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Flajnik MF. The Janus (dual) model of immunoglobulin isotype evolution: Conservation and plasticity are the defining paradigms. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39223989 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The study of antibodies in jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) provides every immunologist with a bird's eye view of how human immunoglobulins (Igs) came into existence and subsequently evolved into their present forms. It is a fascinating Darwinian history of conservation on the one hand and flexibility on the other, exemplified by the Ig heavy chain (H) isotypes IgM and IgD/W, respectively. The cartilaginous fish (e.g., sharks) Igs provide a glimpse of "how everything got off the ground," while the amphibians (e.g., the model Xenopus) reveal how the adaptive immune system made an about face with the emergence of Ig isotype switching and IgG-like structure/function. The evolution of mucosal Igs is a captivating account of malleability, convergence, and conservation, and a call to arms for future study! In between there are spellbinding chronicles of antibody evolution in each class of vertebrates and rather incredible stories of how antibodies can adapt to occupy niches, for example, single-domain variable regions, cold-adapted Igs, convergent mechanisms to dampen antibody function, provision of mucosal defense, and many more. The purpose here is not to provide an encyclopedic examination of antibody evolution, but rather to hit the high points and entice readers to appreciate how things "came to be."
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Ko S, Hong S. Characterization of IgD and IgT with their expressional analysis following subtype II megalocytivirus vaccination and infection in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024:105248. [PMID: 39216776 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
In this study, heavy chain genes of IgD and IgT were sequenced and characterized their gene expression in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). Rock bream (RB)-IgD cDNA is 3319 bp in length and encodes a leader region, variable domains, a μ1 domain, and seven constant domains (CH1-CH7). A membrane-bound (mIgT) and secretory form (sIgT) of RB-IgT cDNAs are 1902 bp and 1689 bp in length, respectively, and encode a leader region, variable domains, four constant domains (CH1-CH4) and C-terminus. Their predicted 3D-structure and phylogenetic relation were similar to those of other teleost. In healthy fish, RB-IgD and mIgT gene expressions were higher in major lymphoid organs and blood, while RB-sIgT gene was more highly expressed in midgut. IgT expressing cells were detected in melano-macrophage centers (MMC) of head kidney in immunohistochemistry analysis. Under immune stimulation in vitro, RB-IgD and IgT gene expressions were upregulated in head kidney and spleen cells by bovine serum albumin or a rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) vaccine. In vivo, their expressions were significantly upregulated in head kidney, blood, and gill upon vaccination. Especially, RB-mIgT gene expression in head kidney and blood was upregulated at day 3 after vaccination while upregulated at earlier time point of day 1 by challenge with RBIV. This may suggest that memory cells might be produced during the primary response by vaccination and rapidly proliferated by secondary immune response by viral infection. RB-sIgT gene expression was highly upregulated in peripheral blood in vaccinated fish after viral infection, indicating that IgT plays an important role in systemic immune response as well as mucosal immune system. Our findings provide information on the role of RB-IgT in adaptive immunity during vaccination and viral infection in the vaccinated fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjae Ko
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Suhee Hong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea.
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Martinez-Barnetche J, Godoy-Lozano EE, Saint Remy-Hernández S, Pacheco-Olvera DL, Téllez-Sosa J, Valdovinos-Torres H, Pastelin-Palacios R, Mena H, Zambrano L, López-Macías C. Characterization of immunoglobulin loci in the gigantic genome of Ambystoma mexicanum. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1039274. [PMID: 36776846 PMCID: PMC9911811 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1039274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum is a unique biological model for complete tissue regeneration. Is a neotenic endangered species and is highly susceptible to environmental stress, including infectious disease. In contrast to other amphibians, the axolotl is particularly vulnerable to certain viral infections. Like other salamanders, the axolotl genome is one of the largest (32 Gb) and the impact of genome size on Ig loci architecture is unknown. To better understand the immune response in axolotl, we aimed to characterize the immunoglobulin loci of A. mexicanum and compare it with other model vertebrates. Methods The most recently published genome sequence of A. mexicanum (V6) was used for alignment-based annotation and manual curation using previously described axolotl Ig sequences or reference sequences from other vertebrates. Gene models were further curated using A. mexicanum spleen RNA-seq data. Human, Xenopus tropicalis, Danio rerio (zebrafish), and eight tetrapod reference genomes were used for comparison. Results Canonical A. mexicanum heavy chain (IGH), lambda (IGL), sigma (IGS), and the putative surrogate light chain (SLC) loci were identified. No kappa locus was found. More than half of the IGHV genes and the IGHF gene are pseudogenes and there is no clan I IGHV genes. Although the IGH locus size is proportional to genome size, we found local size restriction in the IGHM gene and the V gene intergenic distances. In addition, there were V genes with abnormally large V-intron sizes, which correlated with loss of gene functionality. Conclusion The A. mexicanum immunoglobulin loci share the same general genome architecture as most studied tetrapods. Consistent with its large genome, Ig loci are larger; however, local size restrictions indicate evolutionary constraints likely to be imposed by high transcriptional demand of certain Ig genes, as well as the V(D)J recombination over very long genomic distance ranges. The A. mexicanum has undergone an extensive process of Ig gene loss which partially explains a reduced potential repertoire diversity that may contribute to its impaired antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Martinez-Barnetche
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico,*Correspondence: Jesús Martinez-Barnetche, ; Constantino López-Macías,
| | | | - Stephanie Saint Remy-Hernández
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico,Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, Mexico
| | - Diana Laura Pacheco-Olvera
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico,Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, Mexico
| | - Juan Téllez-Sosa
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Humberto Valdovinos-Torres
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - Horacio Mena
- Laboratorio de Restauración Ecológica, Instituto de Biología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Luis Zambrano
- Laboratorio de Restauración Ecológica, Instituto de Biología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, Mexico,*Correspondence: Jesús Martinez-Barnetche, ; Constantino López-Macías,
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Wu S, Meng K, Wu Z, Sun R, Han G, Qin D, He Y, Qin C, Deng P, Cao J, Ji W, Zhang L, Xu Z. Expression analysis of Igs and mucosal immune responses upon SVCV infection in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 3:100048. [PMID: 36419606 PMCID: PMC9680059 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulin (Ig) is a crucial component of adaptive immune system in vertebrates including teleost fish. Here complete cDNA sequence of IgD heavy chain gene from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was cloned and analyzed. The full-length cDNA of IgD heavy chain gene contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 2460 bp encoding 813 amino acids. According to amino acids sequence, multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that carp Igs are closely related to those of Cyprinidae fish. Transcriptional expression of IgD as well as IgM, IgZ1 and IgZ2 showed similar expression patterns in different organs, this is, high expression level in systemic immune tissues (ie, head kidney, heart and spleen) and low expression in mucosal tissues (ie, gill, skin and gut). Following viral infection with spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV), obvious pathological changes in skin, gill and gut mucosa and up-regulated expression of antiviral related genes in skin, gill, gut and spleen were observed, indicating that SVCV successfully infected common carp and activated the systemic and mucosal immune system. Interestingly, IgM showed a significant up-regulation only in systemic tissue (spleen), but not in mucosal tissues (gut, gills and skin), while increased expression of IgZ1 and IgZ2 was found in gut. In contrast, the expression of IgD increased significantly in spleen, gills and skin. These strongly suggest that fish Ig isotypes play different roles in mucosal and systemic immunity during viral infection. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio); Igs; Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV)
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Jiang N, Fan Y, Zhou Y, Meng Y, Liu W, Li Y, Xue M, Robert J, Zeng L. The Immune System and the Antiviral Responses in Chinese Giant Salamander, Andrias davidianus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:718627. [PMID: 34675918 PMCID: PMC8524050 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese giant salamander, belonging to an ancient amphibian lineage, is the largest amphibian existing in the world, and is also an important animal for artificial cultivation in China. However, some aspects of the innate and adaptive immune system of the Chinese giant salamander are still unknown. The Chinese giant salamander iridovirus (GSIV), a member of the Ranavirus genus (family Iridoviridae), is a prominent pathogen causing high mortality and severe economic losses in Chinese giant salamander aquaculture. As a serious threat to amphibians worldwide, the etiology of ranaviruses has been mainly studied in model organisms, such as the Ambystoma tigrinum and Xenopus. Nevertheless, the immunity to ranavirus in Chinese giant salamander is distinct from other amphibians and less known. We review the unique immune system and antiviral responses of the Chinese giant salamander, in order to establish effective management of virus disease in Chinese giant salamander artificial cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuding Fan
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyang Xue
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Yoshinaga K, Oshio H, Prasetio B, Hayashida H, Maeda E, Matsumoto M. Four immunoglobulin isotypes and IgD splice variants in urodele amphibians. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103963. [PMID: 33301796 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, different families of urodele amphibians were thought to express distinct subsets of immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes. In this study, we explored cDNAs encoding Ig heavy-chains (H-chains) in three species of urodele amphibians. We found that Cynops pyrrhogaster, Pleurodeles waltl, and Ambystoma mexicanum each carry genes encoding four Ig H-chain isotypes, including IgM, IgY, IgD, and IgX, similar to those found in anuran amphibians. We also found that urodele IgDs have a long constant region similar to those found in anuran, reptiles, and bony fishes. We also found several putative IgD splice variants. Our findings indicated that P. waltl IgP is not a novel isotype but an IgD splice variant. Altogether, our findings indicate that IgD splice variants may be universally expressed among amphibian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yoshinaga
- Department of Biological and Chemical Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kumamoto College, Hirayama Shin-Machi 2627, Yatsushiro, Kumamoto, 866-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroto Oshio
- Department of Biological and Chemical Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kumamoto College, Hirayama Shin-Machi 2627, Yatsushiro, Kumamoto, 866-8501, Japan
| | - Billy Prasetio
- Department of Biological and Chemical Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kumamoto College, Hirayama Shin-Machi 2627, Yatsushiro, Kumamoto, 866-8501, Japan
| | - Haruka Hayashida
- Department of Biological and Chemical Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kumamoto College, Hirayama Shin-Machi 2627, Yatsushiro, Kumamoto, 866-8501, Japan
| | - Eriko Maeda
- Department of Biological and Chemical Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kumamoto College, Hirayama Shin-Machi 2627, Yatsushiro, Kumamoto, 866-8501, Japan
| | - Mizuki Matsumoto
- Department of Biological and Chemical Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kumamoto College, Hirayama Shin-Machi 2627, Yatsushiro, Kumamoto, 866-8501, Japan
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Oreste U, Ametrano A, Coscia MR. On Origin and Evolution of the Antibody Molecule. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020140. [PMID: 33578914 PMCID: PMC7916673 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Like many other molecules playing vital functions in animals, the antibody molecule possesses a complex structure with distinctive features. The structure of the basic unit, i.e., the immunoglobulin domain of very ancient origin is substantially simple. However, high complexity resides in the types and numbers of the domains composing the whole molecule. The emergence of the antibody molecule during evolution overturned the effectiveness of the organisms’ defense system. The particular organization of the coding genes, the mechanisms generating antibody diversity, and the plasticity of the overall protein structure, attest to an extraordinary successful evolutionary history. Here, we attempt to trace, across the evolutionary scale, the very early origins of the most significant features characterizing the structure of the antibody molecule and of the molecular mechanisms underlying its major role in recognizing an almost unlimited number of pathogens. Abstract The vertebrate immune system provides a powerful defense because of the ability to potentially recognize an unlimited number of pathogens. The antibody molecule, also termed immunoglobulin (Ig) is one of the major mediators of the immune response. It is built up from two types of Ig domains: the variable domain, which provides the capability to recognize and bind a potentially infinite range of foreign substances, and the constant domains, which exert the effector functions. In the last 20 years, advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and structural features of antibody in mammals and in a variety of other organisms have uncovered the underlying principles and complexity of this fundamental molecule. One notable evolutionary topic is the origin and evolution of antibody. Many aspects have been clearly stated, but some others remain limited or obscure. By considering a wide range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms through a literature survey about the topic, we have provided an integrated view of the emergence of antibodies in evolution and underlined the very ancient origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Oreste
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (U.O.); (A.A.)
| | - Alessia Ametrano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (U.O.); (A.A.)
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Coscia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (U.O.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-6132556
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Olivieri DN, Mirete-Bachiller S, Gambón-Deza F. Insights into the evolution of IG genes in Amphibians and reptiles. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103868. [PMID: 32949685 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins are essential proteins of the immune system to neutralize pathogens. Gene encoding B cell receptors and antibodies (Ig genes) first appeared with the emergence of early vertebrates having a jaw, and are now present in all extant jawed vertebrates, or Gnathostomata. The genes have undergone evolutionary changes. In particular, genomic structural changes corresponding to genes of the adaptive immune system were coincident or in parallel with the adaptation of vertebrates from the sea to land. In cartilaginous fish exist IgM, IgD/W, and IgNAR and in bony fish IgM, IgT, IgD. Amphibians and reptiles witnessed significant modifications both in the structure and orientation of IG genes. In particular, for these amphibians and Amniota that adapted to land, IgM and IgD genes were retained, but other isotypes arose, including genes for IgA(X)1, IgA(X)2, and IgY. Recent progress in high throughput genome sequencing is helping to uncover the IG gene structure of all jawed vertebrates. In this work, we review the work and present knowledge of immunoglobulin genes in genomes of amphibians and reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Olivieri
- Centro de Intelixencia Artificial, Ourense, Spain; ESEI, Dept. Informatics, Universidade de Vigo. As Lagoas S/n, Ourense, Spain.
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Sun Y, Huang T, Hammarström L, Zhao Y. The Immunoglobulins: New Insights, Implications, and Applications. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2019; 8:145-169. [PMID: 31846352 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs), as one of the hallmarks of adaptive immunity, first arose approximately 500 million years ago with the emergence of jawed vertebrates. Two events stand out in the evolutionary history of Igs from cartilaginous fish to mammals: (a) the diversification of Ig heavy chain (IgH) genes, resulting in Ig isotypes or subclasses associated with novel functions, and (b) the diversification of genetic and structural strategies, leading to the creation of the antibody repertoire we know today. This review first gives an overview of the IgH isotypes identified in jawed vertebrates to date and then highlights the implications or applications of five new recent discoveries arising from comparative studies of Igs derived from different vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China;
| | - Tian Huang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Mammary Bioreactor, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China;
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China;
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Development and validation of a bullfrog-immunoaffinity column clean-up for citrinin determination in red yeast rice. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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Xu J, Zhang X, Luo Y, Wan X, Yao Y, Zhang L, Yu Y, Ai T, Wang Q, Xu Z. IgM and IgD heavy chains of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco): Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis in response to bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:233-243. [PMID: 30300742 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three different immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes, namely IgM, IgD, and IgT/IgZ have been described in most teleost, among which IgM and IgT are considered crucial in systematic and mucosal immunity, respectively. However, some teleost have no IgT/IgZ and it is unclear how other Ig isotypes interact to perform immune-protective roles in both systematic and mucosal sites. In this study, the complete cDNA sequences of IgM and IgD heavy chains were cloned and analyzed from yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). The full-length cDNA of Pf-IgM and Pf-IgD heavy chains contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1710 and 2991 bp encoding a predicted protein of 570 and 997 amino acids, respectively. Tissue-specific expression analysis indicated that both IgM and IgD were highly expressed in kidney and spleen, and higher expression levels were found at zygote and 13th day post hatching during early development. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed IgM and IgD of yellow catfish are closely related to other fish of Siluriformes. Moreover, we also constructed the infection model of yellow catfish with bacteria (Flavobacterium columnare G4) for the first time to study the function of Pf-IgM and Pf-IgD heavy chain genes in immune response. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that significantly up-regulated expression of Pf-IgM was not only detected in liver and spleen, but also in mucosal tissues including skin and intestine, while Pf-IgD was just significantly increased in liver and spleen, which might suggest the main immune-protecting roles of IgM in mucosal tissues of yellow catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yanzhi Luo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xinyu Wan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yongtie Yao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430207, China
| | - Yunzhen Yu
- Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430207, China
| | - Taoshan Ai
- Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430207, China
| | - Qingchao Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde, 415000, China.
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Grogan LF, Robert J, Berger L, Skerratt LF, Scheele BC, Castley JG, Newell DA, McCallum HI. Review of the Amphibian Immune Response to Chytridiomycosis, and Future Directions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2536. [PMID: 30473694 PMCID: PMC6237969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal skin disease, chytridiomycosis (caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans), has caused amphibian declines and extinctions globally since its emergence. Characterizing the host immune response to chytridiomycosis has been a focus of study with the aim of disease mitigation. However, many aspects of the innate and adaptive arms of this response are still poorly understood, likely due to the wide range of species' responses to infection. In this paper we provide an overview of expected immunological responses (with inference based on amphibian and mammalian immunology), together with a synthesis of current knowledge about these responses for the amphibian-chytridiomycosis system. We structure our review around four key immune stages: (1) the naïve immunocompetent state, (2) immune defenses that are always present (constitutive defenses), (3) mechanisms for recognition of a pathogen threat and innate immune defenses, and (4) adaptive immune responses. We also evaluate the current hot topics of immunosuppression and immunopathology in chytridiomycosis, and discuss their respective roles in pathogenesis. Our synthesis reveals that susceptibility to chytridiomycosis is likely to be multifactorial. Susceptible amphibians appear to have ineffective constitutive and innate defenses, and a late-stage response characterized by immunopathology and Bd-induced suppression of lymphocyte responses. Overall, we identify substantial gaps in current knowledge, particularly concerning the entire innate immune response (mechanisms of initial pathogen detection and possible immunoevasion by Bd, degree of activation and efficacy of the innate immune response, the unexpected absence of innate leukocyte infiltration, and the cause and role of late-stage immunopathology in pathogenesis). There are also gaps concerning most of the adaptive immune system (the relative importance of B and T cell responses for pathogen clearance, the capacity and extent of immunological memory, and specific mechanisms of pathogen-induced immunosuppression). Improving our capacity for amphibian immunological research will require selection of an appropriate Bd-susceptible model species, the development of taxon-specific affinity reagents and cell lines for functional assays, and the application of a suite of conventional and emerging immunological methods. Despite current knowledge gaps, immunological research remains a promising avenue for amphibian conservation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Grogan
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacques Robert
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Lee Berger
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin C Scheele
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Threatened Species Recovery Hub, National Environmental Science Program, Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - J Guy Castley
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - David A Newell
- Forest Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamish I McCallum
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
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13
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Abstract
The adaptive immune system arose 500 million years ago in ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates. Classically, the adaptive immune system has been defined by the presence of lymphocytes expressing recombination-activating gene (RAG)-dependent antigen receptors and the MHC. These features are found in all jawed vertebrates, including cartilaginous and bony fish, amphibians and reptiles and are most likely also found in the oldest class of jawed vertebrates, the extinct placoderms. However, with the discovery of an adaptive immune system in jawless fish based on an entirely different set of antigen receptors - the variable lymphocyte receptors - the divergence of T and B cells, and perhaps innate-like lymphocytes, goes back to the origin of all vertebrates. This Review explores how recent developments in comparative immunology have furthered our understanding of the origins and function of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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14
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Hellman LT, Akula S, Thorpe M, Fu Z. Tracing the Origins of IgE, Mast Cells, and Allergies by Studies of Wild Animals. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1749. [PMID: 29312297 PMCID: PMC5742104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In most industrialized countries, allergies have increased in frequency quite dramatically during the past 50 years. Estimates show that 20–30% of the populations are affected. Allergies have thereby become one of the major medical challenges of the twenty-first century. Despite several theories including the hygiene hypothesis, there are still very few solid clues concerning the causes of this increase. To trace the origins of allergies, we have studied cells and molecules of importance for the development of IgE-mediated allergies, including the repertoire of immunoglobulin genes. These studies have shown that IgE and IgG most likely appeared by a gene duplication of IgY in an early mammal, possibly 220–300 million years ago. Receptors specific for IgE and IgG subsequently appeared in parallel with the increase in Ig isotypes from a subfamily of the recently identified Fc receptor-like molecules. Circulating IgE levels are generally very low in humans and laboratory rodents. However, when dogs and Scandinavian wolfs were analyzed, IgE levels were found to be 100–200 times higher compared to humans, indicating a generally much more active IgE synthesis in free-living animals, most likely connected to intestinal parasite infections. One of the major effector molecules released upon IgE-mediated activation by mast cells are serine proteases. These proteases, which belong to the large family of hematopoietic serine proteases, are extremely abundant and can account for up to 35% of the total cellular protein. Recent studies show that several of these enzymes, including the chymases and tryptases, are old. Ancestors for these enzymes were most likely present in an early mammal more than 200 million years ago before the separation of the three extant mammalian lineages; monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals. The aim is now to continue these studies of mast cell biology and IgE to obtain additional clues to their evolutionary conserved functions. A focus concerns why the humoral immune response involving IgE and mast cells have become so dysregulated in humans as well as several of our domestic companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Torkel Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Srinivas Akula
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Thorpe
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhirong Fu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Abstract
We describe the domestication of the species, explore its value to agriculture and bioscience, and compare its immunoglobulin (Ig) genes to those of other vertebrates. For encyclopedic information, we cite earlier reviews and chapters. We provide current gene maps for the heavy and light chain loci and describe their polygeny and polymorphy. B-cell and antibody repertoire development is a major focus, and we present findings that challenge several mouse-centric paradigms. We focus special attention on the role of ileal Peyer's patches, the largest secondary lymphoid tissues in newborn piglets and a feature of all artiodactyls. We believe swine fetal development and early class switch evolved to provide natural secretory IgA antibodies able to prevent translocation of bacteria from the gut while the bacterial PAMPs drive development of adaptive immunity. We discuss the value of using the isolator piglet model to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Butler
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242;
| | - Nancy Wertz
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242;
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
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16
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Han B, Li Y, Han H, Zhao Y, Pan Q, Ren L. Three IgH isotypes, IgM, IgA and IgY are expressed in Gentoo penguin and zebra finch. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173334. [PMID: 28403146 PMCID: PMC5389807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on a limited number of birds suggested that the IgD-encoding gene was absent in birds. However, one of our recent studies showed that the gene was definitely expressed in the ostrich and emu. Interestingly, we also identified subclass diversification of IgM and IgY in these two birds. To better understand immunoglobulin genes in birds, in this study, we analyzed the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) and Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua), belonging respectively to the order Passeriformes, the most successful bird order in terms of species diversity and numbers, and Sphenisciformes, a relatively primitive avian order. Similar to the results obtained in chickens and ducks, only three genes encoding immunoglobulin heavy chain isotypes, IgM, IgA and IgY, were identified in both species. Besides, we detected a transcript encoding a short membrane-bound IgA lacking the last two CH exons in the Gentoo penguin. We did not find any evidence supporting the presence of IgD gene or subclass diversification of IgM/IgY in penguin or zebra finch. The obtained data in our study provide more insights into the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in birds and may help to better understand the evolution of immunoglobulin genes in tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyue Han
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Haitang Han
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qingjie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (LR); (QP)
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (LR); (QP)
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17
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Zhang X, Calvert RA, Sutton BJ, Doré KA. IgY: a key isotype in antibody evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 92:2144-2156. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine; Northwest A&F University; Yangling 712100 China
| | - Rosaleen A. Calvert
- The Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London; London SE1 1UL U.K
| | - Brian J. Sutton
- The Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London; London SE1 1UL U.K
| | - Katy A. Doré
- The Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London; London SE1 1UL U.K
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18
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Buonocore F, Stocchi V, Nunez-Ortiz N, Randelli E, Gerdol M, Pallavicini A, Facchiano A, Bernini C, Guerra L, Scapigliati G, Picchietti S. Immunoglobulin T from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): molecular characterization, tissue localization and expression after nodavirus infection. BMC Mol Biol 2017; 18:8. [PMID: 28298204 PMCID: PMC5353873 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-017-0085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunoglobulins (Igs) are fundamental components of the adaptive immune system of vertebrates, with the IgT/IgZ isotype specific of Teleosts. In this paper we describe the identification of an IgT heavy chain from the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), its molecular characterization and tissue mRNA localization by in situ hybridization. Results Sea bass IgT consists of 552 aa (Accession Number KM410929) and it contains a putative 19 amino acids long signal peptide and one potential N-glycosylation site. The C-region consists of four CH domains; each contains the cysteine and tryptophan residues required for their correct folding. Based on the recent sequencing of sea bass genome, we have identified five different genomic contigs bearing exons unequivocally pertaining to IgT (CH2, CH3 and CH4), but none corresponded to a complete IgH locus as IgT sequences were found in the highly fragmented assembled genomic regions which could not be assigned to any major scaffold. The 3D structure of sea bass IgT has been modelled using the crystal structure of a mouse Ig gamma as a template, thus showing that the amino acid sequence is suitable for the expected topology referred to an immunoglobulin-like architecture. The basal expression of sea bass IgT and IgM in different organs has been analysed: gut and gills, important mucosal organs, showed high IgT transcripts levels and this was the first indication of the possible involvement of sea bass IgT in mucosal immune responses. Moreover, sea bass IgT expression increased in gills and spleen after infection with nodavirus, highlighting the importance of IgT in sea bass immune responses. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of IgT transcripts in the gut and it revealed a differential expression along the intestinal tract, with a major expression in the posterior intestine, suggesting the hindgut as a site for the recruitment of IgT+ cells in this species. IgT transcripts were also found in gill filaments and parallel lamellae and, for the first time, we identified scattered IgT positive cells in the liver, with a strong signal in the hepatic parenchyma. Conclusions In conclusion, we performed a full molecular characterization of IgT in sea bass that points out its possible involvement in mucosal immune responses of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy.
| | - Valentina Stocchi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Noelia Nunez-Ortiz
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Elisa Randelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, TS, Italy
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, TS, Italy
| | - Angelo Facchiano
- Institute of Food Science, CNR, Via Roma, 64, 83100, Avellino, AV, Italy
| | - Chiara Bernini
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Laura Guerra
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scapigliati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 05100, Viterbo, VT, Italy
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19
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Marra NJ, Richards VP, Early A, Bogdanowicz SM, Pavinski Bitar PD, Stanhope MJ, Shivji MS. Comparative transcriptomics of elasmobranchs and teleosts highlight important processes in adaptive immunity and regional endothermy. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:87. [PMID: 28132643 PMCID: PMC5278576 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparative genomic and/or transcriptomic analyses involving elasmobranchs remain limited, with genome level comparisons of the elasmobranch immune system to that of higher vertebrates, non-existent. This paper reports a comparative RNA-seq analysis of heart tissue from seven species, including four elasmobranchs and three teleosts, focusing on immunity, but concomitantly seeking to identify genetic similarities shared by the two lamnid sharks and the single billfish in our study, which could be linked to convergent evolution of regional endothermy. RESULTS Across seven species, we identified an average of 10,877 Swiss-Prot annotated genes from an average of 32,474 open reading frames within each species' heart transcriptome. About half of these genes were shared between all species while the remainder included functional differences between our groups of interest (elasmobranch vs. teleost and endotherms vs. ectotherms) as revealed by Gene Ontology (GO) and selection analyses. A repeatedly represented functional category, in both the uniquely expressed elasmobranch genes (total of 259) and the elasmobranch GO enrichment results, involved antibody-mediated immunity, either in the recruitment of immune cells (Fc receptors) or in antigen presentation, including such terms as "antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II", and such genes as MHC class II, HLA-DPB1. Molecular adaptation analyses identified three genes in elasmobranchs with a history of positive selection, including legumain (LGMN), a gene with roles in both innate and adaptive immunity including producing antigens for presentation by MHC class II. Comparisons between the endothermic and ectothermic species revealed an enrichment of GO terms associated with cardiac muscle contraction in endotherms, with 19 genes expressed solely in endotherms, several of which have significant roles in lipid and fat metabolism. CONCLUSIONS This collective comparative evidence provides the first multi-taxa transcriptomic-based perspective on differences between elasmobranchs and teleosts, and suggests various unique features associated with the adaptive immune system of elasmobranchs, pointing in particular to the potential importance of MHC Class II. This in turn suggests that expanded comparative work involving additional tissues, as well as genome sequencing of multiple elasmobranch species would be productive in elucidating the regulatory and genome architectural hallmarks of elasmobranchs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Marra
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Save Our Seas Shark Research Center and Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, 8000 North Ocean Drive, Dania Beach, FL, 33004, USA
| | - Vincent P Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Angela Early
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Steve M Bogdanowicz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Paulina D Pavinski Bitar
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Michael J Stanhope
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Mahmood S Shivji
- Save Our Seas Shark Research Center and Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, 8000 North Ocean Drive, Dania Beach, FL, 33004, USA.
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20
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Basu M, Lenka SS, Paichha M, Swain B, Patel B, Banerjee R, Jayasankar P, Das S, Samanta M. Immunoglobulin (Ig) D in Labeo rohita is widely expressed and differentially modulated in viral, bacterial and parasitic antigenic challenges. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 179:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Huang T, Wu K, Yuan X, Shao S, Wang W, Wei S, Cao G. Molecular analysis of the immunoglobulin genes in goose. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 60:160-166. [PMID: 26921669 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins play an important role in adaptive immune system as defense molecules against pathogens. However, our knowledge on avian immunoglobulin genes has been limited to a few species. In this study, we analyzed goose (Anser cygnoides orientalis) immunoglobulin genes. Three IgH classes including IgM, IgA, IgY and λ light chain were identified. The IgM and IgA heavy chain constant regions are characteristically similar to their counterparts described in other vertebrates. In addition to the classic Ig isotypes, we also detected a transcript that encoded a truncated form of IgY (IgY(ΔFc)) in goose. Similar to duck, the IgY(ΔFc) in goose was generated by using different transcriptional termination signal of the same υ gene. Limited variability and only one leader peptide were observed in VH and VL domains, which suggested that gene conversion was the primary mechanism involved in goose antibody diversity. Our study provides more insights into the immunoglobulin genes in goose that had not been fully explored before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Huang
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China; Institute of Bioengineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Kun Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Yuan
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China; Institute of Bioengineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Shuai Shao
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China; Institute of Bioengineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - WenYuan Wang
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China; Institute of Bioengineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Si Wei
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China; Institute of Bioengineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Gengsheng Cao
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China; Institute of Bioengineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China.
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22
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Olivieri DN, Garet E, Estevez O, Sánchez-Espinel C, Gambón-Deza F. Genomic structure and expression of immunoglobulins in Squamata. Mol Immunol 2016; 72:81-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Fonte C, Gruez A, Ghislin S, Frippiat JP. The urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltl has a diverse repertoire of immunoglobulin heavy chains with polyreactive and species-specific features. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:371-384. [PMID: 26277106 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Urodele amphibians are an interesting model because although they possess the cardinal elements of the vertebrate immune system, their immune response is apparently subdued. This phenomenon, sometimes regarded as a state of immunodeficiency, has been attributed by some authors to limited antibody diversity. We reinvestigated this issue in Pleurodeles waltl, a metamorphosing urodele, and noted that upsilon transcripts of its IgY repertoire were as diverse as alpha transcripts of the mammalian IgA repertoire. Mu transcripts encoding the IgM repertoire were less diverse, but could confer more plasticity. Both isotypes present potential polyreactive features that may confer urodele antibodies with the ability to bind to a variety of antigens. Finally, we observed additional cysteines in CDR1 and 2 of the IGHV5 and IGHV6 domains, some of which specific to urodeles, that could allow the establishment of a disulfide bond between these CDRs. Together, these data suggest that urodele antibody diversity is not as low as previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Fonte
- EA7300, Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, F-54500, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Arnaud Gruez
- Molecular and Structural Enzymology Group, Université de Lorraine, IMoPA, UMR 7365, F-54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Stéphanie Ghislin
- EA7300, Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, F-54500, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- EA7300, Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Lorraine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, F-54500, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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24
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Qi Z, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Ma T, Zhou J, Holland JW, Gao Q. Transcriptome analysis of the endangered Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus): Immune modulation in response to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 169:85-95. [PMID: 26620078 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The endangered Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) is the largest extant amphibian species. Disease outbreaks represent one of the major factors threatening A. davidianus populations in the wild and the viability of artificial breeding programmes. Development of future immune therapies to eliminate infectious disease in A. davidianus is dependent on a thorough understanding of the immune mechanisms elicited by pathogen encounters. To this end we have undertaken, for the first time in amphibians, differential transcriptome analysis of the giant salamander response to Aeromonas hydrophila, one of the most devastating pathogens affecting amphibian populations. Out of 87,204 non-redundant consensus unigenes 19,216 were annotated, 6834 of which were upregulated and 906 down-regulated following bacterial infection. 2058 unigenes were involved with immune system processes, including 287 differentially expressed unigenes indicative of the impact of bacterial infection on several innate and adaptive immune pathways in the giant salamander. Other pathways not directly associated with immune-related activity were differentially expressed, including developmental, structural, molecular and growth processes. Overall, this work provides valuable insights into the underlying immune mechanisms elicited during bacterial infection in amphibians that may aid in the future development of disease control measures in protecting the Chinese giant salamander. With the unique position of amphibians in the transition of tetrapods from aquatic to terrestrial habitats, our study will also be invaluable towards the further understanding of the evolution of tetrapod immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Qi
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture and Ecology of Coastal Pools in Jiangsu Province, Department of Ocean Technology, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China; School of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China.
| | - Qihuan Zhang
- School of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Zisheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture and Ecology of Coastal Pools in Jiangsu Province, Department of Ocean Technology, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China; School of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Tianyi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture and Ecology of Coastal Pools in Jiangsu Province, Department of Ocean Technology, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jason W Holland
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Qian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Guselnikov SV, Grayfer L, De Jesús Andino F, Rogozin IB, Robert J, Taranin AV. Retention of duplicated ITAM-containing transmembrane signaling subunits in the tetraploid amphibian species Xenopus laevis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:158-68. [PMID: 26170006 PMCID: PMC4536121 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ITAM-bearing transmembrane signaling subunits (TSS) are indispensable components of activating leukocyte receptor complexes. The TSS-encoding genes map to paralogous chromosomal regions, which are thought to arise from ancient genome tetraploidization(s). To assess a possible role of tetraploidization in the TSS evolution, we studied TSS and other functionally linked genes in the amphibian species Xenopus laevis whose genome was duplicated about 40 MYR ago. We found that X. laevis has retained a duplicated set of sixteen TSS genes, all except one being transcribed. Furthermore, duplicated TCRα loci and genes encoding TSS-coupling protein kinases have also been retained. No clear evidence for functional divergence of the TSS paralogs was obtained from gene expression and sequence analyses. We suggest that the main factor of maintenance of duplicated TSS genes in X. laevis was a protein dosage effect and that this effect might have facilitated the TSS set expansion in early vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Guselnikov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Avenue 8/2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov Street 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - L Grayfer
- University of Rochester, Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, MRBX, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - F De Jesús Andino
- University of Rochester, Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, MRBX, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - I B Rogozin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information NLM, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 38A, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - J Robert
- University of Rochester, Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, MRBX, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - A V Taranin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Avenue 8/2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov Street 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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Alternative adaptive immunity strategies: coelacanth, cod and shark immunity. Mol Immunol 2015; 69:157-69. [PMID: 26423359 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The advent of high throughput sequencing has permitted to investigate the genome and the transcriptome of novel non-model species with unprecedented depth. This technological advance provided a better understanding of the evolution of adaptive immune genes in gnathostomes, revealing several unexpected features in different fish species which are of particular interest. In the present paper, we review the current understanding of the adaptive immune system of the coelacanth, the elephant shark and the Atlantic cod. The study of coelacanth, the only living extant of the long thought to be extinct Sarcopterygian lineage, is fundamental to bring new insights on the evolution of the immune system in higher vertebrates. Surprisingly, coelacanths are the only known jawed vertebrates to lack IgM, whereas two IgD/W loci are present. Cartilaginous fish are of great interest due to their basal position in the vertebrate tree of life; the genome of the elephant shark revealed the lack of several important immune genes related to T cell functions, which suggest the existence of a primordial set of TH1-like cells. Finally, the Atlantic cod lacks a functional major histocompatibility II complex, but balances this evolutionary loss with the expansion of specific gene families, including MHC I, Toll-like receptors and antimicrobial peptides. Overall, these data point out that several fish species present an unconventional adaptive immune system, but the loss of important immune genes is balanced by adaptive evolutionary strategies which still guarantee the establishment of an efficient immune response against the pathogens they have to fight during their life.
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Abstract
Two types of adaptive immune strategies are known to have evolved in vertebrates: the VLR-based system, which is present in jawless organisms and is mediated by VLRA and VLRB lymphocytes, and the BCR/TCR-based system, which is present in jawed species and is provided by B and T cell receptors expressed on B and T cells, respectively. Here we summarize features of B cells and their predecessors in the different animal phyla, focusing the review on B cells from jawed vertebrates. We point out the critical role of nonclassical species and comparative immunology studies in the understanding of B cell immunity. Because nonclassical models include species relevant to veterinary medicine, basic science research performed in these animals contributes to the knowledge required for the development of more efficacious vaccines against emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parra
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Colombo BM, Scalvenzi T, Benlamara S, Pollet N. Microbiota and mucosal immunity in amphibians. Front Immunol 2015; 6:111. [PMID: 25821449 PMCID: PMC4358222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We know that animals live in a world dominated by bacteria. In the last 20 years, we have learned that microbes are essential regulators of mucosal immunity. Bacteria, archeas, and viruses influence different aspects of mucosal development and function. Yet, the literature mainly covers findings obtained in mammals. In this review, we focus on two major themes that emerge from the comparative analysis of mammals and amphibians. These themes concern: (i) the structure and functions of lymphoid organs and immune cells in amphibians, with a focus on the gut mucosal immune system; and (ii) the characteristics of the amphibian microbiota and its influence on mucosal immunity. Lastly, we propose to use Xenopus tadpoles as an alternative small-animal model to improve the fundamental knowledge on immunological functions of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Colombo
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne , Evry , France
| | - Thibault Scalvenzi
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne , Evry , France
| | - Sarah Benlamara
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne , Evry , France
| | - Nicolas Pollet
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, CNRS , Evry , France ; Evolution, Genome, Comportement et Ecologie, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, IRD , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
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Senger K, Hackney J, Payandeh J, Zarrin AA. Antibody Isotype Switching in Vertebrates. Results Probl Cell Differ 2015; 57:295-324. [PMID: 26537387 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20819-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The humoral or antibody-mediated immune response in vertebrates has evolved to respond to diverse antigenic challenges in various anatomical locations. Diversification of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) constant region via isotype switching allows for remarkable plasticity in the immune response, including versatile tissue distribution, Fc receptor binding, and complement fixation. This enables antibody molecules to exert various biological functions while maintaining antigen-binding specificity. Different immunoglobulin (Ig) classes include IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, and IgA, which exist as surface-bound and secreted forms. High-affinity autoantibodies are associated with various autoimmune diseases such as lupus and arthritis, while defects in components of isotype switching are associated with infections. A major route of infection used by a large number of pathogens is invasion of mucosal surfaces within the respiratory, digestive, or urinary tract. Most infections of this nature are initially limited by effector mechanisms such as secretory IgA antibodies. Mucosal surfaces have been proposed as a major site for the genesis of adaptive immune responses, not just in fighting infections but also in tolerating commensals and constant dietary antigens. We will discuss the evolution of isotype switching in various species and provide an overview of the function of various isotypes with a focus on IgA, which is universally important in gut homeostasis as well as pathogen clearance. Finally, we will discuss the utility of antibodies as therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Senger
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jason Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jian Payandeh
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ali A Zarrin
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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Pettinello R, Dooley H. The immunoglobulins of cold-blooded vertebrates. Biomolecules 2014; 4:1045-69. [PMID: 25427250 PMCID: PMC4279169 DOI: 10.3390/biom4041045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although lymphocyte-like cells secreting somatically-recombining receptors have been identified in the jawless fishes (hagfish and lamprey), the cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates, rays and chimaera) are the most phylogenetically distant group relative to mammals in which bona fide immunoglobulins (Igs) have been found. Studies of the antibodies and humoral immune responses of cartilaginous fishes and other cold-blooded vertebrates (bony fishes, amphibians and reptiles) are not only revealing information about the emergence and roles of the different Ig heavy and light chain isotypes, but also the evolution of specialised adaptive features such as isotype switching, somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation. It is becoming increasingly apparent that while the adaptive immune response in these vertebrate lineages arose a long time ago, it is most definitely not primitive and has evolved to become complex and sophisticated. This review will summarise what is currently known about the immunoglobulins of cold-blooded vertebrates and highlight the differences, and commonalities, between these and more “conventional” mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pettinello
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Helen Dooley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Zhu R, Chen ZY, Wang J, Yuan JD, Liao XY, Gui JF, Zhang QY. Thymus cDNA library survey uncovers novel features of immune molecules in Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:413-422. [PMID: 24909429 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A ranavirus-induced thymus cDNA library was constructed from Chinese giant salamander, the largest extant amphibian species. Among the 137 putative immune-related genes derived from this library, these molecules received particular focus: immunoglobulin heavy chains (IgM, IgD, and IgY), IFN-inducible protein 6 (IFI6), and T cell receptor beta chain (TCRβ). Several unusual features were uncovered: IgD displays a structure pattern distinct from those described for other amphibians by having only four constant domains plus a hinge region. A unique IgY form (IgY(ΔFc)), previously undescribed in amphibians, is present in serum. Alternative splicing is observed to generate IgH diversification. IFI6 is newly-identified in amphibians, which occurs in two forms divergent in subcelluar distribution and antiviral activity. TCRβ immunoscope profile follows the typical vertebrate pattern, implying a polyclonal T cell repertoire. Collectively, the pioneering survey of ranavirus-induced thymus cDNA library from Chinese giant salamander reveals immune components and characteristics in this primitive amphibian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiang-Di Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiang-Yong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Akula S, Mohammadamin S, Hellman L. Fc receptors for immunoglobulins and their appearance during vertebrate evolution. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96903. [PMID: 24816777 PMCID: PMC4016189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors interacting with the constant domain of immunoglobulins (Igs) have a number of important functions in vertebrates. They facilitate phagocytosis by opsonization, are key components in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity as well as activating cells to release granules. In mammals, four major types of classical Fc receptors (FcRs) for IgG have been identified, one high-affinity receptor for IgE, one for both IgM and IgA, one for IgM and one for IgA. All of these receptors are related in structure and all of them, except the IgA receptor, are found in primates on chromosome 1, indicating that they originate from a common ancestor by successive gene duplications. The number of Ig isotypes has increased gradually during vertebrate evolution and this increase has likely been accompanied by a similar increase in isotype-specific receptors. To test this hypothesis we have performed a detailed bioinformatics analysis of a panel of vertebrate genomes. The first components to appear are the poly-Ig receptors (PIGRs), receptors similar to the classic FcRs in mammals, so called FcRL receptors, and the FcR γ chain. These molecules are not found in cartilagous fish and may first appear within bony fishes, indicating a major step in Fc receptor evolution at the appearance of bony fish. In contrast, the receptor for IgA is only found in placental mammals, indicating a relatively late appearance. The IgM and IgA/M receptors are first observed in the monotremes, exemplified by the platypus, indicating an appearance during early mammalian evolution. Clearly identifiable classical receptors for IgG and IgE are found only in marsupials and placental mammals, but closely related receptors are found in the platypus, indicating a second major step in Fc receptor evolution during early mammalian evolution, involving the appearance of classical IgG and IgE receptors from FcRL molecules and IgM and IgA/M receptors from PIGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Akula
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sayran Mohammadamin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Zhang T, Tacchi L, Wei Z, Zhao Y, Salinas I. Intraclass diversification of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in the African lungfish. Immunogenetics 2014; 66:335-51. [PMID: 24676685 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lungfish (Dipnoi) are the closest living relatives to tetrapods, and they represent the transition from water to land during vertebrate evolution. Lungfish are armed with immunoglobulins (Igs), one of the hallmarks of the adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates, but only three Ig forms have been characterized in Dipnoi to date. We report here a new diversity of Ig molecules in two African lungfish species (Protopterus dolloi and Protopterus annectens). The African lungfish Igs consist of three IgMs, two IgWs, three IgNs, and an IgQ, where both IgN and IgQ originated evidently from the IgW lineage. Our data also suggest that the IgH genes in the lungfish are organized in a transiting form from clusters (IgH loci in cartilaginous fish) to a translocon configuration (IgH locus in tetrapods). We propose that the intraclass diversification of the two primordial gnathostome Ig classes (IgM and IgW) as well as acquisition of new isotypes (IgN and IgQ) has allowed lungfish to acquire a complex and functionally diverse Ig repertoire to fight a variety of microorganisms. Furthermore, our results support the idea that "tetrapod-specific" Ig classes did not evolve until the vertebrate adaptation to land was completed ~360 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
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Magor KE, Miranzo Navarro D, Barber MRW, Petkau K, Fleming-Canepa X, Blyth GAD, Blaine AH. Defense genes missing from the flight division. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:377-88. [PMID: 23624185 PMCID: PMC7172724 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Birds have a smaller repertoire of immune genes than mammals. In our efforts to study antiviral responses to influenza in avian hosts, we have noted key genes that appear to be missing. As a result, we speculate that birds have impaired detection of viruses and intracellular pathogens. Birds are missing TLR8, a detector for single-stranded RNA. Chickens also lack RIG-I, the intracellular detector for single-stranded viral RNA. Riplet, an activator for RIG-I, is also missing in chickens. IRF3, the nuclear activator of interferon-beta in the RIG-I pathway is missing in birds. Downstream of interferon (IFN) signaling, some of the antiviral effectors are missing, including ISG15, and ISG54 and ISG56 (IFITs). Birds have only three antibody isotypes and IgD is missing. Ducks, but not chickens, make an unusual truncated IgY antibody that is missing the Fc fragment. Chickens have an expanded family of LILR leukocyte receptor genes, called CHIR genes, with hundreds of members, including several that encode IgY Fc receptors. Intriguingly, LILR homologues appear to be missing in ducks, including these IgY Fc receptors. The truncated IgY in ducks, and the duplicated IgY receptor genes in chickens may both have resulted from selective pressure by a pathogen on IgY FcR interactions. Birds have a minimal MHC, and the TAP transport and presentation of peptides on MHC class I is constrained, limiting function. Perhaps removing some constraint, ducks appear to lack tapasin, a chaperone involved in loading peptides on MHC class I. Finally, the absence of lymphotoxin-alpha and beta may account for the observed lack of lymph nodes in birds. As illustrated by these examples, the picture that emerges is some impairment of immune response to viruses in birds, either a cause or consequence of the host-pathogen arms race and long evolutionary relationship of birds and RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Magor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Extensive diversification of IgH subclass-encoding genes and IgM subclass switching in crocodilians. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1337. [PMID: 23299887 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crocodilians are a group of reptiles that are closely related to birds and are thought to possess a strong immune system. Here we report that the IgH locus in the Siamese crocodile and the Chinese alligator contains multiple μ genes, in contrast to other tetrapods. Both the μ2 and μ3 genes are expressed through class-switch recombination involving the switch region and germline transcription. Both IgM1 and IgM2 are present in the serum as polymers, which implies that IgM class switching may have significant roles in humoural immunity. The crocodilian α genes are the first IgA-encoding genes identified in reptiles, and these genes show an inverted transcriptional orientation similar to that of birds. The identification of both α and δ genes in crocodilians suggests that the IgH loci of modern living mammals, reptiles and birds share a common ancestral organization.
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Sun Y, Wei Z, Li N, Zhao Y. A comparative overview of immunoglobulin genes and the generation of their diversity in tetrapods. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 39:103-109. [PMID: 22366185 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the past several decades, immunoglobulin (Ig) genes have been extensively characterized in many tetrapod species. This review focuses on the expressed Ig isotypes and the diversity of Ig genes in mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. With regard to heavy chains, five Ig isotypes - IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE - have been reported in mammals. Among these isotypes, IgM, IgD, and IgA (or its analog, IgX) are also found in non-mammalian tetrapods. Birds, reptiles, and amphibians express IgY, which is considered the precursor of IgG and IgE. Some species have developed unique isotypes of Ig, such as IgO in the platypus, IgF in Xenopus, and IgY (ΔFc) in ducks and turtles. The κ and λ light chains are both utilized in tetrapods, but the usage frequencies of κ and λ chains differ greatly among species. The diversity of Ig genes depends on several factors, including the germline repertoire and recombinatorial and post-recombinatorial diversity, and different species have evolved distinct mechanisms to generate antibody diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Sun Y, Liu Z, Li Z, Lian Z, Zhao Y. Phylogenetic conservation of the 3' cryptic recombination signal sequence (3'cRSS) in the VH genes of jawed vertebrates. Front Immunol 2012; 3:392. [PMID: 23267360 PMCID: PMC3526766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The VH replacement process is a RAG-mediated secondary recombination in which the variable region of a rearranged VHDJH is replaced by a different germline VH gene. In almost all human and mouse VH genes, two sequence features appear to be crucial for VH replacement. First, an embedded heptamer, which is located near the 3' end of the rearranged VH gene, serves as a cryptic recombination signal sequence (3'cRSS) for the VH replacement process. Second, a short stretch of nucleotides located downstream of the 3'cRSS serve as a footprint of the original VH region, frequently encoding charged amino acids. In this review, we show that both of these two features are conserved in the VH genes of all jawed vertebrates, which suggests that the VH replacement process may be a conserved mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
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Das S, Hirano M, Tako R, McCallister C, Nikolaidis N. Evolutionary genomics of immunoglobulin-encoding Loci in vertebrates. Curr Genomics 2012; 13:95-102. [PMID: 23024601 PMCID: PMC3308330 DOI: 10.2174/138920212799860652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (or antibodies) are an essential element of the jawed vertebrate adaptive immune response system. These molecules have evolved over the past 500 million years and generated highly specialized proteins that recognize an extraordinarily large number of diverse substances, collectively known as antigens. During vertebrate evolution the diversification of the immunoglobulin-encoding loci resulted in differences in the genomic organization, gene content, and ratio of functional genes and pseudogenes. The tinkering process in the immunoglobulin-encoding loci often gave rise to lineage-specific characteristics that were formed by selection to increase species adaptation and fitness. Immunoglobulin loci and their encoded antibodies have been shaped repeatedly by contrasting evolutionary forces, either to conserve the prototypic structure and mechanism of action or to generate alternative and diversified structures and modes of function. Moreover, evolution favored the development of multiple mechanisms of primary and secondary antibody diversification, which are used by different species to effectively generate an almost infinite collection of diverse antibody types. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the genomics and evolution of the immunoglobulin-encoding loci and their protein products in jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Das
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, School of Medicine, Emory University, USA
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Xu B, Wang J, Zhang M, Wang P, Wei Z, Sun Y, Tao Q, Ren L, Hu X, Guo Y, Fei J, Zhang L, Li N, Zhao Y. Expressional analysis of immunoglobulin D in cattle (Bos taurus), a large domesticated ungulate. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44719. [PMID: 23028592 PMCID: PMC3441446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, it has remained unknown whether artiodactyls, such as cattle, pigs, and sheep, express immunoglobulin D (IgD), although the δ gene was identified in these species nearly 10 years ago. By developing a mouse anti-bovine IgD heavy chain monoclonal antibody (13C2), we show that secreted bovine IgD was present mainly as a monomer in serum and was heavily glycosylated by N-linked saccharides. Nonetheless, IgD was detectable in some but not all of the Holstein cattle examined. Membrane-bound IgD was detected in the spleen by western blotting. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that IgD-positive B cells constituted a much lower percentage of B cells in the bovine spleen (∼6.8% of total B cells), jejunal Peyer's patches (∼0.8%), and peripheral blood leukocytes (∼1.2%) than in humans and mice. Furthermore, IgD-positive B cells were almost undetectable in bovine bone marrow and ileal Peyer's patches. We also demonstrated that the bovine δ gene can be expressed via class switch recombination. Accordingly, bovine δ germline transcription, which involves an Iδ exon and is highly homologous to Iμ, was confirmed. However, we could not identify an Iδ promoter, despite bovine Eμ demonstrating both enhancer and promoter activity. This study has answered a long-standing question in cattle B cell biology and significantly contributes to our understanding of B cell development in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qiqing Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Gambón-Deza F, Sánchez-Espinel C, Mirete-Bachiller S, Magadán-Mompó S. Snakes antibodies. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 38:1-9. [PMID: 22426516 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins are basic molecules of the immune system of vertebrates. In previous studies we described the immunoglobulins found in two squamata reptiles, Anolis carolinensis and Eublepharis macularius. Snakes are squamata reptiles too but they have undergone an extreme evolutionary process. We therefore wanted to know how these changes affected their immunoglobulin coding genes. To perform this analysis we studied five snake transcriptomes and two genome draft sequences. Sequences coding for immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin D (IgD) and two classes of immunoglobulin Y (IgY - named IgYa and IgYb-) were found in all of them. Moreover, the Thamnophis elegans transcriptome and Python molurus genome draft sequences showed a third class of IgY, the IgYc, whose constant region only presents three domains and lacks the CH2. All data suggest that the IgYb is the evolutionary origin of this IgYc. An exhaustive search of the light chains were carried out, being lambda the only light chain found in snakes. The results provide a clear picture of the immunoglobulins present in the suborder Serpentes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gambón-Deza
- Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS) Unidad de Inmunología, Hospital do Meixoeiro, Carretera de Madrid s/n, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
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Wang T, Sun Y, Shao W, Cheng G, Li L, Cao Z, Yang Z, Zou H, Zhang W, Han B, Hu Y, Ren L, Hu X, Guo Y, Fei J, Hammarström L, Li N, Zhao Y. Evidence of IgY subclass diversification in snakes: evolutionary implications. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3557-65. [PMID: 22933626 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian IgG and IgE are thought to have evolved from IgY of nonmammalian tetrapods; however, no diversification of IgY subclasses has been reported in reptiles or birds, which are phylogenetically close to mammals. To our knowledge, we report the first evidence of the presence of multiple IgY-encoding (υ) genes in snakes. Two υ genes were identified in the snake Elaphe taeniura, and three υ genes were identified in the Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus). Although four of the υ genes displayed a conventional four-H chain C region exon structure, one of the υ genes in the Burmese python lacked the H chain C region 2 exon, thus exhibiting a structure similar to that of the mammalian γ genes. We developed mouse mAbs specific for the IgY1 and IgY2 of E. taeniura and showed that both were expressed in serum; each had two isoforms: one full-length and one truncated at the C terminus. The truncation was not caused by alternative splicing or transcriptional termination. We also identified the μ and δ genes, but no α gene, in both snakes. This study provides valuable clues for our understanding of Ig gene evolution in tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, People's Republic of China
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Huang T, Zhang M, Wei Z, Wang P, Sun Y, Hu X, Ren L, Meng Q, Zhang R, Guo Y, Hammarstrom L, Li N, Zhao Y. Analysis of immunoglobulin transcripts in the ostrich Struthio camelus, a primitive avian species. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34346. [PMID: 22479606 PMCID: PMC3315531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the immunoglobulin (Ig) genes in avian species are limited (mainly to galliformes and anseriformes) but have revealed several interesting features, including the absence of the IgD and Igκ encoding genes, inversion of the IgA encoding gene and the use of gene conversion as the primary mechanism to generate an antibody repertoire. To better understand the Ig genes and their evolutionary development in birds, we analyzed the Ig genes in the ostrich (Struthio camelus), which is one of the most primitive birds. Similar to the chicken and duck, the ostrich expressed only three IgH chain isotypes (IgM, IgA and IgY) and λ light chains. The IgM and IgY constant domains are similar to their counterparts described in other vertebrates. Although conventional IgM, IgA and IgY cDNAs were identified in the ostrich, we also detected a transcript encoding a short membrane-bound form of IgA (lacking the last two CH exons) that was undetectable at the protein level. No IgD or κ encoding genes were identified. The presence of a single leader peptide in the expressed heavy chain and light chain V regions indicates that gene conversion also plays a major role in the generation of antibody diversity in the ostrich. Because the ostrich is one of the most primitive living aves, this study suggests that the distinct features of the bird Ig genes appeared very early during the divergence of the avian species and are thus shared by most, if not all, avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lennart Hammarstrom
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Edholm ES, Bengten E, Wilson M. Insights into the function of IgD. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1309-16. [PMID: 21414345 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
IgD, previously thought to be a recent addition to the immunoglobulin classes, has long been considered an enigmatic molecule. For example, it was debated if IgD had a specific function other than as an antigen receptor co-expressed with IgM on naive B cells and if it had an important role in mammalian immunity. However, during the past decade extensive sequencing of vertebrate genomes has shown that IgD homologs are present in all vertebrate taxa, except for birds. Moreover, recent functional studies indicate that IgD likely performs a unique role in vertebrate immune responses. The goal of this review is to summarize the IgD gene organization and structural data, which demonstrate that IgD has an ancient origin, and discuss the findings in catfish and humans that provide insight into the possible function of this elusive immunoglobulin isotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Stina Edholm
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Oral immunization of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) upregulates the mucosal immunoglobulin IgX. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 145:493-8. [PMID: 22100190 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The frog Xenopus laevis is a model species for developmental biology but is also of significant interest to comparative immunologists. Amphibians are the oldest group of organisms in which both the B lymphocytes of some species undergo immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch recombination and also have a dedicated mucosal Ig isotype. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that frog IgX would be produced in response to oral immunization. In order to facilitate studies of humoral, and especially mucosal immunity, in this model species, we developed a gavage technique for oral immunization. The result of this oral administration of antigen to frogs was assayed by the induction of the mucosal antibody isotype, IgX, in plasma by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), and a significant IgX upregulation was detected compared to frogs receiving systemic immunization into the coelom. These data are consistent with the view that IgX is the functional analog of mammalian IgA and mandate further studies of the relationship between IgX and IgA. Additionally, the gavage technique should be adaptable for functional studies of gut-associated immunology in other small aquatic vertebrates.
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Quiniou SMA, Wilson M, Boudinot P. Processing of fish Ig heavy chain transcripts: diverse splicing patterns and unusual nonsense mediated decay. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:949-58. [PMID: 21168434 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
While the diversification of the antigen-binding sites is realized by genomic VDJ rearrangements during B cell differentiation, different forms of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) chains can be produced through multiple splicing pathways. In most vertebrates, the secreted (S) and membrane (Mb) forms of IgM chain are created by alternative splicing through usage of a cryptic splice site in Cμ4 allowing the junction to the TM exon. The processing pattern for Igμ is different in teleosts, which generally use the Cμ3 donor site instead. In ancient fish lineages, multiple unusual splicing patterns were found for Ig H chain, involving donor sites that do not always follow the classical consensus. The production of IgD versus IgM H chains seems to be generally realized by alternative splicing in all vertebrates, but typical teleost IgD H chains are chimeric and contains a Cμ1 domain. Together, these observations raise questions on how different fish regulate RNA splicing and if their splicing machinery is especially complex. A preliminary scan of the zebrafish and stickleback genomes provides evidence that gene orthologs to the mammalian main splice factors are highly conserved as single copy genes, while the snRNPs U repertoire may be different and may explain other particular features of RNA processing in fish.
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Sun Y, Wei Z, Hammarstrom L, Zhao Y. The immunoglobulin δ gene in jawed vertebrates: a comparative overview. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:975-81. [PMID: 21182859 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin D (IgD) was recently suggested to be an ancient Ig class, as old as IgM, arising approximately 500 million years ago. Its encoding gene has now been identified in nearly all classes of jawed vertebrates (except birds). Variance in the number of CH encoding exons and alternative RNA splicing confers this Ig class a marked structural plasticity, which differs substantially from IgM. Expression of the δ gene can be achieved through co-transcription with the μ gene or by class switching. Although a recent study has suggested that IgD functions as an immunomodulator in immunity and inflammation in humans, its functions are still far from clear. Further studies at the protein levels in additional species may help answer this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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50
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Hikima JI, Jung TS, Aoki T. Immunoglobulin genes and their transcriptional control in teleosts. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:924-936. [PMID: 21078341 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig), which exists only in jawed vertebrates, is one of the most important molecules in adaptive immunity. In the last two decades, many teleost Ig genes have been identified by in silico data mining from the enormous gene and EST databases of many fish species. In this review, the organization of Ig gene segments, the expressed Ig isotypes and their transcriptional controls are discussed. The Ig heavy chain (IgH) locus in teleosts encodes the variable (V), the diversity (D), the joining (J) segments and three different isotypic constant (C) regions including Cμ, Cδ, and Cζ/τ genes, and is organized as a "translocon" type like the IgH loci of higher vertebrates. In contrast, the Ig light (L) chain locus is arranged in a "multicluster" or repeating set of VL, JL, and CL segments. The IgL chains have four isotypes; two κ L1/G and L3/F), σ (L2) and λ. The transcription of IgH genes in teleosts is regulated by a VH promoter and the Eμ3' enhancer, which both function in a B cell-specific manner. The location of the IgH locus, structure and transcriptional function of the Eμ3' enhancer are important to our understanding of the evolutional changes that have occurred in the IgH gene locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Hikima
- Aquatic Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, South Korea
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