignited four times as many large fires as lightning, and were the dominant source of large fires in the eastern and western U.S. (starting 92% and 65% of fires, respectively). Humans started 80,896 large fires in seasons when lightning-ignited fires were rare. Large human-started fires occurred in locations and months of significantly higher fuel moisture and wind speed than large lightning-started fires. National-scale fire policy should consider risks to ecosystems and economies by these proportionally large fires and include human drivers in large fire risk assessment.
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22
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23
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Littell JS, Peterson DL, Riley KL, Liu Y, Luce CH. A review of the relationships between drought and forest fire in the United States. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:2353-69. [PMID: 27090489 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The historical and presettlement relationships between drought and wildfire are well documented in North America, with forest fire occurrence and area clearly increasing in response to drought. There is also evidence that drought interacts with other controls (forest productivity, topography, fire weather, management activities) to affect fire intensity, severity, extent, and frequency. Fire regime characteristics arise across many individual fires at a variety of spatial and temporal scales, so both weather and climate - including short- and long-term droughts - are important and influence several, but not all, aspects of fire regimes. We review relationships between drought and fire regimes in United States forests, fire-related drought metrics and expected changes in fire risk, and implications for fire management under climate change. Collectively, this points to a conceptual model of fire on real landscapes: fire regimes, and how they change through time, are products of fuels and how other factors affect their availability (abundance, arrangement, continuity) and flammability (moisture, chemical composition). Climate, management, and land use all affect availability, flammability, and probability of ignition differently in different parts of North America. From a fire ecology perspective, the concept of drought varies with scale, application, scientific or management objective, and ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Littell
- DOI Alaska Climate Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - David L Peterson
- USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, 400 N. 34th Street, Suite 201, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
| | - Karin L Riley
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, 800 East Beckwith, Missoula, MT, 59801, USA
| | - Yongquiang Liu
- USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, 320 Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Charles H Luce
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, 322 East Front Street, Suite 401, Boise, ID, 83702, USA
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24
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Taking time to consider the causes and consequences of large wildfires. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:13137-8. [PMID: 26483507 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518170112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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25
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Liu Z, Wimberly MC. Climatic and Landscape Influences on Fire Regimes from 1984 to 2010 in the Western United States. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140839. [PMID: 26465959 PMCID: PMC4605733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved understanding of the relative influences of climatic and landscape controls on multiple fire regime components is needed to enhance our understanding of modern fire regimes and how they will respond to future environmental change. To address this need, we analyzed the spatio-temporal patterns of fire occurrence, size, and severity of large fires (> 405 ha) in the western United States from 1984–2010. We assessed the associations of these fire regime components with environmental variables, including short-term climate anomalies, vegetation type, topography, and human influences, using boosted regression tree analysis. Results showed that large fire occurrence, size, and severity each exhibited distinctive spatial and spatio-temporal patterns, which were controlled by different sets of climate and landscape factors. Antecedent climate anomalies had the strongest influences on fire occurrence, resulting in the highest spatial synchrony. In contrast, climatic variability had weaker influences on fire size and severity and vegetation types were the most important environmental determinants of these fire regime components. Topography had moderately strong effects on both fire occurrence and severity, and human influence variables were most strongly associated with fire size. These results suggest a potential for the emergence of novel fire regimes due to the responses of fire regime components to multiple drivers at different spatial and temporal scales. Next-generation approaches for projecting future fire regimes should incorporate indirect climate effects on vegetation type changes as well as other landscape effects on multiple components of fire regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Liu
- Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Michael C Wimberly
- Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
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26
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Ruffault J, Mouillot F. How a new fire-suppression policy can abruptly reshape the fire-weather relationship. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es15-00182.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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27
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Duncan BW, Schmalzer PA, Breininger DR, Stolen ED. Comparing fuels reduction and patch mosaic fire regimes for reducing fire spread potential: A spatial modeling approach. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Parks SA, Holsinger LM, Miller C, Nelson CR. Wildland fire as a self-regulating mechanism: the role of previous burns and weather in limiting fire progression. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 25:1478-92. [PMID: 26552258 DOI: 10.1890/14-1430.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Theory suggests that natural fire regimes can result in landscapes that are both self-regulating and resilient to fire. For example, because fires consume fuel, they may create barriers to the spread of future fires, thereby regulating fire size. Top-down controls such as weather, however, can weaken this effect. While empirical examples demonstrating this pattern-process feedback between vegetation and fire exist, they have been geographically limited or did not consider the influence of time between fires and weather. The availability of remotely sensed data identifying fire activity over the last four decades provides an opportunity to explicitly quantify-the ability of wildland fire to limit the progression of subsequent fire. Furthermore, advances in fire progression mapping now allow an evaluation of how daily weather as a top-down control modifies this effect. In this study, we evaluated the ability of wildland fire to create barriers that limit the spread of subsequent fire along a gradient representing time between fires in four large study areas in the western United States. Using fire progression maps in conjunction with weather station data, we also evaluated the influence of daily weather. Results indicate that wildland fire does limit subsequent fire spread in all four study areas, but this effect decays over time; wildland fire no longer limits subsequent fire spread 6-18 years after fire, depending on the study area. We also found that the ability of fire to regulate, subsequent fire progression was substantially reduced under extreme conditions compared to moderate weather conditions in all four study areas. This study increases understanding of the spatial feedbacks that can lead to self-regulating landscapes as well as the effects of top-down controls, such as weather, on these feedbacks. Our results will be useful to managers who seek to restore natural fire regimes or to exploit recent burns when managing fire.
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29
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Spatio-Temporal Features of China’s Urban Fires: An Investigation with Reference to Gross Domestic Product and Humidity. SUSTAINABILITY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/su7079734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Jolly WM, Cochrane MA, Freeborn PH, Holden ZA, Brown TJ, Williamson GJ, Bowman DMJS. Climate-induced variations in global wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7537. [PMID: 26172867 PMCID: PMC4803474 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate strongly influences global wildfire activity, and recent wildfire surges may signal fire weather-induced pyrogeographic shifts. Here we use three daily global climate data sets and three fire danger indices to develop a simple annual metric of fire weather season length, and map spatio-temporal trends from 1979 to 2013. We show that fire weather seasons have lengthened across 29.6 million km2 (25.3%) of the Earth's vegetated surface, resulting in an 18.7% increase in global mean fire weather season length. We also show a doubling (108.1% increase) of global burnable area affected by long fire weather seasons (>1.0 σ above the historical mean) and an increased global frequency of long fire weather seasons across 62.4 million km2 (53.4%) during the second half of the study period. If these fire weather changes are coupled with ignition sources and available fuel, they could markedly impact global ecosystems, societies, economies and climate. Global wildfires can have severe societal implications and economic cost and have been strongly linked to climate. Here, the authors analyse daily global wildfire trends and show that, during the past 35 years, wildfire season length has increased by 18.7% over more than a quarter of the Earth's surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Matt Jolly
- US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 5775 Highway 10 West, Missoula, Montana 59803, USA
| | - Mark A Cochrane
- Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence (GSCE), South Dakota State University, 1021 Medary Avenue, Wecota Hall, Box 506B, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
| | - Patrick H Freeborn
- 1] US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 5775 Highway 10 West, Missoula, Montana 59803, USA [2] Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence (GSCE), South Dakota State University, 1021 Medary Avenue, Wecota Hall, Box 506B, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
| | - Zachary A Holden
- US Forest Service Region 1, 200 East Broadway Street, Missoula, Montana 59802, USA
| | - Timothy J Brown
- Desert Research Institute (DRI), Western Regional Climate Center, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, Nevada 89512-1095, USA
| | - Grant J Williamson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - David M J S Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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31
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Higuera PE, Abatzoglou JT, Littell JS, Morgan P. The Changing Strength and Nature of Fire-Climate Relationships in the Northern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., 1902-2008. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127563. [PMID: 26114580 PMCID: PMC4482589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-varying fire-climate relationships may represent an important component of fire-regime variability, relevant for understanding the controls of fire and projecting fire activity under global-change scenarios. We used time-varying statistical models to evaluate if and how fire-climate relationships varied from 1902-2008, in one of the most flammable forested regions of the western U.S.A. Fire-danger and water-balance metrics yielded the best combination of calibration accuracy and predictive skill in modeling annual area burned. The strength of fire-climate relationships varied markedly at multi-decadal scales, with models explaining < 40% to 88% of the variation in annual area burned. The early 20th century (1902-1942) and the most recent two decades (1985-2008) exhibited strong fire-climate relationships, with weaker relationships for much of the mid 20th century (1943-1984), coincident with diminished burning, less fire-conducive climate, and the initiation of modern fire fighting. Area burned and the strength of fire-climate relationships increased sharply in the mid 1980s, associated with increased temperatures and longer potential fire seasons. Unlike decades with high burning in the early 20th century, models developed using fire-climate relationships from recent decades overpredicted area burned when applied to earlier periods. This amplified response of fire to climate is a signature of altered fire-climate-relationships, and it implicates non-climatic factors in this recent shift. Changes in fuel structure and availability following 40+ yr of unusually low fire activity, and possibly land use, may have resulted in increased fire vulnerability beyond expectations from climatic factors alone. Our results highlight the potential for non-climatic factors to alter fire-climate relationships, and the need to account for such dynamics, through adaptable statistical or processes-based models, for accurately predicting future fire activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E. Higuera
- College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John T. Abatzoglou
- Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Jeremy S. Littell
- Alaska Climate Science Center, USGS, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Penelope Morgan
- College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
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32
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Odion DC, Hanson CT, Arsenault A, Baker WL, DellaSala DA, Hutto RL, Klenner W, Moritz MA, Sherriff RL, Veblen TT, Williams MA. Examining historical and current mixed-severity fire regimes in ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests of western North America. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87852. [PMID: 24498383 PMCID: PMC3912150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is widespread concern that fire exclusion has led to an unprecedented threat of uncharacteristically severe fires in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws) and mixed-conifer forests of western North America. These extensive montane forests are considered to be adapted to a low/moderate-severity fire regime that maintained stands of relatively old trees. However, there is increasing recognition from landscape-scale assessments that, prior to any significant effects of fire exclusion, fires and forest structure were more variable in these forests. Biota in these forests are also dependent on the resources made available by higher-severity fire. A better understanding of historical fire regimes in the ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests of western North America is therefore needed to define reference conditions and help maintain characteristic ecological diversity of these systems. We compiled landscape-scale evidence of historical fire severity patterns in the ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests from published literature sources and stand ages available from the Forest Inventory and Analysis program in the USA. The consensus from this evidence is that the traditional reference conditions of low-severity fire regimes are inaccurate for most forests of western North America. Instead, most forests appear to have been characterized by mixed-severity fire that included ecologically significant amounts of weather-driven, high-severity fire. Diverse forests in different stages of succession, with a high proportion in relatively young stages, occurred prior to fire exclusion. Over the past century, successional diversity created by fire decreased. Our findings suggest that ecological management goals that incorporate successional diversity created by fire may support characteristic biodiversity, whereas current attempts to "restore" forests to open, low-severity fire conditions may not align with historical reference conditions in most ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests of western North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C. Odion
- Earth Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Environmental Studies Department, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chad T. Hanson
- Earth Island Institute, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - André Arsenault
- Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada, Corner Brook, N.L., Canada
| | - William L. Baker
- Program in Ecology and Department of Geography, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | | | - Richard L. Hutto
- Avian Science Center, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Walt Klenner
- Wildlife Habitat Ecologist, FLNR, Thompson-Okanagan Region, Kamloops, B.C., Canada
| | - Max A. Moritz
- Ecosystem Sciences Division, Environmental Science, Policy, & Management Dept., University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Rosemary L. Sherriff
- Department of Geography, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas T. Veblen
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Williams
- Program in Ecology and Department of Geography, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
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Taylor SW, Woolford DG, Dean CB, Martell DL. Wildfire Prediction to Inform Fire Management: Statistical Science Challenges. Stat Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1214/13-sts451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Slocum MG, Orzell SL. A structural equation model analysis of relationships among ENSO, seasonal descriptors and wildfires. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75946. [PMID: 24086670 PMCID: PMC3782436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonality drives ecological processes through networks of forcings, and the resultant complexity requires creative approaches for modeling to be successful. Recently ecologists and climatologists have developed sophisticated methods for fully describing seasons. However, to date the relationships among the variables produced by these methods have not been analyzed as networks, but rather with simple univariate statistics. In this manuscript we used structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze a proposed causal network describing seasonality of rainfall for a site in south-central Florida. We also described how this network was influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and how the network in turn affected the site’s wildfire regime. Our models indicated that wet and dry seasons starting later in the year (or ending earlier) were shorter and had less rainfall. El Niño conditions increased dry season rainfall, and via this effect decreased the consistency of that season’s drying trend. El Niño conditions also negatively influenced how consistent the moistening trend was during the wet season, but in this case the effect was direct and did not route through rainfall. In modeling wildfires, our models showed that area burned was indirectly influenced by ENSO via its effect on dry season rainfall. Area burned was also indirectly reduced when the wet season had consistent rainfall, as such wet seasons allowed fewer wildfires in subsequent fire seasons. Overall area burned at the study site was estimated with high accuracy (R2 score = 0.63). In summary, we found that by using SEMs, we were able to clearly describe causal patterns involving seasonal climate, ENSO and wildfire. We propose that similar approaches could be effectively applied to other sites where seasonality exerts strong and complex forcings on ecological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Slocum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Steve L. Orzell
- Avon Park Air Force Range, Avon Park, Florida, United States of America
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Bukowski BE, Baker WL. Historical fire regimes, reconstructed from land-survey data, led to complexity and fluctuation in sagebrush landscapes. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 23:546-564. [PMID: 23734485 DOI: 10.1890/12-0844.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sagebrush landscapes provide habitat for Sage-Grouse and other sagebrush obligates, yet historical fire regimes and the structure of historical sagebrush landscapes are poorly known, hampering ecological restoration and management. To remedy this, General Land Office Survey (GLO) survey notes were used to reconstruct over two million hectares of historical vegetation for four sagebrush-dominated (Artemisia spp.) study areas in the western United States. Reconstructed vegetation was analyzed for fire indicators used to identify historical fires and reconstruct historical fire regimes. Historical fire-size distributions were inverse-J shaped, and one fire > 100 000 ha was identified. Historical fire rotations were estimated at 171-342 years for Wyoming big sagebrush (A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis) and 137-217 years for mountain big sagebrush (A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana). Historical fire and patch sizes were significantly larger in Wyoming big sagebrush than mountain big sagebrush, and historical fire rotations were significantly longer in Wyoming big sagebrush than mountain big sagebrush. Historical fire rotations in Wyoming were longer than those in other study areas. Fine-scale mosaics of burned and unburned area and larger unburned inclusions within fire perimeters were less common than in modern fires. Historical sagebrush landscapes were dominated by large, contiguous areas of sagebrush, though large grass-dominated areas and finer-scale mosaics of grass and sagebrush were also present in smaller amounts. Variation in sagebrush density was a common source of patchiness, and areas classified as "dense" made up 24.5% of total sagebrush area, compared to 16.3% for "scattered" sagebrush. Results suggest significant differences in historical and modern fire regimes. Modern fire rotations in Wyoming big sagebrush are shorter than historical fire rotations. Results also suggest that historical sagebrush landscapes would have fluctuated, because of infrequent episodes of large fires and long periods of recovery and maturity. Due to fragmentation of sagebrush landscapes, the large, contiguous expanses of sagebrush that dominated historically are most at risk and in need of conservation, including both dense and scattered sagebrush. Fire suppression in Wyoming big sagebrush may also be advisable, as modern fire rotations are shorter than their historical counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth E Bukowski
- Department of Geography, Department 3371, 1000 E. University Avenue, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82072, USA
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Hawbaker TJ, Radeloff VC, Stewart SI, Hammer RB, Keuler NS, Clayton MK. Human and biophysical influences on fire occurrence in the United States. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 23:565-582. [PMID: 23734486 DOI: 10.1890/12-1816.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
National-scale analyses of fire occurrence are needed to prioritize fire policy and management activities across the United States. However, the drivers of national-scale patterns of fire occurrence are not well understood, and how the relative importance of human or biophysical factors varies across the country is unclear. Our research goal was to model the drivers of fire occurrence within ecoregions across the conterminous United States. We used generalized linear models to compare the relative influence of human, vegetation, climate, and topographic variables on fire occurrence in the United States, as measured by MODIS active fire detections collected between 2000 and 2006. We constructed models for all fires and for large fires only and generated predictive maps to quantify fire occurrence probabilities. Areas with high fire occurrence probabilities were widespread in the Southeast, and localized in the Mountain West, particularly in southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico. Probabilities for large-fire occurrence were generally lower, but hot spots existed in the western and south-central United States The probability of fire occurrence is a critical component of fire risk assessments, in addition to vegetation type, fire behavior, and the values at risk. Many of the hot spots we identified have extensive development in the wildland--urban interface and are near large metropolitan areas. Our results demonstrated that human variables were important predictors of both all fires and large fires and frequently exhibited nonlinear relationships. However, vegetation, climate, and topography were also significant variables in most ecoregions. If recent housing growth trends and fire occurrence patterns continue, these areas will continue to challenge policies and management efforts seeking to balance the risks generated by wildfires with the ecological benefits of fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Hawbaker
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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DAYCENT Simulations to Test the Influence of Fire Regime and Fire Suppression on Trace Gas Fluxes and Nitrogen Biogeochemistry of Colorado Forests. FORESTS 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/f3030506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Moritz MA, Parisien MA, Batllori E, Krawchuk MA, Van Dorn J, Ganz DJ, Hayhoe K. Climate change and disruptions to global fire activity. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es11-00345.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Williams MA, Baker WL. Comparison of the Higher-Severity Fire Regime in Historical (A.D. 1800s) and Modern (A.D. 1984–2009) Montane Forests Across 624,156 ha of the Colorado Front Range. Ecosystems 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-012-9549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Petrovic N, Alderson DL, Carlson JM. Dynamic resource allocation in disaster response: tradeoffs in wildfire suppression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33285. [PMID: 22514605 PMCID: PMC3326015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Challenges associated with the allocation of limited resources to mitigate the impact of natural disasters inspire fundamentally new theoretical questions for dynamic decision making in coupled human and natural systems. Wildfires are one of several types of disaster phenomena, including oil spills and disease epidemics, where (1) the disaster evolves on the same timescale as the response effort, and (2) delays in response can lead to increased disaster severity and thus greater demand for resources. We introduce a minimal stochastic process to represent wildfire progression that nonetheless accurately captures the heavy tailed statistical distribution of fire sizes observed in nature. We then couple this model for fire spread to a series of response models that isolate fundamental tradeoffs both in the strength and timing of response and also in division of limited resources across multiple competing suppression efforts. Using this framework, we compute optimal strategies for decision making scenarios that arise in fire response policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Petrovic
- Center for Research on Environmental Decisions, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America.
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Boer MM, Johnston P, Sadler RJ. Neighbourhood rules make or break spatial scale invariance in a classic model of contagious disturbance. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Zinck RD, Pascual M, Grimm V. Understanding shifts in wildfire regimes as emergent threshold phenomena. Am Nat 2011; 178:E149-61. [PMID: 22089877 DOI: 10.1086/662675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ecosystems driven by wildfire regimes are characterized by fire size distributions resembling power laws. Existing models produce power laws, but their predicted exponents are too high and fail to capture the exponent's variation with geographic region. Here we present a minimal model of fire dynamics that describes fire spread as a stochastic birth-death process, analogous to stochastic population growth or disease spread and incorporating memory effects from previous fires. The model reproduces multiple regional patterns in fire regimes and allows us to classify different regions in terms of their proximity to a critical threshold. Transitions across this critical threshold imply abrupt and pronounced increases in average fire size. The model predicts that large regions in Canada are currently close to this transition and might be driven beyond the threshold in the future. We illustrate this point by analyzing the time series for large fires (>199 ha) from the Canadian Boreal Plains, found to have shifted from a subcritical regime to a critical regime in the recent past. By contrast to its predecessor, the model also suggests that a critical transition, and not self-organized criticality, underlies forest fire dynamics, with implications for other ecological systems exhibiting power-law-like patterns, in particular for their sensitivity to environmental change and control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Zinck
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Decreases in Fire Spread Probability with Forest Age Promotes Alternative Community States, Reduced Resilience to Climate Variability and Large Fire Regime Shifts. Ecosystems 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-011-9494-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Contributions of Ignitions, Fuels, and Weather to the Spatial Patterns of Burn Probability of a Boreal Landscape. Ecosystems 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-011-9474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mandle L, Bufford JL, Schmidt IB, Daehler CC. Woody exotic plant invasions and fire: reciprocal impacts and consequences for native ecosystems. Biol Invasions 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-011-0001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Parisien MA, Parks SA, Krawchuk MA, Flannigan MD, Bowman LM, Moritz MA. Scale-dependent controls on the area burned in the boreal forest of Canada, 1980-2005. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 21:789-805. [PMID: 21639045 DOI: 10.1890/10-0326.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the boreal forest of North America, as in any fire-prone biome, three environmental factors must coincide for a wildfire to occur: an ignition source, flammable vegetation, and weather that is conducive to fire. Despite recent advances, the relative importance of these factors remains the subject of some debate. The aim of this study was to develop models that identify the environmental controls on spatial patterns in area burned for the period 1980-2005 at several spatial scales in the Canadian boreal forest. Boosted regression tree models were built to relate high-resolution data for area burned to an array of explanatory variables describing ignitions, vegetation, and long-term patterns in fire-conducive weather (i.e., fire climate) at four spatial scales (10(2) km2, 10(3) km2, 10(4) km2, and 10(5) km2). We evaluated the relative contributions of these controls on area burned, as well as their functional relationships, across spatial scales. We also assessed geographic patterns of the influence of wildfire controls. The results indicated that extreme temperature during the fire season was a top control at all spatial scales, followed closely by a wind-driven index of ease of fire spread. However, the contributions of some variables differed substantially among the spatial scales, as did their relationship to area burned. In fact, for some key variables the polarity of relationships was inverted from the finest to the broadest spatial scale. It was difficult to unequivocally attribute values of relative importance to the variables chosen to represent ignitions, vegetation, and climate, as the interdependence of these factors precluded clear partitioning. Furthermore, the influence of a variable on patterns of area burned often changed enormously across the biome, which supports the idea that fire-environment relationships in the boreal forest are complex and nonstationary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Parisien
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 137 Mulford Hall 3114, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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Seidl R, Fernandes PM, Fonseca TF, Gillet F, Jönsson AM, Merganičová K, Netherer S, Arpaci A, Bontemps JD, Bugmann H, González-Olabarria JR, Lasch P, Meredieu C, Moreira F, Schelhaas MJ, Mohren F. Modelling natural disturbances in forest ecosystems: a review. Ecol Modell 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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