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Wei L, Lv J, Zuo P, Li Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Jiang G. The occurrence and sources of PAHs, oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in soil and vegetation from the Antarctic, Arctic, and Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169394. [PMID: 38135091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Although the fate of PAHs in the three polar regions (Antarctic, Arctic, and Tibetan Plateau) has been investigated, the occurrence and contamination profiles of PAH derivatives such as oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) remain unclear. Some of them are more toxic and can be transformed from PAHs in environment. This study explored and compared the concentrations composition profiles and potential sources of PAHs, OPAHs, and NPAHs in soil and vegetation samples from the three polar regions. The total PAH, OPAH, and NPAH concentrations were 3.55-519, n.d.-101, and n.d.-1.10 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively. The compounds were dominated by three-ring PAHs, and the most abundant individual PAH and OPAH were phenanthrene (PHE) and 9-fluorenone (9-FO), respectively. The sources of PAHs and their derivatives were qualitatively analyzed by the diagnostic ratios and quantified using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The ratios of PAH derivatives to parent PAHs (9-FO/fluorene and 9,10-anthraquinone/anthracene) were significantly higher in the Antarctic samples than in the Arctic and TP samples, implying a higher occurrence of secondary OPAH and NPAH formation in the Antarctic region. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative study that simultaneously investigated the contamination profiles of PAHs and their derivatives in the three polar regions. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for the development of risk assessment and pollution control strategies in these fragile regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jingya Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peijie Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Li Q, Gong D, Wang H, Deng S, Zhang C, Mo X, Chen J, Wang B. Tibetan Plateau is vulnerable to aromatic-related photochemical pollution and health threats: A case study in Lhasa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166494. [PMID: 37659561 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic aromatics play a key role in photochemical pollution and pose a serious threat to human health. Current knowledge on source characteristics of aromatics in the urban region of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), the "Third Pole" and ecologically sensitive area, remains limited. In this study, an intensive observation of 17 aromatic hydrocarbons was conducted in Lhasa, the cultural and economic center of TP, during the second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research in summer 2020. The results showed that the average concentration of aromatics in Lhasa (7.6 ± 7.4 ppbv) was unexpectedly higher than those in megacities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. Tripled concentrations and corresponding ozone formation potential during pollution episodes were recorded. Further source apportionment using positive matrix factorization revealed that solvent usage (60.0 %) was the dominant source, which may be due to the extremely low atmospheric pressure. Vehicle exhaust (15.4 %), industrial emissions (12.8 %), fuel evaporation (6.2 %), and burning emissions (5.7 %) were also important sources. The concentration weighted trajectory analysis revealed that the observed high levels of aromatics were mainly driven by local anthropogenic emissions, rather than the regional transport by the Indian summer monsoon. Long-term exposure to aromatics in Lhasa was assessed to pose carcinogenic risks to the population, with the risks of benzene and ethylbenzene 5 times the criteria. Our results suggest that, given the magnified emissions of aromatics in this extreme environment (low atmospheric pressure and strong solar radiation), the implementation of targeted pollution controls is urgently needed to mitigate the aromatic-related photochemical pollution and health threats in TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Daocheng Gong
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China.
| | - Shuo Deng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chengliang Zhang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China
| | - Xujun Mo
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China.
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Meng L, Yu H, Bai Y, Shang N, Shi K, Ji M, Chen R, Huang T, Yang H, Huang C. Nonhomologous Black Carbon Decoupled Char and Soot Sequestration Based on Stable Carbon Isotopes in Tibetan Plateau Lake Sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:18069-18078. [PMID: 36454627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Combustion-derived black carbon (BC) is an important component of sedimentary carbon pool. Due to different physicochemical properties, determining the source of char and soot is crucial for BC cycling, especially for nonhomologous char and soot in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). This study analyzed the sequestration and source of BC, char, and soot in the Dagze Co (inner TP) sediment core via the content and δ13C, revealing the biomass and fossil fuel driving on nonsynchronous char and soot and their response to local anthropogenic activities and atmospheric transmission. The results showed that BC concentration increased from 1.19 ± 0.35 mg g-1 (pre-1956) to 2.03 ± 1.05 mg g-1 (after 1956). The variation of char was similar to BC, while nonhomologous growth was detected in char and soot (r = 0.29 and p > 0.05). The source apportionment showed that biomass burning for 71.52 ± 10.23% of char and promoted char sequestration. The contribution of fossil fuel combustion to soot (46.67 ± 14.07%) is much higher than char (28.48 ± 10.23%). Redundancy analysis confirmed that local anthropogenic activities significantly influenced BC burial and atmospheric transport from outside TP-regulated BC burial. The contribution of biomass and fossil fuels to nonsynchronous char and soot is conducive to understanding the anthropogenic effect on BC burial in the TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lize Meng
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Heyu Yu
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Yixin Bai
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Nana Shang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Kunlin Shi
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Ming Ji
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi653100, China
| | - Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing210008, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Changchun Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing210023, China
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South Asian black carbon is threatening the water sustainability of the Asian Water Tower. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7360. [PMID: 36450769 PMCID: PMC9712424 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-range transport of black carbon from South Asia to the Tibetan plateau and its deposition on glaciers directly enhances glacier melt. Here we find South Asian black carbon also has an indirect effect on the plateau's glaciers shrinkage by acting to reduce the water supply over the southern Tibetan plateau. Black carbon enhances vertical convection and cloud condensation, which results in water vapor depletion over the Indian subcontinent that is the main moisture flux source for the southern Tibetan plateau. Increasing concentrations of black carbon causes a decrease in summer precipitation over the southern Tibetan plateau, resulting in 11.0% glacier deficit mass balance on average from 2007 to 2016; this loss rises to 22.1% in the Himalayas. The direct (accelerated melt) and indirect (mass supply decrease) effects of black carbon are driving the glacial mass decline of the so-called "Asian Water Tower".
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Convective Entrainment Rate over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Adjacent Regions in the Boreal Summer Using SNPP-VIIRS. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14092073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The entrainment rate (λ) is difficult to estimate, and its uncertainties cause a significant error in convection parameterization and precipitation simulation, especially over the Tibetan Plateau, where observations are scarce. The λ over the Tibetan Plateau, and its adjacent regions, is estimated for the first time using five-year satellite data and a reanalysis dataset. The λ and cloud base environmental relative humidity (RH) decrease with an increase in terrain height. Quantitatively, the correlation between λ and RH changes from positive at low terrain heights to negative at high terrain heights, and the underlying mechanisms are here interpreted. When the terrain height is below 1 km, large RH decreases the difference in moist static energy (MSE) between the clouds and the environment and increases λ. When the terrain height is above 1 km, the correlation between λ and RH is related to the difference between MSE turning point and cloud base, because of decreases in specific humidity near the surface with increasing terrain height. These results enhance the theoretical understanding of the factors affecting λ and pave the way for improving the parameterization of λ.
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Influence of Indian Summer Monsoon on Tropopause, Trace Gases and Aerosols in Asian Summer Monsoon Anticyclone Observed by COSMIC, MLS and CALIPSO. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13173486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The existence of the Asian Summer Monsoon Anticyclone (ASMA) during the summer in the northern hemisphere, upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) region plays a significant role in confining the trace gases and aerosols for a long duration, thus affecting regional and global climate. Though several studies have been carried out, our understanding of the trace gases and aerosols variability in the ASMA is limited during different phases of the Indian monsoon. This work quantifies the role of Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) activity on the tropopause, trace gases (Water Vapor (WV), Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO)) and aerosols (Attenuated Scattering Ratio (ASR)) obtained from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC), Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite observations, respectively, during the period 2006–2016. Enhancement in the tropopause altitude, WV, CO, ASR and low tropopause temperatures, O3 in the ASMA region is clearly noticed during peak monsoon months (July and August) with large inter-annual variability. Further, a significant increase in the WV and CO, and decrease in O3 during the active phase of the ISM, strong monsoon years and strong La Niña years in the ASMA is noticed. An enhancement in the ASR values during the strong monsoon years and strong La Niña years is also observed. In addition, our results showed that the presence of deep convection spreading from India land regions to the Bay of Bengal with strong updrafts can transport the trace gases and aerosols to the upper troposphere during active spells, strong monsoon years and La Niña years when compared to their counterparts. Observations show that the ASMA is very sensitive to active spells, strong monsoon years and La Niña years compared to break spells, weak monsoon years and El Niño years. It is concluded that the dynamics play a significant role in constraining several trace gases and aerosols in the ASMA and suggested considering the activity of the summer monsoon while dealing with them at sub-seasonal scales.
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GOSAT CH4 Vertical Profiles over the Indian Subcontinent: Effect of a Priori and Averaging Kernels for Climate Applications. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13091677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined methane (CH4) variability over different regions of India and the surrounding oceans derived from thermal infrared (TIR) band observations (TIR CH4) by the Thermal and Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observation—Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) onboard the Greenhouse gases Observation SATellite (GOSAT) for the period 2009–2014. This study attempts to understand the sensitivity of the vertical profile retrievals at different layers of the troposphere and lower stratosphere, on the basis of the averaging kernel (AK) functions and a priori assumptions, as applied to the simulated concentrations by the MIROC4.0-based Atmospheric Chemistry-Transport Model (MIROC4-ACTM). We stress that this is of particular importance when the satellite-derived products are analyzed using different ACTMs other than those used as retrieved a priori. A comparison of modeled and retrieved CH4 vertical profiles shows that the GOSAT/TANSO-FTS TIR instrument has sufficient sensitivity to provide critical information about the transport of CH4 from the top of the boundary layer to the upper troposphere. The mean mismatch between TIR CH4 and model is within 50 ppb, except for the altitude range above 150 hPa, where the sensitivity of TIR CH4 observations becomes very low. Convolved model profiles with TIR CH4 AK reduces the mismatch to less than the retrieval uncertainty. Distinct seasonal variations of CH4 have been observed near the atmospheric boundary layer (800 hPa), free troposphere (500 hPa), and upper troposphere (300 hPa) over the northern and southern regions of India, corresponding to the southwest monsoon (July–September) and post-monsoon (October–December) seasons. Analysis of the transport and emission contributions to CH4 suggests that the CH4 seasonal cycle over the Indian subcontinent is governed by both the heterogeneous distributions of surface emissions and the influence of the global monsoon divergent wind circulations. The major contrast between monsoon, and pre- and post-monsoon profiles of CH4 over Indian regions are noticed near the boundary layer heights, which is mainly caused by seasonal change in local emission strength with a peak during summer due to increased emissions from the paddy fields and wetlands. A strong difference between seasons in the middle and upper troposphere is caused by convective transport of the emission signals from the surface and redistribution in the monsoon anticyclone of upper troposphere. TIR CH4 observations provide additional information on CH4 in the region compared to what is known from in situ data and total-column (XCH4) measurements. Based on two emission sensitivity simulations compared to TIR CH4 observations, we suggest that the emissions of CH4 from the India region were 51.2 ± 4.6 Tg year−1 during the period 2009–2014. Our results suggest that improvements in the a priori profile shape in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS) region would help better interpretation of CH4 cycling in the earth’s environment.
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Zhang Q, Wang Q, Zhu J, Xu L, Li M, Rengel Z, Xiao J, Hobbie EA, Piao S, Luo W, He N. Higher soil acidification risk in southeastern Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:143372. [PMID: 33183803 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stable soil pH is a key property in maintaining an ecosystem's structure, function, and sustainability. Increasing atmospheric deposition and grassland use on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) may increase the soil acidification risk, but we lack such information to date. Here, we evaluated the soil acidification risk in the TP, by comparing it with that in the Mongolia Plateau (MP) and applying the acid-base balance principles on atmospheric inputs, soils, and plants from 1980 to 2019. Cumulative acid input was lower in the TP than in the MP. Sulfur contributed more to acidity than nitrogen and atmospheric deposition contributed more to acidity than grassland use. Acid input was mainly influenced by local industry, animal husbandry and transportation in the MP, while in the TP it was also affected by the long-distance transportation of pollutants from South Asia and southern China. Overall, the TP was less acid-sensitive than the MP because of higher inorganic carbon content. However, soils in the southeastern TP, covering 21% of the total area, were acid-sensitive due to low levels of soil exchangeable base cation (EBCs) and lack of calcium carbonate. Coincidentally, the southeastern region has the highest concentration of acid input in the TP due to more rapid development and stronger influence of adjacent high acid deposition regions than others. Therefore, the acidification risk to the southeastern region is much higher than to other regions of the TP and the MP; in this region, the EBCs are likely to be depleted approximately 95 years earlier than in the MP. The findings of this study provide insights into the response of the TP to global change. For the ecosystem sustainability of southeastern TP, control of atmospheric acid deposition, especially sulfur deposition, in both local and adjacent regions and nations is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiufeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianxing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zed Rengel
- Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Jingfeng Xiao
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Erik A Hobbie
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China
| | - Nianpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University and Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China.
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9
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Optical and Physical Characteristics of Aerosol Vertical Layers over Northeastern China. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11050501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The optical and physical characteristics of the aerosol vertical layers over Northeastern China (NEC) are investigated using the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) Level 2 layer products from 2007 to 2014. To better examine the spatial and temporal variations in the characteristics of aerosols over NEC, the region is divided into three parts (Heilongjiang province, Jilin province, and Liaoning province) to analyze the inter-annual and seasonal variations of nine selected aerosol parameters in each part during night and day times. The results reveal that the values of aerosol optical depth (AOD) increase year by year, over the whole NEC, being relatively high over the Liaoning (LN) province; this might be induced by higher levels of economic development and agricultural activity. The highest AOD values appear in summer, which is plausibly related to the temperate monsoon climate in NEC. Higher AOD values exist during the daytime than at night; this is intuitively the result of higher daytime anthropogenic activities. The base altitude of the lowest aerosol layer (BAL) and the top altitude of the highest aerosol layer (TAH) varied significantly due to the topography of NEC. The number of aerosol layers (N) is relatively large over LN, which might be caused by a relatively stronger atmospheric convection over this landscape. The thickness of the lowest aerosol layer (TLL) bore little relationship with the topography of NEC. The AOD proportion of the lowest aerosol layer (PAODL) is high (0.70 to 0.85 for the entire NEC), indicating that aerosols are mainly concentrated in the lowest layer of the atmosphere. The volume depolarization ratio of the lowest aerosol layer (VDRL) is large during spring and winter due to the presence of dust aerosols. The color ratio of the lowest aerosol layer (CRL) is large during the day due to relatively more human activities taking place than at night. Moreover, there is a significantly positive linear correlation between N and TAH, and a negative logarithm correlation between N and PAODL over NEC. The results of this study could provide researchers and the government departments with detailed and certain optical and physical information about aerosol layers over NEC, to help in the treatment of air pollution over NEC.
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Bian J, Li D, Bai Z, Li Q, Lyu D, Zhou X. Transport of Asian surface pollutants to the global stratosphere from the Tibetan Plateau region during the Asian summer monsoon. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:516-533. [PMID: 34692071 PMCID: PMC8288924 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its surrounding strong and deep Asian summer monsoon (ASM) circulation and active surface pollutant emissions, surface pollutants are transported to the stratosphere from the Tibetan Plateau region, which may have critical impacts on global climate through chemical, microphysical and radiative processes. This article reviews major recent advances in research regarding troposphere-stratosphere transport from the region of the Tibetan Plateau. Since the discovery of the total ozone valley over the Tibetan Plateau in summer from satellite observations in the early 1990s, new satellite-borne instruments have become operational and have provided significant new information on atmospheric composition. In addition, in situ measurements and model simulations are used to investigate deep convection and the ASM anticyclone, surface sources and pathways, atmospheric chemical transformations and the impact on global climate. Also challenges are discussed for further understanding critical questions on microphysics and microchemistry in clouds during the pathway to the global stratosphere over the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Bian
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhixuan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Daren Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
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11
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Qing C, Wu X, Li X, Luo T, Su C, Zhu W. Mesoscale optical turbulence simulations above Tibetan Plateau: first attempt. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:4571-4586. [PMID: 32121691 DOI: 10.1364/oe.386078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The vertical distributions of optical turbulence (C n2 profiles) are a major factor in defining the capabilities of ground-based telescopes and interferometers. As site-testing campaigns are extremely expensive and instruments only provide the local atmospheric parameter, atmospheric modeling might represent an advance prediction result in astronomical sites. The key meteorological parameters and the integrated astroclimatic parameters (Fried parameter r0, seeing ɛ, isoplanatic angle θAO and wavefront coherence time τAO) related to the C n2 profiles above the Tibetan Plateau are investigated for astronomical applications by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Radiosonde measurements from a field campaign at Lhasa station above the Tibetan Plateau are used to quantify the ability of this model. The results show that the C n2 profile decreases rapidly in the surface layer, increasing with height from the boundary layer to low stratosphere, and decreases gradually in the high free atmosphere. From the whole campaign measurements above the Tibetan Plateau, the mean r0 is 8.64 cm, the mean ɛ is 1.55'', the mean θAO is 0.42'' and the mean τAO is 1.89 ms, and the comparison with the other world's leading observatory sites have been presented. In addition, such as the bias and the root-mean-squared error are used to quantify the performance of the WRF model. In spite of the model performance in reconstructing the meteorological parameters is reasonable in general, the uncertainty in quantifying the C n2 profiles and the integrated parameters are not negligible in some cases. The main results of this study tell us that the WRF model could provide a useful resource to design, monitor the performance of, and even optimize the operation of sophisticated Adaptive Optics (AO) systems.
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Niu H, Kang S, Gao W, Wang Y, Paudyal R. Vertical distribution of the Asian tropopause aerosols detected by CALIPSO. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:207-220. [PMID: 31310871 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties is crucial to reduce the uncertainty in quantifying the radiative forcing and climate effects of aerosols. The analysis of four-year (2007-2010) Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) lidar measurements revealed the existence of tropospheric aerosol layers associated with the Asian summer monsoon. The measurements of five typical aerosol optical and microphysical parameters were used to explore the properties, spatial/vertical distributions, annual evolution of tropopause aerosols over the South Asia region. Results extracted from various latitude-height and longitude-height cross sections of aerosol extinction coefficient at 532 and 1064 nm, backscatter coefficient at 532 nm, and depolarization ratio at 532 nm demonstrated that a large amount of aerosols vertically extended up to the tropopause (12 km) during the monsoon season over the north Arabian Sea, India, north Bay of Bengal, and equatorial Indian Ocean, finally reaching the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau. Convective transport associated with Asian summer monsoon is an important factor controlling the vertical distribution of tropopause aerosols. The evolution of aerosol scattering ratio at 532 nm indicated that from equatorial Indian Ocean to South Asia, there exists an upward tilting and ascending structure of the aerosols layer during the monsoon season, which typically indicates enhanced aerosols over the Asian monsoon region. Information on aerosol size distribution and detailed composition are needed for better understanding the nature and origin of this aerosol layer. Enhancement of the tropopause aerosols should be considered in the future studies in evaluating the regional or global climate systems. Further satellite observations of aerosols and in-situ observations are also urgently needed to diagnose this aerosol layer, which likely originate from anthropogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewen Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 10049, China.
| | - Wanni Gao
- School of International Cultural Exchange, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rukumesh Paudyal
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Gong P, Wang X, Pokhrel B, Wang H, Liu X, Liu X, Wania F. Trans-Himalayan Transport of Organochlorine Compounds: Three-Year Observations and Model-Based Flux Estimation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6773-6783. [PMID: 31122015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High mountains can trap semivolatile chemicals, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and hinder their dispersion. However, both deep convection and mountain valleys can facilitate POPs' transport over mountains, which have not been investigated before. In this study, a three-year sampling campaign along a south-north altitudinal transect (100-5200m) across the central Himalayas, coupled with a multicompartment contaminant fate model, was conducted for describing the transport processes of POPs. The results show that POPs emitted in the lowlands of the Himalayas can be transported to high altitudes and further to the inner part of the Tibetan Plateau. Modeling suggests that more than 90% of POPs are trapped along the way due to gaseous deposition to soil/foliage and rainfall scavenging; while 2 × 10-3 to 1 × 10-1 Giga-grams/year of POPs are transported across the Himalayas. The transport flux along valleys is 2-3 times higher than that across the mountain ridge. However, due to the limited spatial coverage of mountain valleys, the amount of POPs transported through valleys only accounts for a small part of the total transport. This study shows that POPs can overcome the blocking effect of the Himalayas, and high altitude transport across the mountain ridge is the dominant transport pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100101 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100101 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Balram Pokhrel
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100101 , China
- School of Science , Kathmandu University , Dhulikhel 45200 , Nepal
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Xiande Liu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012 , China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100101 , China
- Kathmandu Center for Research and Education, CAS-TU , Kathmandu 44618 , Nepal
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , ON M1C 1A4 , Canada
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Comprehensive Characteristics of Summer Deep Convection over Tibetan Plateau and Its South Slope from the Global Precipitation Measurement Core Observatory. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Observational data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory during four summers (2014–2017) has been used to investigate deep convection systems (DCSs) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its south slope (SS). The frequency, geographical distribution diurnal variation, and vertical structure of DCSs over the TP and SS are compared among these two regions. The frequency of DCSs over the SS (0.98%) was far higher than over the TP (0.15%), suggesting that stronger DCSs occur to the east and south of the TP. The maximum number of DCS occurred in July and August. A clear diurnal variation in DCS was found over the whole region, DCSs over the TP and SS both have a greatest amplitude in the afternoon. The probability of DCSs from 1200 to 1800 local time (LT) was 76.3% and 44.1% over TP and SS respectively, whereas the probability of DCSs being generated from 2200 (LT) to 0600 on the next day LT was 0.03% and 33.1% over the TP and SS respectively. There was a very low frequency of DCSs over the TP during the night. Five special echo top heights were used to investigate the vertical structure of DCSs. DCSs over the TP were both weaker and smaller than those over the SS.
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Lelieveld J, Bourtsoukidis E, Brühl C, Fischer H, Fuchs H, Harder H, Hofzumahaus A, Holland F, Marno D, Neumaier M, Pozzer A, Schlager H, Williams J, Zahn A, Ziereis H. The South Asian monsoon-pollution pump and purifier. Science 2018; 361:270-273. [PMID: 29903882 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is growing fastest in monsoon-affected South Asia. During the dry winter monsoon, the fumes disperse toward the Indian Ocean, creating a vast pollution haze, but their fate during the wet summer monsoon has been unclear. We performed atmospheric chemistry measurements by aircraft in the Oxidation Mechanism Observations campaign, sampling the summer monsoon outflow in the upper troposphere between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. The measurements, supported by model calculations, show that the monsoon sustains a remarkably efficient cleansing mechanism by which contaminants are rapidly oxidized and deposited to Earth's surface. However, some pollutants are lofted above the monsoon clouds and chemically processed in a reactive reservoir before being redistributed globally, including to the stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lelieveld
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany. .,The Cyprus Institute, 1645 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - C Brühl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - H Fischer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - H Fuchs
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - H Harder
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Hofzumahaus
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - F Holland
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - D Marno
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Neumaier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Pozzer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - H Schlager
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Germany Aerospace Center, 82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - J Williams
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,The Cyprus Institute, 1645 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A Zahn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Ziereis
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Germany Aerospace Center, 82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
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16
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The Characteristics of the Aerosol Optical Depth within the Lowest Aerosol Layer over the Tibetan Plateau from 2007 to 2014. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10050696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Lau WKM, Yuan C, Li Z. Origin, Maintenance and Variability of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL): The Roles of Monsoon Dynamics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3960. [PMID: 29500395 PMCID: PMC5834455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Using NASA MERRA2 daily data, we investigated the origin, maintenance and variability of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL) in relation to variations of the Asia Monsoon Anticyclone (AMA) during the summer of 2008. During May-June, abundant quantities of carbon monoxide (CO), carbonaceous aerosols (CA) and dusts are found in the mid- and upper troposphere over India and China, arising from enhanced biomass burning emissions, as well as westerly transport from the Middle East deserts. During July-August, large quantities of dusts transported from the deserts are trapped and accumulate over the southern and eastern foothills of the Tibetan Plateau. Despite strong precipitation washout, ambient CO, CA and dust are lofted by orographically forced deep convection to great elevations, 12-16 km above sea level, via two key pathways over heavily polluted regions: a) the Himalayas-Gangetic Plain, and b) the Sichuan Basin. Upon entering the upper-troposphere-lower-stratosphere, the pollutants are capped by a stable layer near the tropopause, advected and dispersed by the anticyclonic circulation of AMA, forming the ATAL resembling a planetary-scale "double-stem chimney cloud". The development and variability of the ATAL are strongly linked to the seasonal march and intraseasonal (20-30 days and higher frequency) oscillations of the Asian monsoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K M Lau
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, U. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, U. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| | - Cheng Yuan
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, U. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanqing Li
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, U. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, U. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Lehnert LW, Wesche K, Trachte K, Reudenbach C, Bendix J. Climate variability rather than overstocking causes recent large scale cover changes of Tibetan pastures. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24367. [PMID: 27073126 PMCID: PMC4829870 DOI: 10.1038/srep24367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a globally important “water tower” that provides water for nearly 40% of the world’s population. This supply function is claimed to be threatened by pasture degradation on the TP and the associated loss of water regulation functions. However, neither potential large scale degradation changes nor their drivers are known. Here, we analyse trends in a high-resolution dataset of grassland cover to determine the interactions among vegetation dynamics, climate change and human impacts on the TP. The results reveal that vegetation changes have regionally different triggers: While the vegetation cover has increased since the year 2000 in the north-eastern part of the TP due to an increase in precipitation, it has declined in the central and western parts of the TP due to rising air temperature and declining precipitation. Increasing livestock numbers as a result of land use changes exacerbated the negative trends but were not their exclusive driver. Thus, we conclude that climate variability instead of overgrazing has been the primary cause for large scale vegetation cover changes on the TP since the new millennium. Since areas of positive and negative changes are almost equal in extent, pasture degradation is not generally proceeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Lehnert
- Faculty of Geography, Philipps-University of Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 10, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - K Wesche
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, P.O. Box 300154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Trachte
- Faculty of Geography, Philipps-University of Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 10, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - C Reudenbach
- Faculty of Geography, Philipps-University of Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 10, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - J Bendix
- Faculty of Geography, Philipps-University of Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 10, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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19
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Lin W, Xu X, Zheng X, Dawa J, Baima C, Ma J. Two-year measurements of surface ozone at Dangxiong, a remote highland site in the Tibetan Plateau. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 31:133-145. [PMID: 25968267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of surface O3 and carbon monoxide (CO) were made from September 2009 to August 2011 at Dangxiong (30.48°N, 91.10°E, 4187 m a.s.l.), a remote highland site in a southern valley of the Nyainqêntanglha Mountains in the Tibetan Plateau, China. The monthly mean O3 mixing ratio ranged from 29.1 to 51.4 ppb, with an average of 38.5 ppb, and the maximum value was observed in May. The average diurnal cycle of O3 concentration showed a minimum in early morning and a maximum in the afternoon, with a broader "high platform" from the late morning to the late afternoon, and resembled that of surface wind speed. The concentration of surface O3 was highly significantly correlated with tropospheric column O3 over the regions surrounding Dangxiong and with that of surface O3 observed at a site north of the Nyainqêntanglha Mountains, suggesting a good regional representativeness of surface O3 at Dangxiong. In the afternoon when stronger winds blew, surface air showed distinct features of free-atmospheric air, with higher O3, lower CO, and lower relative humidity (RH). The negative O3-CO and O3-RH correlations in most months indicate a significant influence of air masses from the free troposphere. Trajectory analysis suggests that air masses originating from the south of the site make a negative net contribution to surface O3 and a positive contribution to CO and humidity, and those from the northwest sector contribute conversely to the respective quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Lin
- Centre for Atmosphere Watch & Services, Meteorological Observation Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiangdong Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jaxi Dawa
- Dangxiong Meteorological Bureau, Lhasa 851500, China
| | - Ciren Baima
- Lhasa Meteorological Bureau, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Jin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Han YM, Wei C, Bandowe BAM, Wilcke W, Cao JJ, Xu BQ, Gao SP, Tie XX, Li GH, Jin ZD, An ZS. Elemental carbon and polycyclic aromatic compounds in a 150-year sediment core from Lake Qinghai, Tibetan Plateau, China: influence of regional and local sources and transport pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:4176-4183. [PMID: 25732352 DOI: 10.1021/es504568m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Elemental carbon (EC) and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are potential proxies for the reconstruction of change in human activities and the origin of air masses in historic times. In this study, the historic deposition of char and soot (the two subtypes of EC) and PACs in a 150-year sediment core from different topographic subbasins of Lake Qinghai on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau (QTP) were reconstructed. The objective was to explore how the variations in the concentrations of EC and PACs, in the ratios of char to soot and of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) to parent PAHs, and in the composition of the PAC mixtures reflect historical changes in climate and human activity and the origin of air masses arriving at the QTP. The deposition fluxes of soot in the different subbasins were similar, averaging 0.18 (range of 0.15-0.25) and 0.16 (0.13-0.23) g m(-2) year(-1), respectively, but they varied for char (averaging 0.11 and 0.22 g m(-2) year(-1), respectively), suggesting ubiquitous atmospheric deposition of soot and local river inputs of char. The different vertical distributions of the char/soot ratios in the different subbasins can be interpreted in terms of the different transport mechanisms of char and soot. An abrupt increase in soot concentrations since 1980 coincides with results from the QTP ice cores that were interpreted to be indicative of soot transport from South Asia. Similar concentration patterns of PAHs with soot and 9,10-anthraquinone/anthracene (9,10-AQ/ANT) ratios all >2.0 suggest regional PAC sources. Increasing PAH/soot ratios and decreasing 9,10-AQ/ANT ratios since the beginning of the 1970s indicate increasing local emissions. The historical trends of these diagnostic ratios indicate an increase in the fossil-fuel contribution since the beginning of the 1970s. The increase of perylene concentrations with increasing core depth and the ratio of perylene to its penta-aromatic isomers indicate that perylene originates mainly from in situ biogenic diagenesis. We demonstrate that the concentrations of EC, char, soot, and PACs in sediments can be used to reconstruct local, regional, and remote sources and transport pathways of pollutants to the QTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Han
- ¶Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
- §Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | | | - B A M Bandowe
- ∥Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - W Wilcke
- ∥Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
- ⊥Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - B Q Xu
- #Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - S P Gao
- #Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Z S An
- ¶Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
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Chen X, Añel JA, Su Z, de la Torre L, Kelder H, van Peet J, Ma Y. The deep atmospheric boundary layer and its significance to the stratosphere and troposphere exchange over the Tibetan Plateau. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56909. [PMID: 23451108 PMCID: PMC3581577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the depth of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over the Tibetan Plateau was measured during a regional radiosonde observation campaign in 2008 and found to be deeper than indicated by previously measurements. Results indicate that during fair weather conditions on winter days, the top of the mixed layers can be up to 5 km above the ground (9.4 km above sea level). Measurements also show that the depth of the ABL is quite distinct for three different periods (winter, monsoon-onset, and monsoon seasons). Turbulence at the top of a deep mixing layer can rise up to the upper troposphere. As a consequence, as confirmed by trajectory analysis, interaction occurs between deep ABLs and the low tropopause during winter over the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Juan A. Añel
- Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- EPhysLab, Fac. of Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Zhongbo Su
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jacob van Peet
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Utricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yaoming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Sheng J, Wang X, Gong P, Tian L, Yao T. Heavy metals of the Tibetan top soils: level, source, spatial distribution, temporal variation and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:3362-3370. [PMID: 22447244 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Due to its high elevation, rare human activities and proximity to south Asia where industries are highly developed, it is required to investigate the fragile environment of the Tibetan Plateau. We are aiming to obtain the concentration level, source, spatial distribution, temporal variation and potential environmental risk of Tibetan soils. METHODS A total of 128 surf ace soil samples were collected and analyzed f or V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb, and an additional 111 samples were analyzed f or Hg and total organic carbon. Concentration comparisons coupled with multivariate statistics were used to analysis the sources of elements of soils. We also carried out Risk assessment on the soils. RESULTS Concentrations of Hg, Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb are slightly higher than those of the late 1970s. Concentrations of Cr and Ni are higher than averaged world background values. Tibetan soils present a high natural As concentration level. DISCUSSION Anthropogenic sources may partly contribute to the elevated Hg, Cd and Pb concentrations. Cr and Ni are mainly originated from soil parent materials. Soil elements in Anduo and Qamdo regions may threaten the health of local people. CONCLUSION Heavy metal elements of Tibetan Plateau are mainly from the natural source. Arsenic present a high background level. Soil elements in Anduo and Qamdo regions may threaten the health of local people, which should be of concern to scientists and the government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiujiang Sheng
- Key laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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23
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Wang T, Dessler AE. Analysis of cirrus in the tropical tropopause layer from CALIPSO and MLS data: A water perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Lu N, Qin J, Yang K, Gao Y, Xu X, Koike T. On the use of GPS measurements for Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer precipitable water vapor evaluation over southern Tibet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Jun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Kun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Xiangde Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather; Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Toshio Koike
- Department of Civil Engineering; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
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25
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Feng S, Fu Y, Xiao Q. Is the tropopause higher over the Tibetan Plateau? Observational evidence from Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Feng
- Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing and Climate Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Yunfei Fu
- Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing and Climate Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Qingnong Xiao
- Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing and Climate Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
- College of Marine Science; University of South Florida; St. Petersburg Florida USA
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26
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Santee ML, Manney GL, Livesey NJ, Froidevaux L, Schwartz MJ, Read WG. Trace gas evolution in the lowermost stratosphere from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Pan LL, Munchak LA. Relationship of cloud top to the tropopause and jet structure from CALIPSO data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Duflot V, Dils B, Baray JL, De Mazière M, Attié JL, Vanhaelewyn G, Senten C, Vigouroux C, Clain G, Delmas R. Analysis of the origin of the distribution of CO in the subtropical southern Indian Ocean in 2007. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Sayres DS, Pfister L, Hanisco TF, Moyer EJ, Smith JB, St. Clair JM, O'Brien AS, Witinski MF, Legg M, Anderson JG. Influence of convection on the water isotopic composition of the tropical tropopause layer and tropical stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Jiang JH, Su H, Pawson S, Liu HC, Read WG, Waters JW, Santee ML, Wu DL, Schwartz MJ, Livesey NJ, Lambert A, Fuller RA, Lee JN. Five year (2004–2009) observations of upper tropospheric water vapor and cloud ice from MLS and comparisons with GEOS-5 analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Zhao C, Wang Y, Yang Q, Fu R, Cunnold D, Choi Y. Impact of East Asian summer monsoon on the air quality over China: View from space. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Randel WJ, Park M, Emmons L, Kinnison D, Bernath P, Walker KA, Boone C, Pumphrey H. Asian Monsoon Transport of Pollution to the Stratosphere. Science 2010; 328:611-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1182274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mijeong Park
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Louisa Emmons
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Doug Kinnison
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Peter Bernath
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaley A. Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Boone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hugh Pumphrey
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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33
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Wang XP, Gong P, Yao TD, Jones KC. Passive air sampling of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers across the tibetan plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2988-2993. [PMID: 20235613 DOI: 10.1021/es9033759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
So far there are limited data on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere of the Tibetan Plateau. XAD 2-resin based passive air samplers were therefore deployed for 1 year (between July 2007-June 2008) at 16 locations across the Tibetan Plateau. Based on previously reported sampling rates (R) derived in the north and south America, and their correlations with atmospheric temperature and pressure, R values in the present study were in the range of 2.2-3.3 m(3) d(-1) (average = 2.7 +/- 0.3). Derived air concentrations (pg/m(3)) ranged as follows: DDTs, 5-75; HCHs, 0.1-36; alpha-endosulfan, 0.1-10; HCB, 2.8-80; sum of 15 PCBs, 1.8-8.2; and sum of 9 PBDEs, 0.1-8.3. The highest DDTs occurred at Qamdo, where the sampling site is near to farm land, indicating the spatial distribution of DDTs across the plateau may be influenced by scattered local usage of DDT. Higher levels of HCHs were observed at sites with high elevation (>4000 m) and close to the China-India border, indicating possible long-range atmospheric transport. The highest levels of HCB, PCBs, and PBDEs were found at a site impacted by forest fire during the sampling campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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34
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Dessler AE. Clouds and water vapor in the Northern Hemisphere summertime stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Jiang JH, Su H, Massie ST, Colarco PR, Schoeberl MR, Platnick S. Aerosol-CO relationship and aerosol effect on ice cloud particle size: Analyses from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Worden J, Jones DBA, Liu J, Parrington M, Bowman K, Stajner I, Beer R, Jiang J, Thouret V, Kulawik S, Li JLF, Verma S, Worden H. Observed vertical distribution of tropospheric ozone during the Asian summertime monsoon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Park M, Randel WJ, Emmons LK, Livesey NJ. Transport pathways of carbon monoxide in the Asian summer monsoon diagnosed from Model of Ozone and Related Tracers (MOZART). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Sayres DS, Moyer EJ, Hanisco TF, St Clair JM, Keutsch FN, O'Brien A, Allen NT, Lapson L, Demusz JN, Rivero M, Martin T, Greenberg M, Tuozzolo C, Engel GS, Kroll JH, Paul JB, Anderson JG. A new cavity based absorption instrument for detection of water isotopologues in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:044102. [PMID: 19405676 DOI: 10.1063/1.3117349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We describe here the Harvard integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS) isotope instrument, a mid-IR infrared spectrometer using ICOS to make in situ measurements of the primary isotopologues of water vapor (H(2)O, HDO, and H(2) (18)O) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). The long path length provided by ICOS provides the sensitivity and accuracy necessary to measure these or other trace atmospheric species at concentrations in the ppbv range. The Harvard ICOS isotope instrument has been integrated onto NASA's WB-57 high-altitude research aircraft and to date has flown successfully in four field campaigns from winter 2004-2005 to the present. Off-axis alignment and a fully passive cavity ensure maximum robustness against the vibrationally hostile aircraft environment. The very simple instrument design permitted by off-axis ICOS is also helpful in minimizing contamination necessary for accurate measurements in the dry UTLS region. The instrument is calibrated in the laboratory via two separate water addition systems and crosscalibrated against other instruments. Calibrations have established an accuracy of 5% for all species. The instrument has demonstrated measurement precision of 0.14 ppmv, 0.10 ppbv, and 0.16 ppbv in 4 s averages for H(2)O, HDO, and H(2) (18)O, respectively. At a water vapor mixing ratio of 5 ppmv the isotopologue ratio precision is 50[per thousand] and 30[per thousand] for deltaD and delta(18)O, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Sayres
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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39
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Fetzer EJ, Read WG, Waliser D, Kahn BH, Tian B, Vömel H, Irion FW, Su H, Eldering A, de la Torre Juarez M, Jiang J, Dang V. Comparison of upper tropospheric water vapor observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Roy S, Beig G, Jacob D. Seasonal distribution of ozone and its precursors over the tropical Indian region using regional chemistry-transport model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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42
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St Clair JM, Hanisco TF, Weinstock EM, Moyer EJ, Sayres DS, Keutsch FN, Kroll JH, Demusz JN, Allen NT, Smith JB, Spackman JR, Anderson JG. A new photolysis laser-induced fluorescence instrument for the detection of H2O and HDO in the lower stratosphere. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:064101. [PMID: 18601418 DOI: 10.1063/1.2940221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a new instrument, Hoxotope, for the in situ measurement of H(2)O and its heavy deuterium isotopologue (HDO) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere aboard the NASA WB-57. Sensitive measurements of deltaD are accomplished through the vacuum UV photolysis of water followed by laser-induced fluorescence detection of the resultant OH and OD photofragments. The photolysis laser-induced fluorescence technique can obtain S/N>20 for 1 ppbv HDO and S/N>30 for 5 ppmv H(2)O for 10 s data, providing the sensitivity required for deltaD measurements in the tropopause region. The technique responds rapidly to changing water concentrations due to its inherently small sampling volume, augmented by steps taken to minimize water uptake on instrument plumbing. Data from the summer 2005 Aura Validation Experiment Water Isotope Intercomparison Flights (AVE-WIIF) out of Houston, TX show agreement for H(2)O between Hoxotope and the Harvard water vapor instrument and for HDO between Hoxotope and the Harvard ICOS water isotope instrument, to within stated instrument uncertainties. The successful intercomparison validates Hoxotope as a credible source of deltaD data in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M St Clair
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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43
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Wu DL, Jiang JH, Read WG, Austin RT, Davis CP, Lambert A, Stephens GL, Vane DG, Waters JW. Validation of the Aura MLS cloud ice water content measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Livesey NJ, Filipiak MJ, Froidevaux L, Read WG, Lambert A, Santee ML, Jiang JH, Pumphrey HC, Waters JW, Cofield RE, Cuddy DT, Daffer WH, Drouin BJ, Fuller RA, Jarnot RF, Jiang YB, Knosp BW, Li QB, Perun VS, Schwartz MJ, Snyder WV, Stek PC, Thurstans RP, Wagner PA, Avery M, Browell EV, Cammas JP, Christensen LE, Diskin GS, Gao RS, Jost HJ, Loewenstein M, Lopez JD, Nedelec P, Osterman GB, Sachse GW, Webster CR. Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder O3and CO observations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Nassar R, Bernath PF, Boone CD, Gettelman A, McLeod SD, Rinsland CP. Variability in HDO/H2O abundance ratios in the tropical tropopause layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Weinstock EM, Pittman JV, Sayres DS, Smith JB, Anderson JG, Wofsy SC, Xueref I, Gerbig C, Daube BC, Pfister L, Richard EC, Ridley BA, Weinheimer AJ, Jost HJ, Lopez JP, Loewenstein M, Thompson TL. Quantifying the impact of the North American monsoon and deep midlatitude convection on the subtropical lowermost stratosphere using in situ measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Berthet G, Esler JG, Haynes PH. A Lagrangian perspective of the tropopause and the ventilation of the lowermost stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Park M, Randel WJ, Gettelman A, Massie ST, Jiang JH. Transport above the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone inferred from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder tracers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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