1
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Giez C, Noack C, Sakib E, Hofacker LM, Repnik U, Bramkamp M, Bosch TCG. Satiety controls behavior in Hydra through an interplay of pre-enteric and central nervous system-like neuron populations. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114210. [PMID: 38787723 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hunger and satiety can have an influence on decision-making, sensory processing, and motor behavior by altering the internal state of the brain. This process necessitates the integration of peripheral sensory stimuli into the central nervous system. Here, we show how animals without a central nervous system such as the cnidarian Hydra measure and integrate satiety into neuronal circuits and which specific neuronal populations are involved. We demonstrate that this simple nervous system, previously referred to as diffuse, has an endodermal subpopulation (N4) similar to the enteric nervous system (feeding-associated behavior) and an ectodermal population (N3) that performs central nervous system-like functions (physiology/motor). This view of a supposedly simple nervous system could open an important window into the origin of more complex nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Giez
- Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany; Neural Circuits and Evolution Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Christopher Noack
- Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ehsan Sakib
- Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Hofacker
- Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Urska Repnik
- Centrale Microscopy, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc Bramkamp
- Centrale Microscopy, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany; Institute for General Microbiology, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas C G Bosch
- Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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2
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Iglesias Ollé L, Perruchoud C, Sanchez PGL, Vogg MC, Galliot B. The Wnt/β-catenin/TCF/Sp5/Zic4 Gene Network That Regulates Head Organizer Activity in Hydra Is Differentially Regulated in Epidermis and Gastrodermis. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1274. [PMID: 38927481 PMCID: PMC11201823 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydra head formation depends on an organizing center in which Wnt/β-catenin signaling, that plays an inductive role, positively regulates Sp5 and Zic4, with Sp5 limiting Wnt3/β-catenin expression and Zic4 triggering tentacle formation. Using transgenic lines in which the HySp5 promoter drives eGFP expression in either the epidermis or gastrodermis, we show that Sp5 promoter activity is differentially regulated in each epithelial layer. In intact animals, epidermal HySp5:GFP activity is strong apically and weak along the body column, while in the gastrodermis, it is maximal in the tentacle ring region and maintained at a high level along the upper body column. During apical regeneration, HySp5:GFP is activated early in the gastrodermis and later in the epidermis. Alsterpaullone treatment induces a shift in apical HySp5:GFP expression towards the body column where it forms transient circular figures in the epidermis. Upon β-catenin(RNAi), HySp5:GFP activity is down-regulated in the epidermis while bud-like structures expressing HySp5:GFP in the gastrodermis develop. Sp5(RNAi) reveals a negative Sp5 autoregulation in the epidermis, but not in the gastrodermis. These differential regulations in the epidermis and gastrodermis highlight the distinct architectures of the Wnt/β-catenin/TCF/Sp5/Zic4 network in the hypostome, tentacle base and body column of intact animals, as well as in the buds and apical and basal regenerating tips.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland (C.P.); (P.G.L.S.)
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3
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Thiel D, Yañez Guerra LA, Kieswetter A, Cole AG, Temmerman L, Technau U, Jékely G. Large-scale deorphanization of Nematostella vectensis neuropeptide G protein-coupled receptors supports the independent expansion of bilaterian and cnidarian peptidergic systems. eLife 2024; 12:RP90674. [PMID: 38727714 PMCID: PMC11087051 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are ancient signaling molecules in animals but only few peptide receptors are known outside bilaterians. Cnidarians possess a large number of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) - the most common receptors of bilaterian neuropeptides - but most of these remain orphan with no known ligands. We searched for neuropeptides in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis and created a library of 64 peptides derived from 33 precursors. In a large-scale pharmacological screen with these peptides and 161 N. vectensis GPCRs, we identified 31 receptors specifically activated by 1 to 3 of 14 peptides. Mapping GPCR and neuropeptide expression to single-cell sequencing data revealed how cnidarian tissues are extensively connected by multilayer peptidergic networks. Phylogenetic analysis identified no direct orthology to bilaterian peptidergic systems and supports the independent expansion of neuropeptide signaling in cnidarians from a few ancestral peptide-receptor pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Thiel
- Living Systems Institute, University of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Amanda Kieswetter
- Animal Physiology & Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Alison G Cole
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Liesbet Temmerman
- Animal Physiology & Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Ulrich Technau
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
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4
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Klimovich A, Bosch TCG. Novel technologies uncover novel 'anti'-microbial peptides in Hydra shaping the species-specific microbiome. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230058. [PMID: 38497265 PMCID: PMC10945409 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The freshwater polyp Hydra uses an elaborate innate immune machinery to maintain its specific microbiome. Major components of this toolkit are conserved Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated immune pathways and species-specific antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Our study harnesses advanced technologies, such as high-throughput sequencing and machine learning, to uncover a high complexity of the Hydra's AMPs repertoire. Functional analysis reveals that these AMPs are specific against diverse members of the Hydra microbiome and expressed in a spatially controlled pattern. Notably, in the outer epithelial layer, AMPs are produced mainly in the neurons. The neuron-derived AMPs are secreted directly into the glycocalyx, the habitat for symbiotic bacteria, and display high selectivity and spatial restriction of expression. In the endodermal layer, in contrast, endodermal epithelial cells produce an abundance of different AMPs including members of the arminin and hydramacin families, while gland cells secrete kazal-type protease inhibitors. Since the endodermal layer lines the gastric cavity devoid of symbiotic bacteria, we assume that endodermally secreted AMPs protect the gastric cavity from intruding pathogens. In conclusion, Hydra employs a complex set of AMPs expressed in distinct tissue layers and cell types to combat pathogens and to maintain a stable spatially organized microbiome. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Klimovich
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Thomas C. G. Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel 24118, Germany
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5
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Pan Q, Mercker M, Klimovich A, Wittlieb J, Marciniak-Czochra A, Böttger A. Genetic interference with HvNotch provides new insights into the role of the Notch-signalling pathway for developmental pattern formation in Hydra. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8553. [PMID: 38609434 PMCID: PMC11014954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58837-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Notch-signalling pathway plays an important role in pattern formation in Hydra. Using pharmacological Notch inhibitors (DAPT and SAHM1), it has been demonstrated that HvNotch is required for head regeneration and tentacle patterning in Hydra. HvNotch is also involved in establishing the parent-bud boundary and instructing buds to develop feet and detach from the parent. To further investigate the functions of HvNotch, we successfully constructed NICD (HvNotch intracellular domain)-overexpressing and HvNotch-knockdown transgenic Hydra strains. NICD-overexpressing transgenic Hydra showed a pronounced inhibition on the expression of predicted HvNotch-target genes, suggesting a dominant negative effect of ectopic NICD. This resulted in a "Y-shaped" phenotype, which arises from the parent-bud boundary defect seen in polyps treated with DAPT. Additionally, "multiple heads", "two-headed" and "ectopic tentacles" phenotypes were observed. The HvNotch-knockdown transgenic Hydra with reduced expression of HvNotch exhibited similar, but not identical phenotypes, with the addition of a "two feet" phenotype. Furthermore, we observed regeneration defects in both, overexpression and knockdown strains. We integrated these findings into a mathematical model based on long-range gradients of signalling molecules underlying sharply defined positions of HvNotch-signalling cells at the Hydra tentacle and bud boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Pan
- Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Moritz Mercker
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Klimovich
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jörg Wittlieb
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Marciniak-Czochra
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angelika Böttger
- Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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6
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Hanson A, Reme R, Telerman N, Yamamoto W, Olivo-Marin JC, Lagache T, Yuste R. Automatic monitoring of neural activity with single-cell resolution in behaving Hydra. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5083. [PMID: 38429381 PMCID: PMC10907378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability to record every spike from every neuron in a behaving animal is one of the holy grails of neuroscience. Here, we report coming one step closer towards this goal with the development of an end-to-end pipeline that automatically tracks and extracts calcium signals from individual neurons in the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris. We imaged dually labeled (nuclear tdTomato and cytoplasmic GCaMP7s) transgenic Hydra and developed an open-source Python platform (TraSE-IN) for the Tracking and Spike Estimation of Individual Neurons in the animal during behavior. The TraSE-IN platform comprises a series of modules that segments and tracks each nucleus over time and extracts the corresponding calcium activity in the GCaMP channel. Another series of signal processing modules allows robust prediction of individual spikes from each neuron's calcium signal. This complete pipeline will facilitate the automatic generation and analysis of large-scale datasets of single-cell resolution neural activity in Hydra, and potentially other model organisms, paving the way towards deciphering the neural code of an entire animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Hanson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Neurotechnology Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Raphael Reme
- UMR3691, BioImage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Noah Telerman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Neurotechnology Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wataru Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Neurotechnology Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Thibault Lagache
- UMR3691, BioImage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Department of Biological Sciences, Neurotechnology Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Keramidioti A, Schneid S, Busse C, Cramer von Laue C, Bertulat B, Salvenmoser W, Hess M, Alexandrova O, Glauber KM, Steele RE, Hobmayer B, Holstein TW, David CN. A new look at the architecture and dynamics of the Hydra nerve net. eLife 2024; 12:RP87330. [PMID: 38407174 PMCID: PMC10942621 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The Hydra nervous system is the paradigm of a 'simple nerve net'. Nerve cells in Hydra, as in many cnidarian polyps, are organized in a nerve net extending throughout the body column. This nerve net is required for control of spontaneous behavior: elimination of nerve cells leads to polyps that do not move and are incapable of capturing and ingesting prey (Campbell, 1976). We have re-examined the structure of the Hydra nerve net by immunostaining fixed polyps with a novel antibody that stains all nerve cells in Hydra. Confocal imaging shows that there are two distinct nerve nets, one in the ectoderm and one in the endoderm, with the unexpected absence of nerve cells in the endoderm of the tentacles. The nerve nets in the ectoderm and endoderm do not contact each other. High-resolution TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and serial block face SEM (scanning electron microscopy) show that the nerve nets consist of bundles of parallel overlapping neurites. Results from transgenic lines show that neurite bundles include different neural circuits and hence that neurites in bundles require circuit-specific recognition. Nerve cell-specific innexins indicate that gap junctions can provide this specificity. The occurrence of bundles of neurites supports a model for continuous growth and differentiation of the nerve net by lateral addition of new nerve cells to the existing net. This model was confirmed by tracking newly differentiated nerve cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Keramidioti
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University MunichMartinsriedGermany
| | - Sandra Schneid
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University MunichMartinsriedGermany
| | - Christina Busse
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University MunichMartinsriedGermany
| | | | - Bianca Bertulat
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Willi Salvenmoser
- Department of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Martin Hess
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University MunichMartinsriedGermany
| | - Olga Alexandrova
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University MunichMartinsriedGermany
| | - Kristine M Glauber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvineUnited States
| | - Robert E Steele
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvineUnited States
| | - Bert Hobmayer
- Department of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Thomas W Holstein
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Charles N David
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University MunichMartinsriedGermany
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8
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Giez C, Pinkle D, Giencke Y, Wittlieb J, Herbst E, Spratte T, Lachnit T, Klimovich A, Selhuber-Unkel C, Bosch TCG. Multiple neuronal populations control the eating behavior in Hydra and are responsive to microbial signals. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5288-5303.e6. [PMID: 37995697 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Although recent studies indicate the impact of microbes on the central nervous systems and behavior, it remains unclear how the relationship between the functionality of the nervous system, behavior, and the microbiota evolved. In this work, we analyzed the eating behavior of Hydra, a host that has a simple nervous system and a low-complexity microbiota. To identify the neuronal subpopulations involved, we used a subpopulation-specific cell ablation system and calcium imaging. The role of the microbiota was uncovered by manipulating the diversity of the natural microbiota. We show that different neuronal subpopulations are functioning together to control eating behavior. Animals with a drastically reduced microbiome had severe difficulties in mouth opening due to a significantly increased level of glutamate. This could be reversed by adding a full complement of the microbiota. In summary, we provide a mechanistic explanation of how Hydra's nervous system controls eating behavior and what role microbes play in this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Giez
- Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Denis Pinkle
- Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Yan Giencke
- Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jörg Wittlieb
- Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Herbst
- Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Spratte
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (INSEAM), University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Lachnit
- Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Klimovich
- Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Selhuber-Unkel
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (INSEAM), University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas C G Bosch
- Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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9
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Yamamoto W, Yuste R. Two-photon manipulation of neuronal activity and behavior in Hydra vulgaris. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102453. [PMID: 37515760 PMCID: PMC10400962 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of calcium imaging has rendered cnidarians, such as Hydra vulgaris, valuable model organisms for investigating neuronal activity and behavior. Here, we present a comprehensive protocol to image and manipulate neuronal activity and behavior of Hydra. We describe steps for wide-field imaging and two-photon simulation and ablation of neurons. We then detail imaging behavior and post-ablation analysis. We address challenges that may arise during the preparation and execution of the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Yamamoto
- Neurotechnology Center, Department Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Neurotechnology Center, Department Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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10
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Holstein TW. The Hydra stem cell system - Revisited. Cells Dev 2023; 174:203846. [PMID: 37121433 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cnidarians are >600 million years old and are considered the sister group of Bilateria based on numerous molecular phylogenetic studies. Apart from Hydra, the genomes of all major clades of Cnidaria have been uncovered (e.g. Aurelia, Clytia, Nematostella and Acropora) and they reveal a remarkable completeness of the metazoan genomic toolbox. Of particular interest is Hydra, a model system of aging research, regenerative biology, and stem cell biology. With the knowledge gained from scRNA research, it is now possible to characterize the expression profiles of all cell types with great precision. In functional studies, our picture of the Hydra stem cell biology has changed, and we are in the process of obtaining a clear picture of the homeostasis and properties of the different stem cell populations. Even though Hydra is often compared to plant systems, the new data on germline and regeneration, but also on the dynamics and plasticity of the nervous system, show that Hydra with its simple body plan represents in a nutshell the prototype of an animal with stem cell lineages, whose properties correspond in many ways to Bilateria. This review provides an overview of the four stem cell lineages, the two epithelial lineages that constitute the ectoderm and the endoderm, as well as the multipotent somatic interstitial lineage (MPSC) and the germline stem cell lineage (GSC), also known as the interstitial cells of Hydra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Holstein
- Heidelberg University, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Primack AS, Cazet JF, Little HM, Mühlbauer S, Cox BD, David CN, Farrell JA, Juliano CE. Differentiation trajectories of the Hydra nervous system reveal transcriptional regulators of neuronal fate. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.15.531610. [PMID: 36993575 PMCID: PMC10055148 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.15.531610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The small freshwater cnidarian polyp Hydra vulgaris uses adult stem cells (interstitial stem cells) to continually replace neurons throughout its life. This feature, combined with the ability to image the entire nervous system (Badhiwala et al., 2021; Dupre & Yuste, 2017) and availability of gene knockdown techniques (Juliano, Reich, et al., 2014; Lohmann et al., 1999; Vogg et al., 2022), makes Hydra a tractable model for studying nervous system development and regeneration at the whole-organism level. In this study, we use single-cell RNA sequencing and trajectory inference to provide a comprehensive molecular description of the adult nervous system. This includes the most detailed transcriptional characterization of the adult Hydra nervous system to date. We identified eleven unique neuron subtypes together with the transcriptional changes that occur as the interstitial stem cells differentiate into each subtype. Towards the goal of building gene regulatory networks to describe Hydra neuron differentiation, we identified 48 transcription factors expressed specifically in the Hydra nervous system, including many that are conserved regulators of neurogenesis in bilaterians. We also performed ATAC-seq on sorted neurons to uncover previously unidentified putative regulatory regions near neuron-specific genes. Finally, we provide evidence to support the existence of transdifferentiation between mature neuron subtypes and we identify previously unknown transition states in these pathways. All together, we provide a comprehensive transcriptional description of an entire adult nervous system, including differentiation and transdifferentiation pathways, which provides a significant advance towards understanding mechanisms that underlie nervous system regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby S Primack
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jack F Cazet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Hannah Morris Little
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Susanne Mühlbauer
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ben D Cox
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Charles N David
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A Farrell
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Celina E Juliano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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12
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Garg N, Štibler UK, Eismann B, Mercker M, Bergheim BG, Linn A, Tuchscherer P, Engel U, Redl S, Marciniak-Czochra A, Holstein TW, Hess MW, Özbek S. Non-muscle myosin II drives critical steps of nematocyst morphogenesis. iScience 2023; 26:106291. [PMID: 36936784 PMCID: PMC10014300 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematocysts are generated by secretion of proteins into a post-Golgi compartment. They consist of a capsule that elongates into a long tube, which is coiled inside the capsule matrix and expelled during its nano-second discharge deployed for prey capture. The driving force for discharge is an extreme osmotic pressure of 150 bar. The complex processes of tube elongation and invagination under these biomechanical constraints have so far been elusive. Here, we show that a non-muscle myosin II homolog (HyNMII) is essential for nematocyst formation in Hydra. In early nematocysts, HyNMII assembles to a collar around the neck of the protruding tube. HyNMII then facilitates tube outgrowth by compressing it along the longitudinal axis as evidenced by inhibitor treatment and genetic knockdown. In addition, live imaging of a NOWA::NOWA-GFP transgenic line, which re-defined NOWA as a tube component facilitating invagination, allowed us to analyze the impact of HyNMII on tube maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Garg
- University of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Urška Knez Štibler
- University of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Björn Eismann
- University of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Mercker
- Institute for Applied Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Gideon Bergheim
- University of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Linn
- University of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrizia Tuchscherer
- University of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Engel
- University of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Nikon Imaging Center at the University of Heidelberg, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Redl
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Marciniak-Czochra
- Institute for Applied Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas W. Holstein
- University of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael W. Hess
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Suat Özbek
- University of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Corresponding author
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13
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Transfection of Sponge Cells and Intracellular Localization of Cancer-Related MYC, RRAS2, and DRG1 Proteins. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020119. [PMID: 36827160 PMCID: PMC9964533 DOI: 10.3390/md21020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of the protein's intracellular localization is essential for understanding its biological function. Protein localization studies are mainly performed on primary and secondary vertebrate cell lines for which most protocols have been optimized. In spite of experimental difficulties, studies on invertebrate cells, including basal Metazoa, have greatly advanced. In recent years, the interest in studying human diseases from an evolutionary perspective has significantly increased. Sponges, placed at the base of the animal tree, are simple animals without true tissues and organs but with a complex genome containing many genes whose human homologs have been implicated in human diseases, including cancer. Therefore, sponges are an innovative model for elucidating the fundamental role of the proteins involved in cancer. In this study, we overexpressed human cancer-related proteins and their sponge homologs in human cancer cells, human fibroblasts, and sponge cells. We demonstrated that human and sponge MYC proteins localize in the nucleus, the RRAS2 in the plasma membrane, the membranes of the endolysosomal vesicles, and the DRG1 in the cell's cytosol. Despite the very low transfection efficiency of sponge cells, we observed an identical localization of human proteins and their sponge homologs, indicating their similar cellular functions.
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14
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A chromosome-scale epigenetic map of the Hydra genome reveals conserved regulators of cell state. Genome Res 2023; 33:283-298. [PMID: 36639202 PMCID: PMC10069465 DOI: 10.1101/gr.277040.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial and interstitial stem cells of the freshwater polyp Hydra are the best-characterized stem cell systems in any cnidarian, providing valuable insight into cell type evolution and the origin of stemness in animals. However, little is known about the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that determine how these stem cells are maintained and how they give rise to their diverse differentiated progeny. To address such questions, a thorough understanding of transcriptional regulation in Hydra is needed. To this end, we generated extensive new resources for characterizing transcriptional regulation in Hydra, including new genome assemblies for Hydra oligactis and the AEP strain of Hydra vulgaris, an updated whole-animal single-cell RNA-seq atlas, and genome-wide maps of chromatin interactions, chromatin accessibility, sequence conservation, and histone modifications. These data revealed the existence of large kilobase-scale chromatin interaction domains in the Hydra genome that contain transcriptionally coregulated genes. We also uncovered the transcriptomic profiles of two previously molecularly uncharacterized cell types: isorhiza-type nematocytes and somatic gonad ectoderm. Finally, we identified novel candidate regulators of cell type-specific transcription, several of which have likely been conserved at least since the divergence of Hydra and the jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica more than 400 million years ago.
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15
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Pan XY, Zeng YY, Liu YM, Fei JF. Resolving vertebrate brain evolution through salamander brain development and regeneration. Zool Res 2023; 44:219-222. [PMID: 36594394 PMCID: PMC9841178 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Pan
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China,Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yan-Yun Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yan-Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Science, Ministry of Education, China.,Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China. E-mail:
| | - Ji-Feng Fei
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China. E-mail:
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16
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Vogg MC, Ferenc J, Buzgariu WC, Perruchoud C, Sanchez PGL, Beccari L, Nuninger C, Le Cras Y, Delucinge-Vivier C, Papasaikas P, Vincent S, Galliot B, Tsiairis CD. The transcription factor Zic4 promotes tentacle formation and prevents epithelial transdifferentiation in Hydra. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo0694. [PMID: 36563144 PMCID: PMC9788771 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo0694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that maintain cellular identities and prevent dedifferentiation or transdifferentiation remain mysterious. However, both processes are transiently used during animal regeneration. Therefore, organisms that regenerate their organs, appendages, or even their whole body offer a fruitful paradigm to investigate the regulation of cell fate stability. Here, we used Hydra as a model system and show that Zic4, whose expression is controlled by Wnt3/β-catenin signaling and the Sp5 transcription factor, plays a key role in tentacle formation and tentacle maintenance. Reducing Zic4 expression suffices to induce transdifferentiation of tentacle epithelial cells into foot epithelial cells. This switch requires the reentry of tentacle battery cells into the cell cycle without cell division and is accompanied by degeneration of nematocytes embedded in these cells. These results indicate that maintenance of cell fate by a Wnt-controlled mechanism is a key process both during homeostasis and during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Christian Vogg
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - Jaroslav Ferenc
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel 4058, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4001, Switzerland
| | - Wanda Christa Buzgariu
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - Chrystelle Perruchoud
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - Paul Gerald Layague Sanchez
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Beccari
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Clara Nuninger
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel 4058, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4001, Switzerland
| | - Youn Le Cras
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Céline Delucinge-Vivier
- iGE3 Genomics Platform, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - Panagiotis Papasaikas
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel 4058, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Vincent
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5239, Inserm, U1293, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allée d’Italie, Lyon F-69364, France
| | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. (B.G.); (C.D.T.)
| | - Charisios D. Tsiairis
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, Basel 4058, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. (B.G.); (C.D.T.)
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17
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Puntin G, Sweet M, Fraune S, Medina M, Sharp K, Weis VM, Ziegler M. Harnessing the Power of Model Organisms To Unravel Microbial Functions in the Coral Holobiont. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0005322. [PMID: 36287022 PMCID: PMC9769930 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00053-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stony corals build the framework of coral reefs, ecosystems of immense ecological and economic importance. The existence of these ecosystems is threatened by climate change and other anthropogenic stressors that manifest in microbial dysbiosis such as coral bleaching and disease, often leading to coral mortality. Despite a significant amount of research, the mechanisms ultimately underlying these destructive phenomena, and what could prevent or mitigate them, remain to be resolved. This is mostly due to practical challenges in experimentation on corals and the highly complex nature of the coral holobiont that also includes bacteria, archaea, protists, and viruses. While the overall importance of these partners is well recognized, their specific contributions to holobiont functioning and their interspecific dynamics remain largely unexplored. Here, we review the potential of adopting model organisms as more tractable systems to address these knowledge gaps. We draw on parallels from the broader biological and biomedical fields to guide the establishment, implementation, and integration of new and emerging model organisms with the aim of addressing the specific needs of coral research. We evaluate the cnidarian models Hydra, Aiptasia, Cassiopea, and Astrangia poculata; review the fast-evolving field of coral tissue and cell cultures; and propose a framework for the establishment of "true" tropical reef-building coral models. Based on this assessment, we also suggest future research to address key aspects limiting our ability to understand and hence improve the response of reef-building corals to future ocean conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Puntin
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Marine Holobiomics Lab, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Sweet
- Aquatic Research Facility, Environmental Sustainability Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Fraune
- Institute for Zoology and Organismic Interactions, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mónica Medina
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Koty Sharp
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology, and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Virginia M. Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Maren Ziegler
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Marine Holobiomics Lab, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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18
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Brooun M, Salvenmoser W, Dana C, Sudol M, Steele R, Hobmayer B, McNeill H. The Hippo pathway regulates axis formation and morphogenesis in Hydra. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203257119. [PMID: 35858299 PMCID: PMC9304002 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203257119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How did cells of early metazoan organisms first organize themselves to form a body axis? The canonical Wnt pathway has been shown to be sufficient for induction of axis in Cnidaria, a sister group to Bilateria, and is important in bilaterian axis formation. Here, we provide experimental evidence that in cnidarian Hydra the Hippo pathway regulates the formation of a new axis during budding upstream of the Wnt pathway. The transcriptional target of the Hippo pathway, the transcriptional coactivator YAP, inhibits the initiation of budding in Hydra and is regulated by Hydra LATS. In addition, we show functions of the Hippo pathway in regulation of actin organization and cell proliferation in Hydra. We hypothesize that the Hippo pathway served as a link between continuous cell division, cell density, and axis formation early in metazoan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brooun
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Willi Salvenmoser
- Department of Zoology, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Catherine Dana
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1700
| | - Marius Sudol
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Robert Steele
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1700
| | - Bert Hobmayer
- Department of Zoology, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093
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19
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Bosch TCG. Beyond Lynn Margulis’ green hydra. Symbiosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00849-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLynn Margulis has made it clear that in nature partnerships are the predominant form of life; that life processes can only be understood in terms of the interactions of such partnerships; and that their inherent complexity can only be understood by taking a holistic approach. Here I attempt to relate Lynn Margulis´ observations on the freshwater polyp hydra to the perceptions and problems of today’s Hydra research. To accomplish this, I will synthesize our current understanding of how symbionts influence the phenotype and fitness of hydra. Based on this new findings, a fundamental paradigm shift and a new era is emerging in the way that we consider organisms such as hydra as multi-organismic metaorganisms, just as Lynn Margulis may have thought about it.
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20
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Bathia J, Schröder K, Fraune S, Lachnit T, Rosenstiel P, Bosch TCG. Symbiotic Algae of Hydra viridissima Play a Key Role in Maintaining Homeostatic Bacterial Colonization. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:869666. [PMID: 35733963 PMCID: PMC9207534 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.869666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The freshwater polyp Hydra viridissima (H. viridissima) harbors endosymbiotic Chlorella algae in addition to a species-specific microbiome. The molecular basis of the symbiosis between Hydra and Chlorella has been characterized to be metabolic in nature. Here, we studied the interaction between the extracellularly located microbiota and the algal photobiont, which resides in Hydra’s endodermal epithelium, with main focus on Legionella bacterium. We aimed at evaluating the influence of the symbiotic algae on microbial colonization and in shaping the host microbiome. We report that the microbiome composition of symbiotic and aposymbiotic (algae free) H. viridissima is significantly different and dominated by Legionella spp. Hvir in aposymbiotic animals. Co-cultivation of these animals resulted in horizontal transmission of Legionella spp. Hvir bacteria from aposymbiotic to symbiotic animals. Acquisition of this bacterium increased the release of algae into ambient water. From there, algae could subsequently be taken up again by the aposymbiotic animals. The presence of algal symbionts had negative impact on Legionella spp. Hvir and resulted in a decrease of the relative abundance of this bacterium. Prolonged co-cultivation ultimately resulted in the disappearance of the Legionella spp. Hvir bacterium from the Hydra tissue. Our observations suggest an important role of the photobiont in controlling an invasive species in a metacommunity and, thereby, shaping the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Bathia
- Institute for Zoology and Organismic Interactions, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Schröder
- Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Anatomy, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fraune
- Institute for Zoology and Organismic Interactions, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tim Lachnit
- Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas C. G. Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Thomas C. G. Bosch,
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21
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Vimalkumar K, Sangeetha S, Felix L, Kay P, Pugazhendhi A. A systematic review on toxicity assessment of persistent emerging pollutants (EPs) and associated microplastics (MPs) in the environment using the Hydra animal model. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 256:109320. [PMID: 35227876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging pollutants (EPs) are causative for teratogenic and reproductive effects. EPs are detected in all the environmental matrices at higher levels. A suitable model for aquatic toxicity assessment is Hydra, because of morphological, behavioral, reproductive (sexual and asexual), and biochemical changes. Many researchers have used Hydra for toxicity assessment of organic chemicals (BPA), heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, nanomaterials and microplastics. Various Hydra species were used for environmental toxicity studies; however H. magnipapillata was predominantly used due to the availability of its genome and proteome sequences. Teratogenic and reproductive changes in Hydra are species specific. Teratogenic effects were studied using sterozoom dissecting microscope, acridine orange (AO) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DPAI) staining. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by EPs had been understood by the Dichlorodihydrofluorescein Diacetate (DCFDA) staining and comet assay. Multiple advanced techniques would aid to understand the effects at molecular level, such as real-time PCR, rapid amplification of cDNA end- PCR. EPs modulated the major antioxidant enzyme levels, therefore, defense mechanism was affected by the higher generation of reactive oxygen species. Genome sequencing helps to know the mode of action of pollutants, role of enzymes in detoxification, defense genes and stress responsive genes. Molecular techniques were used to obtain the information for evolutionary changes of genes and modulation of gene expression by EPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seethappan Sangeetha
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lewisoscar Felix
- Infectious Diseases Division, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Paul Kay
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Emerging Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications Research Group, School of Engineering and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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22
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Chrysostomou E, Febrimarsa, DuBuc T, Frank U. Gene Manipulation in Hydractinia. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2450:419-436. [PMID: 35359321 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2172-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to regenerate lost body parts is irregularly distributed among animals, with substantial differences in regenerative potential between and within metazoan phyla. It is widely believed that regenerative animal clades inherited some aspects of their capacity to regenerate from their common ancestors but have also evolved new mechanisms that are not shared with other regenerative animals. Therefore, to gain a broad understanding of animal regenerative mechanisms and evolution, a broad sampling approach is necessary. Unfortunately, only few regenerative animals have been established as laboratory models with protocols for functional gene studies. Here, we describe the methods to establish transgenic individuals of the marine cnidarian Hydractinia. We also provide methods for transient gene expression manipulation without modifying the genome of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Chrysostomou
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Febrimarsa
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Timothy DuBuc
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Uri Frank
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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23
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Ying H, Hayward DC, Klimovich A, Bosch TCG, Baldassarre L, Neeman T, Forêt S, Huttley G, Reitzel AM, Fraune S, Ball EE, Miller DJ. The role of DNA methylation in genome defense in Cnidaria and other invertebrates. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6516040. [PMID: 35084499 PMCID: PMC8857917 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable attention has recently been focused on the potential involvement of DNA methylation in regulating gene expression in cnidarians. Much of this work has been centered on corals, in the context of changes in methylation perhaps facilitating adaptation to higher seawater temperatures and other stressful conditions. Although first proposed more than 30 years ago, the possibility that DNA methylation systems function in protecting animal genomes against the harmful effects of transposon activity has largely been ignored since that time. Here, we show that transposons are specifically targeted by the DNA methylation system in cnidarians, and that the youngest transposons (i.e., those most likely to be active) are most highly methylated. Transposons in longer and highly active genes were preferentially methylated and, as transposons aged, methylation levels declined, reducing the potentially harmful side effects of CpG methylation. In Cnidaria and a range of other invertebrates, correlation between the overall extent of methylation and transposon content was strongly supported. Present transposon burden is the dominant factor in determining overall level of genomic methylation in a range of animals that diverged in or before the early Cambrian, suggesting that genome defense represents the ancestral role of CpG methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ying
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David C Hayward
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Thomas C G Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany.,Collaborative Research Center for the Origin and Function of Metaorganisms, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Laura Baldassarre
- Department of Zoology and Organismal Interactions, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Teresa Neeman
- Biological Data Institute, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sylvain Forêt
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Gavin Huttley
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Adam M Reitzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, USA
| | - Sebastian Fraune
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eldon E Ball
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David J Miller
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.,Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Japan
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24
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Riley SE, Feng Y, Hansen CG. Hippo-Yap/Taz signalling in zebrafish regeneration. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:9. [PMID: 35087046 PMCID: PMC8795407 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent of tissue regeneration varies widely between species. Mammals have a limited regenerative capacity whilst lower vertebrates such as the zebrafish (Danio rerio), a freshwater teleost, can robustly regenerate a range of tissues, including the spinal cord, heart, and fin. The molecular and cellular basis of this altered response is one of intense investigation. In this review, we summarise the current understanding of the association between zebrafish regeneration and Hippo pathway function, a phosphorylation cascade that regulates cell proliferation, mechanotransduction, stem cell fate, and tumorigenesis, amongst others. We also compare this function to Hippo pathway activity in the regenerative response of other species. We find that the Hippo pathway effectors Yap/Taz facilitate zebrafish regeneration and that this appears to be latent in mammals, suggesting that therapeutically promoting precise and temporal YAP/TAZ signalling in humans may enhance regeneration and hence reduce morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna E Riley
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh bioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Yi Feng
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh bioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Carsten Gram Hansen
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh bioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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25
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Buzgariu W, Aubry-Lachainaye JP, Galliot B. Studying Stem Cell Biology in Intact and Whole-Body Regenerating Hydra by Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2450:373-398. [PMID: 35359319 PMCID: PMC9761490 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2172-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater Hydra polyp is a versatile model to study whole-body regeneration from a developmental as well as a cellular point of view. The outstanding regenerative capacities of Hydra are based on its three populations of adult stem cells located in the central body column of the animal. There, these three populations, gastrodermal epithelial, epidermal epithelial, and interstitial, continuously cycle in homeostatic conditions, and their activity is locally regulated after mid-gastric bisection. Moreover, they present an unusual cycling behavior with a short G1 phase and a pausing in G2. This particular cell cycle has been studied for a long time with classical microscopic methods. We describe here two flow cytometry methods that provide accurate and reproducible quantitative data to monitor cell cycle regulation in homeostatic and regenerative contexts. We also present a cell sorting procedure based on flow cytometry, whereby stem cells expressing a fluorescent reporter protein in transgenic lines can be enriched for use in applications such as transcriptomic, proteomic, or cell cycle analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Buzgariu
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, iGE3, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, iGE3, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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26
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Ferenc J, Papasaikas P, Ferralli J, Nakamura Y, Smallwood S, Tsiairis CD. Mechanical oscillations orchestrate axial patterning through Wnt activation in Hydra. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj6897. [PMID: 34890235 PMCID: PMC8664257 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj6897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical input shapes cell fate decisions during development and regeneration in many systems, yet the mechanisms of this cross-talk are often unclear. In regenerating Hydra tissue spheroids, periodic osmotically driven inflation and deflation cycles generate mechanical stimuli in the form of tissue stretching. Here, we demonstrate that tissue stretching during inflation is important for the appearance of the head organizer—a group of cells that secrete the Wnt3 ligand. Exploiting time series RNA expression profiles, we identify the up-regulation of Wnt signaling as a key readout of the mechanical input. In this system, the levels of Wnt3 expression correspond to the levels of stretching, and Wnt3 overexpression alone enables successful regeneration in the absence of mechanical stimulation. Our findings enable the incorporation of mechanical signals in the framework of Hydra patterning and highlight the broad significance of mechanochemical feedback loops for patterning epithelial lumens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Ferenc
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Panagiotis Papasaikas
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Ferralli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sebastien Smallwood
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charisios D. Tsiairis
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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27
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Vogg MC, Buzgariu W, Suknovic NS, Galliot B. Cellular, Metabolic, and Developmental Dimensions of Whole-Body Regeneration in Hydra. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a040725. [PMID: 34230037 PMCID: PMC8635000 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we discuss the developmental and homeostatic conditions necessary for Hydra regeneration. Hydra is characterized by populations of adult stem cells paused in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, ready to respond to injury signals. The body column can be compared to a blastema-like structure, populated with multifunctional epithelial stem cells that show low sensitivity to proapoptotic signals, and high inducibility of autophagy that promotes resistance to stress and starvation. Intact Hydra polyps also exhibit a dynamic patterning along the oral-aboral axis under the control of homeostatic organizers whose activity results from regulatory loops between activators and inhibitors. As in bilaterians, injury triggers the immediate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signals that promote wound healing and contribute to the reactivation of developmental programs via cell death and the de novo formation of new organizing centers from somatic tissues. In aging Hydra, regeneration is rapidly lost as homeostatic conditions are no longer pro-regenerative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Christian Vogg
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Wanda Buzgariu
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nenad Slavko Suknovic
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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28
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Weissbourd B, Momose T, Nair A, Kennedy A, Hunt B, Anderson DJ. A genetically tractable jellyfish model for systems and evolutionary neuroscience. Cell 2021; 184:5854-5868.e20. [PMID: 34822783 PMCID: PMC8629132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Jellyfish are radially symmetric organisms without a brain that arose more than 500 million years ago. They achieve organismal behaviors through coordinated interactions between autonomously functioning body parts. Jellyfish neurons have been studied electrophysiologically, but not at the systems level. We introduce Clytia hemisphaerica as a transparent, genetically tractable jellyfish model for systems and evolutionary neuroscience. We generate stable F1 transgenic lines for cell-type-specific conditional ablation and whole-organism GCaMP imaging. Using these tools and computational analyses, we find that an apparently diffuse network of RFamide-expressing umbrellar neurons is functionally subdivided into a series of spatially localized subassemblies whose synchronous activation controls directional food transfer from the tentacles to the mouth. These data reveal an unanticipated degree of structured neural organization in this species. Clytia affords a platform for systems-level studies of neural function, behavior, and evolution within a clade of marine organisms with growing ecological and economic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Weissbourd
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 140-18, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Tsuyoshi Momose
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Aditya Nair
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 140-18, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ann Kennedy
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 140-18, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Bridgett Hunt
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 140-18, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - David J Anderson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 140-18, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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29
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Rinkevich B, Ballarin L, Martinez P, Somorjai I, Ben-Hamo O, Borisenko I, Berezikov E, Ereskovsky A, Gazave E, Khnykin D, Manni L, Petukhova O, Rosner A, Röttinger E, Spagnuolo A, Sugni M, Tiozzo S, Hobmayer B. A pan-metazoan concept for adult stem cells: the wobbling Penrose landscape. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:299-325. [PMID: 34617397 PMCID: PMC9292022 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells (ASCs) in vertebrates and model invertebrates (e.g. Drosophila melanogaster) are typically long‐lived, lineage‐restricted, clonogenic and quiescent cells with somatic descendants and tissue/organ‐restricted activities. Such ASCs are mostly rare, morphologically undifferentiated, and undergo asymmetric cell division. Characterized by ‘stemness’ gene expression, they can regulate tissue/organ homeostasis, repair and regeneration. By contrast, analysis of other animal phyla shows that ASCs emerge at different life stages, present both differentiated and undifferentiated phenotypes, and may possess amoeboid movement. Usually pluri/totipotent, they may express germ‐cell markers, but often lack germ‐line sequestering, and typically do not reside in discrete niches. ASCs may constitute up to 40% of animal cells, and participate in a range of biological phenomena, from whole‐body regeneration, dormancy, and agametic asexual reproduction, to indeterminate growth. They are considered legitimate units of selection. Conceptualizing this divergence, we present an alternative stemness metaphor to the Waddington landscape: the ‘wobbling Penrose’ landscape. Here, totipotent ASCs adopt ascending/descending courses of an ‘Escherian stairwell’, in a lifelong totipotency pathway. ASCs may also travel along lower stemness echelons to reach fully differentiated states. However, from any starting state, cells can change their stemness status, underscoring their dynamic cellular potencies. Thus, vertebrate ASCs may reflect just one metazoan ASC archetype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruch Rinkevich
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 9753, Tel Shikmona, Haifa, 3109701, Israel
| | - Loriano Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Pedro Martinez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Ildiko Somorjai
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK
| | - Oshrat Ben-Hamo
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 9753, Tel Shikmona, Haifa, 3109701, Israel
| | - Ilya Borisenko
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, University Embankment, 7/9, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Eugene Berezikov
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Ereskovsky
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, University Embankment, 7/9, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Avignon University, Jardin du Pharo, 58 Boulevard Charles Livon, Marseille, 13007, France.,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulitsa Vavilova, 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Eve Gazave
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Denis Khnykin
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Bygg 19, Gaustad Sykehus, Sognsvannsveien 21, Oslo, 0188, Norway
| | - Lucia Manni
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Olga Petukhova
- Collection of Vertebrate Cell Cultures, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Amalia Rosner
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 9753, Tel Shikmona, Haifa, 3109701, Israel
| | - Eric Röttinger
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice, 06107, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Federative Research Institute - Marine Resources (IFR MARRES), 28 Avenue de Valrose, Nice, 06103, France
| | - Antonietta Spagnuolo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Tiozzo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06234 Villefranche-sur-Mer, Villefranche sur Mer, Cedex, France
| | - Bert Hobmayer
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr, Innsbruck, 256020, Austria
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Lovas JR, Yuste R. Ensemble synchronization in the reassembly of Hydra's nervous system. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3784-3796.e3. [PMID: 34297913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although much is known about how the structure of the nervous system develops, it is still unclear how its functional modularity arises. A dream experiment would be to observe the entire development of a nervous system, correlating the emergence of functional units with their associated behaviors. This is possible in the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris, which, after its complete dissociation into individual cells, can reassemble itself back together into a normal animal. We used calcium imaging to monitor the complete neuronal activity of dissociated Hydra as they reaggregated over several days. Initially uncoordinated neuronal activity became synchronized into coactive neuronal ensembles. These local modules then synchronized with others, building larger functional ensembles that eventually extended throughout the entire reaggregate, generating neuronal rhythms similar to those of intact animals. Global synchronization was not due to neurite outgrowth but to strengthening of functional connections between ensembles. We conclude that Hydra's nervous system achieves its functional reassembly through the hierarchical modularity of neuronal ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Lovas
- Neurotechnology Center, Department Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02354, USA.
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Neurotechnology Center, Department Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02354, USA
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31
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Montague TG, Rieth IJ, Axel R. Embryonic development of the camouflaging dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1688-1703. [PMID: 34028136 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dwarf cuttlefish Sepia bandensis, a camouflaging cephalopod from the Indo-Pacific, is a promising new model organism for neuroscience, developmental biology, and evolutionary studies. Cuttlefish dynamically camouflage to their surroundings by altering the color, pattern, and texture of their skin. The skin's "pixels" (chromatophores) are controlled by motor neurons projecting from the brain. Thus, camouflage is a visible representation of neural activity. In addition to camouflage, the dwarf cuttlefish uses dynamic skin patterns for social communication. Despite more than 500 million years of evolutionary separation, cuttlefish and vertebrates converged to form limbs, camera-type eyes and a closed circulatory system. Moreover, cuttlefish have a striking ability to regenerate their limbs. Interrogation of these unique biological features will benefit from the development of a new set of tools. Dwarf cuttlefish reach sexual maturity in 4 months, they lay dozens of eggs over their 9-month lifespan, and the embryos develop to hatching in 1 month. RESULTS Here, we describe methods to culture dwarf cuttlefish embryos in vitro and define 25 stages of cuttlefish development. CONCLUSION This staging series serves as a foundation for future technologies that can be used to address a myriad of developmental, neurobiological, and evolutionary questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa G Montague
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Isabelle J Rieth
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard Axel
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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32
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Noro Y, Shimizu H, Mineta K, Gojobori T. A single neuron subset governs a single coactive neuron circuit in Hydra vulgaris, representing a possible ancestral feature of neural evolution. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10828. [PMID: 34031445 PMCID: PMC8144215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The last common ancestor of Bilateria and Cnidaria is believed to be one of the first animals to develop a nervous system over 500 million years ago. Many of the genes involved in the neural function of the advanced nervous system in Bilateria are well conserved in Cnidaria. Thus, the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris is a good model organism for the study of the putative primitive nervous system in its last common ancestor. The diffuse nervous system of Hydra consists of several peptidergic neuron subsets. However, the specific functions of these subsets remain unclear. Using calcium imaging, here we show that the neuron subsets that express neuropeptide, Hym-176, function as motor circuits to evoke longitudinal contraction. We found that all neurons in a subset defined by the Hym-176 gene (Hym-176A) or its paralogs (Hym-176B) expression are excited simultaneously, followed by longitudinal contraction. This indicates not only that these neuron subsets have a motor function but also that a single molecularly defined neuron subset forms a single coactive circuit. This is in contrast with the bilaterian nervous system, where a single molecularly defined neuron subset harbors multiple coactive circuits, showing a mixture of neurons firing with different timings. Furthermore, we found that the two motor circuits, one expressing Hym-176B in the body column and the other expressing Hym-176A in the foot, are coordinately regulated to exert region-specific contraction. Our results demonstrate that one neuron subset is likely to form a monofunctional circuit as a minimum functional unit to build a more complex behavior in Hydra. This simple feature (one subset, one circuit, one function) found in Hydra may represent the simple ancestral condition of neural evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiko Noro
- Computational Biosciences Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Computational Biosciences Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Katsuhiko Mineta
- Computational Biosciences Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computational Biosciences Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Holtze S, Gorshkova E, Braude S, Cellerino A, Dammann P, Hildebrandt TB, Hoeflich A, Hoffmann S, Koch P, Terzibasi Tozzini E, Skulachev M, Skulachev VP, Sahm A. Alternative Animal Models of Aging Research. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:660959. [PMID: 34079817 PMCID: PMC8166319 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.660959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most research on mechanisms of aging is being conducted in a very limited number of classical model species, i.e., laboratory mouse (Mus musculus), rat (Rattus norvegicus domestica), the common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and roundworm (Caenorhabditis elegans). The obvious advantages of using these models are access to resources such as strains with known genetic properties, high-quality genomic and transcriptomic sequencing data, versatile experimental manipulation capabilities including well-established genome editing tools, as well as extensive experience in husbandry. However, this approach may introduce interpretation biases due to the specific characteristics of the investigated species, which may lead to inappropriate, or even false, generalization. For example, it is still unclear to what extent knowledge of aging mechanisms gained in short-lived model organisms is transferable to long-lived species such as humans. In addition, other specific adaptations favoring a long and healthy life from the immense evolutionary toolbox may be entirely missed. In this review, we summarize the specific characteristics of emerging animal models that have attracted the attention of gerontologists, we provide an overview of the available data and resources related to these models, and we summarize important insights gained from them in recent years. The models presented include short-lived ones such as killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri), long-lived ones such as primates (Callithrix jacchus, Cebus imitator, Macaca mulatta), bathyergid mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber, Fukomys spp.), bats (Myotis spp.), birds, olms (Proteus anguinus), turtles, greenland sharks, bivalves (Arctica islandica), and potentially non-aging ones such as Hydra and Planaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Holtze
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Gorshkova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stan Braude
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Alessandro Cellerino
- Biology Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
- Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Philip Dammann
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Central Animal Laboratory, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas B. Hildebrandt
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Division Signal Transduction, Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Steve Hoffmann
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Core Facility Life Science Computing, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Eva Terzibasi Tozzini
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Maxim Skulachev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Skulachev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arne Sahm
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
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Pillai A, Gungi A, Reddy PC, Galande S. Epigenetic Regulation in Hydra: Conserved and Divergent Roles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:663208. [PMID: 34041242 PMCID: PMC8141815 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.663208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transitions in gene regulatory processes responsible for the emergence of specialized cell types and spatiotemporal regulation of developmental signaling prior to the divergence of Cnidaria and Bilateria are poorly understood. As a sister group of Bilateria, the phylum Cnidaria can provide significant insights into these processes. Among the cnidarians, hydrae have been studied for >250 years to comprehend the mechanisms underlying their unique immortality and robust regenerative capacity. Studies on Hydra spp. and other pre-bilaterians alike have advanced our understanding of the evolutionary underpinnings governing eumetazoan tissue development, homeostasis, and regeneration. In addition to its regenerative potential, Hydra exhibits continuously active axial patterning due to its peculiar tissue dynamics. These distinctive physiological processes necessitate large scale gene expression changes that are governed by the multitude of epigenetic mechanisms operating in cells. This review highlights the contemporary knowledge of epigenetic regulation in Hydra with contemporary studies from other members of Cnidaria, as well as the interplay between regulatory mechanisms wherever demonstrated. The studies covered in the scope of this review reveal both ancestral and divergent roles played by conserved epigenetic mechanisms with emphasis on transcriptional regulation. Additionally, single-cell transcriptomics data was mined to predict the physiological relevance of putative gene regulatory components, which is in agreement with published findings and yielded insights into the possible functions of the gene regulatory mechanisms that are yet to be deciphered in Hydra, such as DNA methylation. Finally, we delineate potentially rewarding epigenetics research avenues that can further leverage the unique biology of Hydra.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Puli Chandramouli Reddy
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Sanjeev Galande
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
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35
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Tzouanas CN, Kim S, Badhiwala KN, Avants BW, Robinson JT. Hydra vulgaris shows stable responses to thermal stimulation despite large changes in the number of neurons. iScience 2021; 24:102490. [PMID: 34095784 PMCID: PMC8164038 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animals that lose neural tissue to injury or disease can maintain behavioral repertoires by regenerating new neurons or reorganizing existing neural circuits. However, most neuroscience small model organisms lack this high degree of neural plasticity. We show that Hydra vulgaris can maintain stable sensory-motor behaviors despite 2-fold changes in neuron count, due to naturally occurring size variation or surgical resection. Specifically, we find that both behavioral and neural responses to rapid temperature changes are maintained following these perturbations. We further describe possible mechanisms for the observed neural activity and argue that Hydra's radial symmetry may allow it to maintain stable behaviors when changes in the numbers of neurons do not selectively eliminate any specific neuronal cell type. These results suggest that Hydra provides a powerful model for studying how animals maintain stable sensory-motor responses within dynamic neural circuits and may lead to the development of general principles for injury-tolerant neural architectures. Thermal stimulation drives temperature-dependent firing rate in specific Hydra neurons Hydra show stable neural responses to temperature despite 2× decrease in neuron count Injury tolerance of Hydra offers model for stable neural architecture
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soonyoung Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Krishna N Badhiwala
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Benjamin W Avants
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jacob T Robinson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Barve A, Galande AA, Ghaskadbi SS, Ghaskadbi S. DNA Repair Repertoire of the Enigmatic Hydra. Front Genet 2021; 12:670695. [PMID: 33995496 PMCID: PMC8117345 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.670695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery by Abraham Trembley in 1744, hydra has been a popular research organism. Features like spectacular regeneration capacity, peculiar tissue dynamics, continuous pattern formation, unique evolutionary position, and an apparent lack of organismal senescence make hydra an intriguing animal to study. While a large body of work has taken place, particularly in the domain of evolutionary developmental biology of hydra, in recent years, the focus has shifted to molecular mechanisms underlying various phenomena. DNA repair is a fundamental cellular process that helps to maintain integrity of the genome through multiple repair pathways found across taxa, from archaea to higher animals. DNA repair capacity and senescence are known to be closely associated, with mutations in several repair pathways leading to premature ageing phenotypes. Analysis of DNA repair in an animal like hydra could offer clues into several aspects including hydra’s purported lack of organismal ageing, evolution of DNA repair systems in metazoa, and alternative functions of repair proteins. We review here the different DNA repair mechanisms known so far in hydra. Hydra genes from various DNA repair pathways show very high similarity with their vertebrate orthologues, indicating conservation at the level of sequence, structure, and function. Notably, most hydra repair genes are more similar to deuterostome counterparts than to common model invertebrates, hinting at ancient evolutionary origins of repair pathways and further highlighting the relevance of organisms like hydra as model systems. It appears that hydra has the full repertoire of DNA repair pathways, which are employed in stress as well as normal physiological conditions and may have a link with its observed lack of senescence. The close correspondence of hydra repair genes with higher vertebrates further demonstrates the need for deeper studies of various repair components, their interconnections, and functions in this early metazoan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Barve
- Developmental Biology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India.,Centre of Excellence in Science and Mathematics Education, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India
| | - Alisha A Galande
- Developmental Biology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Saroj S Ghaskadbi
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Surendra Ghaskadbi
- Developmental Biology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India
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Cazet JF, Cho A, Juliano CE. Generic injuries are sufficient to induce ectopic Wnt organizers in Hydra. eLife 2021; 10:60562. [PMID: 33779545 PMCID: PMC8049744 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During whole-body regeneration, a bisection injury can trigger two different types of regeneration. To understand the transcriptional regulation underlying this adaptive response, we characterized transcript abundance and chromatin accessibility during oral and aboral regeneration in the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris. We found that the initial response to amputation at both wound sites is identical and includes widespread apoptosis and the activation of the oral-specifying Wnt signaling pathway. By 8 hr post amputation, Wnt signaling became restricted to oral regeneration. Wnt pathway genes were also upregulated in puncture wounds, and these wounds induced the formation of ectopic oral structures if pre-existing organizers were simultaneously amputated. Our work suggests that oral patterning is activated as part of a generic injury response in Hydra, and that alternative injury outcomes are dependent on signals from the surrounding tissue. Furthermore, Wnt signaling is likely part of a conserved wound response predating the split of cnidarians and bilaterians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack F Cazet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Adrienne Cho
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Celina E Juliano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
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Elchaninov A, Sukhikh G, Fatkhudinov T. Evolution of Regeneration in Animals: A Tangled Story. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.621686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of regenerative capacity in multicellular animals represents one of the most complex and intriguing problems in biology. How could such a seemingly advantageous trait as self-repair become consistently attenuated by the evolution? This review article examines the concept of the origin and nature of regeneration, its connection with the processes of embryonic development and asexual reproduction, as well as with the mechanisms of tissue homeostasis. The article presents a variety of classical and modern hypotheses explaining different trends in the evolution of regenerative capacity which is not always beneficial for the individual and notably for the species. Mechanistically, these trends are driven by the evolution of signaling pathways and progressive restriction of differentiation plasticity with concomitant advances in adaptive immunity. Examples of phylogenetically enhanced regenerative capacity are considered as well, with appropriate evolutionary reasoning for the enhancement and discussion of its molecular mechanisms.
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Amiel AR, Michel V, Carvalho JE, Shkreli M, Petit C, Röttinger E. [The sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, an emerging model for biomedical research: Mechano-sensitivity, extreme regeneration and longevity]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:167-177. [PMID: 33591260 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematostella has fascinating features such as whole-body regeneration, the absence of signs of aging and importantly, the absence of age-related diseases. Easy to culture and spawn, this little sea anemone in spite of its "simple" aspect, displays interesting morphological characteristics similar to vertebrates and an unexpected similarity in gene content/genome organization. Importantly, the scientific community working on Nematostella is developing a variety of functional genomics tools that enable scientists to use this anemone in the field of regenerative medicine, longevity and mecano-sensory diseases. As a complementary research model to vertebrates, this marine invertebrate is emerging and promising to dig deeper into those fields of research in an integrative manner (entire organism) and provides new opportunities for scientists to lift specific barriers that can be encountered with other commonly used animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldine R Amiel
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm - Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement (IRCAN), 06107 Nice, France - Université Côte d'Azur - Institut fédératif de recherche - ressources marines, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Vincent Michel
- Institut de l'audition, Institut Pasteur, Inserm UMRS 1120, 75012 Paris, France
| | - João E Carvalho
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm - Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement (IRCAN), 06107 Nice, France - Université Côte d'Azur - Institut fédératif de recherche - ressources marines, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Marina Shkreli
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm - Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement (IRCAN), 06107 Nice, France
| | - Christine Petit
- Institut de l'audition, Institut Pasteur, Inserm UMRS 1120, 75012 Paris, France - Collège de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eric Röttinger
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm - Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement (IRCAN), 06107 Nice, France - Université Côte d'Azur - Institut fédératif de recherche - ressources marines, 06107 Nice, France
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Insights into how development and life-history dynamics shape the evolution of venom. EvoDevo 2021; 12:1. [PMID: 33413660 PMCID: PMC7791878 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-020-00171-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Venomous animals are a striking example of the convergent evolution of a complex trait. These animals have independently evolved an apparatus that synthesizes, stores, and secretes a mixture of toxic compounds to the target animal through the infliction of a wound. Among these distantly related animals, some can modulate and compartmentalize functionally distinct venoms related to predation and defense. A process to separate distinct venoms can occur within and across complex life cycles as well as more streamlined ontogenies, depending on their life-history requirements. Moreover, the morphological and cellular complexity of the venom apparatus likely facilitates the functional diversity of venom deployed within a given life stage. Intersexual variation of venoms has also evolved further contributing to the massive diversity of toxic compounds characterized in these animals. These changes in the biochemical phenotype of venom can directly affect the fitness of these animals, having important implications in their diet, behavior, and mating biology. In this review, we explore the current literature that is unraveling the temporal dynamics of the venom system that are required by these animals to meet their ecological functions. These recent findings have important consequences in understanding the evolution and development of a convergent complex trait and its organismal and ecological implications.
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Mason B, Cooke I, Moya A, Augustin R, Lin MF, Satoh N, Bosch TCG, Bourne DG, Hayward DC, Andrade N, Forêt S, Ying H, Ball EE, Miller DJ. AmAMP1 from Acropora millepora and damicornin define a family of coral-specific antimicrobial peptides related to the Shk toxins of sea anemones. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103866. [PMID: 32937163 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A candidate antimicrobial peptide (AmAMP1) was identified by searching the whole genome sequence of Acropora millepora for short (<125AA) cysteine-rich predicted proteins with an N-terminal signal peptide but lacking clear homologs in the SwissProt database. It resembled but was not closely related to damicornin, the only other known AMP from a coral, and was shown to be active against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. These proteins define a family of AMPs present in corals and their close relatives, the Corallimorpharia, and are synthesised as preproproteins in which the C-terminal mature peptide contains a conserved arrangement of six cysteine residues. Consistent with the idea of a common origin for AMPs and toxins, this Cys motif is shared between the coral AMPs and the Shk neurotoxins of sea anemones. AmAMP1 is expressed at late stages of coral development, in ectodermal cells that resemble the "ganglion neurons" of Hydra, in which it has recently been demonstrated that a distinct AMP known as NDA-1 is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mason
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia; Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia
| | - I Cooke
- Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Moya
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia; Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia
| | - R Augustin
- Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - M-F Lin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia; Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia; Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 904-0495, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - N Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 904-0495, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - T C G Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - D G Bourne
- Department of Marine Ecosystems and Impacts, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia
| | - D C Hayward
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - N Andrade
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Forêt
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia; Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - H Ying
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - E E Ball
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia; Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - D J Miller
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia; Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 904-0495, Onna, Okinawa, Japan.
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Suknovic N, Tomczyk S, Colevret D, Perruchoud C, Galliot B. The ULK1 kinase, a necessary component of the pro-regenerative and anti-aging machinery in Hydra. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 194:111414. [PMID: 33338499 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydra vulgaris (Hv) has a high regenerative potential and negligible senescence, as its stem cell populations divide continuously. In contrast, the cold-sensitive H. oligactis (Ho_CS) rapidly develop an aging phenotype under stress, with epithelial stem cells deficient for autophagy, unable to maintain their self-renewal. Here we tested in aging, non-aging and regenerating Hydra the activity and regulation of the ULK1 kinase involved in autophagosome formation. In vitro kinase assays show that human ULK1 activity is activated by Hv extracts but repressed by Ho_CS extracts, reflecting the ability or inability of their respective epithelial cells to initiate autophagosome formation. The factors that keep ULK1 inactive in Ho_CS remain uncharacterized. Hv_Basel1 animals exposed to the ULK1 inhibitor SBI-0206965 no longer regenerate their head, indicating that the sustained autophagy flux recorded in regenerating Hv_AEP2 transgenic animals expressing the DsRed-GFP-LC3A autophagy tandem sensor is necessary. The SBI-0206965 treatment also alters the contractility of intact Hv_Basel1 animals, and leads to a progressive reduction of animal size in Hv_AEP2, similarly to what is observed in ULK1(RNAi) animals. We conclude that the evolutionarily-conserved role of ULK1 in autophagy initiation is crucial to maintain a dynamic homeostasis in Hydra, which supports regeneration efficiency and prevents aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Suknovic
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szymon Tomczyk
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Colevret
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Chrystelle Perruchoud
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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The transcriptome of anterior regeneration in earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 48:259-283. [PMID: 33306150 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The oligochaete earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae is capable of regenerating both anterior and posterior segments. The present study focuses on the transcriptome analysis of earthworm E. eugeniae to identify and functionally annotate the key genes supporting the anterior blastema formation and regulating the anterior regeneration of the worm. The Illumina sequencing generated a total of 91,593,182 raw reads which were assembled into 105,193 contigs using CLC genomics workbench. In total, 40,946 contigs were annotated against the NCBI nr and SwissProt database and among them, 15,702 contigs were assigned to 14,575 GO terms. Besides a total of 9389 contigs were mapped to 416 KEGG biological pathways. The RNA-Seq comparison study identified 10,868 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and of them, 3986 genes were significantly upregulated in the anterior regenerated blastema tissue samples of the worm. The GO enrichment analysis showed angiogenesis and unfolded protein binding as the top enriched functions and the pathway enrichment analysis denoted TCA cycle as the most significantly enriched pathway associated with the upregulated gene dataset of the worm. The identified DEGs and their function and pathway information can be effectively utilized further to interpret the key cellular, genetic and molecular events associated with the regeneration of the worm.
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Yu Z, Chen JC, Alrashdan FT, Avants BW, He Y, Singer A, Robinson JT, Yang K. MagNI: A Magnetoelectrically Powered and Controlled Wireless Neurostimulating Implant. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2020; 14:1241-1252. [PMID: 33180732 PMCID: PMC8712272 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2020.3037862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the first wireless and programmable neural stimulator leveraging magnetoelectric (ME) effects for power and data transfer. Thanks to low tissue absorption, low misalignment sensitivity and high power transfer efficiency, the ME effect enables safe delivery of high power levels (a few milliwatts) at low resonant frequencies ( ∼ 250 kHz) to mm-sized implants deep inside the body (30-mm depth). The presented MagNI (Magnetoelectric Neural Implant) consists of a 1.5-mm 2 180-nm CMOS chip, an in-house built 4 × 2 mm ME film, an energy storage capacitor, and on-board electrodes on a flexible polyimide substrate with a total volume of 8.2 mm 3. The chip with a power consumption of 23.7 μW includes robust system control and data recovery mechanisms under source amplitude variations (1-V variation tolerance). The system delivers fully-programmable bi-phasic current-controlled stimulation with patterns covering 0.05-to-1.5-mA amplitude, 64-to-512- μs pulse width, and 0-to-200-Hz repetition frequency for neurostimulation.
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Hamada M, Satoh N, Khalturin K. A Reference Genome from the Symbiotic Hydrozoan, Hydra viridissima. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:3883-3895. [PMID: 32900905 PMCID: PMC7642931 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Various Hydra species have been employed as model organisms since the 18th century. Introduction of transgenic and knock-down technologies made them ideal experimental systems for studying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in regeneration, body-axis formation, senescence, symbiosis, and holobiosis. In order to provide an important reference for genetic studies, the Hydra magnipapillata genome (species name has been changed to H. vulgaris) was sequenced a decade ago (Chapman et al., 2010) and the updated genome assembly, Hydra 2.0, was made available by the National Human Genome Research Institute in 2017. While H. vulgaris belongs to the non-symbiotic brown hydra lineage, the green hydra, Hydra viridissima, harbors algal symbionts and belongs to an early diverging clade that separated from the common ancestor of brown and green hydra lineages at least 100 million years ago (Schwentner and Bosch 2015; Khalturin et al., 2019). While interspecific interactions between H. viridissima and endosymbiotic unicellular green algae of the genus Chlorella have been a subject of interest for decades, genomic information about green hydras was nonexistent. Here we report a draft 280-Mbp genome assembly for Hydra viridissima strain A99, with a scaffold N50 of 1.1 Mbp. The H. viridissima genome contains an estimated 21,476 protein-coding genes. Comparative analysis of Pfam domains and orthologous proteins highlights characteristic features of H. viridissima, such as diversification of innate immunity genes that are important for host-symbiont interactions. Thus, the H. viridissima assembly provides an important hydrozoan genome reference that will facilitate symbiosis research and better comparisons of metazoan genome architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Hamada
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Ushimado Marine Institute, Okayama University, Setouchi, Okayama 701-4303, Japan
- Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Konstantin Khalturin
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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Wiggans M, Pearson BJ. One stem cell program to rule them all? FEBS J 2020; 288:3394-3406. [PMID: 33063917 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many species of animals have stem cells that they maintain throughout their lives, which suggests that stem cells are an ancestral feature of all animals. From this, we take the viewpoint that cells with the biological properties of 'stemness'-self-renewal and multipotency-may share ancestral genetic circuitry. However, in practice is it very difficult to identify and compare stemness gene signatures across diverse animals and large evolutionary distances? First, it is critical to experimentally demonstrate self-renewal and potency. Second, genomic methods must be used to determine specific gene expression in stem cell types compared with non-stem cell types to determine stem cell gene enrichment. Third, gene homology must be mapped between diverse animals across large evolutionary distances. Finally, conserved genes that fulfill these criteria must be tested for role in stem cell function. It is our viewpoint that by comparing stem cell-specific gene signatures across evolution, ancestral programs of stemness can be uncovered, and ultimately, the dysregulation of stemness programs drives the state of cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Wiggans
- Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bret J Pearson
- Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Reverse Genetic Approaches to Investigate the Neurobiology of the Cnidarian Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2047:25-43. [PMID: 31552647 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9732-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The cnidarian sea anemone Nematostella vectensis has grown in popularity as a model system to complement the ongoing work in traditional bilaterian model species (e.g. Drosophila, C. elegans, vertebrate). The driving force behind developing cnidarian model systems is the potential of this group of animals to impact EvoDevo studies aimed at better determining the origin and evolution of bilaterian traits, such as centralized nervous systems. However, it is becoming apparent that cnidarians have the potential to impact our understanding of regenerative neurogenesis and systems neuroscience. Next-generation sequencing and the development of reverse genetic approaches led to functional genetics becoming routine in the Nematostella system. As a result, researchers are beginning to understand how cnidarian nerve nets are related to the bilaterian nervous systems. This chapter describes the methods for morpholino and mRNA injections to knockdown or overexpress genes of interest, respectively. Carrying out these techniques in Nematostella requires obtaining and preparing embryos for microinjection, designing and generating effective morpholino and mRNA molecules with controls for injection, and optimizing injection conditions.
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48
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Mikuła-Pietrasik J, Pakuła M, Markowska M, Uruski P, Szczepaniak-Chicheł L, Tykarski A, Książek K. Nontraditional systems in aging research: an update. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1275-1304. [PMID: 33034696 PMCID: PMC7904725 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03658-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research on the evolutionary and mechanistic aspects of aging and longevity has a reductionist nature, as the majority of knowledge originates from experiments on a relatively small number of systems and species. Good examples are the studies on the cellular, molecular, and genetic attributes of aging (senescence) that are primarily based on a narrow group of somatic cells, especially fibroblasts. Research on aging and/or longevity at the organismal level is dominated, in turn, by experiments on Drosophila melanogaster, worms (Caenorhabditis elegans), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and higher organisms such as mice and humans. Other systems of aging, though numerous, constitute the minority. In this review, we collected and discussed a plethora of up-to-date findings about studies of aging, longevity, and sometimes even immortality in several valuable but less frequently used systems, including bacteria (Caulobacter crescentus, Escherichia coli), invertebrates (Turritopsis dohrnii, Hydra sp., Arctica islandica), fishes (Nothobranchius sp., Greenland shark), reptiles (giant tortoise), mammals (blind mole rats, naked mole rats, bats, elephants, killer whale), and even 3D organoids, to prove that they offer biogerontologists as much as the more conventional tools. At the same time, the diversified knowledge gained owing to research on those species may help to reconsider aging from a broader perspective, which should translate into a better understanding of this tremendously complex and clearly system-specific phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mikuła-Pietrasik
- Department of Pathophysiology of Ageing and Civilization Diseases, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland
| | - Martyna Pakuła
- Department of Hypertensiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Markowska
- Department of Hypertensiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Uruski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Tykarski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Książek
- Department of Pathophysiology of Ageing and Civilization Diseases, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznań, Poland
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Skokan TD, Vale RD, McKinley KL. Cell Sorting in Hydra vulgaris Arises from Differing Capacities for Epithelialization between Cell Types. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3713-3723.e3. [PMID: 32795440 PMCID: PMC7541579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydra vulgaris exhibits a remarkable capacity to reassemble its body plan from a disordered aggregate of cells. Reassembly begins by sorting two epithelial cell types, endoderm and ectoderm, into inner and outer layers, respectively. The cellular features and behaviors that distinguish ectodermal and endodermal lineages to drive sorting have not been fully elucidated. To dissect this process, we use micromanipulation to position single cells of diverse lineages on the surface of defined multicellular aggregates and monitor sorting outcomes by live imaging. Although sorting has previously been attributed to intrinsic differences between the epithelial lineages, we find that single cells of all lineages sort to the interior of ectodermal aggregates, including single ectodermal cells. This reveals that cells of the same lineage can adopt opposing positions when sorting as individuals or a collective. Ectodermal cell collectives adopt their position at the aggregate exterior by rapidly reforming an epithelium that engulfs cells adhered to its surface through a collective spreading behavior. In contrast, aggregated endodermal cells persistently lose epithelial features. These non-epithelialized aggregates, like isolated cells of all lineages, are adherent passengers for engulfment by the ectodermal epithelium. We find that collective spreading of the ectoderm and persistent de-epithelialization in the endoderm also arise during local wounding in Hydra, suggesting that Hydra's wound-healing and self-organization capabilities may employ similar mechanisms. Together, our data suggest that differing propensities for epithelialization can sort cell types into distinct compartments to build and restore complex tissue architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D Skokan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
| | - Kara L McKinley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Schenkelaars Q, Perez-Cortes D, Perruchoud C, Galliot B. The polymorphism of Hydra microsatellite sequences provides strain-specific signatures. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230547. [PMID: 32986740 PMCID: PMC7521734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydra are freshwater polyps widely studied for their amazing regenerative capacity, adult stem cell populations, low senescence and value as ecotoxicological marker. Many wild-type strains of H. vulgaris have been collected worldwide and maintained effectively under laboratory conditions by asexual reproduction, while stable transgenic lines have been continuously produced since 2006. Efforts are now needed to ensure the genetic characterization of all these strains, which despite similar morphologies, show significant variability in their response to gene expression silencing procedures, pharmacological treatments or environmental conditions. Here, we established a rapid and reliable procedure at the single polyp level to produce via PCR amplification of three distinct microsatellite sequences molecular signatures that distinguish between Hydra strains and species. The TG-rich region of an uncharacterized gene (ms-c25145) helps to distinguish between Eurasian H. vulgaris-Pallas strains (Hm-105, Basel1, Basel2 and reg-16), between Eurasian and North American H. vulgaris strains (H. carnea, AEP), and between the H. vulgaris and H. oligactis species. The AT-rich microsatellite sequences located in the AIP gene (Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Interaction Protein, ms-AIP) also differ between Eurasian and North American H. vulgaris strains. Finally, the AT-rich microsatellite located in the Myb-Like cyclin D-binding transcription factor1 gene (ms-DMTF1) gene helps to distinguish certain transgenic AEP lines. This study shows that the analysis of microsatellite sequences, which is capable of tracing genomic variations between closely related lineages of Hydra, provides a sensitive and robust tool for characterizing the Hydra strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Schenkelaars
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Diego Perez-Cortes
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chrystelle Perruchoud
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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