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Ma Y, Dumesny C, Dong L, Ang CS, Asadi K, Zhan Y, Nikfarjam M, He H. Inhibition of P21-activated kinases 1 and 4 synergistically suppresses the growth of pancreatic cancer by stimulating anti-tumour immunity. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:287. [PMID: 38797819 PMCID: PMC11129409 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the most lethal types of cancer, and KRAS oncogene occurs in over 90% of cases. P21-activated kinases (PAK), containing six members (PAK1 to 6), function downstream of KRAS. PAK1 and PAK4 play important roles in carcinogenesis, but their combinational effect remains unknown. In this study, we have determined the effect of dual inhibition of PAK1 and PAK4 in PDA progression using knockout (KO) cancer cell lines. METHODS Murine wild-type (WT) and PAK1KO pancreatic cancer cell lines were isolated from PAK1+/+ and PAK1-/- KPC (LSL-KrasG12D/+; LSL-Trp53 R172H/+; Pdx-1-Cre) mice. KPC PAK4KO and KPC PAK1&4 KO cell lines were generated from KPC WT and KPC PAK1KO cell lines respectively using the CRISPR-CAS9 gene knockout technique. PAK WT and KO cell lines were used in mouse models of pancreatic tumours. Cells and tumour tissue were also used in flow cytometry and proteomic studies. A human PDA tissue microarray was stained by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Double knock out of PAK1 and PAK4 caused complete regression of tumour in a syngeneic mouse model. PAK4KO inhibited tumour growth by stimulating a rapid increase of cytotoxic CD8+ T cell infiltration. PAK1KO synergistically with PAK4KO increased cytotoxic CD8+ T cell infiltration and stimulated a sustained infiltration of CD8+ T cells at a later phase to overcome the immune evasion in the PAK4KO tumour. The human PDA tissue microarray study showed the important role of PAK1 and PAK4 in intra-tumoral T-cell function. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that dual inhibition of PAK1 and PAK4 synergistically suppressed PDA progression by stimulating cytotoxic CD8 + T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ma
- Department of Surgery, Austin Precinct, University of Melbourne, Level 8, Lance Townsend Building, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of General Surgery, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Chelsea Dumesny
- Department of Surgery, Austin Precinct, University of Melbourne, Level 8, Lance Townsend Building, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Li Dong
- Department of Surgery, Austin Precinct, University of Melbourne, Level 8, Lance Townsend Building, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Khashayar Asadi
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Yifan Zhan
- Drug Discovery, Shanghai Huaota Biopharm, Shanghai, China
| | - Mehrdad Nikfarjam
- Department of Surgery, Austin Precinct, University of Melbourne, Level 8, Lance Townsend Building, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Hong He
- Department of Surgery, Austin Precinct, University of Melbourne, Level 8, Lance Townsend Building, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.
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Honikel MM, Olejniczak SH. Co-Stimulatory Receptor Signaling in CAR-T Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091303. [PMID: 36139142 PMCID: PMC9496564 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell engineering strategies have emerged as successful immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of human cancer. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy represents a prominent synthetic biology approach to re-direct the specificity of a patient's autologous T cells toward a desired tumor antigen. CAR-T therapy is currently FDA approved for the treatment of hematological malignancies, including subsets of B cell lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and multiple myeloma. Mechanistically, CAR-mediated recognition of a tumor antigen results in propagation of T cell activation signals, including a co-stimulatory signal, resulting in CAR-T cell activation, proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, and acquisition of effector functions. The importance of including a co-stimulatory domain in CARs was recognized following limited success of early iteration CAR-T cell designs lacking co-stimulation. Today, all CAR-T cells in clinical use contain either a CD28 or 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain. Preclinical investigations are exploring utility of including additional co-stimulatory molecules such as ICOS, OX40 and CD27 or various combinations of multiple co-stimulatory domains. Clinical and preclinical evidence implicates the co-stimulatory signal in several aspects of CAR-T cell therapy including response kinetics, persistence and durability, and toxicity profiles each of which impact the safety and anti-tumor efficacy of this immunotherapy. Herein we provide an overview of CAR-T cell co-stimulation by the prototypical receptors and discuss current and emerging strategies to modulate co-stimulatory signals to enhance CAR-T cell function.
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Mbonye U, Leskov K, Shukla M, Valadkhan S, Karn J. Biogenesis of P-TEFb in CD4+ T cells to reverse HIV latency is mediated by protein kinase C (PKC)-independent signaling pathways. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009581. [PMID: 34529720 PMCID: PMC8478230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The switch between HIV latency and productive transcription is regulated by an auto-feedback mechanism initiated by the viral trans-activator Tat, which functions to recruit the host transcription elongation factor P-TEFb to proviral HIV. A heterodimeric complex of CDK9 and one of three cyclin T subunits, P-TEFb is expressed at vanishingly low levels in resting memory CD4+ T cells and cellular mechanisms controlling its availability are central to regulation of the emergence of HIV from latency. Using a well-characterized primary T-cell model of HIV latency alongside healthy donor memory CD4+ T cells, we characterized specific T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathways that regulate the generation of transcriptionally active P-TEFb, defined as the coordinate expression of cyclin T1 and phospho-Ser175 CDK9. Protein kinase C (PKC) agonists, such as ingenol and prostratin, stimulated active P-TEFb expression and reactivated latent HIV with minimal cytotoxicity, even in the absence of intracellular calcium mobilization with an ionophore. Unexpectedly, inhibition-based experiments demonstrated that PKC agonists and TCR-mobilized diacylglycerol signal through MAP kinases ERK1/2 rather than through PKC to effect the reactivation of both P-TEFb and latent HIV. Single-cell and bulk RNA-seq analyses revealed that of the four known isoforms of the Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP, RasGRP1 is by far the predominantly expressed diacylglycerol-dependent isoform in CD4+ T cells. RasGRP1 should therefore mediate the activation of ERK1/2 via Ras-Raf signaling upon TCR co-stimulation or PKC agonist challenge. Combined inhibition of the PI3K-mTORC2-AKT-mTORC1 pathway and the ERK1/2 activator MEK prior to TCR co-stimulation abrogated active P-TEFb expression and substantially suppressed latent HIV reactivation. Therefore, contrary to prevailing models, the coordinate reactivation of P-TEFb and latent HIV in primary T cells following either TCR co-stimulation or PKC agonist challenge is independent of PKC but rather involves two complementary signaling arms of the TCR cascade, namely, RasGRP1-Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK1/2 and PI3K-mTORC2-AKT-mTORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Mbonye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (UM); (JK)
| | - Konstantin Leskov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Meenakshi Shukla
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Saba Valadkhan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (UM); (JK)
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Papa P, Whitefield B, Mortensen DS, Cashion D, Huang D, Torres E, Parnes J, Sapienza J, Hansen J, Correa M, Delgado M, Harris R, Hegde S, Norris S, Bahmanyar S, Plantevin-Krenitsky V, Liu Z, Leftheris K, Kulkarni A, Bennett B, Hur EM, Ringheim G, Khambatta G, Chan H, Muir J, Blease K, Burnett K, LeBrun L, Morrison L, Celeridad M, Khattri R, Cathers BE. Discovery of the Selective Protein Kinase C-θ Kinase Inhibitor, CC-90005. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11886-11903. [PMID: 34355886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The PKC-θ isoform of protein kinase C is selectively expressed in T lymphocytes and plays an important role in the T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-triggered activation of mature T cells, T cell proliferation, and the subsequent release of cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2). Herein, we report the synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of a novel series of PKC-θ inhibitors. Through a combination of structure-guided design and exploratory SAR, suitable replacements for the basic C4 amine of the original lead (3) were identified. Property-guided design enabled the identification of appropriately substituted C2 groups to afford potent analogs with metabolic stability and permeability to support in vivo testing. With exquisite general kinase selectivity, cellular inhibition of T cell activation as assessed by IL-2 expression, a favorable safety profile, and demonstrated in vivo efficacy in models of acute and chronic T cell activation with oral dosing, CC-90005 (57) was selected for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Papa
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brandon Whitefield
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Deborah S Mortensen
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Dan Cashion
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Dehua Huang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Eduardo Torres
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jason Parnes
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John Sapienza
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Joshua Hansen
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Matthew Correa
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mercedes Delgado
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Roy Harris
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sayee Hegde
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Stephen Norris
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sogole Bahmanyar
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Zheng Liu
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Katerina Leftheris
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ashutosh Kulkarni
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brydon Bennett
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Eun Mi Hur
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 86 Morris Avenue, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
| | - Garth Ringheim
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 86 Morris Avenue, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
| | - Godrej Khambatta
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Henry Chan
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jeffrey Muir
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kate Blease
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kelven Burnett
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Laurie LeBrun
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Lisa Morrison
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Maria Celeridad
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Roli Khattri
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brian E Cathers
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Wu B, Woo JS, Vila P, Jew M, Leung J, Sun Z, Srikanth S, Gwack Y. NKD2 mediates stimulation-dependent ORAI1 trafficking to augment Ca 2+ entry in T cells. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109603. [PMID: 34433025 PMCID: PMC8435239 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained activation of the Ca2+-release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel is pivotal for effector T cell responses. The mechanisms underlying this sustainability remain poorly understood. We find that plasma membrane localization of ORAI1, the pore subunit of CRAC channels, is limited in effector T cells, with a significant fraction trapped in intracellular vesicles. From a targeted screen, we identify an essential component of ORAI1+ vesicles, naked cuticle homolog 2 (NKD2). Mechanistically, NKD2, an adaptor molecule activated by signaling pathways downstream of T cell receptors, orchestrates trafficking and insertion of ORAI1+ vesicles to the plasma membrane. Together, our findings suggest that T cell receptor (TCR)-stimulation-dependent insertion of ORAI1 into the plasma membrane is essential for sustained Ca2+ signaling and cytokine production in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wu
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
| | - Jin Seok Woo
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
| | - Pamela Vila
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA,Present address: Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, 14445 Olive View Drive, Sylmar, CA 91342, USA
| | - Marcus Jew
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA,Present address: Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, 757 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer Leung
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA,Present address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Zuoming Sun
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sonal Srikanth
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA.
| | - Yousang Gwack
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA.
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Charab W, Rosenberger MG, Shivram H, Mirazee JM, Donkor M, Shekhar SR, Gjuka D, Khoo KH, Kim JE, Iyer VR, Georgiou G. IgG Immune Complexes Inhibit Naïve T Cell Proliferation and Suppress Effector Function in Cytotoxic T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713704. [PMID: 34447380 PMCID: PMC8383740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of circulating immune complexes are associated with autoimmunity and with worse prognoses in cancer. Here, we examined the effects of well-defined, soluble immune complexes (ICs) on human peripheral T cells. We demonstrate that IgG-ICs inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of a subset of naïve T cells but stimulate the division of another naïve-like T cell subset. Phenotypic analysis by multi-parameter flow cytometry and RNA-Seq were used to characterize the inhibited and stimulated T cells revealing that the inhibited subset presented immature features resembling those of recent thymic emigrants and non-activated naïve T cells, whereas the stimulated subset exhibited transcriptional features indicative of a more differentiated, early memory progenitor with a naïve-like phenotype. Furthermore, we show that while IgG1-ICs do not profoundly inhibit the proliferation of memory T cells, IgG1-ICs suppress the production of granzyme-β and perforin in cytotoxic memory T cells. Our findings reveal how ICs can link humoral immunity and T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Charab
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Matthew G. Rosenberger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Haridha Shivram
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Justin M. Mirazee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Moses Donkor
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Soumya R. Shekhar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Donjeta Gjuka
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kimberly H. Khoo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Jin Eyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Vishwanath R. Iyer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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He Y, Yang Z, Zhao CS, Xiao Z, Gong Y, Li YY, Chen Y, Du Y, Feng D, Altman A, Li Y. T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling promotes the assembly of RanBP2/RanGAP1-SUMO1/Ubc9 nuclear pore subcomplex via PKC-θ-mediated phosphorylation of RanGAP1. eLife 2021; 10:67123. [PMID: 34110283 PMCID: PMC8225385 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the sole and selective gateway for nuclear transport, and its dysfunction has been associated with many diseases. The metazoan NPC subcomplex RanBP2, which consists of RanBP2 (Nup358), RanGAP1-SUMO1, and Ubc9, regulates the assembly and function of the NPC. The roles of immune signaling in regulation of NPC remain poorly understood. Here, we show that in human and murine T cells, following T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, protein kinase C-θ (PKC-θ) directly phosphorylates RanGAP1 to facilitate RanBP2 subcomplex assembly and nuclear import and, thus, the nuclear translocation of AP-1 transcription factor. Mechanistically, TCR stimulation induces the translocation of activated PKC-θ to the NPC, where it interacts with and phosphorylates RanGAP1 on Ser504 and Ser506. RanGAP1 phosphorylation increases its binding affinity for Ubc9, thereby promoting sumoylation of RanGAP1 and, finally, assembly of the RanBP2 subcomplex. Our findings reveal an unexpected role of PKC-θ as a direct regulator of nuclear import and uncover a phosphorylation-dependent sumoylation of RanGAP1, delineating a novel link between TCR signaling and assembly of the RanBP2 NPC subcomplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiguo Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Si Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Xiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Yi Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqi Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunting Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dianying Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Amnon Altman
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, United States
| | - Yingqiu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Zinatizadeh MR, Schock B, Chalbatani GM, Zarandi PK, Jalali SA, Miri SR. The Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-kB) signaling in cancer development and immune diseases. Genes Dis 2021; 8:287-297. [PMID: 33997176 PMCID: PMC8093649 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) family of transcription factors plays an essential role as stressors in the cellular environment, and controls the expression of important regulatory genes such as immunity, inflammation, death, and cell proliferation. NF-kB protein is located in the cytoplasm, and can be activated by various cellular stimuli. There are two pathways for NF-kB activation, as the canonical and non-canonical pathways, which require complex molecular interactions with adapter proteins and phosphorylation and ubiquitinase enzymes. Accordingly, this increases NF-kB translocation in the nucleus and regulates gene expression. In this study, the concepts that emerge in different cellular systems allow the design of NF-kB function in humans. This would not only allow the development for rare diseases associated with NF-kB, but would also be used as a source of useful information to eliminate widespread consequences such as cancer or inflammatory/immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bettina Schock
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Ghanbar Mahmoodi Chalbatani
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1336616357, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, 1336616357, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Amir Jalali
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1336616357, Iran
| | - Seyed Rouhollah Miri
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, 1336616357, Iran
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Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome: An Integrative Review of the Pathophysiology, Molecular Drivers, and Targeted Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081931. [PMID: 33923722 PMCID: PMC8074086 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the last few years, the field of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas has experienced major advances. In the context of an active translational and clinical research field, next-generation sequencing data have boosted our understanding of the main molecular mechanisms that govern the biology of these entities, thus enabling the development of novel tools for diagnosis and specific therapy. Here, we focus on mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome; we review essential aspects of their pathophysiology, provide a rational mechanistic interpretation of the genomic data, and discuss the current and upcoming therapies, including the potential crosstalk between genomic alterations and the microenvironment, offering opportunities for targeted therapies. Abstract Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) constitute a heterogeneous group of diseases that affect the skin. Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS) account for the majority of these lesions and have recently been the focus of extensive translational research. This review describes and discusses the main pathobiological manifestations of MF/SS, the molecular and clinical features currently used for diagnosis and staging, and the different therapies already approved or under development. Furthermore, we highlight and discuss the main findings illuminating key molecular mechanisms that can act as drivers for the development and progression of MF/SS. These seem to make up an orchestrated constellation of genomic and environmental alterations generated around deregulated T-cell receptor (TCR)/phospholipase C, gamma 1, (PLCG1) and Janus kinase/ signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) activities that do indeed provide us with novel opportunities for diagnosis and therapy.
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Oh H, Zhao J, Grinberg-Bleyer Y, Postler TS, Wang P, Park SG, Rabadan R, Hayden MS, Ghosh S. PDK1 Is Required for Maintenance of CD4 + Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cell Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1776-1783. [PMID: 33789982 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells have an essential role in maintaining immune homeostasis, in part by suppressing effector T cell functions. Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) is a pleiotropic kinase that acts as a key effector downstream of PI3K in many cell types. In T cells, PDK1 has been shown to be critical for activation of NF-κB and AKT signaling upon TCR ligation and is therefore essential for effector T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. Using Treg cell-specific conditional deletion, we now demonstrate that PDK1 is also essential for Treg cell suppressive activity in vivo. Ablation of Pdk1 specifically in Treg cells led to systemic, lethal, scurfy-like inflammation in mice. Genome-wide analysis confirmed that PDK1 is essential for the regulation of key Treg cell signature gene expression and, further, suggested that PDK1 acts primarily to control Treg cell gene expression through regulation of the canonical NF-κB pathway. Consistent with these results, the scurfy-like phenotype of mice lacking PDK1 in Treg cells was rescued by enforced activation of NF-κB downstream of PDK1. Therefore, PDK1-mediated activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway is essential for regulation of Treg cell signature gene expression and suppressor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Oh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Jingyao Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Yenkel Grinberg-Bleyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Thomas S Postler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Pingzhang Wang
- Department of Systems Biology and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Sung-Gyoo Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Systems Biology and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Matthew S Hayden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032.,Section of Dermatology, Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032;
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11
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Zhang W, Le L, Ahmad G, Molehin AJ, Siddiqui AJ, Torben W, Karmakar S, Rojo JU, Sennoune S, Lazarus S, Khatoon S, Freeborn J, Sudduth J, Rezk AF, Carey D, Wolf RF, Papin JF, Damian R, Gray SA, Marks F, Carter D, Siddiqui AA. Fifteen Years of Sm-p80-Based Vaccine Trials in Nonhuman Primates: Antibodies From Vaccinated Baboons Confer Protection in vivo and in vitro From Schistosoma mansoni and Identification of Putative Correlative Markers of Protection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1246. [PMID: 32636844 PMCID: PMC7318103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in systems biology have shifted vaccine development from a largely trial-and-error approach to an approach that promote rational design through the search for immune signatures and predictive correlates of protection. These advances will doubtlessly accelerate the development of a vaccine for schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease that currently affects over 250 million people. For over 15 years and with contributions of over 120 people, we have endeavored to test and optimize Sm-p80-based vaccines in the non-human primate model of schistosomiasis. Using RNA-sequencing on eight different Sm-p80-based vaccine strategies, we sought to elucidate immune signatures correlated with experimental protective efficacy. Furthermore, we aimed to explore the role of antibodies through in vivo passive transfer of IgG obtained from immunized baboons and in vitro killing of schistosomula using Sm-p80-specific antibodies. We report that passive transfer of IgG from Sm-p80-immunized baboons led to significant worm burden reduction, egg reduction in liver, and reduced egg hatching percentages from tissues in mice compared to controls. In addition, we observed that sera from Sm-p80-immunized baboons were able to kill a significant percent of schistosomula and that this effect was complement-dependent. While we did not find a universal signature of immunity, the large datasets generated by this study will serve as a substantial resource for further efforts to develop vaccine or therapeutics for schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhang
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Loc Le
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Gul Ahmad
- Department of Natural Sciences, Peru State College, Peru, NE, United States
| | - Adebayo J. Molehin
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | | | - Workineh Torben
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University of Alexandria, Alexandria, LA, United States
| | - Souvik Karmakar
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Juan U. Rojo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Souad Sennoune
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Samara Lazarus
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Sabiha Khatoon
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Jasmin Freeborn
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Justin Sudduth
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Ashraf F. Rezk
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - David Carey
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Roman F. Wolf
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Oklahoma City VA Health Care System, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - James F. Papin
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Ray Damian
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Florian Marks
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Darrick Carter
- PAI Life Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Afzal A. Siddiqui
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
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12
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Li J, Li X, Song J, Yan B, Rock S, Jia J, Liu J, Wang C, Weiss T, Weiss HL, Gao T, Alam A, Evers BM. Absence of neurotensin attenuates intestinal dysbiosis and inflammation by maintaining Mmp7/α-defensin axis in diet-induced obese mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:8596-8610. [PMID: 32359121 PMCID: PMC7754978 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902374rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that high levels of plasma neurotensin (NT), a gut hormone released from enteroendocrine cells of the small bowel, contribute to obesity and comorbid conditions. Gut microbiota has been implicated in the obesity development. Paneth cells are critical in maintaining gut microbiota composition and homeostasis by releasing antimicrobial proteins including α-defensins. The purpose of our current study was to determine the possible role of NT in gut microbiota composition and α-defensin gene expression associated with obesity. Here we show that the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B ratio) and intestinal proinflammatory cytokines is significantly increased in NT+/+ mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) which were improved in NT-deficient mice. HFD disrupted the intestinal Mmp7/α-defensin axis, which was completely prevented in NT-/- mice. In addition, NT treatment inhibited DEFA5 expression and concurrent NF-κB activity, which was blocked by a pan PKC inhibitor (Gö6983) or an inhibitor for atypical PKCs (CRT0066854). More importantly, the shRNA-mediated knockdown of atypical PKCτ reversed NT-attenuated DEFA5 expression and increased NF-κB activity. NT contributes to the HFD-induced disruption of gut microbiota composition and α-defensin expression. PKCτ/λ plays a central role in NT-mediated α-defensin gene expression which might be mediated through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways in Paneth cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Xian Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Baoxiang Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stephanie Rock
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jianhang Jia
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chi Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Todd Weiss
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Heidi L. Weiss
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tianyan Gao
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ashfaqul Alam
- Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - B. Mark Evers
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Recent insights of T cell receptor-mediated signaling pathways for T cell activation and development. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:750-761. [PMID: 32439954 PMCID: PMC7272404 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation requires extracellular stimulatory signals that are mainly mediated by T cell receptor (TCR) complexes. The TCR recognizes antigens on major histocompatibility complex molecules with the cooperation of CD4 or CD8 coreceptors. After recognition, TCR-induced signaling cascades that propagate signals via various molecules and second messengers are induced. Consequently, many features of T cell-mediated immune responses are determined by these intracellular signaling cascades. Furthermore, differences in the magnitude of TCR signaling direct T cells toward distinct effector linages. Therefore, stringent regulation of T cell activation is crucial for T cell homeostasis and proper immune responses. Dysregulation of TCR signaling can result in anergy or autoimmunity. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the pathways that govern how the TCR complex transmits signals into cells and the roles of effector molecules that are involved in these pathways.
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14
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Érsek B, Silló P, Cakir U, Molnár V, Bencsik A, Mayer B, Mezey E, Kárpáti S, Pós Z, Németh K. Melanoma-associated fibroblasts impair CD8+ T cell function and modify expression of immune checkpoint regulators via increased arginase activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:661-673. [PMID: 32328671 PMCID: PMC7581550 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract This study shows that melanoma-associated fibroblasts (MAFs) suppress cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity and reveals a pivotal role played by arginase in this phenomenon. MAFs and normal dermal fibroblasts (DFs) were isolated from surgically resected melanomas and identified as Melan-A-/gp100-/FAP+ cells. CTLs of healthy blood donors were activated in the presence of MAF- and DF-conditioned media (CM). Markers of successful CTL activation, cytotoxic degranulation, killing activity and immune checkpoint regulation were evaluated by flow cytometry, ELISPOT, and redirected killing assays. Soluble mediators responsible for MAF-mediated effects were identified by ELISA, flow cytometry, inhibitor assays, and knock-in experiments. In the presence of MAF-CM, activated/non-naïve CTLs displayed dysregulated ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling, impeded CD69 and granzyme B production, impaired killing activity, and upregulated expression of the negative immune checkpoint receptors TIGIT and BTLA. Compared to DFs, MAFs displayed increased amounts of VISTA and HVEM, a known ligand of BTLA on T cells, increased l-arginase activity and CXCL12 release. Transgenic arginase over-expression further increased, while selective arginase inhibition neutralized MAF-induced TIGIT and BTLA expression on CTLs. Our data indicate that MAF interfere with intracellular CTL signaling via soluble mediators leading to CTL anergy and modify immune checkpoint receptor availability via l-arginine depletion. Graphic abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00018-020-03517-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Érsek
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, 4 Nagyvarad ter, VII/709, Budapest, 1089, Hungary.,Office for Research Groups Attached to Universities and Other Institutions of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1051, Hungary
| | - Pálma Silló
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Ugur Cakir
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Viktor Molnár
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - András Bencsik
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, 4 Nagyvarad ter, VII/709, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Balázs Mayer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Eva Mezey
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Sarolta Kárpáti
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Pós
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, 4 Nagyvarad ter, VII/709, Budapest, 1089, Hungary.
| | - Krisztián Németh
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
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Myers DR, Wheeler B, Roose JP. mTOR and other effector kinase signals that impact T cell function and activity. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:134-153. [PMID: 31402496 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T cells play important roles in autoimmune diseases and cancer. Following the cloning of the T cell receptor (TCR), the race was on to map signaling proteins that contributed to T cell activation downstream of the TCR as well as co-stimulatory molecules such as CD28. We term this "canonical TCR signaling" here. More recently, it has been appreciated that T cells need to accommodate increased metabolic needs that stem from T cell activation in order to function properly. A central role herein has emerged for mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In this review we briefly cover canonical TCR signaling to set the stage for discussion on mTOR signaling, mRNA translation, and metabolic adaptation in T cells. We also discuss the role of mTOR in follicular helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and other T cell subsets. Our lab recently uncovered that "tonic signals", which pass through proximal TCR signaling components, are robustly and selectively transduced to mTOR to promote baseline translation of various mRNA targets. We discuss insights on (tonic) mTOR signaling in the context of T cell function in autoimmune diseases such as lupus as well as in cancer immunotherapy through CAR-T cell or checkpoint blockade approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darienne R Myers
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Wheeler
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeroen P Roose
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Novel mutant mouse line emphasizes the importance of protein kinase C theta for CD4 + T lymphocyte activation. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:56. [PMID: 31138259 PMCID: PMC6537413 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The protein kinase C theta (PKCθ) has an important and non-redundant function downstream of the antigen receptor and co-receptor complex in T lymphocytes. PKCθ is not only essential for activation of NF-κB, AP-1 and NFAT and subsequent interleukin-2 expression, but also critical for positive selection and development of regulatory T lymphocytes in the thymus. Several domains regulate its activity, such as a pseudosubstrate sequence mediating an auto-inhibitory intramolecular interaction, the tandem C1 domains binding diacylglycerol, and phosphorylation at conserved tyrosine, threonine as well as serine residues throughout the whole length of the protein. To address the importance of the variable domain V1 at the very N-terminus, which is encoded by exon 2, a mutated version of PKCθ was analyzed for its ability to stimulate T lymphocyte activation. Methods T cell responses were analyzed with promoter luciferase reporter assays in Jurkat T cells transfected with PKCθ expression constructs. A mouse line expressing mutated instead of wild type PKCθ was analyzed in comparison to PKCθ-deficient and wild type mice for thymic development and T cell subsets by flow cytometry and T cell activation by quantitative RT-PCR, luminex analysis and flow cytometry. Results In cell lines, the exon 2-replacing mutation impaired the transactivation of interleukin-2 expression by constitutively active mutant form of PKCθ. Moreover, analysis of a newly generated exon 2-mutant mouse line (PKCθ-E2mut) revealed that the N-terminal replacement mutation results in an hypomorph mutant of PKCθ combined with reduced PKCθ protein levels in CD4+ T lymphocytes. Thus, PKCθ-dependent functions in T lymphocytes were affected resulting in impaired thymic development of single positive T lymphocytes in vivo. In particular, there was diminished generation of regulatory T lymphocytes. Furthermore, early activation responses such as interleukin-2 expression of CD4+ T lymphocytes were significantly reduced even though cell viability was not affected. Thus, PKCθ-E2mut mice show a phenotype similar to conventional PKCθ-deficient mice. Conclusion Taken together, PKCθ-E2mut mice show a phenotype similar to conventional PKCθ-deficient mice. Both our in vitro T cell culture experiments and ex vivo analyses of a PKCθ-E2-mutant mouse line independently validate the importance of PKCθ downstream of the antigen-receptor complex for activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0364-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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17
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Siegmund K, Thuille N, Posch N, Fresser F, Leitges M, Baier G. Novel mutant mouse line emphasizes the importance of protein kinase C theta for CD4 + T lymphocyte activation. Cell Commun Signal 2019. [PMID: 31138259 PMCID: PMC6537413 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0364-0#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protein kinase C theta (PKCθ) has an important and non-redundant function downstream of the antigen receptor and co-receptor complex in T lymphocytes. PKCθ is not only essential for activation of NF-κB, AP-1 and NFAT and subsequent interleukin-2 expression, but also critical for positive selection and development of regulatory T lymphocytes in the thymus. Several domains regulate its activity, such as a pseudosubstrate sequence mediating an auto-inhibitory intramolecular interaction, the tandem C1 domains binding diacylglycerol, and phosphorylation at conserved tyrosine, threonine as well as serine residues throughout the whole length of the protein. To address the importance of the variable domain V1 at the very N-terminus, which is encoded by exon 2, a mutated version of PKCθ was analyzed for its ability to stimulate T lymphocyte activation. METHODS T cell responses were analyzed with promoter luciferase reporter assays in Jurkat T cells transfected with PKCθ expression constructs. A mouse line expressing mutated instead of wild type PKCθ was analyzed in comparison to PKCθ-deficient and wild type mice for thymic development and T cell subsets by flow cytometry and T cell activation by quantitative RT-PCR, luminex analysis and flow cytometry. RESULTS In cell lines, the exon 2-replacing mutation impaired the transactivation of interleukin-2 expression by constitutively active mutant form of PKCθ. Moreover, analysis of a newly generated exon 2-mutant mouse line (PKCθ-E2mut) revealed that the N-terminal replacement mutation results in an hypomorph mutant of PKCθ combined with reduced PKCθ protein levels in CD4+ T lymphocytes. Thus, PKCθ-dependent functions in T lymphocytes were affected resulting in impaired thymic development of single positive T lymphocytes in vivo. In particular, there was diminished generation of regulatory T lymphocytes. Furthermore, early activation responses such as interleukin-2 expression of CD4+ T lymphocytes were significantly reduced even though cell viability was not affected. Thus, PKCθ-E2mut mice show a phenotype similar to conventional PKCθ-deficient mice. CONCLUSION Taken together, PKCθ-E2mut mice show a phenotype similar to conventional PKCθ-deficient mice. Both our in vitro T cell culture experiments and ex vivo analyses of a PKCθ-E2-mutant mouse line independently validate the importance of PKCθ downstream of the antigen-receptor complex for activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Siegmund
- 0000 0000 8853 2677grid.5361.1Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Peter Mayr Str. 1a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Thuille
- 0000 0000 8853 2677grid.5361.1Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Peter Mayr Str. 1a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nina Posch
- 0000 0000 8853 2677grid.5361.1Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Peter Mayr Str. 1a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Friedrich Fresser
- 0000 0000 8853 2677grid.5361.1Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Peter Mayr Str. 1a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Gottfried Baier
- 0000 0000 8853 2677grid.5361.1Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Peter Mayr Str. 1a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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19
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Xie J, Han X, Zhao C, Canonigo-Balancio AJ, Yates JR, Li Y, Lillemeier BF, Altman A. Phosphotyrosine-dependent interaction between the kinases PKCθ and Zap70 promotes proximal TCR signaling. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/577/eaar3349. [PMID: 30992398 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar3349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C-θ (PKCθ) is an important component of proximal T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. We previously identified the amino-terminal C2 domain of PKCθ as a phosphotyrosine (pTyr)-binding domain. Using a mutant form of PKCθ that cannot bind pTyr (PKCθHR2A), we showed that pTyr binding by PKCθ was required for TCR-induced T cell activation, proliferation, and TH2 cell differentiation but not for T cell development. Using tandem mass spectrometry and coimmunoprecipitation, we identified the kinase ζ-associated protein kinase of 70 kDa (Zap70) as a binding partner of the PKCθ pTyr-binding pocket. Tyr126 of Zap70 directly bound to PKCθ, and the interdomain B residues Tyr315 and Tyr319 were indirectly required for binding to PKCθ, reflecting their role in promoting the open conformation of Zap70. PKCθHR2A-expressing CD4+ T cells displayed defects not only in known PKCθ-dependent signaling events, such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation and TH2 cell differentiation, but also in full activation of Zap70 itself and in the activating phosphorylation of linker of activation of T cells (LAT) and phospholipase C-γ1 (PLCγ1), signaling proteins that are traditionally considered to be activated independently of PKC. These findings demonstrate that PKCθ plays an important role in a positive feedback regulatory loop that modulates TCR-proximal signaling and, moreover, provide a mechanistic explanation for earlier reports that documented an important role for PKCθ in T cell Ca2+ signaling. This PKCθ-Zap70 interaction could potentially serve as a promising and highly selective immunosuppressive drug target in autoimmunity and organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiji Xie
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xuemei Han
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chensi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yingqiu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Björn F Lillemeier
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis & Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Dorrington MG, Fraser IDC. NF-κB Signaling in Macrophages: Dynamics, Crosstalk, and Signal Integration. Front Immunol 2019; 10:705. [PMID: 31024544 PMCID: PMC6465568 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway is one of the best understood immune-related pathways thanks to almost four decades of intense research. NF-κB signaling is activated by numerous discrete stimuli and is a master regulator of the inflammatory response to pathogens and cancerous cells, as well as a key regulator of autoimmune diseases. In this regard, the role of NF-κB signaling in immunity is not unlike that of the macrophage. The dynamics by which NF-κB proteins shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus to initiate transcription have been studied rigorously in fibroblasts and other non-hematopoietic cells, but many questions remain as to how current models of NF-κB signaling and dynamics can be translated to innate immune cells such as macrophages. In this review, we will present recent research on the dynamics of NF-κB signaling and focus especially on how these dynamics vary in different cell types, while discussing why these characteristics may be important. We will end by looking ahead to how new techniques and technologies should allow us to analyze these signaling processes with greater clarity, bringing us closer to a more complete understanding of inflammatory transcription factor dynamics and how different cellular contexts might allow for appropriate control of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Dorrington
- Signaling Systems Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, DIR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Iain D C Fraser
- Signaling Systems Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, DIR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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21
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van Montfort T, van der Sluis R, Darcis G, Beaty D, Groen K, Pasternak AO, Pollakis G, Vink M, Westerhout EM, Hamdi M, Bakker M, van der Putten B, Jurriaans S, Prins JH, Jeeninga R, Thomas AAM, Speijer D, Berkhout B. Dendritic cells potently purge latent HIV-1 beyond TCR-stimulation, activating the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:97-108. [PMID: 30824386 PMCID: PMC6491380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The latent HIV-1 reservoir in treated patients primarily consists of resting memory CD4+ T cells. Stimulating the T-cell receptor (TCR), which facilitates transition of resting into effector T cells, is the most effective strategy to purge these latently infected cells. Here we supply evidence that TCR-stimulated effector T cells still frequently harbor latent HIV-1. Methods Primary HIV-1 infected cells were used in a latency assay with or without dendritic cells (DCs) and reversion of HIV-1 latency was determined, in the presence or absence of specific pathway inhibitors. Findings Renewed TCR-stimulation or subsequent activation with latency reversing agents (LRAs) did not overcome latency. However, interaction of infected effector cells with DCs triggered further activation of latent HIV-1. When compared to TCR-stimulation only, CD4+ T cells from aviremic patients receiving TCR + DC-stimulation reversed latency more frequently. Such a “one-two punch” strategy seems ideal for purging the reservoir. We determined that DC contact activates the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in CD4+ T cells. Interpretation This insight could facilitate the development of a novel class of potent LRAs that purge latent HIV beyond levels reached by T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs van Montfort
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, the Netherlands.
| | - Renée van der Sluis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Gilles Darcis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, the Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Liege University Hospital, Liege, Belgium
| | - Doyle Beaty
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin Groen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander O Pasternak
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, United Kingdom
| | - Monique Vink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen M Westerhout
- Department of Oncogenomics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Mohamed Hamdi
- Department of Oncogenomics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Margreet Bakker
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Boas van der Putten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Jurriaans
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Jan H Prins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Rienk Jeeninga
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Adri A M Thomas
- Department Developmental Biology, Faculty Beta-Science, Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, the Netherlands
| | - Dave Speijer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, the Netherlands
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22
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Fu X, Xu M, Song Y, Li Y, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhang C. Enhanced interaction between SEC2 mutant and TCR Vβ induces MHC II-independent activation of T cells via PKCθ/NF-κB and IL-2R/STAT5 signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19771-19784. [PMID: 30352872 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SEC2, a major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II)-dependent T-cell mitogen, binds MHC II and T-cell receptor (TCR) Vβs to induce effective co-stimulating signals for clonal T-cell expansion. We previously characterized a SEC2 mutant with increased recognition of TCR Vβs, ST-4, which could intensify NF-κB signaling transduction, leading to IL-2 production and T-cell activation. In this study, we found that in contrast to SEC2, ST-4 could induce murine CD4+ T-cell proliferation in a Vβ8.2- and Vβ8.3-specific manner in the absence of MHC II+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Furthermore, although IL-2 secretion in response to either SEC2 or ST-4 stimulation was accompanied by up-regulation of protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ), inhibitor of κB (IκB), α and β IκB kinase (IKKα/β), IκBα, and NF-κB in mouse splenocytes, only ST-4 could activate CD4+ T cells in the absence of MHC II+ APCs through the PKCθ/NF-κB signaling pathway. The PKCθ inhibitor AEB071 significantly suppressed SEC2/ST-4-induced T-cell proliferation, CD69 and CD25 expression, and IL-2 secretion with or without MHC II+ APCs. Further, SEC2/ST-4-induced changes in PKCθ/NF-κB signaling were significantly relieved by AEB071 in a dose-dependent manner. Using Lck siRNA, we found that Lck controlled SEC2/ST-4-induced phosphorylation of PKCθ. We also demonstrated that the IL-2R/STAT5 pathway is essential for SEC2/ST-4-induced T-cell activation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that an enhanced ST-4-TCR interaction can compensate for lack of MHC II and stimulate MHC II-free CD4+ T-cell proliferation via PKCθ/NF-κB and IL-2R/STAT5 signaling pathways. Compared with SEC2, intensified PKCθ/NF-κB and IL-2R/STAT5 signals induced by ST-4 lead to enhanced T-cell activation. The results of this study will facilitate better understanding of TCR-based immunotherapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhe Fu
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and.,the School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mingkai Xu
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
| | - Yubo Song
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
| | - Yongqiang Li
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
| | - Jinghai Zhang
- the School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chenggang Zhang
- From the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 WenHua Road, Shenyang 110016, China and
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23
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Dobenecker MW, Park JS, Marcello J, McCabe MT, Gregory R, Knight SD, Rioja I, Bassil AK, Prinjha RK, Tarakhovsky A. Signaling function of PRC2 is essential for TCR-driven T cell responses. J Exp Med 2018. [PMID: 29523590 PMCID: PMC5881460 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PRC2 is a known chromatin regulator. Here the authors show novel cytosolic components of PRC2 and that PRC2 inactivation results in attenuation of MAPK/Erk signaling and impaired T cell activation. Systemic PRC2 inhibition in vivo cures the autoimmune syndrome caused by regulatory T cell depletion. Differentiation and activation of T cells require the activity of numerous histone lysine methyltransferases (HMT) that control the transcriptional T cell output. One of the most potent regulators of T cell differentiation is the HMT Ezh2. Ezh2 is a key enzymatic component of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which silences gene expression by histone H3 di/tri-methylation at lysine 27. Surprisingly, in many cell types, including T cells, Ezh2 is localized in both the nucleus and the cytosol. Here we show the presence of a nuclear-like PRC2 complex in T cell cytosol and demonstrate a role of cytosolic PRC2 in T cell antigen receptor (TCR)–mediated signaling. We show that short-term suppression of PRC2 precludes TCR-driven T cell activation in vitro. We also demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of PRC2 in vivo greatly attenuates the severe T cell–driven autoimmunity caused by regulatory T cell depletion. Our data reveal cytoplasmic PRC2 is one of the most potent regulators of T cell activation and point toward the therapeutic potential of PRC2 inhibitors for the treatment of T cell–driven autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Werner Dobenecker
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Epigenetics and Signaling, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Joon Seok Park
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Epigenetics and Signaling, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Jonas Marcello
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Epigenetics and Signaling, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Now, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael T McCabe
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA
| | - Richard Gregory
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation TA, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, England, UK
| | - Steven D Knight
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA
| | - Inmaculada Rioja
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation TA, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, England, UK
| | - Anna K Bassil
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation TA, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, England, UK
| | - Rabinder K Prinjha
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation TA, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, England, UK
| | - Alexander Tarakhovsky
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Epigenetics and Signaling, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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24
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Unexpected positive control of NFκB and miR-155 by DGKα and ζ ensures effector and memory CD8+ T cell differentiation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:33744-64. [PMID: 27014906 PMCID: PMC5085116 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Signals from the T-cell receptor (TCR) and γ-chain cytokine receptors play crucial roles in initiating activation and effector/memory differentiation of CD8 T-cells. We report here that simultaneous deletion of both diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) α and ζ (DKO) severely impaired expansion of CD8 effector T cells and formation of memory CD8 T-cells after Listeria monocytogenes infection. Moreover, ablation of both DGKα and ζ in preformed memory CD8 T-cells triggered death and impaired homeostatic proliferation of these cells. DKO CD8 T-cells were impaired in priming due to decreased expression of chemokine receptors and migration to the draining lymph nodes. Moreover, DKO CD8 T-cells were unexpectedly defective in NFκB-mediated miR-155 transcript, leading to excessive SOCS1 expression and impaired γ-chain cytokine signaling. Our data identified a DGK-NFκB-miR-155-SOCS1 axis that bridges TCR and γ-chain cytokine signaling for robust CD8 T-cell primary and memory responses to bacterial infection.
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25
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Hage-Sleiman R, Hamze AB, El-Hed AF, Attieh R, Kozhaya L, Kabbani S, Dbaibo G. Ceramide inhibits PKCθ by regulating its phosphorylation and translocation to lipid rafts in Jurkat cells. Immunol Res 2017; 64:869-86. [PMID: 26798039 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-016-8787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C theta (PKCθ) is a novel, calcium-independent member of the PKC family of kinases that was identified as a central player in T cell signaling and proliferation. Upon T cell activation by antigen-presenting cells, PKCθ gets phosphorylated and activated prior to its translocation to the immunological synapse where it couples with downstream effectors. PKCθ may be regulated by ceramide, a crucial sphingolipid that is known to promote differentiation, growth arrest, and apoptosis. To further investigate the mechanism, we stimulated human Jurkat T cells with either PMA or anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies following induction of ceramide accumulation by adding exogenous ceramide, bacterial sphingomyelinase, or Fas ligation. Our results suggest that ceramide regulates the PKCθ pathway through preventing its critical threonine 538 (Thr538) phosphorylation and subsequent activation, thereby inhibiting the kinase's translocation to lipid rafts. Moreover, this inhibition is not likely to be a generic effect of ceramide on membrane reorganization. Other lipids, namely dihydroceramide, palmitate, and sphingosine, did not produce similar effects on PKCθ. Addition of the phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and calyculin A reversed the inhibition exerted by ceramide, and this suggests involvement of a ceramide-activated protein phosphatase. Such previously undescribed mechanism of regulation of PKCθ raises the possibility that ceramide, or one of its derivatives, and may prove valuable in novel therapeutic approaches for disorders involving autoimmunity or excessive inflammation-where PKCθ plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouba Hage-Sleiman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Asmaa B Hamze
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Global University, Batrakiyye, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aimée F El-Hed
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Randa Attieh
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lina Kozhaya
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sarah Kabbani
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Dbaibo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon.
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26
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Alharshawi K, Marinelarena A, Kumar P, El-Sayed O, Bhattacharya P, Sun Z, Epstein AL, Maker AV, Prabhakar BS. PKC-ѳ is dispensable for OX40L-induced TCR-independent Treg proliferation but contributes by enabling IL-2 production from effector T-cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6594. [PMID: 28747670 PMCID: PMC5529425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that OX40L/OX40 interaction is critical for TCR-independent selective proliferation of Foxp3+ Tregs, but not Foxp3- effector T-cells (Teff), when CD4+ T-cells are co-cultured with GM-CSF derived bone marrow dendritic cells (G-BMDCs). Events downstream of OX40L/OX40 interaction in Tregs responsible for this novel mechanism are not understood. Earlier, OX40L/OX40 interaction has been shown to stimulate CD4+ T-cells through the formation of a signalosome involving TRAF2/PKC-Ѳ leading to NF-kB activation. In this study, using CD4+ T-cells from WT and OX40-/- mice we first established that OX40 mediated activation of NF-kB was critical for this Treg proliferation. Although CD4+ T-cells from PKC-Ѳ-/- mice were also defective in G-BMDC induced Treg proliferation ex vivo, this defect could be readily corrected by adding exogenous IL-2 to the co-cultures. Furthermore, by treating WT, OX40-/-, and PKC-Ѳ-/- mice with soluble OX40L we established that OX40L/OX40 interaction was required and sufficient to induce Treg proliferation in vivo independent of PKC-Ѳ status. Although PKC-Ѳ is dispensable for TCR-independent Treg proliferation per se, it is essential for optimum IL-2 production by Teff cells. Finally, our findings suggest that OX40L binding to OX40 likely results in recruitment of TRAF1 for downstream signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Alharshawi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alejandra Marinelarena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Osama El-Sayed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Palash Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zuoming Sun
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ajay V Maker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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27
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Zhang D, Han S, Wang S, Luo Y, Zhao L, Li J. cPKCγ-mediated down-regulation of UCHL1 alleviates ischaemic neuronal injuries by decreasing autophagy via ERK-mTOR pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:3641-3657. [PMID: 28726275 PMCID: PMC5706506 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death in the world, but its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Both conventional protein kinase C (cPKC)γ and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) are neuron-specific proteins. In the models of 1-hr middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/24-hr reperfusion in mice and 1-hr oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)/24-hr reoxygenation in cortical neurons, we found that cPKCγ gene knockout remarkably aggravated ischaemic injuries and simultaneously increased the levels of cleaved (Cl)-caspase-3 and LC3-I proteolysis product LC3-II, and the ratio of TUNEL-positive cells to total neurons. Moreover, cPKCγ gene knockout could increase UCHL1 protein expression via elevating its mRNA level regulated by the nuclear factor κB inhibitor alpha (IκB-α)/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway in cortical neurons. Both inhibitor and shRNA of UCHL1 significantly reduced the ratio of LC3-II/total LC3, which contributed to neuronal survival after ischaemic stroke, but did not alter the level of Cl-caspase-3. In addition, UCHL1 shRNA reversed the effect of cPKCγ on the phosphorylation levels of mTOR and ERK rather than that of AMPK and GSK-3β. In conclusion, our results suggest that cPKCγ activation alleviates ischaemic injuries of mice and cortical neurons through inhibiting UCHL1 expression, which may negatively regulate autophagy through ERK-mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shizun Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlin Luo
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junfa Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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28
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Alexander PM, Caudell DL, Kucera GL, Pladna KM, Pardee TS. The novel phospholipid mimetic KPC34 is highly active against preclinical models of Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179798. [PMID: 28644853 PMCID: PMC5482463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Philadelphia chromosome positive B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) is an aggressive cancer of the bone marrow. The addition of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has improved outcomes but many patients still suffer relapse and novel therapeutic agents are needed. KPC34 is an orally available, novel phospholipid conjugate of gemcitabine, rationally designed to overcome multiple mechanisms of resistance, inhibit the classical and novel isoforms of protein kinase C, is able to cross the blood brain barrier and is orally bioavailable. KPC34 had an IC50 in the nanomolar range against multiple ALL cell lines tested but was lowest for Ph+ lines. In mice bearing either naïve or resistant Ph+ ALL, KPC34 treatment resulted in significantly improved survival compared to cytarabine and gemcitabine. Treatment with KPC34 and doxorubicin was more effective than doxorubicin and cytarabine. Mice with recurrence of their ALL after initial treatment with cytarabine and doxorubicin saw dramatic improvements in hind limb paralysis after treatment with KPC34 demonstrating activity against established CNS disease. Consistent with this KPC34 was better than gemcitabine at reducing CNS leukemic burden. These promising pre-clinical results justify the continued development of KPC34 for the treatment of Ph+ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Alexander
- Internal Medicine, Section on Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David L. Caudell
- Pathology-Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gregory L. Kucera
- Internal Medicine, Section on Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kristin M. Pladna
- Internal Medicine, Section on Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Timothy S. Pardee
- Internal Medicine, Section on Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
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29
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Sofi MH, Heinrichs J, Dany M, Nguyen H, Dai M, Bastian D, Schutt S, Wu Y, Daenthanasanmak A, Gencer S, Zivkovic A, Szulc Z, Stark H, Liu C, Chang YJ, Ogretmen B, Yu XZ. Ceramide synthesis regulates T cell activity and GVHD development. JCI Insight 2017; 2:91701. [PMID: 28515365 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is an effective immunotherapy for a variety of hematologic malignances, yet its efficacy is impeded by the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). GVHD is characterized by activation, expansion, cytokine production, and migration of alloreactive donor T cells. Hence, strategies to limit GVHD are highly desirable. Ceramides are known to contribute to inflammation and autoimmunity. However, their involvement in T-cell responses to alloantigens is undefined. In the current study, we specifically characterized the role of ceramide synthase 6 (CerS6) after allo-HCT using genetic and pharmacologic approaches. We found that CerS6 was required for optimal T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production in response to alloantigen and for subsequent induction of GVHD. However, CerS6 was partially dispensable for the T cell-mediated antileukemia effect. At the molecular level, CerS6 was required for efficient TCR signal transduction, including tyrosine phosphorylation, ZAP-70 activation, and PKCθ/TCR colocalization. Impaired generation of C16-ceramide was responsible for diminished allogeneic T cell responses. Furthermore, targeting CerS6 using a specific inhibitor significantly reduced T cell activation in mouse and human T cells in vitro. Our study provides a rationale for targeting CerS6 to control GVHD, which would enhance the efficacy of allo-HCT as an immunotherapy for hematologic malignancies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammed Dany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hung Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Min Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | | | | | - Yongxia Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | | | - Salih Gencer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Aleksandra Zivkovic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Zdzislaw Szulc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ying-Jun Chang
- Peking University People's Hospital and Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Predominant contribution of DGKζ over DGKα in the control of PKC/PDK‐1‐regulated functions in T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:549-563. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Insights for Oxidative Stress and mTOR Signaling in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury under Diabetes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6437467. [PMID: 28298952 PMCID: PMC5337354 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6437467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) displays a high morbidity. The diabetic heart is susceptible to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury. Impaired activation of prosurvival pathways, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, increased basal oxidative state, and decreased antioxidant defense and autophagy may render diabetic hearts more vulnerable to MI/R injury. Oxidative stress and mTOR signaling crucially regulate cardiometabolism, affecting MI/R injury under diabetes. Producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), uncoupling nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and disturbing the mitochondrial quality control may be three major mechanisms of oxidative stress. mTOR signaling presents both cardioprotective and cardiotoxic effects on the diabetic heart, which interplays with oxidative stress directly or indirectly. Antihyperglycemic agent metformin and newly found free radicals scavengers, Sirt1 and CTRP9, may serve as promising pharmacological therapeutic targets. In this review, we will focus on the role of oxidative stress and mTOR signaling in the pathophysiology of MI/R injury in diabetes and discuss potential mechanisms and their interactions in an effort to provide some evidence for cardiometabolic targeted therapies for ischemic heart disease (IHD).
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Heusinger E, Kirchhoff F. Primate Lentiviruses Modulate NF-κB Activity by Multiple Mechanisms to Fine-Tune Viral and Cellular Gene Expression. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:198. [PMID: 28261165 PMCID: PMC5306280 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) plays a complex role during the replication of primate lentiviruses. On the one hand, NF-κB is essential for induction of efficient proviral gene expression. On the other hand, this transcription factor contributes to the innate immune response and induces expression of numerous cellular antiviral genes. Recent data suggest that primate lentiviruses cope with this challenge by boosting NF-κB activity early during the replication cycle to initiate Tat-driven viral transcription and suppressing it at later stages to minimize antiviral gene expression. Human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV, respectively) initially exploit their accessory Nef protein to increase the responsiveness of infected CD4+ T cells to stimulation. Increased NF-κB activity initiates Tat expression and productive replication. These events happen quickly after infection since Nef is rapidly expressed at high levels. Later during infection, Nef proteins of HIV-2 and most SIVs exert a very different effect: by down-modulating the CD3 receptor, an essential factor for T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, they prevent stimulation of CD4+ T cells via antigen-presenting cells and hence suppress further induction of NF-κB and an effective antiviral immune response. Efficient LTR-driven viral transcription is maintained because it is largely independent of NF-κB in the presence of Tat. In contrast, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and its simian precursors have lost the CD3 down-modulation function of Nef and use the late viral protein U (Vpu) to inhibit NF-κB activity by suppressing its nuclear translocation. In this review, we discuss how HIV-1 and other primate lentiviruses might balance viral and antiviral gene expression through a tight temporal regulation of NF-κB activity throughout their replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Heusinger
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center Ulm, Germany
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NFκB-Pim-1-Eomesodermin axis is critical for maintaining CD8 T-cell memory quality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1659-E1667. [PMID: 28193872 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608448114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell memory is critical for long-term immunity. However, the factors involved in maintaining the persistence, function, and phenotype of the memory pool are undefined. Eomesodermin (Eomes) is required for the establishment of the memory pool. Here, we show that in T cells transitioning to memory, the expression of high levels of Eomes is not constitutive but rather requires a continuum of cell-intrinsic NFκB signaling. Failure to maintain NFκB signals after the peak of the response led to impaired Eomes expression and a defect in the maintenance of CD8 T-cell memory. Strikingly, we found that antigen receptor [T-cell receptor (TCR)] signaling regulates this process through expression of the NFκB-dependent kinase proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus-1 (PIM-1), which in turn regulates NFκB and Eomes. T cells defective in TCR-dependent NFκB signaling were impaired in late expression of Pim-1, Eomes, and CD8 memory. These defects were rescued when TCR-dependent NFκB signaling was restored. We also found that NFκB-Pim-1 signals were required at memory to maintain memory CD8 T-cell longevity, effector function, and Eomes expression. Hence, an NFκB-Pim-1-Eomes axis regulates Eomes levels to maintain memory fitness.
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34
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Immunological Disorders: Regulation of Ca 2+ Signaling in T Lymphocytes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 993:397-424. [PMID: 28900926 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57732-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of T cell receptors (TCRs) with cognate antigens triggers cascades of signaling pathways in helper T cells. TCR signaling is essential for the effector function of helper T cells including proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production. It also modulates effector T cell fate by inducing cell death, anergy (nonresponsiveness), exhaustion, and generation of regulatory T cells. One of the main axes of TCR signaling is the Ca2+-calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling pathway. Stimulation of TCRs triggers depletion of intracellular Ca2+ store and, in turn, activates store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) to raise the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. SOCE in T cells is mediated by the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels, which have been very well characterized in terms of their electrophysiological properties. Identification of STIM1 as a sensor to detect depletion of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ store and Orai1 as the pore subunit of CRAC channels has dramatically advanced our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of Ca2+ signaling in T cells. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of Ca2+ signaling in T cells with specific focus on the mechanism of CRAC channel activation and regulation via protein interactions. In addition, we will discuss the role of CRAC channels in effector T cells, based on the analyses of genetically modified animal models.
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Singh BK, Kambayashi T. The Immunomodulatory Functions of Diacylglycerol Kinase ζ. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:96. [PMID: 27656643 PMCID: PMC5013040 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of diacylglycerol (DAG) is critical for promoting immune cell activation, regulation, and function. Diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKζ) serves as an important negative regulator of DAG by enzymatically converting DAG into phosphatidic acid (PA) to shut down DAG-mediated signaling. Consequently, the loss of DGKζ increases DAG levels and the duration of DAG-mediated signaling. However, while the enhancement of DAG signaling is thought to augment immune cell function, the loss of DGKζ can result in both immunoactivation and immunomodulation depending on the cell type and function. In this review, we discuss how different immune cell functions can be selectively modulated by DGKζ. Furthermore, we consider how targeting DGKζ can be potentially beneficial for the resolution of human diseases by either promoting immune responses important for protection against infection or cancer or dampening immune responses in immunopathologic conditions such as allergy and septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenal K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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36
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Ertunc ME, Hotamisligil GS. Lipid signaling and lipotoxicity in metaflammation: indications for metabolic disease pathogenesis and treatment. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:2099-2114. [PMID: 27330055 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r066514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids encompass a wide variety of molecules such as fatty acids, sterols, phospholipids, and triglycerides. These molecules represent a highly efficient energy resource and can act as structural elements of membranes or as signaling molecules that regulate metabolic homeostasis through many mechanisms. Cells possess an integrated set of response systems to adapt to stresses such as those imposed by nutrient fluctuations during feeding-fasting cycles. While lipids are pivotal for these homeostatic processes, they can also contribute to detrimental metabolic outcomes. When metabolic stress becomes chronic and adaptive mechanisms are overwhelmed, as occurs during prolonged nutrient excess or obesity, lipid influx can exceed the adipose tissue storage capacity and result in accumulation of harmful lipid species at ectopic sites such as liver and muscle. As lipid metabolism and immune responses are highly integrated, accumulation of harmful lipids or generation of signaling intermediates can interfere with immune regulation in multiple tissues, causing a vicious cycle of immune-metabolic dysregulation. In this review, we summarize the role of lipotoxicity in metaflammation at the molecular and tissue level, describe the significance of anti-inflammatory lipids in metabolic homeostasis, and discuss the potential of therapeutic approaches targeting pathways at the intersection of lipid metabolism and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meric Erikci Ertunc
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02115
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Esensten JH, Helou YA, Chopra G, Weiss A, Bluestone JA. CD28 Costimulation: From Mechanism to Therapy. Immunity 2016; 44:973-88. [PMID: 27192564 PMCID: PMC4932896 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure, and biochemistry of CD28 and its ligands. CD28 signals play a key role in many T cell processes, including cytoskeletal remodeling, production of cytokines, survival, and differentiation. CD28 ligation leads to unique epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-translational changes in T cells that cannot be recapitulated by TCR ligation alone. We discuss the function of CD28 and its ligands in both effector and regulatory T cells. CD28 is critical for regulatory T cell survival and the maintenance of immune homeostasis. We outline the roles that CD28 and its family members play in human disease and we review the clinical efficacy of drugs that block CD28 ligands. Despite the centrality of CD28 and its family members and ligands to immune function, many aspects of CD28 biology remain unclear. Translation of a basic understanding of CD28 function into immunomodulatory therapeutics has been uneven, with both successes and failures. Such real-world results might stem from multiple factors, including complex receptor-ligand interactions among CD28 family members, differences between the mouse and human CD28 families, and cell-type specific roles of CD28 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Esensten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Ynes A Helou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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López-Huertas MR, Li J, Zafar A, Rodríguez-Mora S, García-Domínguez C, Mateos E, Alcamí J, Rao S, Coiras M. PKCθ and HIV-1 Transcriptional Regulator Tat Co-exist at the LTR Promoter in CD4(+) T Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:69. [PMID: 26973648 PMCID: PMC4770193 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PKCθ is essential for the activation of CD4+ T cells. Upon TCR/CD28 stimulation, PKCθ is phosphorylated and migrates to the immunological synapse, inducing the activation of cellular transcription factors such as NF-κB and kinases as ERK that are critical for HIV-1 replication. We previously demonstrated that PKCθ is also necessary for HIV-1 replication but the precise mechanism is unknown. Efficient HIV-1 transcription and elongation are absolutely dependent on the synergy between NF-κB and the viral regulator Tat. Tat exerts its function by binding a RNA stem-loop structure proximal to the viral mRNA cap site termed TAR. Besides, due to its effect on cellular metabolic pathways, Tat causes profound changes in infected CD4+ T cells such as the activation of NF-κB and ERK. We hypothesized that the aberrant upregulation of Tat-mediated activation of NF-κB and ERK occurred through PKCθ signaling. In fact, Jurkat TetOff cells with stable and doxycycline-repressible expression of Tat (Jurkat-Tat) expressed high levels of mRNA for PKCθ. In these cells, PKCθ located at the plasma membrane was phosphorylated at T538 residue in undivided cells, in the absence of stimulation. Treatment with doxycycline inhibited PKCθ phosphorylation in Jurkat-Tat, suggesting that Tat expression was directly related to the activation of PKCθ. Both NF-κB and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway were significantly activated in Jurkat-Tat cells, and this correlated with high transactivation of HIV-1 LTR promoter. RNA interference for PKCθ inhibited NF-κB and ERK activity, as well as LTR-mediated transactivation even in the presence of Tat. In addition to Tat-mediated activation of PKCθ in the cytosol, we demonstrated by sequential ChIP that Tat and PKCθ coexisted in the same complex bound at the HIV-1 LTR promoter, specifically at the region containing TAR loop. In conclusion, PKCθ-Tat interaction seemed to be essential for HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells and could be used as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rosa López-Huertas
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jasmine Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Anjum Zafar
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra , Canberra, ACT , Australia
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mora
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Carlota García-Domínguez
- Functional Research Unit in Chronic Diseases, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Elena Mateos
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Sudha Rao
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra , Canberra, ACT , Australia
| | - Mayte Coiras
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
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Jang SI, Ong HL, Liu X, Alevizos I, Ambudkar IS. Up-regulation of Store-operated Ca2+ Entry and Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells Promote the Acinar Phenotype of the Primary Human Salivary Gland Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8709-20. [PMID: 26903518 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.701607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathways involved in the generation and maintenance of exocrine gland acinar cells have not yet been established. Primary human salivary gland epithelial cells, derived from salivary gland biopsies, acquired an acinar-like phenotype when the [Ca(2+)] in the serum-free medium (keratinocyte growth medium, KGM) was increased from 0.05 mm (KGM-L) to 1.2 mm (KGM-H). Here we examined the mechanism underlying this Ca(2+)-dependent generation of the acinar cell phenotype. Compared with cells in KGM-L, those in KGM-H display enhancement of Orai1, STIM1, STIM2, and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1) expression together with an increase in store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE), SOCE-dependent nuclear translocation of pGFP-NFAT1, and NFAT-dependent but not NFκB-dependent gene expression. Importantly, AQP5, an acinar-specific protein critical for function, is up-regulated in KGM-H via SOCE/NFAT-dependent gene expression. We identified critical NFAT binding motifs in the AQP5 promoter that are involved in Ca(2+)-dependent up-regulation of AQP5. These important findings reveal that the Ca(2+)-induced switch of salivary epithelial cells to an acinar-like phenotype involves remodeling of SOCE and NFAT signaling, which together control the expression of proteins critically relevant for acinar cell function. Our data provide a novel strategy for generating and maintaining acinar cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Ing Jang
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, NIDCR/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | - Xibao Liu
- From the Secretory and Physiology Section and
| | - Ilias Alevizos
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, NIDCR/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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40
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Liu X, Berry CT, Ruthel G, Madara JJ, MacGillivray K, Gray CM, Madge LA, McCorkell KA, Beiting DP, Hershberg U, May MJ, Freedman BD. T Cell Receptor-induced Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB) Signaling and Transcriptional Activation Are Regulated by STIM1- and Orai1-mediated Calcium Entry. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8440-52. [PMID: 26826124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.713008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation following antigen binding to the T cell receptor (TCR) involves the mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) to activate the key transcription factors nuclear factor of activated T lymphocytes (NFAT) and NF-κB. The mechanism of NFAT activation by Ca(2+) has been determined. However, the role of Ca(2+) in controlling NF-κB signaling is poorly understood, and the source of Ca(2+) required for NF-κB activation is unknown. We demonstrate that TCR- but not TNF-induced NF-κB signaling upstream of IκB kinase activation absolutely requires the influx of extracellular Ca(2+) via STIM1-dependent Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+)/Orai channels. We further show that Ca(2+) influx controls phosphorylation of the NF-κB protein p65 on Ser-536 and that this posttranslational modification controls its nuclear localization and transcriptional activation. Notably, our data reveal that this role for Ca(2+) is entirely separate from its upstream control of IκBα degradation, thereby identifying a novel Ca(2+)-dependent distal step in TCR-induced NF-κB activation. Finally, we demonstrate that this control of distal signaling occurs via Ca(2+)-dependent PKCα-mediated phosphorylation of p65. Thus, we establish the source of Ca(2+) required for TCR-induced NF-κB activation and define a new distal Ca(2+)-dependent checkpoint in TCR-induced NF-κB signaling that has broad implications for the control of immune cell development and T cell functional specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corbett T Berry
- From the Departments of Pathobiology and the School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | | | | | | - Carolyn M Gray
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and
| | - Lisa A Madge
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and
| | - Kelly A McCorkell
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and
| | | | - Uri Hershberg
- the School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Michael J May
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and
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41
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Wi SM, Min Y, Lee KY. Charged MVB protein 5 is involved in T-cell receptor signaling. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e206. [PMID: 26821576 PMCID: PMC4892854 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Charged multivesicular body protein 5 (CHMP5) has a key role in multivesicular body biogenesis and a critical role in the downregulation of signaling pathways through receptor degradation. However, the role of CHMP5 in T-cell receptor (TCR)–mediated signaling has not been previously investigated. In this study, we utilized a short hairpin RNA-based RNA interference approach to investigate the functional role of CHMP5. Upon TCR stimulation, CHMP5-knockdown (CHMP5KD) Jurkat T cells exhibited activation of TCR downstream signaling molecules, such as PKCθ and IKKαβ, and resulted in the activation of nuclear factor-κB and the marked upregulation of TCR-induced gene expression. Moreover, we found that activator protein-1 and nuclear factor of activated T-cells transcriptional factors were markedly activated in CHMP5KD Jurkat cells in response to TCR stimulation, which led to a significant increase in interleukin-2 secretion. Biochemical studies revealed that CHMP5 endogenously forms high-molecular-weight complexes, including TCR molecules, and specifically interacts with TCRβ. Interestingly, flow cytometry analysis also revealed that CHMP5KD Jurkat T cells exhibit upregulation of TCR expression on the cell surface compared with control Jurkat T cells. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that CHMP5 might be involved in the homeostatic regulation of TCR on the cell surface, presumably through TCR recycling or degradation. Thus CHMP5 is implicated in TCR-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Mi Wi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Min
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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42
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Brezar V, Tu WJ, Seddiki N. PKC-Theta in Regulatory and Effector T-cell Functions. Front Immunol 2015; 6:530. [PMID: 26528291 PMCID: PMC4602307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major goals in immunology research is to understand the regulatory mechanisms that underpin the rapid switch on/off of robust and efficient effector (Teffs) or regulatory (Tregs) T-cell responses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of such responses is critical for the development of effective therapies. T-cell activation involves the engagement of T-cell receptor and co-stimulatory signals, but the subsequent recruitment of serine/threonine-specific protein Kinase C-theta (PKC-θ) to the immunological synapse (IS) is instrumental for the formation of signaling complexes, which ultimately lead to a transcriptional network in T cells. Recent studies demonstrated that major differences between Teffs and Tregs occurred at the IS where its formation induces altered signaling pathways in Tregs. These pathways are characterized by reduced recruitment of PKC-θ, suggesting that PKC-θ inhibits Tregs suppressive function in a negative feedback loop. As the balance of Teffs and Tregs has been shown to be central in several diseases, it was not surprising that some studies revealed that PKC-θ plays a major role in the regulation of this balance. This review will examine recent knowledge on the role of PKC-θ in T-cell transcriptional responses and how this protein can impact on the function of both Tregs and Teffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Brezar
- INSERM U955, Équipe 16 and Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est , Créteil , France ; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI) , Créteil , France
| | - Wen Juan Tu
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Maths, University of Canberra , Canberra, ACT , Australia
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- INSERM U955, Équipe 16 and Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est , Créteil , France ; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI) , Créteil , France
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43
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TCR-induced sumoylation of the kinase PKC-θ controls T cell synapse organization and T cell activation. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:1195-203. [PMID: 26390157 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sumoylation regulates many cellular processes, but its role in signaling via the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) remains unknown. We found that the kinase PKC-θ was sumoylated upon costimulation with antigen or via the TCR plus the coreceptor CD28, with Lys325 and Lys506 being the main sumoylation sites. We identified the SUMO E3 ligase PIASxβ as a ligase for PKC-θ. Analysis of primary mouse and human T cells revealed that sumoylation of PKC-θ was essential for T cell activation. Desumoylation did not affect the catalytic activity of PKC-θ but inhibited the association of CD28 with PKC-θ and filamin A and impaired the assembly of a mature immunological synapse and central co-accumulation of PKC-θ and CD28. Our findings demonstrate that sumoylation controls TCR-proximal signaling and that sumoylation of PKC-θ is essential for the formation of a mature immunological synapse and T cell activation.
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Abstract
The protein kinases C (PKCs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases involved in regulating multiple essential cellular processes such as survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Of particular interest is the novel, calcium-independent PKCθ which plays a central role in immune responses. PKCθ shares structural similarities with other PKC family members, mainly consisting of an N-terminal regulatory domain and a C-terminal catalytic domain tethered by a hinge region. This isozyme, however, is unique in that it translocates to the immunological synapse between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC) upon T cell receptor-peptide MHC recognition. Thereafter, PKCθ interacts physically and functionally with downstream effectors to mediate T cell activation and differentiation, subsequently leading to inflammation. PKCθ-specific perturbations have been identified in several diseases, most notably autoimmune disorders, and hence the modulation of its activity presents an attractive therapeutic intervention. To that end, many inhibitors of PKCs and PKCθ have been developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies. And although selectivity remains a challenge, results are promising for the future development of effective PKCθ inhibitors that would greatly advance the treatment of several T-cell mediated diseases.
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Tangvarasittichai S. Oxidative stress, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:456-480. [PMID: 25897356 PMCID: PMC4398902 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i3.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 688] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is increased in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and this appears to underlie the development of cardiovascular disease, T2DM and diabetic complications. Increased oxidative stress appears to be a deleterious factor leading to insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, β-cell dysfunction, impaired glucose tolerance and ultimately leading to T2DM. Chronic oxidative stress, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia are particularly dangerous for β-cells from lowest levels of antioxidant, have high oxidative energy requirements, decrease the gene expression of key β-cell genes and induce cell death. If β-cell functioning is impaired, it results in an under production of insulin, impairs glucose stimulated insulin secretion, fasting hyperglycemia and eventually the development of T2DM.
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Comet NR, Aguiló JI, Rathoré MG, Catalán E, Garaude J, Uzé G, Naval J, Pardo J, Villalba M, Anel A. IFNα signaling through PKC-θ is essential for antitumor NK cell function. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e948705. [PMID: 25960930 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.948705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the development of a major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-deficient tumor was favored in protein kinase C-θ knockout (PKC-θ-/-) mice compared to that occurring in wild-type mice. This phenomenon was associated with scarce recruitment of natural killer (NK) cells to the tumor site, as well as impaired NK cell activation and reduced cytotoxicity ex vivo. Poly-inosinic:cytidylic acid (poly I:C) treatment activated PKC-θ in NK cells depending on the presence of a soluble factor produced by a different splenocyte subset. In the present work, we sought to analyze whether interleukin-15 (IL-15) and/or interferon-α (IFNα) mediate PKC-θ-dependent antitumor NK cell function. We found that IL-15 improves NK cell viability, granzyme B expression, degranulation capacity and interferon-γ (IFNγ) secretion independently of PKC-θ. In contrast, we found that IFNα improves the degranulation capability of NK cells against target cancer cells in a PKC-θ-dependent fashion both ex vivo and in vivo. Furthermore, IFNα induces PKC-θ auto-phosphorylation in NK cells, in a signal transduction pathway involving both phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and phospholipase-C (PLC) activation. PKC-θ dependence was further implicated in IFNα-induced transcriptional upregulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10), a signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1)-dependent target of IFNα. The absence of PKC-θ did not affect IFNα-induced STAT-1 Tyr701 phosphorylation but affected the increase in STAT-1 phosphorylation on Ser727, attenuating CXCL10 secretion. This connection between IFNα and PKC-θ in NK cells may be exploited in NK cell-based tumor immunotherapy.
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Key Words
- CDK8, cyclin-dependent kinase 8
- CXCL10
- CXCL10, (C-X-C motif) ligand 10/CXCL10
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- IFN-α, IL-15
- IFNA1
- IFNα, interferon-α
- IFNγ, interferon-γ, IFNG
- IL-15, interleukin-15/IL15
- MACS, magnetic cell separation
- MEF, murine embryonic fibroblast
- MHC-I, major histocompability complex class I/MHC-I
- NK cells
- NK, natural killer
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
- PKC-θ
- PKC-θ, protein kinase C-θ, PRKCQ
- PLC, phospholipase-C
- Poly I:C, poly-inosinic:cytidilic acid
- RT-PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction
- STAT-1, signal transducer and activator of transcription-1/STAT1.
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia R Comet
- Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology ; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Aguiló
- Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology ; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Moeez G Rathoré
- INSERM U1040; Université de Montpellier 1; UFR Médecine ; Montpellier, France
| | - Elena Catalán
- Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology ; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Johan Garaude
- INSERM U1040; Université de Montpellier 1; UFR Médecine ; Montpellier, France
| | - Gilles Uzé
- CNRS UMR 5235; Université de Montpellier II; Place Eugene Bataillon ; Montpellier, France
| | - Javier Naval
- Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology ; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Immune Effector Cells Group; IIS Aragón; Biomedical Research Center of Aragón (CIBA); Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA); Zaragoza, Spain ; Aragón I+D Foundation (ARAID) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Martín Villalba
- INSERM U1040; Université de Montpellier 1; UFR Médecine ; Montpellier, France ; Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie (IRB); CHU Montpellier ; Montpellier, France
| | - Alberto Anel
- Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology ; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
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Chromatinized protein kinase C-θ directly regulates inducible genes in epithelial to mesenchymal transition and breast cancer stem cells. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:2961-80. [PMID: 24891615 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01693-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is activated during cancer invasion and metastasis, enriches for cancer stem cells (CSCs), and contributes to therapeutic resistance and disease recurrence. Signal transduction kinases play a pivotal role as chromatin-anchored proteins in eukaryotes. Here we report for the first time that protein kinase C-theta (PKC-θ) promotes EMT by acting as a critical chromatin-anchored switch for inducible genes via transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and the key inflammatory regulatory protein NF-κB. Chromatinized PKC-θ exists as an active transcription complex and is required to establish a permissive chromatin state at signature EMT genes. Genome-wide analysis identifies a unique cohort of inducible PKC-θ-sensitive genes that are directly tethered to PKC-θ in the mesenchymal state. Collectively, we show that cross talk between signaling kinases and chromatin is critical for eliciting inducible transcriptional programs that drive mesenchymal differentiation and CSC formation, providing novel mechanisms to target using epigenetic therapy in breast cancer.
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Joshi RP, Schmidt AM, Das J, Pytel D, Riese MJ, Lester M, Diehl JA, Behrens EM, Kambayashi T, Koretzky GA. The ζ isoform of diacylglycerol kinase plays a predominant role in regulatory T cell development and TCR-mediated ras signaling. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra102. [PMID: 24280043 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a critical second messenger that mediates T cell receptor (TCR)-stimulated signaling. The abundance of DAG is reduced by the diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs), which catalyze the conversion of DAG to phosphatidic acid (PA) and thus inhibit DAG-mediated signaling. In T cells, the predominant DGK isoforms are DGKα and DGKζ, and deletion of the genes encoding either isoform enhances DAG-mediated signaling. We found that DGKζ, but not DGKα, suppressed the development of natural regulatory T (T(reg)) cells and predominantly mediated Ras and Akt signaling downstream of the TCR. The differential functions of DGKα and DGKζ were not attributable to differences in protein abundance in T cells or in their localization to the contact sites between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. RasGRP1, a key DAG-mediated activator of Ras signaling, associated to a greater extent with DGKζ than with DGKα; however, in silico modeling of TCR-stimulated Ras activation suggested that a difference in RasGRP1 binding affinity was not sufficient to cause differences in the functions of each DGK isoform. Rather, the model suggested that a greater catalytic rate for DGKζ than for DGKα might lead to DGKζ exhibiting increased suppression of Ras-mediated signals compared to DGKα. Consistent with this notion, experimental studies demonstrated that DGKζ was more effective than DGKα at catalyzing the metabolism of DAG to PA after TCR stimulation. The enhanced effective enzymatic production of PA by DGKζ is therefore one possible mechanism underlying the dominant functions of DGKζ in modulating T(reg) cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan P Joshi
- 1Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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AChE and RACK1 promote the anti-inflammatory properties of fluoxetine. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 53:306-15. [PMID: 24258317 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) show anti-inflammatory effects, suggesting a possible interaction with both Toll-like-receptor 4 (TLR4) responses and cholinergic signaling through as yet unclear molecular mechanism(s). Our results of structural modeling support the concept that the antidepressant fluoxetine physically interacts with the TLR4-myeloid differentiation factor-2 complex at the same site as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We also demonstrate reduced LPS-induced pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells preincubated with fluoxetine. Furthermore, we show that fluoxetine intercepts the LPS-induced decreases in intracellular acetylcholinesterase (AChE-S) and that AChE-S interacts with the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB)-activating intracellular receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1). This interaction may prevent NFκB activation by residual RACK1 and its interacting protein kinase PKCβII. Our findings attribute the anti-inflammatory properties of SSRI to surface membrane interference with leukocyte TLR4 activation accompanied by intracellular limitation of pathogen-inducible changes in AChE-S, RACK1, and PKCβII.
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50
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Pakpour N, Camp L, Smithers HM, Wang B, Tu Z, Nadler SA, Luckhart S. Protein kinase C-dependent signaling controls the midgut epithelial barrier to malaria parasite infection in anopheline mosquitoes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76535. [PMID: 24146884 PMCID: PMC3795702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheline mosquitoes are the primary vectors of parasites in the genus Plasmodium, the causative agents of malaria. Malaria parasites undergo a series of complex transformations upon ingestion by the mosquito host. During this process, the physical barrier of the midgut epithelium, along with innate immune defenses, functionally restrict parasite development. Although these defenses have been studied for some time, the regulatory factors that control them are poorly understood. The protein kinase C (PKC) gene family consists of serine/threonine kinases that serve as central signaling molecules and regulators of a broad spectrum of cellular processes including epithelial barrier function and immunity. Indeed, PKCs are highly conserved, ranging from 7 isoforms in Drosophila to 16 isoforms in mammals, yet none have been identified in mosquitoes. Despite conservation of the PKC gene family and their potential as targets for transmission-blocking strategies for malaria, no direct connections between PKCs, the mosquito immune response or epithelial barrier integrity are known. Here, we identify and characterize six PKC gene family members--PKCδ, PKCε, PKCζ, PKD, PKN, and an indeterminate conventional PKC--in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the anopheline PKCs support most subfamily assignments. All six PKCs are expressed in the midgut epithelia of A. gambiae and A. stephensi post-blood feeding, indicating availability for signaling in a tissue that is critical for malaria parasite development. Although inhibition of PKC enzymatic activity decreased NF-κB-regulated anti-microbial peptide expression in mosquito cells in vitro, PKC inhibition had no effect on expression of a panel of immune genes in the midgut epithelium in vivo. PKC inhibition did, however, significantly increase midgut barrier integrity and decrease development of P. falciparum oocysts in A. stephensi, suggesting that PKC-dependent signaling is a negative regulator of epithelial barrier function and a potential new target for transmission-blocking strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazzy Pakpour
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren Camp
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Hannah M. Smithers
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Zhijian Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Nadler
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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