1
|
Conti Nibali S, De Siervi S, Luchinat E, Magrì A, Messina A, Brocca L, Mantovani S, Oliviero B, Mondelli MU, De Pinto V, Turato C, Arrigoni C, Lolicato M. VDAC1-interacting molecules promote cell death in cancer organoids through mitochondrial-dependent metabolic interference. iScience 2024; 27:109853. [PMID: 38784007 PMCID: PMC11112339 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion-selective channel isoform 1 (VDAC1) is a pivotal component in cellular metabolism and apoptosis with a prominent role in many cancer types, offering a unique therapeutic intervention point. Through an in-silico-to-in-vitro approach we identified a set of VA molecules (VDAC Antagonists) that selectively bind to VDAC1 and display specificity toward cancer cells. Biochemical characterization showed that VA molecules can directly interact with VDAC1 with micromolar affinity by competing with the endogenous ligand NADH for a partially shared binding site. NADH displacement results in mitochondrial distress and reduced cell proliferation, especially when compared to non-cancerous cells. Experiments performed on organoids derived from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability upon treatment with VA molecules with lower impact on healthy cells than conventional treatments like gemcitabine. VA molecules are chemical entities representing promising candidates for further optimization and development as cancer therapy strategies through precise metabolic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia De Siervi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Luchinat
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Firenze, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine – CIRMMP, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Andrea Magrì
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Messina
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lorenza Brocca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Mantovani
- Research Department, Division of Clinical Immunology—Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Oliviero
- Research Department, Division of Clinical Immunology—Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario U. Mondelli
- Research Department, Division of Clinical Immunology—Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vito De Pinto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology & Genetics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cristian Turato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Marco Lolicato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Z, Miao P, Lin H, Lu Y. AHNAK2 Promotes the Progression of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Maintaining the Stability of c-MET. Cancer Manag Res 2024; 16:431-444. [PMID: 38751848 PMCID: PMC11095252 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s451486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is extremely malignant and rapidly progresses. The overall response rate of PDAC to current treatment methods is still unsatisfactory. Thus, identifying novel targets and clarifying the underlying mechanisms associated with PDAC progression may potentially offer additional treatment strategies. AHNAK2 is aberrantly expressed in a variety of tumors and exerts pro-tumorigenic effects. However, the biological role of AHNAK2 in PDAC remains poorly understood. Methods The expression of AHNAK2 in PDAC and paired non-tumor tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Lentivirus knockdown was performed to investigate the impact of AHNAK2 on the biological function of pancreatic cancer cells. The subcutaneous cell-derived xenograft (CDX) model and the KPC spontaneous mouse model with AHNAK2 silencing were used to observe the effects of AHNAK2 on tumor growth and prognosis. The expression of c-MET at protein level in response to HGF treatment was assessed using western blot. Results Our results demonstrated that AHNAK2 was highly expressed in PDAC clinical samples and associated with poor prognosis. Knockdown of AHNAK2 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. AHNAK2 knockdown or knockout resulted in tumor growth suppression and prolonged survival in mice with PDAC. In addition, AHNAK2 and c-MET expression levels showed a significant positive correlation at the post-transcriptional level. Mechanistically, AHNAK2 promoted tumor progression by preventing c-MET degradation and persistently activating the HGF/c-MET signaling pathway. Conclusion Overall, our study revealed that AHNAK2 plays an important role in PDAC progression by modulating the c-MET signaling pathway, and targeting AHNAK2 may be an effective therapeutic strategy for PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Shenshan Medical Center, Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shanwei, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengbiao Miao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongcao Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Shenshan Medical Center, Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shanwei, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Estevam GO, Linossi EM, Macdonald CB, Espinoza CA, Michaud JM, Coyote-Maestas W, Collisson EA, Jura N, Fraser JS. Conserved regulatory motifs in the juxtamembrane domain and kinase N-lobe revealed through deep mutational scanning of the MET receptor tyrosine kinase domain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.03.551866. [PMID: 37577651 PMCID: PMC10418267 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.03.551866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
MET is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) responsible for initiating signaling pathways involved in development and wound repair. MET activation relies on ligand binding to the extracellular receptor, which prompts dimerization, intracellular phosphorylation, and recruitment of associated signaling proteins. Mutations, which are predominantly observed clinically in the intracellular juxtamembrane and kinase domains, can disrupt typical MET regulatory mechanisms. Understanding how juxtamembrane variants, such as exon 14 skipping (METΔEx14), and rare kinase domain mutations can increase signaling, often leading to cancer, remains a challenge. Here, we perform a parallel deep mutational scan (DMS) of the MET intracellular kinase domain in two fusion protein backgrounds: wild type and METΔEx14. Our comparative approach has revealed a critical hydrophobic interaction between a juxtamembrane segment and the kinase αC-helix, pointing to potential differences in regulatory mechanisms between MET and other RTKs. Additionally, we have uncovered a β5 motif that acts as a structural pivot for the kinase domain in MET and other TAM family of kinases. We also describe a number of previously unknown activating mutations, aiding the effort to annotate driver, passenger, and drug resistance mutations in the MET kinase domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella O. Estevam
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,United States
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Edmond M. Linossi
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | - Christian B. Macdonald
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,United States
| | - Carla A. Espinoza
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Michaud
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,United States
| | - Willow Coyote-Maestas
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,United States
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States, United States
| | - Eric A. Collisson
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Medicine/Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, United States
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States, United States
| | - James S. Fraser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,United States
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Imai M, Colas K, Suga H. Protein Grafting Techniques: From Peptide Epitopes to Lasso-Grafted Neobiologics. Chempluschem 2024:e202400152. [PMID: 38693599 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Protein engineering techniques have vastly expanded their domain of impact, notably following the success of antibodies. Likewise, smaller peptide therapeutics have carved an increasingly significant niche for themselves in the pharmaceutical landscape. The concept of grafting such peptides onto larger protein scaffolds, thus harvesting the advantages of both, has given rise to a variety of protein engineering strategies that are reviewed herein. We also describe our own "Lasso-Grafting" approach, which combines traditional grafting concepts with mRNA display to streamline the production of multiple grafted drug candidates for virtually any target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Imai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kilian Colas
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guérin C, Tulasne D. Recording and classifying MET receptor mutations in cancers. eLife 2024; 13:e92762. [PMID: 38652103 PMCID: PMC11042802 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) directed against MET have been recently approved to treat advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harbouring activating MET mutations. This success is the consequence of a long characterization of MET mutations in cancers, which we propose to outline in this review. MET, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), displays in a broad panel of cancers many deregulations liable to promote tumour progression. The first MET mutation was discovered in 1997, in hereditary papillary renal cancer (HPRC), providing the first direct link between MET mutations and cancer development. As in other RTKs, these mutations are located in the kinase domain, leading in most cases to ligand-independent MET activation. In 2014, novel MET mutations were identified in several advanced cancers, including lung cancers. These mutations alter splice sites of exon 14, causing in-frame exon 14 skipping and deletion of a regulatory domain. Because these mutations are not located in the kinase domain, they are original and their mode of action has yet to be fully elucidated. Less than five years after the discovery of such mutations, the efficacy of a MET TKI was evidenced in NSCLC patients displaying MET exon 14 skipping. Yet its use led to a resistance mechanism involving acquisition of novel and already characterized MET mutations. Furthermore, novel somatic MET mutations are constantly being discovered. The challenge is no longer to identify them but to characterize them in order to predict their transforming activity and their sensitivity or resistance to MET TKIs, in order to adapt treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Célia Guérin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 – UMR1277 - Canther – Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to TherapiesLilleFrance
| | - David Tulasne
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 – UMR1277 - Canther – Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to TherapiesLilleFrance
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Crepaldi T, Gallo S, Comoglio PM. The MET Oncogene: Thirty Years of Insights into Molecular Mechanisms Driving Malignancy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:448. [PMID: 38675409 PMCID: PMC11054789 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery and subsequent research on the MET oncogene's role in cancer onset and progression have illuminated crucial insights into the molecular mechanisms driving malignancy. The identification of MET as the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor has paved the path for characterizing the MET tyrosine kinase activation mechanism and its downstream signaling cascade. Over the past thirty years, research has established the importance of HGF/MET signaling in normal cellular processes, such as cell dissociation, migration, proliferation, and cell survival. Notably, genetic alterations that lead to the continuous activation of MET, known as constitutive activation, have been identified as oncogenic drivers in various cancers. The genetic lesions affecting MET, such as exon skipping, gene amplification, and gene rearrangements, provide valuable targets for therapeutic intervention. Moreover, the implications of MET as a resistance mechanism to targeted therapies emphasize the need for combination treatments that include MET inhibitors. The intriguing "flare effect" phenomenon, wherein MET inhibition can lead to post-treatment increases in cancer cell proliferation, underscores the dynamic nature of cancer therapeutics. In human tumors, increased protein expression often occurs without gene amplification. Various mechanisms may cause an overexpression: transcriptional upregulation induced by other oncogenes; environmental factors (such as hypoxia or radiation); or substances produced by the reactive stroma, such as inflammatory cytokines, pro-angiogenic factors, and even HGF itself. In conclusion, the journey to understanding MET's involvement in cancer onset and progression over the past three decades has not only deepened our knowledge, but has also paved the way for innovative therapeutic strategies. Selective pharmacological inactivation of MET stands as a promising avenue for achieving cancer remission, particularly in cases where MET alterations are the primary drivers of malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Crepaldi
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10143 Orbassano, Italy; (T.C.); (S.G.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, SP142, Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Simona Gallo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10143 Orbassano, Italy; (T.C.); (S.G.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, SP142, Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Comoglio
- IFOM ETS—The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zeng M, Liu C, Gong H, Tang Z, Wen J, Wang S, Xiao S. Therapeutic potential of tyrosine-protein kinase MET in osteosarcoma. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1367331. [PMID: 38596618 PMCID: PMC11002252 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1367331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, the most prevalent primary bone tumor in children and young adults, can often be successfully treated with standard chemotherapy and surgery when diagnosed at an early stage. However, patients presenting with metastases face significant challenges in achieving a cure. Despite advancements in classical therapies over the past few decades, clinical outcomes for osteosarcoma have not substantially improved. Recently, there has been increased understanding of the biology of osteosarcoma, leading to the identification of new therapeutic targets. One such target is MET, a tyrosine kinase receptor for Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) encoded by the MET gene. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that the HGF/MET pathway plays a crucial role in cancer growth, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance across various cancers. Clinical trials targeting this pathway are already underway for lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, MET has also been implicated in promoting osteosarcoma progression. This review summarizes 3 decades' worth of research on MET's involvement in osteosarcoma and further explores its potential as a therapeutic target for patients with this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zeng
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Can Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haoli Gong
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhongwen Tang
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Anatomy, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sisi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sheng Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tannoo RM, Richert L, Koschut D, Tomishige N, Treffert SM, Kobayashi T, Mély Y, Orian-Rousseau V. Quantitative live imaging reveals a direct interaction between CD44v6 and MET in membrane domains upon activation with both MET ligands, HGF and internalin B. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184236. [PMID: 37793560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase MET/hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) pathway results in several pathological processes involved in tumor progression and metastasis. In a different context, MET can serve as an entry point for the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, when activated by the internalin B (InlB) protein during infection of non-phagocytic cells. We have previously demonstrated that MET requires CD44v6 for its ligand-induced activation. However, the stoichiometry and the steps required for the formation of this complex, are still unknown. In this work, we studied the dynamics of the ligand-induced interaction of CD44v6 with MET at the plasma membrane. Using Förster resonance energy transfer-based fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy in T-47D cells, we evidenced a direct interaction between MET and CD44v6 promoted by HGF and InlB in live cells. In the absence of MET, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy experiments further showed the dimerization of CD44v6 and the increase of its diffusion induced by HGF and InlB. In the presence of MET, stimulation of the cells by HGF or InlB significantly decreased the diffusion of CD44v6, in line with the formation of a ternary complex of MET with CD44v6 and HGF/InlB. Finally, similarly to HGF/InlB, disruption of liquid-ordered domains (Lo) by methyl-β-cyclodextrin increased CD44v6 mobility suggesting that these factors induce the exit of CD44v6 from the Lo domains. Our data led us to propose a model for MET activation, where CD44v6 dimerizes and diffuses rapidly out of Lo domains to form an oligomeric MET/ligand/CD44v6 complex that is instrumental for MET activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryshtee Mary Tannoo
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies (LBP), University of Strasbourg (UNISTRA), France; Institute of Biological and Chemical systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
| | - Ludovic Richert
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies (LBP), University of Strasbourg (UNISTRA), France.
| | - David Koschut
- Institute of Biological and Chemical systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany; Disease Intervention Technology Lab (DITL), Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Nario Tomishige
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies (LBP), University of Strasbourg (UNISTRA), France
| | - Sven Máté Treffert
- Institute of Biological and Chemical systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
| | - Toshihide Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies (LBP), University of Strasbourg (UNISTRA), France
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies (LBP), University of Strasbourg (UNISTRA), France.
| | - Véronique Orian-Rousseau
- Institute of Biological and Chemical systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Awanis G, Banerjee S, Johnson R, Raveenthiraraj S, Elmeligy A, Warren D, Gavrilovic J, Sobolewski A. HGF/c-Met/β1-integrin signalling axis induces tunneling nanotubes in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301953. [PMID: 37550007 PMCID: PMC10427768 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are thin cytoplasmic extensions involved in long-distance intercellular communication and can transport intracellular organelles and signalling molecules. In cancer cells, TNT formation contributes to cell survival, chemoresistance, and malignancy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying TNT formation are not well defined, especially in different cancers. TNTs are present in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with adenocarcinoma. In NSCLC, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, c-Met, are mutationally upregulated, causing increased cancer cell growth, survival, and invasion. This study identifies c-Met, β1-integrin, and paxillin as novel components of TNTs in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells, with paxillin localised at the protrusion site of TNTs. The HGF-induced TNTs in our study demonstrate the ability to transport lipid vesicles and mitochondria. HGF-induced TNT formation is mediated by c-Met and β1-integrin in conjunction with paxillin, followed by downstream activation of MAPK and PI3K pathways and the Arp2/3 complex. These findings demonstrate a potential novel approach to inhibit TNT formation through targeting HGF/c-Met receptor and β1-integrin signalling interactions, which has implications for multi-drug targeting in NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Johnson
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Aya Elmeligy
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Derek Warren
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jelena Gavrilovic
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang C, Lu X. Targeting MET: Discovery of Small Molecule Inhibitors as Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37262349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
MET has been considered as a promising drug target for the treatment of MET-dependent diseases, particularly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Small molecule MET inhibitors with mainly three types of binding modes (Ia/Ib, II, and III) have been developed. In this Review, we provide an overview of the structural features, activation mechanism, and dysregulation pathway of MET and summarize progress on the development and discovery strategies utilized for MET inhibitors as well as mechanisms of acquired resistance to current approved inhibitors. The insights will accelerate discovery of new generation MET inhibitors to overcome clinical acquired resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Wang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Imaging strategies for receptor tyrosine kinase dimers in living cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:67-82. [PMID: 36190534 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the essential regulators of cell signal transduction pathways and play important roles in biological processes. RTK dimerization is generally considered the first step in receptor activation and cell communication. And the abnormal expression of RTK dimers is closely related to the occurrence and development of many diseases. Therefore, the visualization of RTK dimerization is of great significance for monitoring physiological processes. The genetic and nongenetic imaging strategies have attracted widespread attention due to their high efficiency and high sensitivity. In this review, the RTKs and their dimers as well as the advances in strategies for imaging RTK dimers are introduced. Furthermore, we analyze the limitations of existing imaging strategies and put forward suggestions for the future development of imaging probes. We expect that this review will inspire more in-depth investigation of RTK dimers, which will also broaden the application of strategies of RTK dimers in biomedical areas.
Collapse
|
12
|
de Nola G, Leclercq B, Mougel A, Taront S, Simonneau C, Forneris F, Adriaenssens E, Drobecq H, Iamele L, Dubuquoy L, Melnyk O, Gherardi E, de Jonge H, Vicogne J. Dimerization of kringle 1 domain from hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor provides a potent MET receptor agonist. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/12/e202201424. [PMID: 35905995 PMCID: PMC9348577 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed and characterized a potent full MET receptor agonist consisting of two recombinantly linked HGF/SF kringle 1 domains and demonstrated its potential in epithelial tissue regeneration. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) and its cognate receptor MET play several essential roles in embryogenesis and regeneration in postnatal life of epithelial organs such as the liver, kidney, lung, and pancreas, prompting a strong interest in harnessing HGF/SF-MET signalling for regeneration of epithelial organs after acute or chronic damage. The limited stability and tissue diffusion of native HGF/SF, however, which reflect the tightly controlled, local mechanism of action of the morphogen, have led to a major search of HGF/SF mimics for therapy. In this work, we describe the rational design, production, and characterization of K1K1, a novel minimal MET agonist consisting of two copies of the kringle 1 domain of HGF/SF in tandem orientation. K1K1 is highly stable and displays biological activities equivalent or superior to native HGF/SF in a variety of in vitro assay systems and in a mouse model of liver disease. These data suggest that this engineered ligand may find wide applications in acute and chronic diseases of the liver and other epithelial organs dependent of MET activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni de Nola
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Unit of Immunology and General Pathology Section, Pavia, Italy
| | - Bérénice Leclercq
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019, UMR 9017, CIIL, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Alexandra Mougel
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019, UMR 9017, CIIL, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Solenne Taront
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286, INFINITE, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
| | - Claire Simonneau
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Federico Forneris
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eric Adriaenssens
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Centre Oscar Lambret, UMR 9020, UMR 1277, Canther, Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Hervé Drobecq
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019, UMR 9017, CIIL, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Luisa Iamele
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Unit of Immunology and General Pathology Section, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laurent Dubuquoy
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286, INFINITE, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
| | - Oleg Melnyk
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019, UMR 9017, CIIL, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ermanno Gherardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Unit of Immunology and General Pathology Section, Pavia, Italy
| | - Hugo de Jonge
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Unit of Immunology and General Pathology Section, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jérôme Vicogne
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019, UMR 9017, CIIL, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang Z, Li D, Yun H, Tong J, Liu W, Chai K, Zeng T, Gao Z, Xie Y. Opportunities and challenges of targeting c-Met in the treatment of digestive tumors. Front Oncol 2022; 12:923260. [PMID: 35978812 PMCID: PMC9376446 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.923260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, a large number of studies have demonstrated that c-Met generally exerts a crucial function of promoting tumor cells proliferation and differentiation in digestive system tumors. c-Met also mediates tumor progression and drug resistance by signaling interactions with other oncogenic molecules and then activating downstream pathways. Therefore, c-Met is a promising target for the treatment of digestive system tumors. Many anti-tumor therapies targeting c-Met (tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and adoptive immunotherapy) have been developed in treating digestive system tumors. Some drugs have been successfully applied to clinic, but most of them are defective due to their efficacy and complications. In order to promote the clinical application of targeting c-Met drugs in digestive system tumors, it is necessary to further explore the mechanism of c-Met action in digestive system tumors and optimize the anti-tumor treatment of targeting c-Met drugs. Through reading a large number of literatures, the author systematically reviewed the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of c-Met associated with tumor and summarized the current status of targeting c-Met in the treatment of digestive system tumors so as to provide new ideas for the treatment of digestive system tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
| | - Heng Yun
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
| | - Jie Tong
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
| | - Keqiang Chai
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
| | - Tongwei Zeng
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
| | - Zhenghua Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
- *Correspondence: Yongqiang Xie, ; Zhenghua Gao,
| | - Yongqiang Xie
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, China
- *Correspondence: Yongqiang Xie, ; Zhenghua Gao,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Therapeutic Strategies for Ovarian Cancer in Point of HGF/c-MET Targeting. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58050649. [PMID: 35630066 PMCID: PMC9147666 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58050649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women and is regarded as one of the most difficult cancers to treat. Currently, studies are being conducted to develop therapeutic agents for effective treatment of ovarian cancer. In this review, we explain the properties of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) and how the signaling pathway of HGF/c-MET is activated in different cancers and involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis of ovarian cancer. We present the findings of clinical studies using small chemicals or antibodies targeting HGF/c-MET signaling in various cancer types, particularly in ovarian cancer. We also discuss that HGF/c-MET-targeted therapy, when combined with chemo drugs, could be an effective strategy for ovarian cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hamilton G, Rath B. Met inhibitors in the treatment of lung cancer: the evidence to date. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:815-825. [PMID: 35377279 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2062227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor MET is an oncogenic driver in a subpopulation of Non-small Lung Cancer Cells (NSCLC) at the primary tumor stage or in acquired resistance to treatment with tumor-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). AREAS COVERED This article summarizes the mechanisms leading to overexpression and activation of MET by amplification and mutations including exon 14 aberrations. Furthermore, the methods to detect and categorize MET as a tumor driver and the selective TKIs for patient treatment are discussed. EXPERT OPINION : Activating mutations and rearrangements of kinases in NSCLC are the target of successful therapeutic intervention. However, MET activation involves a number of complex alterations including gene amplification, prevention of degradation by METex14 exon skipping and a host of gene mutations. A high-level of MET expression is the precondition for tumor responses to TKIs and the confirmation of MET-dependent tumor progression is difficult in primary lesions and in tumors exhibiting resistance to mutated EGFR-directed therapy in absence of standardized and concordant assays of MET amplification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Hamilton
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Rath
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kawaguchi K, Asano S. Pathophysiological Roles of Actin-Binding Scaffold Protein, Ezrin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063246. [PMID: 35328667 PMCID: PMC8952289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ezrin is one of the members of the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) family of proteins. It was originally discovered as an actin-binding protein in the microvilli structure about forty years ago. Since then, it has been revealed as a key protein with functions in a variety of fields including cell migration, survival, and signal transduction, as well as functioning as a structural component. Ezrin acts as a cross-linker of membrane proteins or phospholipids in the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. It also functions as a platform for signaling molecules at the cell surface. Moreover, ezrin is regarded as an important target protein in cancer diagnosis and therapy because it is a key protein involved in cancer progression and metastasis, and its high expression is linked to poor survival in many cancers. Small molecule inhibitors of ezrin have been developed and investigated as candidate molecules that suppress cancer metastasis. Here, we wish to comprehensively review the roles of ezrin from the pathophysiological points of view.
Collapse
|
17
|
Stanislovas J, Kermorgant S. c-Met-integrin cooperation: Mechanisms, tumorigenic effects, and therapeutic relevance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:994528. [PMID: 36330337 PMCID: PMC9624249 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.994528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Met is a receptor tyrosine kinase which upon activation by its ligand, the hepatocyte growth factor, mediates many important signalling pathways that regulate cellular functions such as survival, proliferation, and migration. Its oncogenic and tumorigenic signalling mechanisms, greatly contributing to cancer development and progression, are well documented. Integrins, heterogeneous adhesion receptors which facilitate cell-extracellular matrix interactions, are important in biomechanically sensitive cell adhesion and motility but also modulate diverse cell behaviour. Here we review the studies which reported cooperation between c-Met and several integrins, particularly β1 and β4, in various cell models including many tumour cell types. From the various experimental models and results analysed, we propose that c-Met-integrin cooperation occurs via inside-out or outside-in signalling. Thus, either c-Met activation triggers integrin activation and cell adhesion or integrin adhesion to its extracellular ligand triggers c-Met activation. These two modes of cooperation require the adhesive function of integrins and mostly lead to cell migration and invasion. In a third, less conventional, mode of cooperation, the integrin plays the role of a signalling adaptor for c-Met, independently from its adhesive property, leading to anchorage independent survival. Recent studies have revealed the influence of endocytic trafficking in c-Met-integrin cooperation including the adaptor function of integrin occurring on endomembranes, triggering an inside-in signalling, believed to promote survival of metastatic cells. We present the evidence of the cooperation in vivo and in human tissues and highlight its therapeutic relevance. A better understanding of the mechanisms regulating c-Met-integrin cooperation in cancer progression could lead to the design of new therapies targeting this cooperation, providing more effective therapeutic approaches than c-Met or integrin inhibitors as monotherapies used in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justas Stanislovas
- Spatial Signalling Group, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphanie Kermorgant
- Spatial Signalling Group, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Desole C, Gallo S, Vitacolonna A, Vigna E, Basilico C, Montarolo F, Zuppini F, Casanova E, Miggiano R, Ferraris DM, Bertolotto A, Comoglio PM, Crepaldi T. Engineering, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of an Antibody Targeting the HGF Receptor. Front Immunol 2021; 12:775151. [PMID: 34925346 PMCID: PMC8679783 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.775151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor (MET) promote several physiological activities such as tissue regeneration and protection from cell injury of epithelial, endothelial, neuronal and muscle cells. The therapeutic potential of MET activation has been scrutinized in the treatment of acute tissue injury, chronic inflammation, such as renal fibrosis and multiple sclerosis (MS), cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. On the other hand, the HGF-MET signaling pathway may be caught by cancer cells and turned to work for invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we engineered a recombinant antibody (RDO24) and two derived fragments, binding the extracellular domain (ECD) of the MET protein. The antibody binds with high affinity (8 nM) to MET ECD and does not cross-react with the closely related receptors RON nor with Semaphorin 4D. Deletion mapping studies and computational modeling show that RDO24 binds to the structure bent on the Plexin-Semaphorin-Integrin (PSI) domain, implicating the PSI domain in its binding to MET. The intact RDO24 antibody and the bivalent Fab2, but not the monovalent Fab induce MET auto-phosphorylation, mimicking the mechanism of action of HGF that activates the receptor by dimerization. Accordingly, the bivalent recombinant molecules induce HGF biological responses, such as cell migration and wound healing, behaving as MET agonists of therapeutic interest in regenerative medicine. In vivo administration of RDO24 in the murine model of MS, represented by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), delays the EAE onset, mitigates the early clinical symptoms, and reduces inflammatory infiltrates. Altogether, these results suggest that engineered RDO24 antibody may be beneficial in multiple sclerosis and possibly other types of inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Desole
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Simona Gallo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Annapia Vitacolonna
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Elisa Vigna
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Montarolo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Riccardo Miggiano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,IXTAL srl, Novara, Italy
| | - Davide Maria Ferraris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,IXTAL srl, Novara, Italy
| | | | | | - Tiziana Crepaldi
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Puppulin L, Kanayama D, Terasaka N, Sakai K, Kodera N, Umeda K, Sumino A, Marchesi A, Weilin W, Tanaka H, Fukuma T, Suga H, Matsumoto K, Shibata M. Macrocyclic Peptide-Conjugated Tip for Fast and Selective Molecular Recognition Imaging by High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:54817-54829. [PMID: 34766499 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fast and selective recognition of molecules at the nanometer scale without labeling is a much desired but still challenging goal to achieve. Here, we show the use of high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) for real-time and real-space recognition of unlabeled membrane receptors using tips conjugated with small synthetic macrocyclic peptides. The single-molecule recognition method is validated by experiments on the human hepatocyte growth factor receptor (hMET), which selectively binds to the macrocyclic peptide aMD4. By testing and comparing aMD4 synthesized with linkers of different lengths and rigidities, we maximize the interaction between the functionalized tip and hMET added to both a mica surface and supported lipid bilayers. Phase contrast imaging by HS-AFM enables us to discriminate nonlabeled hMET against the murine MET homologue, which does not bind to aMD4. Moreover, using ligands and linkers of small size, we achieve minimal deterioration of the spatial resolution in simultaneous topographic imaging. The versatility of macrocyclic peptides in detecting unlimited types of membrane receptors with high selectivity and the fast imaging by HS-AFM broaden the range of future applications of this method for molecular recognition without labeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Puppulin
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Daiki Kanayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naohiro Terasaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sakai
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kodera
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kenichi Umeda
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ayumi Sumino
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Arin Marchesi
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Wei Weilin
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hideo Tanaka
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kunio Matsumoto
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Shibata
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Aldaz P, Arozarena I. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Adult Glioblastoma: An (Un)Closed Chapter? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5799. [PMID: 34830952 PMCID: PMC8616487 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal form of malignant brain tumor. GBM patients normally undergo surgery plus adjuvant radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy. Numerous studies into the molecular events driving GBM highlight the central role played by the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), as well as the Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptors PDGFRA and PDGFRB in tumor initiation and progression. Despite strong preclinical evidence for the therapeutic potential of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that target EGFR, PDGFRs, and other tyrosine kinases, clinical trials performed during the last 20 years have not led to the desired therapeutic breakthrough for GBM patients. While clinical trials are still ongoing, in the medical community there is the perception of TKIs as a lost opportunity in the fight against GBM. In this article, we review the scientific rationale for the use of TKIs targeting glioma drivers. We critically analyze the potential causes for the failure of TKIs in the treatment of GBM, and we propose alternative approaches to the clinical evaluation of TKIs in GBM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Aldaz
- Cancer Signaling Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Navarre (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Imanol Arozarena
- Cancer Signaling Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Navarre (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kang CH, Kim Y, Lee DY, Choi SU, Lee HK, Park CH. c-Met-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Demonstrate Anti-Tumor Effect in c-Met Positive Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225738. [PMID: 34830894 PMCID: PMC8616279 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary c-Met is known to be overexpressed in gastric cancers. Here, we developed anti-c-Met CAR T cell and measured its anti-tumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Our anti c-Met CAR T cells have shown selective killing of c-Met overexpressed gastric cancer cells. Based on our results, we suggest that anti-c-Met CAR T cell therapy could be effective for gastric cancer patients. Abstract Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) technology has been highlighted in recent years as a new therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. Although the impressive efficacy of CAR-based T cell adoptive immunotherapy has been observed in hematologic cancers, limited effect has been reported on solid tumors. Approximately 20% of gastric cancer (GC) patients exhibit a high expression of c-Met. We have generated an anti c-Met CAR construct that is composed of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of c-Met antibody and signaling domains consisting of CD28 and CD3ζ. To test the CAR construct, we used two cell lines: the Jurkat and KHYG-1 cell lines. These are convenient cell lines, compared to primary T cells, to culture and to test CAR constructs. We transduced CAR constructs into Jurkat cells by electroporation. c-Met CAR Jurkat cells secreted interleukin-2 (IL-2) only when incubated with c-Met positive GC cells. To confirm the lytic function of CAR, the CAR construct was transduced into KHYG-1, a NK/T cell line, using lentiviral particles. c-Met CAR KHYG-1 showed cytotoxic effect on c-Met positive GC cells, while c-Met negative GC cell lines were not eradicated by c-Met CAR KHYG-1. Based on these data, we created c-Met CAR T cells from primary T cells, which showed high IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion when incubated with the c-Met positive cancer cell line. In an in vivo xenograft assay with NSG bearing MKN-45, a c-Met positive GC cell line, c-Met CAR T cells effectively inhibited the tumor growth of MKN-45. Our results show that the c-Met CAR T cell therapy can be effective on GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung Hyo Kang
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (C.H.K.); (Y.K.); (D.Y.L.); (S.U.C.); (H.K.L.)
| | - Yeongrin Kim
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (C.H.K.); (Y.K.); (D.Y.L.); (S.U.C.); (H.K.L.)
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Da Yeon Lee
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (C.H.K.); (Y.K.); (D.Y.L.); (S.U.C.); (H.K.L.)
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sang Un Choi
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (C.H.K.); (Y.K.); (D.Y.L.); (S.U.C.); (H.K.L.)
| | - Heung Kyoung Lee
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (C.H.K.); (Y.K.); (D.Y.L.); (S.U.C.); (H.K.L.)
| | - Chi Hoon Park
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (C.H.K.); (Y.K.); (D.Y.L.); (S.U.C.); (H.K.L.)
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-860-7416; Fax: +82-42-861-4246
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tanaka R, Terai M, Londin E, Sato T. The Role of HGF/MET Signaling in Metastatic Uveal Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215457. [PMID: 34771620 PMCID: PMC8582360 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) signaling plays an important role in the metastatic formation and therapeutic resistance to uveal melanoma. Here, we review the various functions of MET signaling contributing to metastatic formation, as well as review resistance to treatments in metastatic uveal melanoma. Abstract Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) signaling promotes tumorigenesis and tumor progression in various types of cancer, including uveal melanoma (UM). The roles of HGF/MET signaling have been studied in cell survival, proliferation, cell motility, and migration. Furthermore, HGF/MET signaling has emerged as a critical player not only in the tumor itself but also in the tumor microenvironment. Expression of MET is frequently observed in metastatic uveal melanoma and is associated with poor prognosis. It has been reported that HGF/MET signaling pathway activation is the major mechanism of treatment resistance in metastatic UM (MUM). To achieve maximal therapeutic benefit in MUM patients, it is important to understand how MET signaling drives cellular functions in uveal melanoma cells. Here, we review the HGF/MET signaling biology and the role of HGF/MET blockades in uveal melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tanaka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (R.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Mizue Terai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (R.T.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-955-4780
| | - Eric Londin
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Takami Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (R.T.); (T.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cristina Mendonça Nogueira T, Vinicius Nora de Souza M. New FDA oncology small molecule drugs approvals in 2020: Mechanism of action and clinical applications. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116340. [PMID: 34416511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, fifty-three new drugs, including forty small-molecules (thirty-six new chemical entities and four new diagnostic agents) and thirteen biologic drugs were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This year, small-molecules continue to play a role in innovative treatments representing around 75% of all drugs accepted by FDA. The dominant therapeutic area was oncology, accounting for twenty-three new approvals, including thirteen new chemical entities, four new diagnostic agents, and thirteen biologic drugs. Recognizing the importance of small-molecules on cancer treatment, this review aims to provide an overview regarding the clinical applications and mechanism of action of the thirteen new small-molecules (excluding new diagnostic agents) approved by FDA in 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thais Cristina Mendonça Nogueira
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos-Far Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041- 250 Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Nora de Souza
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos-Far Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21041- 250 Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dimer Interface in Natural Variant NK1 Is Dispensable for HGF-Dependent Met Receptor Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179240. [PMID: 34502141 PMCID: PMC8431453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
NK1, a splicing variant of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), binds to and activates Met receptor by forming an NK1 dimer and 2:2 complex with Met. Although the structural mechanism underlying Met activation by HGF remains incompletely resolved, it has been proposed that the NK1 dimer structure participates in this activation. We investigated the NK1 dimer interface’s role in Met activation by HGF. Because N127, V140, and K144 are closely involved in the head-to-tail NK1 dimer formation, mutant NK1 proteins with replacement of these residues by alanine were prepared. In Met tyrosine phosphorylation assays, N127-NK1, V140-NK1, and K144-NK1 showed 8.3%, 23.8%, and 52.2% activity, respectively, compared with wild-type NK1. Although wild-type NK1 promoted cell migration and scattering, N127-NK1, V140-NK1, and K144-NK1 hardly or marginally promoted them, indicating loss of activity of these mutant NK1 proteins to activate Met. In contrast, mutant HGFs (N127-HGF, V140-HGF, and K144-HGF) with the same amino acid replacements as in NK1 induced Met tyrosine phosphorylation and biological responses at levels comparable to those of wild-type HGF. These results indicate that the structural basis responsible for NK1-dependent Met dimer formation and activation differs from, or is at least distinguishable from, the structural basis responsible for HGF-dependent Met activation.
Collapse
|
25
|
Uchikawa E, Chen Z, Xiao GY, Zhang X, Bai XC. Structural basis of the activation of c-MET receptor. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4074. [PMID: 34210960 PMCID: PMC8249616 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-MET receptor is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that plays essential roles in normal cell development and motility. Aberrant activation of c-MET can lead to both tumors growth and metastatic progression of cancer cells. C-MET can be activated by either hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), or its natural isoform NK1. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of c-MET/HGF and c-MET/NK1 complexes in the active state. The c-MET/HGF complex structure reveals that, by utilizing two distinct interfaces, one HGF molecule is sufficient to induce a specific dimerization mode of c-MET for receptor activation. The binding of heparin as well as a second HGF to the 2:1 c-MET:HGF complex further stabilize this active conformation. Distinct to HGF, NK1 forms a stable dimer, and bridges two c-METs in a symmetrical manner for activation. Collectively, our studies provide structural insights into the activation mechanisms of c-MET, and reveal how two isoforms of the same ligand use dramatically different mechanisms to activate the receptor. Activation of c-MET receptor tyrosine kinase involves hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and glycosaminoglycans, but the molecular mechanism is still under debate. Here, the authors present cryoEM structures of c-MET bound to two HGF splice variants and heparin, revealing the structural basis for c-MET activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Uchikawa
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhiming Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Guan-Yu Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Thoracic Head Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Xiao-Chen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Desole C, Gallo S, Vitacolonna A, Montarolo F, Bertolotto A, Vivien D, Comoglio P, Crepaldi T. HGF and MET: From Brain Development to Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:683609. [PMID: 34179015 PMCID: PMC8220160 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.683609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its tyrosine kinase receptor, encoded by the MET cellular proto-oncogene, are expressed in the nervous system from pre-natal development to adult life, where they are involved in neuronal growth and survival. In this review, we highlight, beyond the neurotrophic action, novel roles of HGF-MET in synaptogenesis during post-natal brain development and the connection between deregulation of MET expression and developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). On the pharmacology side, HGF-induced MET activation exerts beneficial neuroprotective effects also in adulthood, specifically in neurodegenerative disease, and in preclinical models of cerebral ischemia, spinal cord injuries, and neurological pathologies, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). HGF is a key factor preventing neuronal death and promoting survival through pro-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory mechanisms. Recent evidence suggests that HGF acts on neural stem cells to enhance neuroregeneration. The possible therapeutic application of HGF and HGF mimetics for the treatment of neurological disorders is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Desole
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Simona Gallo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Annapia Vitacolonna
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Francesca Montarolo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy.,Neurobiology Unit, Neurology, CReSM (Regional Referring Center of Multiple Sclerosis), San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio Bertolotto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy.,Neurobiology Unit, Neurology, CReSM (Regional Referring Center of Multiple Sclerosis), San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Denis Vivien
- INSERM U1237, University of Caen, Gyp Cyceron, Caen, France.,Department of Clinical Research, Caen-Normandie University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Paolo Comoglio
- IFOM, FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Crepaldi
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
State of the structure address on MET receptor activation by HGF. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:645-661. [PMID: 33860789 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The MET receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and its cognate ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) comprise a signaling axis essential for development, wound healing and tissue homeostasis. Aberrant HGF/MET signaling is a driver of many cancers and contributes to drug resistance to several approved therapeutics targeting other RTKs, making MET itself an important drug target. In RTKs, homeostatic receptor signaling is dependent on autoinhibition in the absence of ligand binding and orchestrated set of conformational changes induced by ligand-mediated receptor dimerization that result in activation of the intracellular kinase domains. A fundamental understanding of these mechanisms in the MET receptor remains incomplete, despite decades of research. This is due in part to the complex structure of the HGF ligand, which remains unknown in its full-length form, and a lack of high-resolution structures of the complete MET extracellular portion in an apo or ligand-bound state. A current view of HGF-dependent MET activation has evolved from biochemical and structural studies of HGF and MET fragments and here we review what these findings have thus far revealed.
Collapse
|
28
|
Shao Z, Pan H, Tu S, Zhang J, Yan S, Shao A. HGF/c-Met Axis: The Advanced Development in Digestive System Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:801. [PMID: 33195182 PMCID: PMC7649216 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have indicated that abnormal activation of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway can lead to cell proliferation, invasiveness, and metastasis of cancers of the digestive system. Moreover, overexpression of c-Met has been implicated in poor prognosis of patients with these forms of cancer, suggesting the possibility for HGF/c-Met axis as a potential therapeutic target. Despite the large number of clinical and preclinical trials worldwide, no significant positive success in the use of anti-HGF/c-Met treatments on cancers of the digestive system has been achieved. In this review, we summarize advanced development of clinical research on HGF/c-Met antibody and small-molecule c-Met inhibitors of cancers of the digestive system and provide a possible direction for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Shao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoqi Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingying Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Joosten SPJ, Spaargaren M, Clevers H, Pals ST. Hepatocyte growth factor/MET and CD44 in colorectal cancer: partners in tumorigenesis and therapy resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188437. [PMID: 32976979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial self-renewal is a tightly controlled process, which is critically dependent on WNT signalling. Aberrant activation of the WNT pathway in intestinal stem cells (ISCs) results in constitutive transcription of target genes, which collectively drive malignant transformation in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the contribution of individual genes to intestinal homeostasis and tumorigenesis often is incompletely defined. Here, we discuss converging evidence indicating that the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) MET and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) play a major role in the intestinal damage response, as well as in intestinal tumorigenesis, by controlling the proliferation, survival, motility, and stemness of normal and neoplastic intestinal epithelial cells. These activities of MET are promoted by specific CD44 isoforms expressed by ISCs. The accrued data indicate that MET and the EGFR have overlapping roles in the biology of intestinal epithelium and that metastatic CRCs can exploit this redundancy to escape from EGFR-targeted treatments, co-opting HGF/MET/CD44v signalling. Hence, targeting both pathways may be required for effective treatment of (a subset of) CRCs. The RTK identity of MET, the distinctive 'plasminogen-like' structure and activation mode of its ligand HGF, and the specific collaboration of MET with CD44, provide several unique targeting options, which merit further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sander P J Joosten
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Loc. AMC, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Spaargaren
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Loc. AMC, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Steven T Pals
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Loc. AMC, the Netherlands..
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wright JW, Church KJ, Harding JW. Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Macrophage-stimulating Protein "Hinge" Analogs to Treat Pancreatic Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:782-795. [PMID: 30914029 DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666190326130008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) ranks twelfth in frequency of diagnosis but is the fourth leading cause of cancer related deaths with a 5 year survival rate of less than 7 percent. This poor prognosis occurs because the early stages of PC are often asymptomatic. Over-expression of several growth factors, most notably vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been implicated in PC resulting in dysfunctional signal transduction pathways and the facilitation of tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) acts via the Met receptor and has also received research attention with ongoing efforts to develop treatments to block the Met receptor and its signal transduction pathways. Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), and its receptor Ron, is also recognized as important in the etiology of PC but is less well studied. Although the angiotensin II (AngII)/AT1 receptor system is best known for mediating blood pressure and body water/electrolyte balance, it also facilitates tumor vascularization and growth by stimulating the expression of VEGF. A metabolite of AngII, angiotensin IV (AngIV) has sequence homology with the "hinge regions" of HGF and MSP, key structures in the growth factor dimerization processes necessary for Met and Ron receptor activation. We have developed AngIV-based analogs designed to block dimerization of HGF and MSP and thus receptor activation. Norleual has shown promise as tested utilizing PC cell cultures. Results indicate that cell migration, invasion, and pro-survival functions were suppressed by this analog and tumor growth was significantly inhibited in an orthotopic PC mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Wright
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Kevin J Church
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Joseph W Harding
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hu X, Tang F, Liu P, Zhong T, Yuan F, He Q, von Itzstein M, Li H, Weng L, Yu X. Structural and Functional Insight Into the Glycosylation Impact Upon the HGF/c-Met Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:490. [PMID: 32626713 PMCID: PMC7314907 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon interactions with its specific ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), the c-Met signal is relayed to series of downstream pathways, exerting essential biological roles. Dysregulation of the HGF-c-Met signaling pathway has been implicated in the onset, progression and metastasis of various cancers, making the HGF-c-Met axis a promising therapeutic target. Both c-Met and HGF undergo glycosylation, which appears to be biologically relevant to their function and structural integrity. Different types of glycoconjugates in the local cellular environment can also regulate HGF/c-Met signaling by distinct mechanisms. However, detailed knowledge pertaining to the glycosylation machinery of the HGF-c-Met axis as well as its potential applications in oncology research is yet to be established. This mini review highlights the significance of the HGF-c-Met signaling pathway in physiological and pathological context, and discusses the molecular mechanisms by which affect the glycosylation of the HGF-c-Met axis. Owing to the crucial role played by glycosylation in the regulation of HGF/c-Met activity, better understanding of this less exploited field may contribute to the development of novel therapeutics targeting glycoepitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Hu
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Feiyu Tang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peilin Liu
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Taowei Zhong
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Fengyan Yuan
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Quanyuan He
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Hao Li
- Biliary Tract Surgery Laboratory, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Research Center of Biliary Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Liang Weng
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology in Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing Yu
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Malik R, Mambetsariev I, Fricke J, Chawla N, Nam A, Pharaon R, Salgia R. MET receptor in oncology: From biomarker to therapeutic target. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 147:259-301. [PMID: 32593403 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
First discovered in the 1984, the MET receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor or HGF (also known as scatter factor or SF) are implicated as key players in tumor cell migration, proliferation, and invasion in a variety of cancers. This pathway also plays a key role during embryogenesis in the development of muscular and nervous structures. High expression of the MET receptor has been shown to correlate with poor prognosis and resistance to therapy. MET exon 14 splicing variants, initially identified by us in lung cancer, is actionable through various tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). For this reason, this pathway is of interest as a therapeutic target. In this chapter we will be discussing the history of MET, the genetics of this RTK, and give some background on the receptor biology. Furthermore, we will discuss directed therapeutics, mechanisms of resistance, and the future of MET as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raeva Malik
- George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Isa Mambetsariev
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Jeremy Fricke
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Neal Chawla
- Department of Medicine, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Arin Nam
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca Pharaon
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liang H, Wang M. MET Oncogene in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Mechanism of MET Dysregulation and Agents Targeting the HGF/c-Met Axis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:2491-2510. [PMID: 32273721 PMCID: PMC7104217 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s231257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and has a poor prognosis. Current treatments for advanced NSCLC included traditional chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. The efficacy of targeted therapy relies on oncogene addiction. Mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) gene can encode unconventional receptor tyrosine kinases with pleiotropic functions, when signals are abnormally activated, it can initiate and maintain tumor transformation, promote cell proliferation, survival, tumor invasion and angiogenesis. Thus, it is a promising therapeutic target. Previous studies have shown that elevated levels of HGF and/or overexpression of c-Met are associated with poor prognosis in lung cancer. In preclinical and clinical trials, c-MET inhibitors have shown some antitumor activity in NSCLC. Although the efficacy results of MET inhibitors in Phase III clinical trials are disappointing, given the molecular heterogeneity of NSCLC, only subgroups of patients with MET gene alterations may benefit from c-MET inhibitors. The challenge for the future is to screen out the potential beneficiaries. To solve this problem, there is need for large data analysis for the detection methods and treatment effects, to establish standards that meet the MET activation status, and determine reliable thresholds to achieve effective patient stratification and clinical decision making. This article summarized the structure of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met axis, the different mechanisms of MET addiction, as well as MET amplification as acquired resistance mechanism to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the latest advances of MET inhibitors, and immuotherapy in the treatment of NSCLC with MET alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongge Liang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengzhao Wang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100730, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dai H, Zeng W, Luo H. C-MET-dependent signal transduction mediates retinoblastoma growth by regulating PKM2 nuclear translocation. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 38:204-212. [PMID: 31729060 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal epithelial transition (C-MET) factor overexpression has been found in many types of cancer and has served as an important molecular target for therapeutic intervention. However, the role of C-MET in retinoblastoma remains largely unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the potential role and mechanism of C-MET in Y79 retinoblastoma cells. We found that C-MET was highly expressed in Y79 retinoblastoma cells, and, in addition, the levels of C-MET were positively correlated with cell proliferation and retinoblastoma growth. Inhibition of C-MET suppressed Y79 retinoblastoma cell proliferation and tumour growth. Mechanistically, we showed that HGF-induced C-MET-dependent signal transduction resulted in ERK 1/2 phosphorylation, which subsequently promoted the nuclear translocation of PKM2. Nuclear PKM2 further interacted with histone H3 and contributed to C-MET-dependent cyclin D1 and c-Myc expression and cell proliferation. These findings highlight the role of C-MET in Y79 retinoblastoma cells and reveal a C-MET-dependent signal transduction mechanism. C-MET may be a potential therapeutic target for retinoblastoma. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: We demonstrated a new target of retinoblastoma, C-MET. C-MET-dependent signal transduction promotes Y79 retinoblastoma cell proliferation and tumour growth through ERK 1/2/PKM2/histone H3 signalling pathway. C-MET may be a potential target for retinoblastoma therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanjun Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijuan Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Monoclonal based therapeutics have always been looked at as a futuristic natural way we could take care of pathogens and many diseases. However, in order to develop, establish and realize monoclonal based therapy we need to understand how the immune system contains or kill pathogens. Antibody complexes serve the means to decode this black box. We have discussed examples of antibody complexes both at biochemical and structural levels to understand and appreciate how discoveries in the field of antibody complexes have started to decoded mechanism of viral invasion and create potential vaccine targets against many pathogens. Antibody complexes have made advancement in our knowledge about the molecular interaction between antibody and antigen. It has also led to identification of potent protective monoclonal antibodies. Further use of selective combination of monoclonal antibodies have provided improved protection against deadly diseases. The administration of newly designed and improved immunogen has been used as potential vaccine. Therefore, antibody complexes are important tools to develop new vaccine targets and design an improved combination of monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization or protection with very little or no side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reetesh Raj Akhouri
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | - Gunnar Wilken
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ulf Skoglund
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Umitsu M, Sakai K, Tamura-Kawakami K, Matsumoto K, Takagi J. The constitutive high-affinity Met-binding site in the kringle domain is dispensable for the signalling activity of hepatocyte growth factor. J Biochem 2020; 167:577-586. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractActivation of a tyrosine kinase receptor Met by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) requires binding of proteolytically activated, two-chain (tc) HGF, but the biochemical detail of this ligand–receptor interaction specificity remains elusive because biologically inactive single chain (sc) HGF can also bind to Met with high affinity. We found that this proteolysis-independent Met binding can be eliminated by mutagenesis introduced in the kringle domain without losing the ability to bind and activate cellular Met receptor after proteolytic activation, arguing against this site’s involvement in the physiological signalling. This non-signal producing Met–HGF interaction can also be eliminated by addition of a heparin mimetic sucrose octasulphate (SOS). By including SOS in the running buffer, we succeeded in detecting cleavage-dependent tcHGF–Met complex formation by size exclusion chromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Umitsu
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sakai
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Keiko Tamura-Kawakami
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kunio Matsumoto
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Moosavi F, Giovannetti E, Saso L, Firuzi O. HGF/MET pathway aberrations as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in human cancers. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 56:533-566. [PMID: 31512514 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1653821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide. MET tyrosine kinase receptor [MET, c-MET, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor] pathway activation is associated with the appearance of several hallmarks of cancer. The HGF/MET pathway has emerged as an important actionable target across many solid tumors; therefore, biomarker discovery becomes essential in order to guide clinical intervention and patient stratification with the aim of moving towards personalized medicine. The focus of this review is on how the aberrant activation of the HGF/MET pathway in tumor tissue or the circulation can provide diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and predictive biomarkers of drug response. Many meta-analyses have shown that aberrant activation of the MET pathway in tumor tissue, including MET gene overexpression, gene amplification, exon 14 skipping and other activating mutations, is almost invariably associated with shorter survival and poor prognosis. Most meta-analyses have been performed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast, head and neck cancers as well as colorectal, gastric, pancreatic and other gastrointestinal cancers. Furthermore, several studies have shown the predictive value of MET biomarkers in the identification of patients who gain the most benefit from HGF/MET targeted therapies administered as single or combination therapies. The highest predictive values have been observed for response to foretinib and savolitinib in renal cancer, as well as tivantinib in NSCLC and colorectal cancer. However, some studies, especially those based on MET expression, have failed to show much value in these stratifications. This may be rooted in lack of standardization of methodologies, in particular in scoring systems applied in immunohistochemistry determinations or absence of oncogenic addiction of cancer cells to the MET pathway, despite detection of overexpression. Measurements of amplification and mutation aberrations are less likely to suffer from these pitfalls. Increased levels of MET soluble ectodomain (sMET) in circulation have also been associated with poor prognosis; however, the evidence is not as strong as it is with tissue-based biomarkers. As a diagnostic biomarker, sMET has shown its value in distinguishing cancer patients from healthy individuals in prostate and bladder cancers and in melanoma. On the other hand, increased circulating HGF has also been presented as a valuable prognostic and diagnostic biomarker in many cancers; however, there is controversy on the predictive value of HGF as a biomarker. Other biomarkers such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and tumor HGF levels have also been briefly covered. In conclusion, HGF/MET aberrations can provide valuable diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers and represent vital assets for personalized cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moosavi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUmc) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza Onlus , Pisa , Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jafarnejad M, Sové RJ, Danilova L, Mirando AC, Zhang Y, Yarchoan M, Tran PT, Pandey NB, Fertig EJ, Popel AS. Mechanistically detailed systems biology modeling of the HGF/Met pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2019; 5:29. [PMID: 31452933 PMCID: PMC6697704 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-019-0107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling through its receptor Met has been implicated in hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenesis and progression. Met interaction with integrins is shown to modulate the downstream signaling to Akt and ERK (extracellular-regulated kinase). In this study, we developed a mechanistically detailed systems biology model of HGF/Met signaling pathway that incorporated specific interactions with integrins to investigate the efficacy of integrin-binding peptide, AXT050, as monotherapy and in combination with other therapeutics targeting this pathway. Here we report that the modeled dynamics of the response to AXT050 revealed that receptor trafficking is sufficient to explain the effect of Met-integrin interactions on HGF signaling. Furthermore, the model predicted patient-specific synergy and antagonism of efficacy and potency for combination of AXT050 with sorafenib, cabozantinib, and rilotumumab. Overall, the model provides a valuable framework for studying the efficacy of drugs targeting receptor tyrosine kinase interaction with integrins, and identification of synergistic drug combinations for the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jafarnejad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Richard J. Sové
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ludmila Danilova
- Department of Oncology, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Adam C. Mirando
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Mark Yarchoan
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Phuoc T. Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular and Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Centre and Department of Urology, The Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Niranjan B. Pandey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Elana J. Fertig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Oncology, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Aleksander S. Popel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Macrocyclic peptide-based inhibition and imaging of hepatocyte growth factor. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:598-606. [DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
40
|
Norleual, a hepatocyte growth factor and macrophage stimulating protein dual antagonist, increases pancreatic cancer sensitivity to gemcitabine. Anticancer Drugs 2019; 29:295-306. [PMID: 29389804 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths in the USA and is characterized by an exceptionally poor long-term survival rate compared with other major cancers. The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and macrophage stimulating protein (MSP) growth factor systems are frequently over-activated in pancreatic cancer and significantly contribute to cancer progression, metastasis, and chemotherapeutic resistance. Small molecules homologous to the 'hinge' region of HGF, which participates in its dimerization and activation, had been developed and shown to bind HGF with high affinity, antagonize HGF's actions, and possess anticancer activity. Encouraged by sequence homology between HGF's hinge region and a similar sequence in MSP, our laboratory previously investigated and determined that these same antagonists could also block MSP-dependent cellular responses. Thus, the purpose of this study was to establish that the dual HGF/MSP antagonist Norleual could inhibit the prosurvival activity imparted by both HGF and MSP to pancreatic cancer cells in vitro, and to determine whether this effect translated into an improved chemotherapeutic impact for gemcitabine when delivered in combination in a human pancreatic cancer xenograft model. Our results demonstrate that Norleual does indeed suppress HGF's and MSP's prosurvival effects as well as sensitizing pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine in vitro. Most importantly, treatment with Norleual in combination with gemcitabine markedly inhibited in-vivo tumor growth beyond the suppression observed with gemcitabine alone. These results suggest that dual functional HGF/MSP antagonists like Norleual warrant further development and may offer an improved therapeutic outcome for pancreatic cancer patients.
Collapse
|
41
|
Andres F, Iamele L, Meyer T, Stüber JC, Kast F, Gherardi E, Niemann HH, Plückthun A. Inhibition of the MET Kinase Activity and Cell Growth in MET-Addicted Cancer Cells by Bi-Paratopic Linking. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2020-2039. [PMID: 30930049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
MET, the product of the c-MET proto-oncogene, and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) control survival, proliferation and migration during development and tissue regeneration. HGF/SF-MET signaling is equally crucial for growth and metastasis of a variety of human tumors, but resistance to small-molecule inhibitors of MET kinase develops rapidly and therapeutic antibody targeting remains challenging. We made use of the designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) technology to develop an alternative approach for inhibiting MET. We generated a collection of MET-binding DARPins covering epitopes in the extracellular MET domains and created comprehensive sets of bi-paratopic fusion proteins. This new class of molecules efficiently inhibited MET kinase activity and downstream signaling, caused receptor downregulation and strongly inhibited the proliferation of MET-dependent gastric carcinoma cells carrying MET locus amplifications. MET-specific bi-paratopic DARPins may represent a novel and potent strategy for therapeutic targeting of MET and other receptors, and this study has elucidated their mode of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Andres
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luisa Iamele
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Timo Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Jakob C Stüber
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Kast
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ghanaatgar-Kasbi S, Khorrami S, Avan A, Aledavoud SA, Ferns GA. Targeting the C-MET/HGF Signaling Pathway in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:4619-4625. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190110145855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) is involved in the tumorigenesis of various
cancers. HGF/Met inhibitors are now attracting considerable interest due to their anti-tumor activity in multiple
malignancies such as pancreatic cancer. It is likely that within the next few years, HGF/Met inhibitors will become
a crucial component for cancer management. In this review, we summarize the role of HGF/Met pathway in
the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer, with particular emphasize on HGF/Met inhibitors in the clinical setting,
including Cabozantinib (XL184, BMS-907351), Crizotinib (PF-02341066), MK-2461, Merestinib (LY2801653),
Tivantinib (ARQ197), SU11274, Onartuzumab (MetMab), Emibetuzumab (LY2875358), Ficlatuzumab (AV-
299), Rilotumumab (AMG 102), and NK4 in pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Ghanaatgar-Kasbi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shadi Khorrami
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed A. Aledavoud
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
c-Src Recruitment is Involved in c-MET-Mediated Malignant Behaviour of NT2D1 Non-Seminoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020320. [PMID: 30646583 PMCID: PMC6358843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
c-MET pathway over-activation is the signature of malignancy acquisition or chemotherapy resistance of many cancers. We recently demonstrated that type II Testicular Germ Cell Tumours (TGCTs) express c-MET receptor. In particular, we elucidated that the non-seminoma lesions express c-MET protein at higher level, compared with the seminoma ones. In line with this observation, NTERA-2 clone D1 (NT2D1) non-seminoma cells increase their proliferation, migration and invasion in response to Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF). One of the well-known adaptor-proteins belonging to c-MET signaling cascade is c-Src. Activation of c-Src is related to the increase of aggressiveness of many cancers. For this reason, we focused on the role of c-Src in c-MET-triggered and HGF-dependent NT2D1 cell activities. In the present paper, we have elucidated that this adaptor-protein is involved in HGF-dependent NT2D1 cell proliferation, migration and invasion, since Src inhibitor-1 administration abrogates these responses. Despite these biological evidences western blot analyses have not revealed the increase of c-Src activation because of HGF administration. However, notably, immunofluorescence analyses revealed that cytoplasmic and membrane-associated localization of c-Src shifted to the nuclear compartment after HGF stimulation. These results shed new light in the modality of HGF-dependent c-Src recruitment, and put the basis for novel investigations on the relationship between c-Src, and TGCT aggressiveness.
Collapse
|
44
|
Cellular signaling and gene expression profiles evoked by a bivalent macrocyclic peptide that serves as an artificial MET receptor agonist. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16492. [PMID: 30405161 PMCID: PMC6220203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-native ligands for growth factor receptors that are generated by chemical synthesis are applicable to therapeutics. However, non-native ligands often regulate cellular signaling and biological responses in a different manner than native ligands. Generation of surrogate ligands comparable to native ligands is a challenging need. Here we investigated changes in signal transduction and gene expression evoked by a bivalent macrocyclic peptide (aMD5-PEG11) capable of high-affinity binding to the MET/hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor. Binding of aMD5-PEG11 to the MET extracellular region was abolished by deletion of the IPT3−IPT4 domain, indicating the involvement of IPT3−IPT4 in the binding of aMD5-PEG11 to the MET receptor. aMD5-PEG11 induced dimerization and activation of the MET receptor and promoted cell migration that was comparable to induction of these activities by HGF. Signal activation profiles indicated that aMD5-PEG11 induced phosphorylation of intracellular signaling molecules, with a similar intensity and time dependency as HGF. In 3-D culture, aMD5-PEG11 as well as HGF induced epithelial tubulogenesis and up-regulated the same sets of functionally classified genes involved in multicellular organism development. Thus, a non-native surrogate ligand that consisted of a bivalent macrocyclic peptide can serve as an artificial MET receptor agonist that functionally substitutes for the native ligand, HGF.
Collapse
|
45
|
Noriega-Guerra H, Freitas VM. Extracellular Matrix Influencing HGF/c-MET Signaling Pathway: Impact on Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113300. [PMID: 30352967 PMCID: PMC6274944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a crucial component of the tumor microenvironment involved in numerous cellular processes that contribute to cancer progression. It is acknowledged that tumor–stromal cell communication is driven by a complex and dynamic network of cytokines, growth factors and proteases. Thus, the ECM works as a reservoir for bioactive molecules that modulate tumor cell behavior. The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) produced by tumor and stromal cells acts as a multifunctional cytokine and activates the c-MET receptor, which is expressed in different tumor cell types. The HGF/c-MET signaling pathway is associated with several cellular processes, such as proliferation, survival, motility, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Moreover, c-MET activation can be promoted by several ECM components, including proteoglycans and glycoproteins that act as bridging molecules and/or signal co-receptors. In contrast, c-MET activation can be inhibited by proteoglycans, matricellular proteins and/or proteases that bind and sequester HGF away from the cell surface. Therefore, understanding the effects of ECM components on HGF and c-MET may provide opportunities for novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we give a short overview of how certain ECM components regulate the distribution and activation of HGF and c-MET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heydi Noriega-Guerra
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, Prédio I, sala 428, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Morais Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, Prédio I, sala 428, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Jia J, Morse MA, Nagy RJ, Lanman RB, Strickler JH. Cell-Free DNA Profiling to Discover Mechanisms of Exceptional Response to Cabozantinib Plus Panitumumab in a Patient With Treatment Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:305. [PMID: 30211110 PMCID: PMC6121109 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MET amplification is rare in treatment-naïve metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) tumors, but can emerge as a mechanism of resistance to anti-EGFR therapies. Preclinical and clinical data suggest that patients with MET amplified tumors benefit from MET-targeted therapy. Cabozantinib is an inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases, included c-MET. Panitumumab is an inhibitor of EGFR. This report describes a patient with KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF wild-type metastatic CRC who experienced disease progression on all standard chemotherapy and anti-EGFR antibody therapy. The patient was enrolled in a clinical trial evaluating the combination of cabozantinib plus panitumumab. After only 6 weeks of treatment, the patient experienced a significant anti-tumor response. Although tumor tissue was negative for MET amplification, molecular profiling of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) revealed MET amplification. This case represents the first report showing the activity of cabozantinib in combination with panitumumab in a patient with metastatic CRC, and suggests that MET amplification in cfDNA may be a biomarker of response. A clinical trial targeting MET amplified metastatic CRC is currently underway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingquan Jia
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael A. Morse
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | | | - John H. Strickler
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Miranda O, Farooqui M, Siegfried JM. Status of Agents Targeting the HGF/c-Met Axis in Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090280. [PMID: 30134579 PMCID: PMC6162713 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is the ligand for the tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met (Mesenchymal Epithelial Transition Factor also known as Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor, HGFR), a receptor with expression throughout epithelial and endothelial cell types. Activation of c-Met enhances cell proliferation, invasion, survival, angiogenesis, and motility. The c-Met pathway also stimulates tissue repair in normal cells. A body of past research shows that increased levels of HGF and/or overexpression of c-Met are associated with poor prognosis in several solid tumors, including lung cancer, as well as cancers of the head and neck, gastro-intestinal tract, breast, ovary and cervix. The HGF/c-Met signaling network is complex; both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent signaling occur. This article will provide an update on signaling through the HGF/c-Met axis, the mechanism of action of HGF/c-Met inhibitors, the lung cancer patient populations most likely to benefit, and possible mechanisms of resistance to these inhibitors. Although c-Met as a target in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) showed promise based on preclinical data, clinical responses in NSCLC patients have been disappointing in the absence of MET mutation or MET gene amplification. New therapeutics that selectively target c-Met or HGF, or that target c-Met and a wider spectrum of interacting tyrosine kinases, will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oshin Miranda
- Department of Pharmacology and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Mariya Farooqui
- Department of Pharmacology and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Jill M Siegfried
- Department of Pharmacology and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street SE, 6-120 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Scheri KC, Leonetti E, Laino L, Gigantino V, Gesualdi L, Grammatico P, Bizzari M, Franco R, Oosterhuis JW, Stoop H, Looijenga LHJ, Ricci G, Catizone A. c-MET receptor as potential biomarker and target molecule for malignant testicular germ cell tumors. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31842-31860. [PMID: 30159127 PMCID: PMC6112764 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) represent the most frequent malignancy in Caucasian males (20–40 years). Even if diagnosed with disseminated disease, >80% of patients are cured; however, a small percentage of cases progress and result in death. It is commonly accepted that these cancers arise from a disturbed testicular embryonic niche that leads to the block of gonocyte differentiation. The subsequent development of the invasive seminomas and non-seminomas is due to a combination of genetic, epigenetic and microenvironment-based alterations (genvironment). Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is present in the testicular microenvironment, together with its receptor c-MET, from early embryonic development to an adult stage. In addition, c-MET is a well-known proto-oncogene involved in the onset and progression of various human cancers. Herein, we have investigated the expression and availability of HGF and c-MET in TCam-2, NCCIT and NT2D1 cells, which are type II (T)GCT representative cell lines, and the effect of c-MET activation/repression on the regulation of cancerous biological processes. We found that NT2D1 cells increase their proliferation, polarized migration, and invasion in response to HGF administration. NCCIT cells respond to HGF stimulation only partially, whereas TCam-2 cells do not respond to HGF, at least according to the investigated parameters. Interestingly, the immunohistochemical study of c-MET distribution in TGCTs confirm its presence in both seminoma and non-seminoma lesions with different patterns. Notably, we found the highest c-MET immunoreactivity in the epithelial elements of the various components of TGCTs: teratoma, yolk sac tumor and choriocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Corano Scheri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic-Medicine and Orthopaedics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Leonetti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic-Medicine and Orthopaedics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Laino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Gigantino
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori I.R.C.C.S. "Fondazione Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Gesualdi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic-Medicine and Orthopaedics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Grammatico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariano Bizzari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Systems Biology Group Lab, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- Pathological Anatomy Unit, Department of Psychic and Physic health and preventive medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - J Wolter Oosterhuis
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Stoop
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert H J Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Ricci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Catizone
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic-Medicine and Orthopaedics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Comoglio PM, Trusolino L, Boccaccio C. Known and novel roles of the MET oncogene in cancer: a coherent approach to targeted therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2018; 18:341-358. [PMID: 29674709 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-018-0002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The MET oncogene encodes an unconventional receptor tyrosine kinase with pleiotropic functions: it initiates and sustains neoplastic transformation when genetically altered ('oncogene addiction') and fosters cancer cell survival and tumour dissemination when transcriptionally activated in the context of an adaptive response to adverse microenvironmental conditions ('oncogene expedience'). Moreover, MET is an intrinsic modulator of the self-renewal and clonogenic ability of cancer stem cells ('oncogene inherence'). Here, we provide the latest findings on MET function in cancer by focusing on newly identified genetic abnormalities in tumour cells and recently described non-mutational MET activities in stromal cells and cancer stem cells. We discuss how MET drives cancer clonal evolution and progression towards metastasis, both ab initio and under therapeutic pressure. We then elaborate on the use of MET inhibitors in the clinic with a critical appraisal of failures and successes. Ultimately, we advocate a rationale to improve the outcome of anti-MET therapies on the basis of thorough consideration of the entire spectrum of MET-mediated biological responses, which implicates adequate patient stratification, meaningful biomarkers and appropriate clinical end points.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo M Comoglio
- Exploratory Research and Molecular Cancer Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.
| | - Livio Trusolino
- Translational Cancer Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Carla Boccaccio
- Cancer Stem Cell Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Korasick DA, Tanner JJ. Determination of protein oligomeric structure from small-angle X-ray scattering. Protein Sci 2018; 27:814-824. [PMID: 29352739 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is useful for determining the oligomeric states and quaternary structures of proteins in solution. The average molecular mass in solution can be calculated directly from a single SAXS curve collected on an arbitrary scale from a sample of unknown protein concentration without the need for beamline calibration or protein standards. The quaternary structure in solution can be deduced by comparing the experimental SAXS curve to theoretical curves calculated from proposed models of the oligomer. This approach is especially robust when the crystal structure of the target protein is known, and the candidate oligomer models are derived from the crystal lattice. When SAXS data are obtained at multiple protein concentrations, this analysis can provide insight into dynamic self-association equilibria. Herein, we summarize the computational methods that are used to determine protein molecular mass and quaternary structure from SAXS data. These methods are organized into a workflow and demonstrated with four case studies using experimental SAXS data from the published literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Korasick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211
| | - John J Tanner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211.,Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211
| |
Collapse
|