1
|
Li QL, Tang J, Zhao L, Ruze A, Shan XF, Gao XM. The role of CD74 in cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1049143. [PMID: 36712241 PMCID: PMC9877307 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1049143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte differentiation antigen 74 (CD74), also known as invariant chain, is a molecular chaperone of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules involved in antigen presentation. CD74 has recently been shown to be a receptor for the macrophage migration inhibitory factor family proteins (MIF/MIF2). Many studies have revealed that CD74 plays an important role in cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize the structure and main functions of CD74 and then focus on the recent research progress on the role of CD74 in cardiovascular diseases. In addition, we also discuss potential treatment strategies that target CD74. Our systematic review of the role of CD74 in cardiovascular disease will fill some knowledge gaps in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Ürümqi, China
| | - Jing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Ürümqi, China,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Ürümqi, China
| | - Amanguli Ruze
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Ürümqi, China
| | - Xue-Feng Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Ürümqi, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Ürümqi, China,Clinical Medical Research Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,*Correspondence: Xiao-Ming Gao,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Becker-Herman S, Rozenberg M, Hillel-Karniel C, Gil-Yarom N, Kramer MP, Barak A, Sever L, David K, Radomir L, Lewinsky H, Levi M, Friedlander G, Bucala R, Peled A, Shachar I. CD74 is a regulator of hematopoietic stem cell maintenance. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001121. [PMID: 33661886 PMCID: PMC7963458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are a small population of undifferentiated cells that have the capacity for self-renewal and differentiate into all blood cell lineages. These cells are the most useful cells for clinical transplantations and for regenerative medicine. So far, it has not been possible to expand adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) without losing their self-renewal properties. CD74 is a cell surface receptor for the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and its mRNA is known to be expressed in HSCs. Here, we demonstrate that mice lacking CD74 exhibit an accumulation of HSCs in the bone marrow (BM) due to their increased potential to repopulate and compete for BM niches. Our results suggest that CD74 regulates the maintenance of the HSCs and CD18 expression. Its absence leads to induced survival of these cells and accumulation of quiescent and proliferating cells. Furthermore, in in vitro experiments, blocking of CD74 elevated the numbers of HSPCs. Thus, we suggest that blocking CD74 could lead to improved clinical insight into BM transplant protocols, enabling improved engraftment. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) can self-renew and differentiate into all blood cell lineages, making them useful for clinical transplantations and regenerative medicine. This study shows that blocking the MIF receptor CD74 increases the accumulation of HSPCs and could improve the efficacy of bone marrow transplantation protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Milena Rozenberg
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Naama Gil-Yarom
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mattias P Kramer
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avital Barak
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lital Sever
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Keren David
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lihi Radomir
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hadas Lewinsky
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Levi
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gilgi Friedlander
- Ilana and Pascal Mantoux Institute for Bioinformatics and Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Richard Bucala
- Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Amnon Peled
- Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Idit Shachar
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Slobodin B, Bahat A, Sehrawat U, Becker-Herman S, Zuckerman B, Weiss AN, Han R, Elkon R, Agami R, Ulitsky I, Shachar I, Dikstein R. Transcription Dynamics Regulate Poly(A) Tails and Expression of the RNA Degradation Machinery to Balance mRNA Levels. Mol Cell 2020; 78:434-444.e5. [PMID: 32294471 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression is regulated by the rates of synthesis and degradation of mRNAs, but how these processes are coordinated is poorly understood. Here, we show that reduced transcription dynamics of specific genes leads to enhanced m6A deposition, preferential activity of the CCR4-Not complex, shortened poly(A) tails, and reduced stability of the respective mRNAs. These effects are also exerted by internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements, which we found to be transcriptional pause sites. However, when transcription dynamics, and subsequently poly(A) tails, are globally altered, cells buffer mRNA levels by adjusting the expression of mRNA degradation machinery. Stress-provoked global impediment of transcription elongation leads to a dramatic inhibition of the mRNA degradation machinery and massive mRNA stabilization. Accordingly, globally enhanced transcription, such as following B cell activation or glucose stimulation, has the opposite effects. This study uncovers two molecular pathways that maintain balanced gene expression in mammalian cells by linking transcription to mRNA stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Slobodin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Anat Bahat
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Urmila Sehrawat
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shirly Becker-Herman
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Binyamin Zuckerman
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Amanda N Weiss
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ruiqi Han
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ran Elkon
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Reuven Agami
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Ulitsky
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Idit Shachar
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rivka Dikstein
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Evolution of male pregnancy associated with remodeling of canonical vertebrate immunity in seahorses and pipefishes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9431-9439. [PMID: 32284407 PMCID: PMC7196912 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916251117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among vertebrates, pregnancy has evolved more than 150 times independently. A fundamental problem for pregnancy to evolve is inadvertent rejection of the embryo when being recognized as foreign tissue by the vertebrate’s adaptive immune system. We show that the unique evolution of male pregnancy in pipefishes and seahorses coincided with a genomic modification of one arm of the adaptive immune system. Our findings indicate a trade-off between immunological tolerance and embryo rejection to accompanying the emergence of male pregnancy. That syngnathids survive in an ocean of microbes despite their drastically modified immune defense suggests an unexpected immunological flexibility. Our results may improve the understanding of immune-deficiency diseases and call for a reassessment of vertebrate immunity. A fundamental problem for the evolution of pregnancy, the most specialized form of parental investment among vertebrates, is the rejection of the nonself-embryo. Mammals achieve immunological tolerance by down-regulating both major histocompatibility complex pathways (MHC I and II). Although pregnancy has evolved multiple times independently among vertebrates, knowledge of associated immune system adjustments is restricted to mammals. All of them (except monotremata) display full internal pregnancy, making evolutionary reconstructions within the class mammalia meaningless. Here, we study the seahorse and pipefish family (syngnathids) that have evolved male pregnancy across a gradient from external oviparity to internal gestation. We assess how immunological tolerance is achieved by reconstruction of the immune gene repertoire in a comprehensive sample of 12 seahorse and pipefish genomes along the “male pregnancy” gradient together with expression patterns of key immune and pregnancy genes in reproductive tissues. We found that the evolution of pregnancy coincided with a modification of the adaptive immune system. Divergent genomic rearrangements of the MHC II pathway among fully pregnant species were identified in both genera of the syngnathids: The pipefishes (Syngnathus) displayed loss of several genes of the MHC II pathway while seahorses (Hippocampus) featured a highly divergent invariant chain (CD74). Our findings suggest that a trade-off between immunological tolerance and embryo rejection accompanied the evolution of unique male pregnancy. That pipefishes survive in an ocean of microbes without one arm of the adaptive immune defense suggests a high degree of immunological flexibility among vertebrates, which may advance our understanding of immune-deficiency diseases.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ssadh HA, Abdulmonem WA, Rasheed Z, Madar IH, Alhoderi J, Eldeen SKN, Alradhwan A, Alasmael N, Alkhamiss A, Fernández N. Knockdown of CD-74 in the Proliferative and Apoptotic Activity of Breast Cancer Cells. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:3169-3176. [PMID: 31949511 PMCID: PMC6953917 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cluster of differentiation (CD) 74 is known for its immunological functions and its elevated level was reported in various cancer cells. AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression and potential roles of CD74 in the proliferative and apoptotic activity of breast cancer. METHODS Expression of CD74, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and CD44 was assayed in CAMA-1 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines using flow cytometry. CD74 was knocked down using CD74 siRNA-transfection in CAMA-1, and MDA-MB-231 cells and proliferation and apoptosis were determined in the transfected breast cancer cells. RESULTS The data showed that CD74, MIF and CD44 were expressed in breast cancer cell lines and were associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis. Correlation analysis revealed that CD74 was positively correlated and colocalised with MIF on the cell-surface of CAMA-1 and MDA-MB-231. The knockdown of CD74 significantly reduced CAMA-1 and MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation and increased the level of apoptotic cells. CONCLUSION We concluded that the interactions of CD74 with MIF and CD74 with CD44 could be a potential tumour marker for breast cancer cells. Moreover, the level of co-expression of MIF and CD74 or CD44 could be a surrogate marker for the efficacy of anti-angiogenic drugs, particularly in breast cancer tumours. In short, the study revealed the potential roles of CD74 in the proliferation and apoptosis of breast cancer which may serve as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Al Ssadh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zafar Rasheed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Inamul Hasan Madar
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Jamila Alhoderi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Samah K Nasr Eldeen
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Inaya Medical College, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Central Laboratories, Egyptian Ministry of Health, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ali Alradhwan
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullah Alkhamiss
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nelson Fernández
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rijvers L, Melief M, van der Vuurst de Vries RM, Stéphant M, van Langelaar J, Wierenga‐Wolf AF, Hogervorst JM, Geurts‐Moespot AJ, Sweep FCGJ, Hintzen RQ, van Luijn MM. The macrophage migration inhibitory factor pathway in human B cells is tightly controlled and dysregulated in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1861-1871. [PMID: 30160778 PMCID: PMC6282801 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In MS, B cells survive peripheral tolerance checkpoints to mediate local inflammation, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are relatively underexplored. In mice, the MIF pathway controls B-cell development and the induction of EAE. Here, we found that MIF and MIF receptor CD74 are downregulated, while MIF receptor CXCR4 is upregulated in B cells from early onset MS patients. B cells were identified as the main immune subset in blood expressing MIF. Blocking of MIF and CD74 signaling in B cells triggered CXCR4 expression, and vice versa, with separate effects on their proinflammatory activity, proliferation, and sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis. This study reveals a new reciprocal negative regulation loop between CD74 and CXCR4 in human B cells. The disturbance of this loop during MS onset provides further insights into how pathogenic B cells survive peripheral tolerance checkpoints to mediate disease activity in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liza Rijvers
- Department of ImmunologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMSErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marie‐José Melief
- Department of ImmunologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMSErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Roos M. van der Vuurst de Vries
- Department of NeurologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMSErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maeva Stéphant
- Department of ImmunologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMSErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jamie van Langelaar
- Department of ImmunologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMSErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Annet F. Wierenga‐Wolf
- Department of ImmunologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMSErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jeanet M. Hogervorst
- Department of ImmunologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMSErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Fred C. G. J. Sweep
- Department of Laboratory MedicineRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Rogier Q. Hintzen
- Department of ImmunologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of NeurologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMSErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marvin M. van Luijn
- Department of ImmunologyErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- MS Center ErasMSErasmus MCUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ssadh HA, Spencer PS, Alabdulmenaim W, Alghamdi R, Madar IH, Miranda-Sayago JM, Fernández N. Measurements of heterotypic associations between cluster of differentiation CD74 and CD44 in human breast cancer-derived cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:92143-92156. [PMID: 29190904 PMCID: PMC5696170 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between pairs of membrane-bound receptors can enhance tumour development with implications for targeted therapies for cancer. Here we demonstrate clear heterotypic interaction between CD74 and CD44, which might act in synergy and hence contribute to breast cancer progression. CD74, a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, is a chaperone for MHC class II biosynthesis and a receptor for the MIF. CD44 is the receptor for hyaluronic acid and is a Type I transmembrane protein. Interactions between CD74, MIF and the intra-cytoplasmic domain of CD44 result in activation of ERK1/2 pathway, leading to increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis. The level of CD44 in the breast tumor cell lines CAMA-1, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-435 and the immortalized normal luminal cell line 226LDM was higher than that of CD74. It was also observed that CD74 and CD44 exhibit significant variation in expression levels across the cells. CD74 and CD44 were observed to accumulate in cytoplasmic compartments, suggesting they associate with each other to facilitate tumour growth and metastasis. Use of a novel and validated colocalisation and image processing approach, coupled with co-immunoprecipitation, confirmed that CD74 and CD44 physically interact, suggesting a possible role in breast tumour growth. This is the first time that CD74 and CD44 colocalization has been quantified in breast cancer cells using a non-invasive and validated bioimaging procedure. Measuring the co-expression levels of CD74 and CD44 could potentially be used as a ‘biomarker signature’ to monitor different stages of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Al Ssadh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick S Spencer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Waleed Alabdulmenaim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.,Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Alghamdi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.,King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh Campus, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Inamul Hasan Madar
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jose M Miranda-Sayago
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nelson Fernández
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Adler LN, Jiang W, Bhamidipati K, Millican M, Macaubas C, Hung SC, Mellins ED. The Other Function: Class II-Restricted Antigen Presentation by B Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:319. [PMID: 28386257 PMCID: PMC5362600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature B lymphocytes (B cells) recognize antigens using their B cell receptor (BCR) and are activated to become antibody-producing cells. In addition, and integral to the development of a high-affinity antibodies, B cells utilize the specialized major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) antigen presentation pathway to process BCR-bound and internalized protein antigens and present selected peptides in complex with MHCII to CD4+ T cells. This interaction influences the fate of both types of lymphocytes and shapes immune outcomes. Specific, effective, and optimally timed antigen presentation by B cells requires well-controlled intracellular machinery, often regulated by the combined effects of several molecular events. Here, we delineate and summarize these events in four steps along the antigen presentation pathway: (1) antigen capture and uptake by B cells; (2) intersection of internalized antigen/BCRs complexes with MHCII in peptide-loading compartments; (3) generation and regulation of MHCII/peptide complexes; and (4) exocytic transport for presentation of MHCII/peptide complexes at the surface of B cells. Finally, we discuss modulation of the MHCII presentation pathway across B cell development and maturation to effector cells, with an emphasis on the shaping of the MHCII/peptide repertoire by two key antigen presentation regulators in B cells: HLA-DM and HLA-DO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lital N Adler
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Claudia Macaubas
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shu-Chen Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou Y, Chen H, Liu L, Yu X, Sukhova GK, Yang M, Zhang L, Kyttaris VC, Tsokos GC, Stillman IE, Ichimura T, Bonventre JV, Libby P, Shi GP. CD74 Deficiency Mitigates Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-like Autoimmunity and Pathological Findings in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2568-2577. [PMID: 28219888 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CD74 mediates MHC class-II antigenic peptide loading and presentation and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus. C57BL/6 Faslpr mice that develop spontaneous lupus-like autoimmunity and pathology showed elevated CD74 expression in the inflammatory cell infiltrates and the adjacent tubular epithelial cells (TECs) in kidneys affected by lupus nephritis but negligible levels in kidneys from age-matched wild-type mice. The inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ or IL-6 induced CD74 expression in kidney TECs in vitro. The presence of kidney TECs from Faslpr mice, rather than from wild-type mice, produced significantly stronger histones, dsDNA, and ribonucleoprotein-Smith Ag complex-induced CD4+ T cell activation. Splenocytes from CD74-deficient FaslprCd74-/- mice had muted responses in a MLR and to the autoantigen histones. Compared with FaslprCd74+/+ mice, FaslprCd74-/- mice had reduced kidney and spleen sizes, splenic activated T cells and B cells, serum IgG and autoantibodies, urine albumin/creatinine ratio, kidney Periodic acid-Schiff score, IgG and C3 deposition, and serum IL-6 and IL-17A levels, but serum IL-2 and TGF-β levels were increased. Study of chronic graft-versus-host C57BL/6 mice that received donor splenocytes from B6.C-H2bm12 /KhEg mice and those that received syngeneic donor splenocytes yielded similar observations. CD74 deficiency reduced lupus-like autoimmunity and kidney pathology in chronic graft-versus-host mice. This investigation establishes the direct participation of CD74 in autoimmunity and highlights a potential role for CD74 in kidney TECs, together with professional APCs in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Huimei Chen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Research Institute of Nephrology, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Galina K Sukhova
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Vasileios C Kyttaris
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Isaac E Stillman
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Takaharu Ichimura
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Invariant Chain Complexes and Clusters as Platforms for MIF Signaling. Cells 2017; 6:cells6010006. [PMID: 28208600 PMCID: PMC5371871 DOI: 10.3390/cells6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant chain (Ii/CD74) has been identified as a surface receptor for migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Most cells that express Ii also synthesize major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules, which depend on Ii as a chaperone and a targeting factor. The assembly of nonameric complexes consisting of one Ii trimer and three MHC II molecules (each of which is a heterodimer) has been regarded as a prerequisite for efficient delivery to the cell surface. Due to rapid endocytosis, however, only low levels of Ii-MHC II complexes are displayed on the cell surface of professional antigen presenting cells and very little free Ii trimers. The association of Ii and MHC II has been reported to block the interaction with MIF, thus questioning the role of surface Ii as a receptor for MIF on MHC II-expressing cells. Recent work offers a potential solution to this conundrum: Many Ii-complexes at the cell surface appear to be under-saturated with MHC II, leaving unoccupied Ii subunits as potential binding sites for MIF. Some of this work also sheds light on novel aspects of signal transduction by Ii-bound MIF in B-lymphocytes: membrane raft association of Ii-MHC II complexes enables MIF to target Ii-MHC II to antigen-clustered B-cell-receptors (BCR) and to foster BCR-driven signaling and intracellular trafficking.
Collapse
|
11
|
Schröder B, Saftig P. Intramembrane proteolysis within lysosomes. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:51-64. [PMID: 27143694 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis is of pivotal importance in a diverse set of developmental and physiological processes. Altered intramembrane substrate turnover may be associated with neurodegeneration, cancer and impaired immune function. In this review we will focus on the intramembrane proteases which have been localized in the lysosomal membrane. Members of the γ-secretase complex and γ-secretase activity are found in the lysosomal membrane and are discussed to contribute to intracellular amyloid β production. Mutant or deficient γ-secretase may cause disturbed lysosomal function. The signal peptide peptidase-like (SPPL) protease 2a is a lysosomal membrane component and cleaves CD74, the invariant chain of the MHC II complex, as well as FasL, TNF, ITM2B and TMEM106, type II transmembrane proteins involved in the regulation of immunity and neurodegeneration. Therefore, it can be concluded, that not only proteolysis within the lysosomal lumen but also within lysosomal membranes regulates important cellular functions and contributes essentially to proteostasis of membrane proteins what may become increasingly compromised in the aged individual.
Collapse
|
12
|
The biological function and significance of CD74 in immune diseases. Inflamm Res 2016; 66:209-216. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
13
|
Schröder B. The multifaceted roles of the invariant chain CD74--More than just a chaperone. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1269-81. [PMID: 27033518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The invariant chain (CD74) is well known for its essential role in antigen presentation by mediating assembly and subcellular trafficking of the MHCII complex. Beyond this, CD74 has also been implicated in a number of processes independent of MHCII. These include the regulation of endosomal trafficking, cell migration and cellular signalling as surface receptor of the pro-inflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). In several forms of cancer, CD74 is up-regulated and associated with enhanced proliferation and metastatic potential. In this review, an overview of the diverse biological functions of the CD74 protein is provided with a particular focus on how these may be regulated. In particular, proteolysis of CD74 will be discussed as a central mechanism to control the actions of this important protein at different levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schröder
- Biochemical Institute, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Le Noury DA, Mosebi S, Papathanasopoulos MA, Hewer R. Functional roles of HIV-1 Vpu and CD74: Details and implications of the Vpu-CD74 interaction. Cell Immunol 2015; 298:25-32. [PMID: 26321123 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 Vpu has a variety of functions, including CD4 degradation and the downregulation of MHCII. Downregulation of the MHCII occurs through Vpu binding to the cytoplasmic domain of CD74, the chaperone for antigen presentation. The CD74 cytoplasmic domain also plays a vital role in cell signaling through the activation of an NF-κB signal cascade for the maturation, proliferation and survival of B cells as well as by binding the macrophage inhibitory factor. In view of these functions, it follows that the Vpu-CD74 interaction has multiple downstream consequences for the immune system as it not only impairs foreign antigen presentation but may also have an effect on signal transduction cascades. It is thought that Vpu specifically targets intracellular CD74 while other HIV-1 proteins cannot. Therefore, this protein-protein interaction would be a potential drug target in order to reduce viral persistence. We review the functional importance and specific binding site of Vpu and CD74.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Le Noury
- Centre for Metal-based Drug Discovery, Mintek, Private Bag X3015, Randburg 2125, South Africa; Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Private Bag 3, WITS, 2050, South Africa.
| | - Salerwe Mosebi
- Centre for Metal-based Drug Discovery, Mintek, Private Bag X3015, Randburg 2125, South Africa.
| | - Maria A Papathanasopoulos
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Private Bag 3, WITS, 2050, South Africa.
| | - Raymond Hewer
- Centre for Metal-based Drug Discovery, Mintek, Private Bag X3015, Randburg 2125, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hüttl S, Kläsener K, Schweizer M, Schneppenheim J, Oberg HH, Kabelitz D, Reth M, Saftig P, Schröder B. Processing of CD74 by the Intramembrane Protease SPPL2a Is Critical for B Cell Receptor Signaling in Transitional B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1548-63. [PMID: 26157172 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The invariant chain (CD74), a chaperone in MHC class II-mediated Ag presentation, is sequentially processed by different endosomal proteases. We reported recently that clearance of the final membrane-bound N-terminal fragment (NTF) of CD74 is mediated by the intramembrane protease signal peptide peptidase-like (SPPL)2a, a process critical for B cell development. In mice, SPPL2a deficiency provokes the accumulation of this NTF in endocytic vesicles, which leads to a B cell maturation arrest at the transitional 1 stage. To define the underlying mechanism, we analyzed the impact of SPPL2a deficiency on signaling pathways involved in B cell homeostasis. We demonstrate that tonic as well as BCR-induced activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway is massively compromised in SPPL2a(-/-) B cells and identify this as major cause of the B cell maturation defect in these mice. Altered BCR trafficking induces a reduction of surface IgM in SPPL2a-deficient B cells, leading to a diminished signal transmission via the BCR and the tyrosine kinase Syk. We provide evidence that in SPPL2a(-/-) mice impaired BCR signaling is to a great extent provoked by the accumulating CD74 NTF, which can interact with the BCR and Syk, and that impaired PI3K/Akt signaling and reduced surface IgM are not directly linked processes. In line with disturbances in PI3K/Akt signaling, SPPL2a(-/-) B cells show a dysregulation of the transcription factor FOXO1, causing elevated transcription of proapoptotic genes. We conclude that SPPL2a-mediated processing of CD74 NTF is indispensable to maintain appropriate levels of tonic BCR signaling to promote B cell maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susann Hüttl
- Biochemical Institute, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kläsener
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Institute for Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janna Schneppenheim
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; and
| | - Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Institute for Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Biochemical Institute, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Schröder
- Biochemical Institute, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
den Haan JM, Arens R, van Zelm MC. The activation of the adaptive immune system: Cross-talk between antigen-presenting cells, T cells and B cells. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:103-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
17
|
Liu YH, Lin JY. Recent advances of cluster of differentiation 74 in cancer. World J Immunol 2014; 4:174-184. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v4.i3.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 74 (CD74) performs multiple roles in B cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells within the immune system; it also participates in major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted antigen presentation and inflammation. Recently, a role for CD74 in carcinogenesis has been described. CD74 promotes cell proliferation and motility and prevents cell death in a macrophage migration inhibitory factor-dependent manner. Its roles as an accessory signal receptor on the cell surface and the ability to interact with other signaling molecules make CD74 an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. This review focuses on the original role of CD74 in the immune system and its emerging tumor-related functions. First, the structure of CD74 will be summarized. Second, the current understandings about the expression, cellular localization, molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of CD74 in immunity and cancer will be reviewed. Third, the examples that suggest CD74 is a promising molecular therapeutic target are reviewed and discussed. Although the safety and efficacy of CD74-targeted strategies are under development, deeply understanding of the regulation of CD74 will hold promise for the use of CD74 as a therapeutic target and may develop the CD74-targeted therapeutic agents such as neutralized antibody and compounds.
Collapse
|
18
|
Berkova Z, Wang S, Ao X, Wise JF, Braun FK, Rezaeian AH, Sehgal L, Goldenberg DM, Samaniego F. CD74 interferes with the expression of fas receptor on the surface of lymphoma cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:80. [PMID: 25304249 PMCID: PMC4210479 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0080-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis limits the efficacy of currently available chemotherapy regimens. We identified CD74, which is known to be overexpressed in hematological malignancies, as one of the factors interfering with Fas-mediated apoptosis. METHODS CD74 expression was suppressed in human B-lymphoma cell lines, BJAB and Raji, by either transduction with lentivirus particles or transfection with episomal vector, both encoding CD74-specific shRNAs or non-target shRNA. Effect of CD74 expression on Fas signaling was evaluated by comparing survival of mice hydrodynamically transfected with vector encoding full-length CD74 or empty vector. Sensitivity of cells with suppressed CD74 expression to FasL, edelfosine, doxorubicin, and a humanized CD74-specific antibody, milatuzumab, was evaluated by flow cytometry and compared to control cells. Fas signaling in response to FasL stimulation and the expression of Fas signaling components were evaluated by Western blot. Surface expression of Fas was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS We determined that cells with suppressed CD74 are more sensitive to FasL-induced apoptosis and Fas signaling-dependent chemotherapies, edelfosine and doxorubicin, than control CD74-expressing cells. On the other hand, expression of full-length CD74 in livers protected the mice from a lethal challenge with agonistic anti-Fas antibody Jo2. A detailed analysis of Fas signaling in cells lacking CD74 and control cells revealed increased cleavage/activation of pro-caspase-8 and corresponding enhancement of caspase-3 activation in the absence of CD74, suggesting that CD74 affects the immediate early steps in Fas signaling at the plasma membrane. Cells with suppressed CD74 expression showed increased staining of Fas receptor on their surface. Pre-treatment with milatuzumab sensitized BJAB cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis. CONCLUSION We anticipate that specific targeting of the CD74 on the cell surface will sensitize CD74-expressing cancer cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis, and thus will increase effectiveness of chemotherapy regimens for hematological malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Berkova
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Xue Ao
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Jillian F Wise
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Frank K Braun
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Abdol H Rezaeian
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Lalit Sehgal
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - David M Goldenberg
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, NJ, 07950, USA. .,Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Garden State Cancer Center, Morris Plains, NJ, 07950, USA.
| | - Felipe Samaniego
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang N, Rajasekaran N, Hou T, Mellins ED. Transgene expression in various organs post BM-HSC transplantation. Stem Cell Res 2013; 12:209-21. [PMID: 24270160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy mediated by bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells (BM-HSC) has been widely used in treating genetic deficiencies in both pre-clinical and clinical settings. Using mitotically inactive cell-targeting lentivirus with separate promoters for our gene of interest (the murine MHC class II (MHCII) chaperone, invariant chain (Ii)) and a GFP reporter, we monitored the expression and function of introduced Ii in various types of professional antigen presenting cells (B cells, macrophages and DC) from different organs (spleen, pancreatic lymph nodes (PLN), BM and blood). Ii and GFP were detected. Ii levels correlated with GFP levels only in macrophages and monocytes from spleen, monocytes from PLN and macrophage precursors from blood. By cell type, Ii levels in PLN cells were more similar to those in spleen cells than to those in blood or BM cells. Functionally, Ii expressed in PLN or spleen had more effect on MHCII abundance than Ii expressed in BM or blood. The results have implications for analysis of the outcomes of gene therapy when both therapeutic and reporter genes are introduced. The findings also have implications for understanding the development of immune molecule function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Program in Human Gene Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Narendiran Rajasekaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Program in Human Gene Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Tieying Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Program in Human Gene Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth D Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Program in Human Gene Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Binsky-Ehrenreich I, Marom A, Sobotta MC, Shvidel L, Berrebi A, Hazan-Halevy I, Kay S, Aloshin A, Sagi I, Goldenberg DM, Leng L, Bucala R, Herishanu Y, Haran M, Shachar I. CD84 is a survival receptor for CLL cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:1006-16. [PMID: 23435417 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of CD5+ B lymphocytes in peripheral blood, lymphoid organs and bone marrow. The main feature of the disease is accumulation of the malignant cells due to decreased apoptosis. CD84 belongs to the signaling lymphocyte activating molecule family of immunoreceptors, and has an unknown function in CLL cells. Here, we show that the expression of CD84 is significantly elevated from the early stages of the disease, and is regulated by macrophage migration inhibitory factor and its receptor, CD74. Activation of cell surface CD84 initiates a signaling cascade that enhances CLL cell survival. Both downmodulation of CD84 expression and its immune-mediated blockade induce cell death in vitro and in vivo. In addition, analysis of samples derived from an on-going clinical trial, in which human subjects were treated with humanized anti-CD74 (milatuzumab), shows a decrease in CD84 messenger RNA and protein levels in milatuzumab-treated cells. This downregulation was correlated with reduction of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 expression. Thus, our data show that overexpression of CD84 in CLL is an important survival mechanism that appears to be an early event in the pathogenesis of the disease. These findings suggest novel therapeutic strategies based on the blockade of this CD84-dependent survival pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - A Marom
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - M C Sobotta
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - L Shvidel
- Hematology Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A Berrebi
- Hematology Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - I Hazan-Halevy
- Department of Hematology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - S Kay
- Department of Hematology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - A Aloshin
- Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - I Sagi
- Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - D M Goldenberg
- Garden State Cancer Center, Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Morris Plains, NJ, USA
| | - L Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Y Herishanu
- Department of Hematology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - M Haran
- Hematology Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - I Shachar
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
van Zelm MC, Berkowska MA, van der Burg M, van Dongen JJM. Real-time quantitative (RQ-)PCR approach to quantify the contribution of proliferation to B lymphocyte homeostasis. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 979:133-45. [PMID: 23397393 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-290-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cells of the adaptive immune system, B and T lymphocytes, each generate a unique antigen receptor through V(D)J recombination of their immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptor (TCR) loci, respectively. Such rearrangements join coding elements to form a coding joint and delete the intervening DNA as circular excision products containing the signal joint. These excision circles are relatively stable structures that cannot replicate and have no function in the cell. Since the coding joint in the genome is replicated with each cell division, the ratio between coding joints and signal joints in a population of B cells can be used as a measure for proliferation. This chapter describes a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR)-based approach to quantify proliferation through calculating the ratio between coding joints and signal joints of the frequently occurring kappa-deleting rearrangements in the IGK light chain loci in man and mouse. The approach is useful to study the contribution of proliferation to B-cell homeostasis in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menno C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bergmann H, Yabas M, Short A, Miosge L, Barthel N, Teh CE, Roots CM, Bull KR, Jeelall Y, Horikawa K, Whittle B, Balakishnan B, Sjollema G, Bertram EM, Mackay F, Rimmer AJ, Cornall RJ, Field MA, Andrews TD, Goodnow CC, Enders A. B cell survival, surface BCR and BAFFR expression, CD74 metabolism, and CD8- dendritic cells require the intramembrane endopeptidase SPPL2A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 210:31-40. [PMID: 23267016 PMCID: PMC3549710 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking activity of the intramembrane protease SPPL2A exhibit humoral immunodeficiency and lack mature B cell subsets. Druggable proteins required for B lymphocyte survival and immune responses are an emerging source of new treatments for autoimmunity and lymphoid malignancy. In this study, we show that mice with an inactivating mutation in the intramembrane protease signal peptide peptidase–like 2A (SPPL2A) unexpectedly exhibit profound humoral immunodeficiency and lack mature B cell subsets, mirroring deficiency of the cytokine B cell–activating factor (BAFF). Accumulation of Sppl2a-deficient B cells was rescued by overexpression of the BAFF-induced survival protein B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) but not BAFF and was distinguished by low surface BAFF receptor and IgM and IgD B cell receptors. CD8-negative dendritic cells were also greatly decreased. SPPL2A deficiency blocked the proteolytic processing of CD74 MHC II invariant chain in both cell types, causing dramatic build-up of the p8 product of Cathepsin S and interfering with earlier steps in CD74 endosomal retention and processing. The findings illuminate an important role for the final step in the CD74–MHC II pathway and a new target for protease inhibitor treatment of B cell diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Bergmann
- Ramaciotti Immunization Genomics Laboratory, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Schneppenheim J, Dressel R, Hüttl S, Lüllmann-Rauch R, Engelke M, Dittmann K, Wienands J, Eskelinen EL, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Fluhrer R, Saftig P, Schröder B. The intramembrane protease SPPL2a promotes B cell development and controls endosomal traffic by cleavage of the invariant chain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 210:41-58. [PMID: 23267015 PMCID: PMC3549707 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The intramembrane protease SPPL2a cleaves the NTF of invariant chain (CD74), which is essential for normal trafficking of MHC class II–containing endosomes and thus for B cell development and function. Regulated intramembrane proteolysis is a central cellular process involved in signal transduction and membrane protein turnover. The presenilin homologue signal-peptide-peptidase-like 2a (SPPL2a) has been implicated in the cleavage of type 2 transmembrane proteins. We show that the invariant chain (li, CD74) of the major histocompatability class II complex (MHCII) undergoes intramembrane proteolysis mediated by SPPL2a. B lymphocytes of SPPL2a−/− mice accumulate an N-terminal fragment (NTF) of CD74, which severely impairs membrane traffic within the endocytic system and leads to an altered response to B cell receptor stimulation, reduced BAFF-R surface expression, and accumulation of MHCII in transitional developmental stage T1 B cells. This results in significant loss of B cell subsets beyond the T1 stage and disrupted humoral immune responses, which can be recovered by additional ablation of CD74. Hence, we provide evidence that regulation of CD74-NTF levels by SPPL2a is indispensable for B cell development and function by maintaining trafficking and integrity of MHCII-containing endosomes, highlighting SPPL2a as a promising pharmacological target for depleting and/or modulating B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janna Schneppenheim
- Biochemical Institute, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Beisner DR, Langerak P, Parker AE, Dahlberg C, Otero FJ, Sutton SE, Poirot L, Barnes W, Young MA, Niessen S, Wiltshire T, Bodendorf U, Martoglio B, Cravatt B, Cooke MP. The intramembrane protease Sppl2a is required for B cell and DC development and survival via cleavage of the invariant chain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 210:23-30. [PMID: 23267013 PMCID: PMC3549714 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
B cell development requires tight regulation to allow for the generation of a diverse repertoire while preventing the development of autoreactive cells. We report, using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced mutagenesis, the identification of a mutant mouse (chompB) with a block in early B cell development. The blockade occurs after the transitional 1 (T1) stage and leads to a decrease in mature B cell subsets and deficits in T cell-dependent antibody responses. Additionally, chompB mice have decreases in myeloid dendritic cells (DCs). The mutation was mapped to the intramembrane protease signal peptide peptidase-like 2a (Sppl2a), a gene not previously implicated in immune cell development. Proteomic analysis identified the invariant chain (CD74) as a key substrate of Sppl2a and suggests that regulated intramembrane proteolysis of CD74 by Sppl2a contributes to B cell and DC survival. Moreover, these data suggest that modulation of Sppl2a may be a useful therapeutic strategy for treatment of B cell dependent autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Beisner
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Genève L, Ménard C, Labrecque N, Thibodeau J. The p35 human invariant chain in transgenic mice restores mature B cells in the absence of endogenous CD74. Int Immunol 2012; 24:645-60. [PMID: 22966065 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The invariant chain (Ii; CD74) has pleiotropic functions and Ii-deficient mice show defects in MHC class II (MHC II) transport and B cell maturation. In humans, but not in mice, a minor Iip35 isoform of unknown function includes an endoplasmic reticulum-retention motif that is masked upon binding of MHC II molecules. To gain further insight into the roles of Ii in B cell homeostasis, we generated Iip35 transgenic mice (Tgp35) and bred these with mice deficient for Ii (Tgp35/mIiKO). Iip35 was shown to compete with mIi for the binding to I-A(b) . In addition, classical endosomal degradation products (p20/p10) and the class II-associated invariant chain peptide (CLIP) fragment were detected. Moreover, Iip35 favored the formation of compact peptide-MHC II complexes in the Tgp35/mIiKO mice. I-A(b) levels were restored at the plasma membrane of mature B cells but Iip35 affected the fine conformation of MHC II molecules as judged by the increased reactivity of the AF6-120.1 antibody in permeabilized cells. However, the human Iip35 cannot fully replace the endogenous Ii. Indeed, most immature B cells in the bone marrow and spleen of transgenic mice had reduced surface expression of MHC II molecules, demonstrating a dominant-negative effect of Iip35 in Tgp35 mice. Interestingly, while maturation to follicular B cells was normal, Iip35 expression appeared to reduce the proportions of marginal zone B cells. These results emphasize the importance of Ii in B cell homeostasis and suggest that Iip35 could have regulatory functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Genève
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T1J4, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sanchez-Niño MD, Sanz AB, Ruiz-Andres O, Poveda J, Izquierdo MC, Selgas R, Egido J, Ortiz A. MIF, CD74 and other partners in kidney disease: tales of a promiscuous couple. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 24:23-40. [PMID: 22959722 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is increased in kidney and urine during kidney disease. MIF binds to and activates CD74 and chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CXCR4. CD74 is a protein trafficking regulator and a cell membrane receptor for MIF, D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT/MIF-2) and bacterial proteins. MIF signaling through CD74 requires CD44. CD74, CD44 and CXCR4 are upregulated in renal cells in diseased kidneys and MIF activation of CD74 in kidney cells promotes an inflammatory response. MIF or CXCR2 targeting protects from experimental kidney injury, CD44 deficiency modulates kidney injury and CXCR4 activation promotes glomerular injury. However, the contribution of MIF or MIF-2 to these actions of MIF receptors has not been explored. The safety and efficacy of strategies targeting MIF, CD74, CD44 and CXCR4 are under study in humans.
Collapse
|
27
|
Berkowska MA, van der Burg M, van Dongen JJM, van Zelm MC. Checkpoints of B cell differentiation: visualizing Ig-centric processes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1246:11-25. [PMID: 22236426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The generation of antibody responses and B cell memory can only take place following multiple steps of differentiation. Key molecular processes during precursor B cell differentiation in bone marrow generate unique antibodies. These antibodies are further optimized via molecular modifications during immune responses in peripheral lymphoid organs. Multiple checkpoints ensure proper differentiation of precursor and mature B lymphocytes. Many of these checkpoints have been found disrupted in patients with a primary immunodeficiency. Based on studies in these patients and in mouse models, new insights have been generated in B cell differentiation and antibody responses. Still, in many patients with impaired antibody formation, it remains unclear how B cells are affected. In this perspective, we present 11 critical processes in B cell differentiation. We discuss how defects in these processes can result in impaired checkpoint selection and how they can be visualized in healthy subjects and patients with immunodeficiency or other immunological disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A Berkowska
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Criscitiello MF, Ohta Y, Graham MD, Eubanks JO, Chen PL, Flajnik MF. Shark class II invariant chain reveals ancient conserved relationships with cathepsins and MHC class II. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:521-33. [PMID: 21996610 PMCID: PMC3260380 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The invariant chain (Ii) is the critical third chain required for the MHC class II heterodimer to be properly guided through the cell, loaded with peptide, and expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells. Here, we report the isolation of the nurse shark Ii gene, and the comparative analysis of Ii splice variants, expression, genomic organization, predicted structure, and function throughout vertebrate evolution. Alternative splicing to yield Ii with and without the putative protease-protective, thyroglobulin-like domain is as ancient as the MHC-based adaptive immune system, as our analyses in shark and lizard further show conservation of this mechanism in all vertebrate classes except bony fish. Remarkable coordinate expression of Ii and class II was found in shark tissues. Conserved Ii residues and cathepsin L orthologs suggest their long co-evolution in the antigen presentation pathway, and genomic analyses suggest 450 million years of conserved Ii exon/intron structure. Other than an extended linker preceding the thyroglobulin-like domain in cartilaginous fish, the Ii gene and protein are predicted to have largely similar physiology from shark to man. Duplicated Ii genes found only in teleosts appear to have become sub-functionalized, as one form is predicted to play the same role as that mediated by Ii mRNA alternative splicing in all other vertebrate classes. No Ii homologs or potential ancestors of any of the functional Ii domains were found in the jawless fish or lower chordates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Criscitiello
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Yuko Ohta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Matthew D. Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Jeannine O. Eubanks
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Patricia L. Chen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Martin F. Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cohen S, Shoshana OY, Zelman-Toister E, Maharshak N, Binsky-Ehrenreich I, Gordin M, Hazan-Halevy I, Herishanu Y, Shvidel L, Haran M, Leng L, Bucala R, Harroch S, Shachar I. The cytokine midkine and its receptor RPTPζ regulate B cell survival in a pathway induced by CD74. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:259-69. [PMID: 22140262 PMCID: PMC3244541 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lasting B cell persistence depends on survival signals that are transduced by cell surface receptors. In this study, we describe a novel biological mechanism essential for survival and homeostasis of normal peripheral mature B cells and chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, regulated by the heparin-binding cytokine, midkine (MK), and its proteoglycan receptor, the receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase ζ (RPTPζ). We demonstrate that MK initiates a signaling cascade leading to B cell survival by binding to RPTPζ. In mice lacking PTPRZ, the proportion and number of the mature B cell population are reduced. Our results emphasize a unique and critical function for MK signaling in the previously described MIF/CD74-induced survival pathway. Stimulation of CD74 with MIF leads to c-Met activation, resulting in elevation of MK expression in both normal mouse splenic B and chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Our results indicate that MK and RPTPζ are important regulators of the B cell repertoire. These findings could pave the way toward understanding the mechanisms shaping B cell survival and suggest novel therapeutic strategies based on the blockade of the MK/RPTPζ-dependent survival pathway.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Midkine
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/metabolism
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 2/genetics
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 2/immunology
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 2/metabolism
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zuo J, Thomas WA, Haigh TA, Fitzsimmons L, Long HM, Hislop AD, Taylor GS, Rowe M. Epstein-Barr virus evades CD4+ T cell responses in lytic cycle through BZLF1-mediated downregulation of CD74 and the cooperation of vBcl-2. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002455. [PMID: 22216005 PMCID: PMC3245307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evasion of immune T cell responses is crucial for viruses to establish persistence in the infected host. Immune evasion mechanisms of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the context of MHC-I antigen presentation have been well studied. In contrast, viral interference with MHC-II antigen presentation is less well understood, not only for EBV but also for other persistent viruses. Here we show that the EBV encoded BZLF1 can interfere with recognition by immune CD4+ effector T cells. This impaired T cell recognition occurred in the absence of a reduction in the expression of surface MHC-II, but correlated with a marked downregulation of surface CD74 on the target cells. Furthermore, impaired CD4+ T cell recognition was also observed with target cells where CD74 expression was downregulated by shRNA-mediated inhibition. BZLF1 downregulated surface CD74 via a post-transcriptional mechanism distinct from its previously reported effect on the CIITA promoter. In addition to being a chaperone for MHC-II αβ dimers, CD74 also functions as a surface receptor for macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and enhances cell survival through transcriptional upregulation of Bcl-2 family members. The immune-evasion function of BZLF1 therefore comes at a cost of induced toxicity. However, during EBV lytic cycle induced by BZLF1 expression, this toxicity can be overcome by expression of the vBcl-2, BHRF1, at an early stage of lytic infection. We conclude that by inhibiting apoptosis, the vBcl-2 not only maintains cell viability to allow sufficient time for synthesis and accumulation of infectious virus progeny, but also enables BZLF1 to effect its immune evasion function. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus and an important human pathogen that can cause diseases ranging from non-malignant proliferative disease to fully malignant cancers of lymphocytes and epithelial cells. The persistence of EBV in healthy individuals relies on the balance between host immune responses and viral immune evasion. As CD4+ immune T cell responses include both helper and cytotoxic functions, viral mechanisms for interfering with MHC class II antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells have the potential to greatly influence the outcome of viral infections. Our work on Epstein-Barr virus provides a new paradigm for viral immune evasion of MHC-II presented antigen by targeting CD74. CD74 is a dual function protein; it serves as a surviving receptor as well as a chaperone for MHC-II antigen presentation. Therefore, downregulation of CD74 as a T cell evasion strategy comes at the cost of potentially inducing cell death. However, EBV also encodes a vBcl-2 to attenuate the toxicity associated with reduced CD74, thus enabling the immune-impairment function to be effected. We expect that future studies will identify other viruses utilizing a similar strategy to evade CD4+ immune T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Zuo
- Cancer Research UK Birmingham Cancer Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine that has been implicated as playing a causative role in many disease states, including sepsis, pneumonia, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and cancer. To inhibit the enzymatic and biologic activities of MIF, we and others have developed small-molecule MIF inhibitors. Most MIF inhibitors bind within the hydrophobic pocket that contains highly conserved amino acids known to be essential for MIF's proinflammatory activity. The best characterized of these small-molecule MIF inhibitors, (S,R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester (ISO-1) has been validated in scores of laboratories worldwide. Like neutralizing anti-MIF antibodies, ISO-1 significantly improves survival and reduces disease progression and/or severity in multiple murine models where MIF is implicated. This MIF inhibitor, its derivatives and other MIF-targeted compounds show great promise for future testing in disease states where increased MIF activity has been discovered.
Collapse
|
32
|
Shachar I, Haran M. The secret second life of an innocent chaperone: the story of CD74 and B cell/chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell survival. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:1446-54. [PMID: 21417823 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.565437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its receptor, CD74. MIF and CD74 have been shown to regulate peripheral B cell survival and were associated with tumor progression and metastasis. CD74 expression has been suggested to serve as a prognostic factor in many cancers, with higher relative expression of CD74 behaving as a marker of tumor progression. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, binding of MIF to CD74 induces nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and up-regulation of TAp63 expression, resulting in the secretion of interleukin 8 (IL-8), which in turn promotes cell survival. In addition, TAp63 expression elevates expression of the integrin VLA-4, particularly during the advanced stage of the disease. Blocking of CD74, TAp63, or VLA-4 inhibits the in vivo homing of CLL cells to the BM. Thus, CD74 and its target genes, TAp63 and VLA-4, facilitate migration of CLL cells back to the BM, where they interact with the supportive BM environment that helps rescue them from apoptosis. These results are expected to pave the way toward novel therapeutic strategies aimed at interrupting this survival pathway. One such agent, the monocolonal antibody milatuzumab directed at CD74, is already being studied in early clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Idit Shachar
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Borghese F, Clanchy FIL. CD74: an emerging opportunity as a therapeutic target in cancer and autoimmune disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:237-51. [PMID: 21208136 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.550879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CD74, also known as the invariant chain, participates in several key processes of the immune system, including antigen presentation, B-cell differentiation and inflammatory signaling. Despite being described more than 3 decades ago, new functions and novel interactions for this evolutionarily conserved molecule are still being unraveled. As a participant in several immunological processes and an indicator of disease in some conditions, it has potential as a therapeutic target. AREAS COVERED The relationship between the structure of CD74 variants and their physiological functions is detailed in this review. The function of CD74 in several cell lineages is examined with a focus on the interactions with cathepsins and, in an inflammatory milieu, the pro-inflammatory cytokine macrophage migratory inhibitory factor. The role of CD74 signaling in inflammatory and carcinogenic processes is outlined as is the use of CD74 as a therapeutic target (in cancer) and tool (as a vaccine). EXPERT OPINION CD74 has several roles within the cell and throughout the immune system. Most prominent amongst these are the complex relationships with MIF and cathepsins. Modulation of CD74 function shows promise for the effective amelioration of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Borghese
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Immunology Unit, Umberto I Policlinico di Roma, 155 Viale del Policlinico, Rome, IT 00161
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Abstract
Unlabeled and radiolabeled anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies have had a significant impact in the care of patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) over the past decade. More recently, bendamustine has demonstrated activity in refractory FL, and has been explored as initial therapy and in novel combinations. Whereas outcomes for this patient population have significantly improved, there remains substantial unmet need for patients who require more effective and better-tolerated therapies. Novel anti-CD20 antibodies and other immunotherapies against different B-cell antigens are under active investigation. The proteosome inhibitor bortezomib and the immunomodulatory agent lenalidomide have demonstrated single-agent activity and are currently in randomized trials. Other novel compounds have demonstrated activity in broad-based clinical studies in B-cell malignancies. However, considerable challenges remain in efficiently demonstrating which patient subsets can benefit from these novel compounds and which combinations may have the greatest clinical benefit in further improving outcomes for patients with FL.
Collapse
|
35
|
Lapter S, Ben-David H, Sharabi A, Zinger H, Telerman A, Gordin M, Leng L, Bucala R, Shachar I, Mozes E. A role for the B-cell CD74/macrophage migration inhibitory factor pathway in the immunomodulation of systemic lupus erythematosus by a therapeutic tolerogenic peptide. Immunology 2010; 132:87-95. [PMID: 20738420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that involves dysregulation of B and T cells. A tolerogenic peptide, designated hCDR1, ameliorates disease manifestations in SLE-afflicted mice. In the present study, the effect of treatment with hCDR1 on the CD74/macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) pathway was studied. We report here that B lymphocytes from SLE-afflicted mice express relatively elevated levels of CD74, compared with B cells from healthy mice. CD74 is a receptor found in complex with CD44, and it binds the pro-inflammatory cytokine MIF. The latter components were also up-regulated in B cells from the diseased mice, and treatment with hCDR1 resulted in their down-regulation and in reduced B-cell survival. Furthermore, up-regulation of CD74 and CD44 expression was detected in brain hippocampi and kidneys, two target organs in SLE. Treatment with hCDR1 diminished the expression of those molecules to the levels determined for young healthy mice. These results suggest that the CD74/MIF pathway plays an important role in lupus pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Lapter
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Maharshak N, Cohen S, Lantner F, Hart G, Leng L, Bucala R, Shachar I. CD74 is a survival receptor on colon epithelial cells. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:3258-66. [PMID: 20614481 PMCID: PMC2900717 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i26.3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression and function of CD74 in normal murine colon epithelial cells (CEC) and colon carcinoma cells.
METHODS: Expression of CD74 mRNA and protein were measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting and fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). The effect of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) on the survival of normal CEC from C57BL/6, NOD/SCID, and CD74 deficient mice both in vitro and in vivo, and on the CT26 carcinoma cell line was analyzed by (quantitative) qRT-PCR, RT-PCR, Western blotting and FACS.
RESULTS: CD74 was found to be expressed on normal CEC. Stimulation of CD74 by MIF induced a signaling cascade leading to up-regulation of Bcl-2 expression, resulting in a significant increased survival of CEC. CD74 was also expressed on the CT26 colon carcinoma cell line and its stimulation by MIF resulted in enhanced cell survival, up-regulation of Akt phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression.
CONCLUSION: CD74 is expressed on CEC and colon carcinoma cells and serves as a survival receptor in these cells. These results may have implications on colorectal cancer research.
Collapse
|
37
|
Pyrz M, Wang B, Wabl M, Pedersen FS. A retroviral mutagenesis screen identifies Cd74 as a common insertion site in murine B-lymphomas and reveals the existence of a novel IFNgamma-inducible Cd74 isoform. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:86. [PMID: 20416035 PMCID: PMC2883540 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insertional mutagenesis screens in the mouse are an acknowledged approach to identify genes involved in the pathogenesis of cancer. The potential of these screens to identify genes causally involved in tumorigenesis is not only limited to the murine host, but many of these genes have also been proven to be involved in the oncogenic process in man. RESULTS Through an insertional mutagenesis screen applying murine leukemia viruses in mouse, we found that Cd74 was targeted by proviral insertion in tumors of B-cell origin. This locus encodes a protein playing crucial roles in antigen presentation and B-cell homeostasis, and its deregulation is often associated with cancer in man. The distribution of insertions within the Cd74 locus prompted the identification of an alternative transcript initiated in intron 1 of Cd74 encoding an N-terminally truncated Cd74 isoform in tissues from un-infected mice, and transcriptional activation assays revealed a positive effect on the novel intronic promoter by a formerly described intronic enhancer in the Cd74 locus. Furthermore, we show that the new Cd74 isoform is IFNgamma inducible and that its expression is differentially regulated from the canonical Cd74 isoform at the transcriptional level. CONCLUSIONS We here identify Cd74 as a common insertion site in murine B-lymphomas and describe a novel IFNgamma-inducible murine Cd74 isoform differentially regulated from the canonical isoform and expressed under the control of an intronic promoter. The distribution and orientation of proviral insertion sites within the Cd74 locus underscores the causal involvement of the isoforms in the murine B-lymphomagenic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pyrz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK-8000, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gore Y, Lantner F, Hart G, Shachar I. Mad3 negatively regulates B cell differentiation in the spleen by inducing Id2 expression. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:1864-71. [PMID: 20375148 PMCID: PMC2877644 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-09-0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immature B cells migrate to the spleen where they differentiate into mature cells. This final maturation step is crucial to enable B cells to become responsive to antigens and to participate in the immune response. Previously, we showed that Id2 acts as a negative regulator of the differentiation of immature B cells occurring in the spleen. Id2 expression has been found to depend on Myc-Max-Mad transcriptional complexes in mammary epithelial cells. Nearly all studies to date have shown that Mad proteins inhibit proliferation, presumably by antagonizing the function of Myc proteins. In the current study, we followed the Mad family members during peripheral B cell differentiation. We show that Mad3 actively regulates B cell differentiation. Our results demonstrate that high expression levels of Mad3 in immature B cells induce Id2 expression, which inhibits transcription of genes essential for B cell differentiation. During their differentiation to mature cells, B cells reduce their Mad3 expression, enabling the maturation process to occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yael Gore
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Berkova Z, Tao RH, Samaniego F. Milatuzumab - a promising new immunotherapeutic agent. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:141-9. [PMID: 19968579 DOI: 10.1517/13543780903463854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Milatuzumab is a new immunotherapeutic agent targeting CD74, a membrane protein preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cancers and some solid tumors. Broad expression and fast internalization makes CD74 an ideal target for cancer therapy. We reviewed published articles about CD74 and milatuzumab. We present a comprehensive review of CD74 functions and provide explanation of milatuzumab antitumor effects. This review describes CD74 protein biology with the emphasis on the role of CD74 in tumor survival and its new role in regulation of the Fas death receptor. The development of CD74 targeting therapies to induce tumor regression and cancer cell apoptosis is described and results of clinical trials are discussed. Milatuzumab shows selective binding and rapid internalization into CD74-positive cancer cells. Milatuzumab with and without conjugated toxins synergizes with other chemotherapeutic agents and elicits significant antitumor effects in mice. In a Phase I trial, milatuzumab showed no severe adverse effects in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma and it stabilized the disease in some patients for up to 12 weeks. Ongoing trials testing different treatment schedules of milatuzumab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma indicate that milatuzumab shows no severe adverse effects in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Berkova
- The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Stein R, Smith MR, Chen S, Zalath M, Goldenberg DM. Combining milatuzumab with bortezomib, doxorubicin, or dexamethasone improves responses in multiple myeloma cell lines. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:2808-17. [PMID: 19351768 PMCID: PMC2681251 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The humanized anti-CD74 monoclonal antibody, milatuzumab, is in clinical evaluation for the therapy of multiple myeloma (MM). The ability of milatuzumab to increase the efficacy of bortezomib, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone was examined in three human CD74+ MM cell lines, CAG, KMS11, KMS12-PE, and one CD74-MM cell line, OPM-2. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Activity of milatuzumab as a monotherapy and combined with the drugs was evaluated by studying in vitro cytotoxicity, signaling and apoptotic pathways, and in vivo therapeutic activity in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse models of MM. RESULTS Given as a monotherapy, cross-linked milatuzumab, but not milatuzumab alone, yielded significant antiproliferative effects in CD74+ cells. The combination of cross-linked milatuzumab with bortezomib, doxorubicin, or dexamethasone caused more growth inhibition than either cross-linked milatuzumab or drug alone, producing significant reductions in the IC(50) of the drugs when combined. Efficacy of combined treatments was accompanied by increased levels of apoptosis measured by increases of activated caspase-3 and hypodiploid DNA. Both milatuzumab and bortezomib affect the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway in CAG MM cells. In CAG- or KMS11-SCID xenograft models of disseminated MM, milatuzumab more than doubled median survival time, compared with up to a 33% increase in median survival with bortezomib but no significant benefit with doxorubicin. Moreover, combining milatuzumab and bortezomib increased survival significantly compared with either treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic efficacies of bortezomib, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone are enhanced in MM cell lines when given in combination with milatuzumab, suggesting testing these combinations clinically.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Boronic Acids/pharmacology
- Boronic Acids/therapeutic use
- Bortezomib
- Caspase 3/immunology
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA Fragmentation/drug effects
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Dexamethasone/therapeutic use
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Doxorubicin/therapeutic use
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy
- Multiple Myeloma/immunology
- Multiple Myeloma/mortality
- Pyrazines/pharmacology
- Pyrazines/therapeutic use
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhona Stein
- Garden State Cancer Center, Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Belleville, New Jersey 07109, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Clark AG, Mackin KM, Foster MH. Tracking Differential Gene Expression in MRL/MpJ Versus C57BL/6 Anergic B Cells: Molecular Markers of Autoimmunity. Biomark Insights 2008; 3:335-350. [PMID: 19578517 PMCID: PMC2688340 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anergy is a key mechanism controlling expression of autoreactive B cells and a major site for failed regulation in autoimmune diseases. Yet the molecular basis for this differentiated cell state remains poorly understood. The current lack of well-characterized surface or molecular markers hinders the isolation of anergic cells for further study. Global gene profiling recently identified transcripts whose expression differentiates anergic from naïve B cells in model mouse systems. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the molecular and cellular processes that differentiate anergic cells that develop in the healthy C57BL/6 (B6) milieu from those that develop in the autoimmune-prone MRL/MpJ (MRL) background. This approach takes advantage of B6 and MRL mice bearing an anti-laminin Ig transgene with a well characterized anergic B cell phenotype. Results Global gene expression was evaluated in purified transgenic B cells using Operon version 3.0 oligonucleotide microarray assaying >31,000 oligoprobes. Genes with a 2-fold expression difference in B6 as compared to MRL anergic B cells were identified. Expression of selected genes was confirmed using quantitative RT-PCR. This approach identified 43 probes corresponding to 37 characterized genes, including Ptpn22, CD74, Birc1f/Naip, and Ctla4, as differentially expressed in anergic B cells in the two strains. Gene Ontology classification identified differentiation, cell cycle, proliferation, development, apoptosis, and cell death as prominently represented ontology groups. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified two major networks incorporating 27 qualifying genes. Network 1 centers on beta-estradiol and TP53, and Network 2 encompasses RB1, p38 MAPK, and NFkB cell growth, proliferation, and cell cycle signaling pathways. Conclusion Using microarray analysis we identified 37 characterized genes and two functional pathways engaged in maintenance of B cell anergy for which expression is distorted by underlying autoimmune genetic susceptibility. This approach identifes a new biological role for multiple genes and potential new therapeutic targets in autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy G Clark
- Departments of Medicine and Research Service, Duke University and Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gore Y, Starlets D, Maharshak N, Becker-Herman S, Kaneyuki U, Leng L, Bucala R, Shachar I. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor induces B cell survival by activation of a CD74-CD44 receptor complex. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:2784-92. [PMID: 18056708 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703265200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an upstream activator of innate immunity that regulates subsequent adaptive responses. It was previously shown that in macrophages, MIF binds to a complex of CD74 and CD44, resulting in initiation of a signaling pathway. In the current study, we investigated the role of MIF in B cell survival. We show that in B lymphocytes, MIF initiates a signaling cascade that involves Syk and Akt, leading to NF-kappaB activation, proliferation, and survival in a CD74- and CD44-dependent manner. Thus, MIF regulates the adaptive immune response by maintaining the mature B cell population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yael Gore
- Department of Immunology, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Arneson LS, Miller J. The chondroitin sulfate form of invariant chain trimerizes with conventional invariant chain and these complexes are rapidly transported from the trans-Golgi network to the cell surface. Biochem J 2007; 406:97-103. [PMID: 17492940 PMCID: PMC1948987 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Targeting of MHCII-invariant chain complexes from the trans-Golgi network to endosomes is mediated by two di-leucine-based signals present in the cytosolic domain of invariant chain. Generation of this endosomal targeting signal is also dependent on multimerization of the invariant chain cytosolic domain sequences, mediated through assembly of invariant chain into homotrimers. A small subset of invariant chain is modified by the addition of chondroitin sulfate and is expressed on the cell surface in association with MHCII. In the present study, we have followed the biosynthetic pathway and route of intracellular transport of this proteoglycan form of invariant chain. We found that the efficiency of chondroitin sulfate modification can be increased by altering the invariant chain amino acid sequence around Ser-201 to the xylosylation consensus sequence. Our results also indicate that, following sulfation, the proteoglycan form is transported rapidly from the trans-Golgi network to the cell surface and is degraded following internalization into an endocytic compartment. Invariant chain-chondroitin sulfate is present in invariant chain trimers that also include conventional non-proteoglycan forms of invariant chain. These data indicate that invariant chain-chondroitin sulfate-containing complexes are transported rapidly from the trans-Golgi network to the cell surface in spite of the presence of an intact endosomal localization signal. Furthermore, these results suggest that invariant chain-chondroitin sulfate may play an important role in the generation of cell-surface pools of invariant chain that can serve as receptors for CD44 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne S Arneson
- Department of Biology, American University, Hurst Hall 101, 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Binsky I, Haran M, Starlets D, Gore Y, Lantner F, Harpaz N, Leng L, Goldenberg DM, Shvidel L, Berrebi A, Bucala R, Shachar I. IL-8 secreted in a macrophage migration-inhibitory factor- and CD74-dependent manner regulates B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:13408-13. [PMID: 17686984 PMCID: PMC1948950 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701553104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a malignant disease of small mature lymphocytes. Previous studies have shown that CLL B lymphocytes express relatively large amounts of CD74 mRNA relative to normal B cells. In the present study, we analyzed the molecular mechanism regulated by CD74 in B-CLL cells. The results presented here show that activation of cell-surface CD74, expressed at high levels from an early stage of the disease by its natural ligand, macrophage migration-inhibition factor (MIF), initiates a signaling cascade that contributes to tumor progression. This pathway induces NF-kappaB activation, resulting in the secretion of IL-8 which, in turn, promotes cell survival. Inhibition of this pathway leads to decreased cell survival. These findings could form the basis of unique therapeutic strategies aimed at blocking the CD74-induced, IL-8- dependent survival pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Binsky
- *Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Haran
- Hematology Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, P.O. Box 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Diana Starlets
- *Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yael Gore
- *Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Frida Lantner
- *Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nurit Harpaz
- Hematology Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, P.O. Box 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - David M. Goldenberg
- Garden State Cancer Center, Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Belleville, NJ 07109
| | - Lev Shvidel
- Hematology Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, P.O. Box 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alain Berrebi
- Hematology Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, P.O. Box 1, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Idit Shachar
- *Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Peshes-Yaloz N, Rosen D, Sondel PM, Krammer PH, Berke G. Up-regulation of Fas (CD95) expression in tumour cells in vivo. Immunology 2007; 120:502-11. [PMID: 17343612 PMCID: PMC2265906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the function and regulation of Fas expression in tumours is poorly understood. Our laboratory has reported that cultured, low Fas-expressing tumours undergo massive, yet reversible, up-regulation of cell surface Fas expression when injected into mice. The present study was aimed at determining what causes this enhanced Fas expression and whether the newly expressed Fas functions as a death receptor. Newly expressed Fas is indeed capable of inducing apoptosis. Based on our observation that Fas induction is reduced when tumour cells are injected into immune-deficient mice, we propose that Fas up-regulation in vivo involves the host's immune system. Accordingly, Fas up-regulation occurs in vitro when low Fas-expressing tumour cells are cocultured with lymphoid cells. Furthermore ascitic fluid extracted from tumour-bearing mice trigger Fas up-regulation in low Fas expressing tumours. This last finding suggests that a soluble factor(s) mediates induction of Fas expression. The best candidate for this soluble factor is nitric oxide (NO) based on the following observations: the factor in the ascites is unstable; Fas expression is induced to a lesser degree after injection into inducible NO synthase (NOS)-deficient (iNOS(-/-)) mice when compared to control mice; similarly, coculture with iNOS(-/-) splenocytes induces Fas less effectively than coculture with control splenocytes; and finally, the NO donor SNAP induces considerable Fas up-regulation in tumours in vitro. Our model is that host lymphoid cells in response to a tumour increase NO synthesis, which in turn causes enhanced Fas expression in the tumour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naama Peshes-Yaloz
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhong D, Yu W, Bao M, Xu Z, Li L, Liu J. Molecular cloning and mRNA expression of duck invariant chain. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 110:293-302. [PMID: 16313970 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we identified a duck invariant chain (Ii) cDNA, named duck Ii-1, by RT-PCR and RACE. It was 1190 bp in length and contained a 669 bp open reading frame. An alternative transcript encoding a thyroglobulin (Tg)-containing form of Ii, named duck Ii-2, was also found in duck. The putative amino acid sequence of duck Ii-1 showed an 82% similarity to chicken Ii-1 and about 60% similarity to its mammalian homologues. The similarity of the Tg domain between duck and chicken Ii-2 was 96%, and about 70% between duck and mammalian Ii. The result of RT-PCR showed that Ii mRNA was extensively expressed in various tissues. High levels of both Ii-1 and Ii-2 mRNA were observed in the spleen and bursa of Fabricius. The predicted three-dimensional (3D) structures of duck Ii trimerization and Tg domain are similar to the corresponding regions of human Ii analyzed by comparative protein modeling. These findings indicate that the two isoforms of duck Ii, which strongly expressed in the major immune organs, share structural identity with human Ii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalian Zhong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Beswick EJ, Pinchuk IV, Minch K, Suarez G, Sierra JC, Yamaoka Y, Reyes VE. The Helicobacter pylori urease B subunit binds to CD74 on gastric epithelial cells and induces NF-kappaB activation and interleukin-8 production. Infect Immun 2006; 74:1148-55. [PMID: 16428763 PMCID: PMC1360328 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.2.1148-1155.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis associated with Helicobacter pylori infection is the result of both bacterial factors and the host response. We have previously shown that H. pylori binds to CD74 on gastric epithelial cells. In this study, we sought to identify the bacterial protein responsible for this interaction. H. pylori urease from a pool of bacterial surface proteins was found to coprecipitate with CD74. To determine how urease binds to CD74, we used recombinant urease A and B subunits. Recombinant urease B was found to bind directly to CD74 in immunoprecipitation and flow cytometry studies. By utilizing both recombinant urease subunits and urease B knockout bacteria, the urease B-CD74 interaction was shown to induce NF-kappaB activation and interleukin-8 (IL-8) production. This response was decreased by blocking CD74 with monoclonal antibodies. Further confirmation of the interaction of urease B with CD74 was obtained using a fibroblast cell line transfected with CD74 that also responded with NF-kappaB activation and IL-8 production. The binding of the H. pylori urease B subunit to CD74 expressed on gastric epithelial cells presents a novel insight into a previously unrecognized H. pylori interaction that may contribute to the proinflammatory immune response seen during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Room 2.300, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Starlets D, Gore Y, Binsky I, Haran M, Harpaz N, Shvidel L, Becker-Herman S, Berrebi A, Shachar I. Cell-surface CD74 initiates a signaling cascade leading to cell proliferation and survival. Blood 2006; 107:4807-16. [PMID: 16484589 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-11-4334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD74 is an integral membrane protein that was thought to function mainly as an MHC class II chaperone. However, CD74 was recently shown to have a role as an accessory-signaling molecule. Our studies demonstrated that CD74 regulates B-cell differentiation by inducing a pathway leading to the activation of transcription mediated by the NF-kappaB p65/RelA homodimer and its coactivator, TAF(II)105. Here, we show that CD74 stimulation with anti-CD74 antibody leads to an induction of a signaling cascade resulting in NF-kappaB activation, entry of the stimulated cells into the S phase, elevation of DNA synthesis, cell division, and augmented expression of BCL-X(L). These studies therefore demonstrate that surface CD74 functions as a survival receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Starlets
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Beswick EJ, Das S, Pinchuk IV, Adegboyega P, Suarez G, Yamaoka Y, Reyes VE. Helicobacter pylori-induced IL-8 production by gastric epithelial cells up-regulates CD74 expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:171-6. [PMID: 15972644 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD74, or the class II MHC-associated invariant chain, is best known for the regulation of Ag presentation. However, recent studies have suggested other important roles for this protein in inflammation and cancer studies. We have shown that CD74 is expressed on the surface of gastric cells, and Helicobacter pylori can use this receptor as a point of attachment to gastric epithelial cells, which lead to IL-8 production. This study investigates the ability of H. pylori to up-regulate one of its receptors in vivo and with a variety of gastric epithelial cell lines during infection with H. pylori. CD74 expression was increased dramatically on gastric biopsies from H. pylori-positive patients and gastric cell lines exposed to the bacteria. Gastric cells exposed to H. pylori-conditioned medium revealed that the host cell response was responsible for the up-regulation of CD74. IL-8 was found to up-regulate CD74 cell surface expression because blocking IL-8Rs or neutralizing IL-8 with Abs counteracted the increased expression of CD74 observed during infection with H. pylori. These studies demonstrate how H. pylori up-regulates one of its own receptors via an autocrine mechanism involving one of the products induced from host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Marsman M, Jordens I, Griekspoor A, Neefjes J. Chaperoning antigen presentation by MHC class II molecules and their role in oncogenesis. Adv Cancer Res 2005; 93:129-58. [PMID: 15797446 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(05)93004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumor vaccine development aimed at stimulating the cellular immune response focuses mainly on MHC class I molecules. This is not surprising since most tumors do not express MHC class II or CD1 molecules. Nevertheless, the most successful targets for cancer immunotherapy, leukemia and melanoma, often do express MHC class II molecules, which leaves no obvious reason to ignore MHC class II molecules as a mediator in anticancer immune therapy. We review the current state of knowledge on the process of MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation and subsequently discuss the consequences of MHC class II expression on tumor surveillance and the induction of an efficient MHC class II mediated antitumor response in vivo and after vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marije Marsman
- Division of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|