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Mori JO, Elhussin I, Brennen WN, Graham MK, Lotan TL, Yates CC, De Marzo AM, Denmeade SR, Yegnasubramanian S, Nelson WG, Denis GV, Platz EA, Meeker AK, Heaphy CM. Prognostic and therapeutic potential of senescent stromal fibroblasts in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2024; 21:258-273. [PMID: 37907729 PMCID: PMC11058122 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00827-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The stromal component of the tumour microenvironment in primary and metastatic prostate cancer can influence and promote disease progression. Within the prostatic stroma, fibroblasts are one of the most prevalent cell types associated with precancerous and cancerous lesions; they have a vital role in the structural composition, organization and integrity of the extracellular matrix. Fibroblasts within the tumour microenvironment can undergo cellular senescence, which is a stable arrest of cell growth and a phenomenon that is emerging as a recognized hallmark of cancer. Supporting the idea that cellular senescence has a pro-tumorigenic role, a subset of senescent cells exhibits a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which, along with increased inflammation, can promote prostate cancer cell growth and survival. These cellular characteristics make targeting senescent cells and/or modulating SASP attractive as a potential preventive or therapeutic option for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakin O Mori
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isra Elhussin
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mindy K Graham
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clayton C Yates
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William G Nelson
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald V Denis
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher M Heaphy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Martella M, Carlesso N, Waller ZAE, Marcucci G, Pichiorri F, Smith SS. Genomic Frequencies of Dynamic DNA Sequences and Mammalian Lifespan. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2024; 21:238-251. [PMID: 38670588 PMCID: PMC11059594 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Dynamic DNA sequences (i.e. sequences capable of forming hairpins, G-quadruplexes, i-motifs, and triple helices) can cause replication stress and associated mutations. One example of such a sequence occurs in the RACK7 gene in human DNA. Since this sequence forms i-motif structures at neutral pH that cause replication stress and result in spontaneous deletions in prostate cancer cells, our initial aim was to determine its potential utility as a biomarker of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We cloned and sequenced the region in RACK7 where i-motif deletions often occur in DNA obtained from eight individuals. Expressed prostatic secretions were obtained from three individuals with a positive biopsy for prostate cancer and two with individuals with a negative biopsy for prostate cancer. Peripheral blood specimens were obtained from two control healthy bone marrow donors and a marrow specimen was obtained from a third healthy marrow donor. Follow-up computer searches of the genomes of 74 mammalian species available at the NCBI ftp site or frequencies of 6 dynamic sequences known to produce mutations or replication stress using a program written in Mathematica were subsequently performed. RESULTS Deletions were found in RACK7 in specimens from both older normal adults, as well as specimens from older patients with cancer, but not in the youngest normal adult. The deletions appeared to show a weak trend to increasing frequency with patient age. This suggested that endogenous mutations associated with dynamic sequences might accumulate during aging and might serve as biomarkers of biological age rather than direct biomarkers of cancer. To test that hypothesis, we asked whether or not the genomic frequencies of several dynamic sequences known to produce replication stress or mutations in human DNA were inversely correlated with maximum lifespan in mammals. CONCLUSION Our results confirm this correlation for six dynamic sequences in 74 mammalian genomes studied, thereby suggesting that spontaneously induced replication stress and mutations linked to dynamic sequence frequency may limit lifespan by limiting genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Martella
- Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, U.S.A
- Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, U.S.A
| | - Nadia Carlesso
- Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, U.S.A
| | - Zoë A E Waller
- University College London School of Pharmacy, London, U.K
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Department of Hematological Malignancies and Translational Science, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, U.S.A
| | - Flavia Pichiorri
- Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, U.S.A
- Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, U.S.A
| | - Steven S Smith
- Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, U.S.A.;
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, U.S.A
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Pennarun G, Picotto J, Bertrand P. Close Ties between the Nuclear Envelope and Mammalian Telomeres: Give Me Shelter. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040775. [PMID: 37107534 PMCID: PMC10137478 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) in eukaryotic cells is essential to provide a protective compartment for the genome. Beside its role in connecting the nucleus with the cytoplasm, the NE has numerous important functions including chromatin organization, DNA replication and repair. NE alterations have been linked to different human diseases, such as laminopathies, and are a hallmark of cancer cells. Telomeres, the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, are crucial for preserving genome stability. Their maintenance involves specific telomeric proteins, repair proteins and several additional factors, including NE proteins. Links between telomere maintenance and the NE have been well established in yeast, in which telomere tethering to the NE is critical for their preservation and beyond. For a long time, in mammalian cells, except during meiosis, telomeres were thought to be randomly localized throughout the nucleus, but recent advances have uncovered close ties between mammalian telomeres and the NE that play important roles for maintaining genome integrity. In this review, we will summarize these connections, with a special focus on telomere dynamics and the nuclear lamina, one of the main NE components, and discuss the evolutionary conservation of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Pennarun
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, LREV/iRCM/IBFJ, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, LREV/iRCM/IBFJ, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Julien Picotto
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, LREV/iRCM/IBFJ, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, LREV/iRCM/IBFJ, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Pascale Bertrand
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, LREV/iRCM/IBFJ, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, LREV/iRCM/IBFJ, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Leung AOW, Yiu TC, Liu L, Tam HY, Gu S, Tu J, Pei D, Cheung HH. Targeting G-quadruplex for rescuing impaired chondrogenesis in WRN-deficient stem cells. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:212. [PMID: 36587229 PMCID: PMC9805690 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00939-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic mutations in WRN are a cause of premature aging disease Werner syndrome (WS). Besides accelerated aging phenotypes and cancer predisposition, patients with WS also display underdevelopment in the skeletal system, characterized by short stature, light body weight and unusually thin extremities. The reasons for these developmental defects are not completely understood and the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. RESULTS In this study, WRN was found to modulate transcription of short stature homeobox gene SHOX. Loss of WRN resulted in insufficient expression of SHOX, the gene dose of which is critical for driving chondrocyte differentiation. WRN could bind the G-quadruplex (G4) structures in the SHOX promoter and stimulate transcription. Aberrant formation of G4 structures in WRN-deficient cells impeded normal transcription of SHOX, thus resulting in impaired chondrogenesis. Chondrogenesis could be rescued by overexpression of WRN helicase or SHOX, suggesting that SHOX is a downstream target of WRN. Gene editing of the G4 structures in the SHOX promoter could increase SHOX expression, therefore rescuing the impaired chondrogenesis in WRN-deficient cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that dysgenesis of the developing bone in WS might be caused by SHOX insufficiency. Aberrant formation of G4 structures in SHOX promoter suppresses SHOX expression and impairs chondrogenesis. Targeted mutagenesis in the G4 structures enhances SHOX expression and thus providing an opportunity to rescue the chondrogenic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian On-Wah Leung
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz-Ching Yiu
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lingxiao Liu
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hei-Yin Tam
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shen Gu
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiajie Tu
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Laboratory of Cell Fate Control, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China
| | - Hoi-Hung Cheung
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Research on Werner Syndrome: Trends from Past to Present and Future Prospects. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101802. [PMID: 36292687 PMCID: PMC9601476 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A rare and autosomal recessive premature aging disorder, Werner syndrome (WS) is characterized by the early onset of aging-associated diseases, including shortening stature, alopecia, bilateral cataracts, skin ulcers, diabetes, osteoporosis, arteriosclerosis, and chromosomal instability, as well as cancer predisposition. WRN, the gene responsible for WS, encodes DNA helicase with a 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity, and numerous studies have revealed that WRN helicase is involved in the maintenance of chromosome stability through actions in DNA, e.g., DNA replication, repair, recombination, and epigenetic regulation via interaction with DNA repair factors, telomere-binding proteins, histone modification enzymes, and other DNA metabolic factors. However, although these efforts have elucidated the cellular functions of the helicase in cell lines, they have not been linked to the treatment of the disease. Life expectancy has improved for WS patients over the past three decades, and it is hoped that a fundamental treatment for the disease will be developed. Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have been established, and these are expected to be used in drug discovery and regenerative medicine for WS patients. In this article, we review trends in research to date and present some perspectives on WS research with regard to the application of pluripotent stem cells. Furthermore, the elucidation of disease mechanisms and drug discovery utilizing the vast amount of scientific data accumulated to date will be discussed.
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Thakkar MK, Lee J, Meyer S, Chang VY. RecQ Helicase Somatic Alterations in Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:887758. [PMID: 35782872 PMCID: PMC9240438 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.887758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Named the “caretakers” of the genome, RecQ helicases function in several pathways to maintain genomic stability and repair DNA. This highly conserved family of enzymes consist of five different proteins in humans: RECQL1, BLM, WRN, RECQL4, and RECQL5. Biallelic germline mutations in BLM, WRN, and RECQL4 have been linked to rare cancer-predisposing syndromes. Emerging research has also implicated somatic alterations in RecQ helicases in a variety of cancers, including hematological malignancies, breast cancer, osteosarcoma, amongst others. These alterations in RecQ helicases, particularly overexpression, may lead to increased resistance of cancer cells to conventional chemotherapy. Downregulation of these proteins may allow for increased sensitivity to chemotherapy, and, therefore, may be important therapeutic targets. Here we provide a comprehensive review of our current understanding of the role of RecQ DNA helicases in cancer and discuss the potential therapeutic opportunities in targeting these helicases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha K. Thakkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jamie Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stefan Meyer
- Division of Cancer Studies, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital and Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Y. Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Childrens Discovery and Innovation Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Vivian Y. Chang,
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Yang Y, Zhu M, Liang J, Wang H, Sun D, Li H, Chen L. SIRT6 mediates multidimensional modulation to maintain organism homeostasis. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3205-3221. [PMID: 35621134 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As a member of the silent information regulators (sirtuins) family, SIRT6 can regulate a variety of biological processes, including DNA repair, glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and lifespan, and so forth. SIRT6 maintains organism homeostasis in a variety of phenotypes by mediating epigenetic regulation and posttranslational modification of functional proteins. In this review, we outline the structural basis of SIRT6 enzyme activity and its mechanism of maintaining organism homeostasis in a variety of phenotypes, with an emphasis on the upstream that regulates SIRT6 expression and the downstream substrates. And how SIRT6 achieves multidimensional coordination to maintain organism homeostasis and even extend lifespan. We try to understand the regulatory mechanism of SIRT6 in different phenotypes from the perspective of protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Man Zhu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dejuan Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Afzaal A, Rehman K, Kamal S, Akash MSH. Versatile role of sirtuins in metabolic disorders: From modulation of mitochondrial function to therapeutic interventions. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23047. [PMID: 35297126 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRT1-7) are distinct histone deacetylases (HDACs) whose activity is determined by cellular metabolic status andnicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) levels. HDACs of class III are the members of the SIRT's protein family. SIRTs are the enzymes that modulate mitochondrial activity and energy metabolism. SIRTs have been linked to a number of clinical and physiological operations, such as energy responses to low-calorie availability, aging, stress resistance, inflammation, and apoptosis. Mammalian SIRT2 orthologs have been identified as SIRT1-7 that are found in several subcellular sections, including the cytoplasm (SIRT1, 2), mitochondrial matrix (SIRT3, 4, 5), and the core (SIRT1, 2, 6, 7). For their deacetylase or ADP-ribosyl transferase action, all SIRTs require NAD+ and are linked to cellular energy levels. Evolutionarily, SIRT1 is related to yeast's SIRT2 as well as received primary attention in the circulatory system. An endogenous protein, SIRT1 is involved in the development of heart failure and plays a key role in cell death and survival. SIRT2 downregulation protects against ischemic-reperfusion damage. Increase in human longevity is caused by an increase in SIRT3 expression. Cardiomyocytes are also protected by SIRT3 from oxidative damage and aging, as well as suppressing cardiac hypertrophy. SIRT4 and SIRT5 perform their roles in the heart. SIRT6 has also been linked to a reduction in heart hypertrophy. SIRT7 is known to be involved in the regulation of stress responses and apoptosis in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Afzaal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shagufta Kamal
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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De Rosa M, Johnson SA, Opresko PL. Roles for the 8-Oxoguanine DNA Repair System in Protecting Telomeres From Oxidative Stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:758402. [PMID: 34869348 PMCID: PMC8640134 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.758402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are protective nucleoprotein structures that cap linear chromosome ends and safeguard genome stability. Progressive telomere shortening at each somatic cell division eventually leads to critically short and dysfunctional telomeres, which can contribute to either cellular senescence and aging, or tumorigenesis. Human reproductive cells, some stem cells, and most cancer cells, express the enzyme telomerase to restore telomeric DNA. Numerous studies have shown that oxidative stress caused by excess reactive oxygen species is associated with accelerated telomere shortening and dysfunction. Telomeric repeat sequences are remarkably susceptible to oxidative damage and are preferred sites for the production of the mutagenic base lesion 8-oxoguanine, which can alter telomere length homeostasis and integrity. Therefore, knowledge of the repair pathways involved in the processing of 8-oxoguanine at telomeres is important for advancing understanding of the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases and cancer associated with telomere instability. The highly conserved guanine oxidation (GO) system involves three specialized enzymes that initiate distinct pathways to specifically mitigate the adverse effects of 8-oxoguanine. Here we introduce the GO system and review the studies focused on investigating how telomeric 8-oxoguanine processing affects telomere integrity and overall genome stability. We also discuss newly developed technologies that target oxidative damage selectively to telomeres to investigate roles for the GO system in telomere stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria De Rosa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Samuel A Johnson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Patricia L Opresko
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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10
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前澤 善. [Basic science of Werner syndrome]. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 2021; 58:402-408. [PMID: 34483166 DOI: 10.3143/geriatrics.58.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- 善朗 前澤
- 千葉大学大学院医学研究院内分泌代謝・血液・老年内科学
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Gudmundsrud R, Skjånes TH, Gilmour BC, Caponio D, Lautrup S, Fang EF. Crosstalk among DNA Damage, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Impaired Mitophagy, Stem Cell Attrition, and Senescence in the Accelerated Ageing Disorder Werner Syndrome. Cytogenet Genome Res 2021; 161:297-304. [PMID: 34433164 DOI: 10.1159/000516386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Werner syndrome (WS) is an accelerated ageing disease caused by multiple mutations in the gene encoding the Werner DNA helicase (WRN). The major clinical features of WS include wrinkles, grey hair, osteoporosis, and metabolic phenomena such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and fatty liver, and resemble those seen in normal ageing, but occur earlier, in middle age. Defective DNA repair resulting from mutations in WRN explain the majority of the clinical features of WS, but the underlying mechanisms driving the larger metabolic dysfunction remain elusive. Recent studies in animal models of WS and in WS patient cells and blood samples suggest the involvement of impaired mitophagy, NAD+ depletion, and accumulation of damaged mitochondria in metabolic dysfunction. This mini-review summarizes recent progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction in WS, with the involvement of DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, mitophagy reduction, stem cell impairment, and senescence. Future studies on NAD+ and mitophagy may shed light on potential therapeutic strategies for the WS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Gudmundsrud
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Tarjei H Skjånes
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Brian C Gilmour
- The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway
| | - Domenica Caponio
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Sofie Lautrup
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Evandro F Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway
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12
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Gu R, Cao J, Wei S, Gong X, Wang Y, Mi Y, Zhang J, Qiu S, Rao Q, Wang M, Wei H, Wang J. Evaluation of pretreatment telomere length as a prognostic marker in intermediate-risk acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Lab Hematol 2021; 43:1510-1515. [PMID: 34288423 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current framework for risk stratification is still insufficient for highly heterogeneous intermediate-risk acute myeloid leukemia (IRC-AML), which lacks specific genomic abnormalities. METHODS In order to incorporate novel biomarkers to refine current risk stratification strategies for patients with this subtype, we investigated pretreatment telomere length (TL), which is essential for maintaining genomic stability, in 204 adults with de novo AML (non-acute promyelocytic leukemia). RESULTS We found that TL measured at diagnosis did not decrease with advancing age in 204 patients with AML (R2 = 0.001, P = .695). A multivariate analysis demonstrated that short TL was independently associated with an inferior relapse-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] 3.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48-6.41, P = .003); event-free survival (HR 2.14, 95% CI 1.12-4.08, P = .021); and overall survival (HR 2.26, 95% CI 1.09-4.67, P = .028) in IRC-AML patients. In addition, IRC-AML patients with short TL also exhibited an increased cumulative incidence of hematologic relapse (HR 2.32, 95% CI 1.08-5.26, P = .032). CONCLUSION Short TL is an independent prognostic factor for poor prognosis in patients with IRC-AML and may represent a novel mechanism that links genomic stability and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxia Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingjing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuning Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingchang Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Junping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaowei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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13
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Fernandes SG, Dsouza R, Khattar E. External environmental agents influence telomere length and telomerase activity by modulating internal cellular processes: Implications in human aging. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:103633. [PMID: 33711516 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
External environment affects cellular physiological processes and impact the stability of our genome. The most important structural components of our linear chromosomes which endure the impact by these agents, are the chromosomal ends called telomeres. Telomeres preserve the integrity of our genome by preventing end to end fusions and telomeric loss through by inhibiting DNA damage response (DDR) activation. This is accomplished by the presence of a six membered shelterin complex at telomeres. Further, telomeres cannot be replicated by normal DNA polymerase and require a special enzyme called telomerase which is expressed only in stem cells, few immune cells and germ cells. Telomeres are rich in guanine content and thus become extremely prone to damage arising due to physiological processes like oxidative stress and inflammation. External environmental factors which includes various physical, biological and chemical agents also affect telomere homeostasis by increasing oxidative stress and inflammation. In the present review, we highlight the effect of these external factors on telomerase activity and telomere length. We also discuss how the external agents affect the physiological processes, thus modulating telomere stability. Further, we describe its implication in the development of aging and its related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina George Fernandes
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Rebecca Dsouza
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Ekta Khattar
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai, 400056, India.
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14
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Ho CY, Dreesen O. Faces of cellular senescence in skin aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 198:111525. [PMID: 34166688 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The skin is comprised of different cell types with different proliferative capacities. Skin aging occurs with chronological age and upon exposure to extrinsic factors such as photodamage. During aging, senescent cells accumulate in different compartments of the human skin, leading to impaired skin physiology. Diverse skin cell types may respond differently to senescence-inducing stimuli and it is not clear how this results in aging-associated skin phenotypes and pathologies. This review aims to examine and provide an overview of current evidence of cellular senescence in the skin. We will focus on cellular characteristics and behaviour of different skin cell types undergoing senescence in the epidermis and dermis, with a particular focus on the complex interplay between mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy and DNA damage pathways. We will also examine how the dermis and epidermis cope with the accumulation of DNA damage during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Yee Ho
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore
| | - Oliver Dreesen
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648, Singapore.
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15
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RecQ helicases in DNA repair and cancer targets. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:819-830. [PMID: 33095241 PMCID: PMC7588665 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicases are enzymes that use the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to catalyze the unwinding of DNA or RNA. The RecQ family of helicases is conserved through evolution from prokaryotes to higher eukaryotes and plays important roles in various DNA repair pathways, contributing to the maintenance of genome integrity. Despite their roles as general tumor suppressors, there is now considerable interest in exploiting RecQ helicases as synthetic lethal targets for the development of new cancer therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the latest developments in the structural and mechanistic study of RecQ helicases and discuss their roles in various DNA repair pathways. Finally, we consider the potential to exploit RecQ helicases as therapeutic targets and review the recent progress towards the development of small molecules targeting RecQ helicases as cancer therapeutics.
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16
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D'Amico AM, Vasquez KM. The multifaceted roles of DNA repair and replication proteins in aging and obesity. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 99:103049. [PMID: 33529944 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Efficient mechanisms for genomic maintenance (i.e., DNA repair and DNA replication) are crucial for cell survival. Aging and obesity can lead to the dysregulation of genomic maintenance proteins/pathways and are significant risk factors for the development of cancer, metabolic disorders, and other genetic diseases. Mutations in genes that code for proteins involved in DNA repair and DNA replication can also exacerbate aging- and obesity-related disorders and lead to the development of progeroid diseases. In this review, we will discuss the roles of various DNA repair and replication proteins in aging and obesity as well as investigate the possible mechanisms by which aging and obesity can lead to the dysregulation of these proteins and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M D'Amico
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX, 78723, USA
| | - Karen M Vasquez
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX, 78723, USA.
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17
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Detection of Telomeric DNA:RNA Hybrids Using TeloDRIP-qPCR. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249774. [PMID: 33371452 PMCID: PMC7767442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their intrinsic characteristics, telomeres are genomic loci that pose significant problems during the replication of the genome. In particular, it has been observed that telomeres that are maintained in cancer cells by the alternative mechanism of the lengthening of telomeres (ALT) harbor higher levels of replicative stress compared with telomerase-positive cancer cells. R-loops are three-stranded structures formed by a DNA:RNA hybrid and a displaced ssDNA. Emerging evidence suggests that controlling the levels of R-loops at ALT telomeres is critical for telomere maintenance. In fact, on the one hand, they favor telomere recombination, but on the other, they are a source of detrimental replicative stress. DRIP (DNA:RNA immunoprecipitation) is the main technique used for the detection of R-loops, and it is based on the use of the S9.6 antibody, which recognizes preferentially DNA:RNA hybrids in a sequence-independent manner. The detection of DNA:RNA hybrids in repetitive sequences such as telomeres requires some additional precautions as a result of their repetitive nature. Here, we share an optimized protocol for the detection of telomeric DNA:RNA hybrids, and we demonstrate its application in an ALT and in a telomerase-positive cell line. We demonstrate that ALT telomeres bear higher levels of DNA:RNA hybrids, and we propose this method as a reliable way to detect them in telomeres.
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18
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Chen Y, Geng A, Zhang W, Qian Z, Wan X, Jiang Y, Mao Z. Fight to the bitter end: DNA repair and aging. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101154. [PMID: 32977059 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA carries the genetic information that directs complex biological processes; thus, maintaining a stable genome is critical for individual growth and development and for human health. DNA repair is a fundamental and conserved mechanism responsible for mending damaged DNA and restoring genomic stability, while its deficiency is closely related to multiple human disorders. In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in the field of DNA repair and aging. Here, we will extensively discuss the relationship among DNA damage, DNA repair, aging and aging-associated diseases based on the latest research. In addition, the possible role of DNA repair in several potential rejuvenation strategies will be discussed. Finally, we will also review the emerging methods that may facilitate future research on DNA repair.
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19
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Iglesias-Pedraz JM, Fossatti-Jara DM, Valle-Riestra-Felice V, Cruz-Visalaya SR, Ayala Felix JA, Comai L. WRN modulates translation by influencing nuclear mRNA export in HeLa cancer cells. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:71. [PMID: 33054770 PMCID: PMC7557079 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Werner syndrome protein (WRN) belongs to the RecQ family of helicases and its loss of function results in the premature aging disease Werner syndrome (WS). We previously demonstrated that an early cellular change induced by WRN depletion is a posttranscriptional decrease in the levels of enzymes involved in metabolic pathways that control macromolecular synthesis and protect from oxidative stress. This metabolic shift is tolerated by normal cells but causes mitochondria dysfunction and acute oxidative stress in rapidly growing cancer cells, thereby suppressing their proliferation. RESULTS To identify the mechanism underlying this metabolic shift, we examined global protein synthesis and mRNA nucleocytoplasmic distribution after WRN knockdown. We determined that WRN depletion in HeLa cells attenuates global protein synthesis without affecting the level of key components of the mRNA export machinery. We further observed that WRN depletion affects the nuclear export of mRNAs and demonstrated that WRN interacts with mRNA and the Nuclear RNA Export Factor 1 (NXF1). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that WRN influences the export of mRNAs from the nucleus through its interaction with the NXF1 export receptor thereby affecting cellular proteostasis. In summary, we identified a new partner and a novel function of WRN, which is especially important for the proliferation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Iglesias-Pedraz
- Departamento de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad Científica del Sur, Villa El Salvador, 15842 Lima, Peru
| | - Diego Matia Fossatti-Jara
- Departamento de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad Científica del Sur, Villa El Salvador, 15842 Lima, Peru
- Present address: National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Valeria Valle-Riestra-Felice
- Departamento de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad Científica del Sur, Villa El Salvador, 15842 Lima, Peru
| | - Sergio Rafael Cruz-Visalaya
- Departamento de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad Científica del Sur, Villa El Salvador, 15842 Lima, Peru
| | - Jose Antonio Ayala Felix
- Departamento de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad Científica del Sur, Villa El Salvador, 15842 Lima, Peru
| | - Lucio Comai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
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20
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Corrado A, Cici D, Rotondo C, Maruotti N, Cantatore FP. Molecular Basis of Bone Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103679. [PMID: 32456199 PMCID: PMC7279376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A decline in bone mass leading to an increased fracture risk is a common feature of age-related bone changes. The mechanisms underlying bone senescence are very complex and implicate systemic and local factors and are the result of the combination of several changes occurring at the cellular, tissue and structural levels; they include alterations of bone cell differentiation and activity, oxidative stress, genetic damage and the altered responses of bone cells to various biological signals and to mechanical loading. The molecular mechanisms responsible for these changes remain greatly unclear and many data derived from in vitro or animal studies appear to be conflicting and heterogeneous, probably due to the different experimental approaches; nevertheless, understanding the main physio-pathological processes that cause bone senescence is essential for the development of new potential therapeutic options for treating age-related bone loss. This article reviews the current knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of age-related bone changes.
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21
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Bajaj S, Kumar MS, Peters GJ, Mayur YC. Targeting telomerase for its advent in cancer therapeutics. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1871-1919. [PMID: 32391613 DOI: 10.1002/med.21674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase has emerged as an important primary target in anticancer therapy. It is a distinctive reverse transcriptase enzyme, which extends the length of telomere at the 3' chromosomal end, and uses telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and telomerase RNA template-containing domains. Telomerase has a vital role and is a contributing factor in human health, mainly affecting cell aging and cell proliferation. Due to its unique feature, it ensures unrestricted cell proliferation in malignancy and plays a major role in cancer disease. The development of telomerase inhibitors with increased specificity and better pharmacokinetics is being considered to design and develop newer potent anticancer agents. Use of natural and synthetic compounds for the inhibition of telomerase activity can lead to an opening of new vistas in cancer treatment. This review details about the telomerase biochemistry, use of natural and synthetic compounds; vaccines and oncolytic virus in therapy that suppress the telomerase activity. We have discussed structure-activity relationships of various natural and synthetic telomerase inhibitors to help medicinal chemists and chemical biology researchers with a ready reference and updated status of their clinical trials. Suppression of human TERT (hTERT) activity through inhibition of hTERT promoter is an important approach for telomerase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Y C Mayur
- SPPSPTM, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
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22
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Wang T, Wang Y, Liu L, Jiang Z, Li X, Tong R, He J, Shi J. Research progress on sirtuins family members and cell senescence. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 193:112207. [PMID: 32222662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human aging is a phenomenon of gradual decline and loss of cell, tissue, organ and other functions under the action of external environment and internal factors. It is mainly related to genomic instability, telomere wear, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein balance disorder, antioxidant damage, microRNA expression disorder and so on. Sirtuins protein is a kind of deacetylase which can regulate cell metabolism and participate in a variety of cell physiological functions. It has been found that sirtuins family can prolong the lifespan of yeast. Sirtuins can inhibit human aging through many signaling pathways, including apoptosis signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, sirtuins signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway and so on. Based on this, this paper reviews the action principle of anti-aging star members of sirtuins family Sirt1, Sirt3 and Sirt6 on anti-aging related signaling pathways and typical compounds, in order to provide ideas for the screening of anti-aging compounds of sirtuins family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Zhongliang Jiang
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Xingxing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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23
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Cassidy D, Epiney DG, Salameh C, Zhou LT, Salomon RN, Schirmer AE, McVey M, Bolterstein E. Evidence for premature aging in a Drosophila model of Werner syndrome. Exp Gerontol 2019; 127:110733. [PMID: 31518666 PMCID: PMC6935377 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Werner syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive progeroid disease characterized by patients' early onset of aging, increased risk of cancer and other age-related pathologies. WS is caused by mutations in WRN, a RecQ helicase that has essential roles responding to DNA damage and preventing genomic instability. While human WRN has both an exonuclease and helicase domain, Drosophila WRNexo has high genetic and functional homology to only the exonuclease domain of WRN. Like WRN-deficient human cells, Drosophila WRNexo null mutants (WRNexoΔ) are sensitive to replication stress, demonstrating mechanistic similarities between these two models. Compared to age-matched wild-type controls, WRNexoΔ flies exhibit increased physiological signs of aging, such as shorter lifespans, higher tumor incidence, muscle degeneration, reduced climbing ability, altered behavior, and reduced locomotor activity. Interestingly, these effects are more pronounced in females suggesting sex-specific differences in the role of WRNexo in aging. This and future mechanistic studies will contribute to our knowledge in linking faulty DNA repair mechanisms with the process of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Cassidy
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 N. Saint Louis Ave, Chicago, IL 60625, United States of America
| | - Derek G Epiney
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 N. Saint Louis Ave, Chicago, IL 60625, United States of America
| | - Charlotte Salameh
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 N. Saint Louis Ave, Chicago, IL 60625, United States of America
| | - Luhan T Zhou
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 N. Saint Louis Ave, Chicago, IL 60625, United States of America
| | - Robert N Salomon
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 145 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 20111, United States of America
| | - Aaron E Schirmer
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 N. Saint Louis Ave, Chicago, IL 60625, United States of America.
| | - Mitch McVey
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Ste. 4741, Medford, MA 20155, United States of America.
| | - Elyse Bolterstein
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 N. Saint Louis Ave, Chicago, IL 60625, United States of America.
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24
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Pooley KA, Dunning AM. DNA damage and hormone-related cancer: a repair pathway view. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:R180-R186. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this short review, we examine the overlap between genes known to be mutated in the germlines of individuals at risk of breast, ovarian and prostate cancers, and their positions in DNA damage repair pathways. Cancer risk mutations have been consistently reported in certain genes at the top of these pathways, but none have been reported in others. We consider whether some of these gene products are too crucial to life for mutations to be tolerated, whilst others, further down the pathways, are less essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Pooley
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Departments of Public Health and Primary Care, 2 Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Oncology and Strangeways Research Laboratory, 2 Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
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25
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Fernandez RJ, Johnson FB. A regulatory loop connecting WNT signaling and telomere capping: possible therapeutic implications for dyskeratosis congenita. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1418:56-68. [PMID: 29722029 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of telomere dysfunction are most apparent in rare inherited syndromes caused by genetic deficiencies in factors that normally maintain telomeres. The principal disease is known as dyskeratosis congenita (DC), but other syndromes with similar underlying genetic defects share some clinical aspects with this disease. Currently, there are no curative therapies for these diseases of telomere dysfunction. Here, we review recent findings demonstrating that dysfunctional (i.e., uncapped) telomeres can downregulate the WNT pathway, and that restoration of WNT signaling helps to recap telomeres by increasing expression of shelterins, proteins that naturally bind and protect telomeres. We discuss how these findings are different from previous observations connecting WNT and telomere biology, and discuss potential links between WNT and clinical manifestations of the DC spectrum of diseases. Finally, we argue for exploring the use of WNT agonists, specifically lithium, as a possible therapeutic approach for patients with DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Jesus Fernandez
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Biomedical Graduate Studies, Medical Scientist Training Program, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - F Brad Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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26
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Abstract
Many recent advances have emerged in the telomere and telomerase fields. This Timeline article highlights the key advances that have expanded our views on the mechanistic underpinnings of telomeres and telomerase and their roles in ageing and disease. Three decades ago, the classic view was that telomeres protected the natural ends of linear chromosomes and that telomerase was a specific telomere-terminal transferase necessary for the replication of chromosome ends in single-celled organisms. While this concept is still correct, many diverse fields associated with telomeres and telomerase have substantially matured. These areas include the discovery of most of the key molecular components of telomerase, implications for limits to cellular replication, identification and characterization of human genetic disorders that result in premature telomere shortening, the concept that inhibiting telomerase might be a successful therapeutic strategy and roles for telomeres in regulating gene expression. We discuss progress in these areas and conclude with challenges and unanswered questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Woodring E Wright
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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27
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Arias-Salgado EG, Galvez E, Planas-Cerezales L, Pintado-Berninches L, Vallespin E, Martinez P, Carrillo J, Iarriccio L, Ruiz-Llobet A, Catalá A, Badell-Serra I, Gonzalez-Granado LI, Martín-Nalda A, Martínez-Gallo M, Galera-Miñarro A, Rodríguez-Vigil C, Bastos-Oreiro M, Perez de Nanclares G, Leiro-Fernández V, Uria ML, Diaz-Heredia C, Valenzuela C, Martín S, López-Muñiz B, Lapunzina P, Sevilla J, Molina-Molina M, Perona R, Sastre L. Genetic analyses of aplastic anemia and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients with short telomeres, possible implication of DNA-repair genes. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:82. [PMID: 30995915 PMCID: PMC6471801 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures present at the terminal region of the chromosomes. Mutations in genes coding for proteins involved in telomere maintenance are causative of a number of disorders known as telomeropathies. The genetic origin of these diseases is heterogeneous and has not been determined for a significant proportion of patients. Methods This article describes the genetic characterization of a cohort of patients. Telomere length was determined by Southern blot and quantitative PCR. Nucleotide variants were analyzed either by high-resolution melting analysis and Sanger sequencing of selected exons or by massive sequencing of a panel of genes. Results Forty-seven patients with telomere length below the 10% of normal population, affected with three telomeropathies: dyskeratosis congenita (4), aplastic anemia (22) or pulmonary fibrosis (21) were analyzed. Eighteen of these patients presented known pathogenic or novel possibly pathogenic variants in the telomere-related genes TERT, TERC, RTEL1, CTC1 and ACD. In addition, the analyses of a panel of 188 genes related to haematological disorders indicated that a relevant proportion of the patients (up to 35%) presented rare variants in genes related to DNA repair or in genes coding for proteins involved in the resolution of complex DNA structures, that participate in telomere replication. Mutations in some of these genes are causative of several syndromes previously associated to telomere shortening. Conclusion Novel variants in telomere, DNA repair and replication genes are described that might indicate the contribution of variants in these genes to the development of telomeropathies. Patients carrying variants in telomere-related genes presented worse evolution after diagnosis than the rest of patients analyzed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13023-019-1046-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Arias-Salgado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas CSIC/UAM, IDIPaz, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Medical Projects, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Galvez
- Hospital Niño Jesús, Hematología y Hemoterapia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lurdes Planas-Cerezales
- ILD Unit Pneumology Department, University Hospital of Bellvitge, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Pintado-Berninches
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas CSIC/UAM, IDIPaz, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Medical Projects, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Vallespin
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Martinez
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Carrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas CSIC/UAM, IDIPaz, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Iarriccio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas CSIC/UAM, IDIPaz, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Advanced Medical Projects, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Ruiz-Llobet
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (IRP-HSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Catalá
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (IRP-HSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Andrea Martín-Nalda
- Immunology Division, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez-Gallo
- Immunology Division, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Guiomar Perez de Nanclares
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, BioAraba National Health Institute, OSI Araba University Hospital, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Virginia Leiro-Fernández
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, NeumoVigoI+i Research Group, Vigo Biomedical Research Institute (IBIV), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Luz Uria
- Immunology Division, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Diaz-Heredia
- Immunology Division, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sara Martín
- ILD Unit Pneumology Department, University Hospital of Bellvitge, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Sevilla
- Hospital Niño Jesús, Hematología y Hemoterapia, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Molina-Molina
- ILD Unit Pneumology Department, University Hospital of Bellvitge, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER of Respiratory diseases (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosario Perona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas CSIC/UAM, IDIPaz, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leandro Sastre
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas CSIC/UAM, IDIPaz, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Li F, Kim H, Ji Z, Zhang T, Chen B, Ge Y, Hu Y, Feng X, Han X, Xu H, Zhang Y, Yu H, Liu D, Ma W, Songyang Z. The BUB3-BUB1 Complex Promotes Telomere DNA Replication. Mol Cell 2019; 70:395-407.e4. [PMID: 29727616 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres and telomere-binding proteins form complex secondary nucleoprotein structures that are critical for genome integrity but can present serious challenges during telomere DNA replication. It remains unclear how telomere replication stress is resolved during S phase. Here, we show that the BUB3-BUB1 complex, a component in spindle assembly checkpoint, binds to telomeres during S phase and promotes telomere DNA replication. Loss of the BUB3-BUB1 complex results in telomere replication defects, including fragile and shortened telomeres. We also demonstrate that the telomere-binding ability of BUB3 and kinase activity of BUB1 are indispensable to BUB3-BUB1 function at telomeres. TRF2 targets BUB1-BUB3 to telomeres, and BUB1 can directly phosphorylate TRF1 and promote TRF1 recruitment of BLM helicase to overcome replication stress. Our findings have uncovered previously unknown roles for the BUB3-BUB1 complex in S phase and shed light on how proteins from diverse pathways function coordinately to ensure proper telomere replication and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hyeung Kim
- Verna and Marrs Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhejian Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tianpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bohong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuanlong Ge
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xuyang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Han
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Youwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dan Liu
- Verna and Marrs Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wenbin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Zhou Songyang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Verna and Marrs Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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29
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Studying Werner syndrome to elucidate mechanisms and therapeutics of human aging and age-related diseases. Biogerontology 2019; 20:255-269. [PMID: 30666569 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a natural and unavoidable part of life. However, aging is also the primary driver of the dominant human diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Unraveling the sophisticated molecular mechanisms of the human aging process may provide novel strategies to extend 'healthy aging' and the cure of human aging-related diseases. Werner syndrome (WS), is a heritable human premature aging disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding the Werner (WRN) DNA helicase. As a classical premature aging disease, etiological exploration of WS can shed light on the mechanisms of normal human aging and facilitate the development of interventional strategies to improve healthspan. Here, we summarize the latest progress of the molecular understandings of WRN protein, highlight the advantages of using different WS model systems, including Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) systems. Further studies on WS will propel drug development for WS patients, and possibly also for normal age-related diseases.
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30
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Turner KJ, Vasu V, Griffin DK. Telomere Biology and Human Phenotype. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010073. [PMID: 30669451 PMCID: PMC6356320 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures that cap the end of each chromosome arm and function to maintain genome stability. The length of telomeres is known to shorten with each cell division and it is well-established that telomere attrition is related to replicative capacity in vitro. Moreover, telomere loss is also correlated with the process of aging in vivo. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that lead to telomere shortening and summarise telomere homeostasis in humans throughout a lifetime. In addition, we discuss the available evidence that shows that telomere shortening is related to human aging and the onset of age-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara J Turner
- University of Kent, School of Biosciences, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent, CT2-7NJ, UK.
| | - Vimal Vasu
- University of Kent, School of Biosciences, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent, CT2-7NJ, UK.
- Department of Child Health, East Kent Hospitals University Foundation NHS Trust, William Harvey Hospital, Ashford, Kent, TN24-0LZ, UK.
| | - Darren K Griffin
- University of Kent, School of Biosciences, Giles Lane, Canterbury, Kent, CT2-7NJ, UK.
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31
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Werner syndrome (WRN) DNA helicase and base excision repair (BER) factors maintain endothelial homeostasis. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 73:17-27. [PMID: 30413344 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The accelerated ageing disease Werner Syndrome (WRN) is characterized by pronounced atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated the influence of WRN downregulation on the functionality of non-replicating human endothelial cells. RNAi-mediated downregulation of WRN reduces cell motility and enhances the expression of factors regulating adhesion, inflammation, hemostasis and vasomotor tone. Moreover, WRN influences endothelial barrier function and Ca2+-release, while cell adhesion, Dil-acLDL-uptake and the mRNA expression of NO-synthases (eNOS, iNOS) remained unaffected. Regarding motility, we propose that WRN affects Rac1/FAK/ß1-integrin-related mechanisms regulating cell polarity and directed motility. Since oxidative DNA base damage contributes to aging and atherosclerosis and WRN affects DNA repair, we investigated whether downregulation of base excision repair (BER) factors mimics the effects of WRN knock-down. Indeed, downregulation of particular WRN-interacting base excision repair (BER) proteins (APE1, NEIL1, PARP1) imitates the inhibitory effect of WRN on motility. Knock-down of OGG1, which does not interact with WRN, does not influence motility but increases the mRNA expression of E-selectin, ICAM, VCAM, CCL2 and VEGFR and stimulates adhesion. Thus, individual BER factors themselves differently impact endothelial cell functionality and homeostasis. Impairment of endothelial activities caused by genotoxic stressor (tBHQ) remained largely unaffected by WRN. Summarizing, both WRN, WRN-associated BER proteins and OGG1 promote the maintenance of endothelial cell homeostasis, thereby counteracting the development of ageing-related endothelial malfunction in non-proliferating endothelial cells.
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32
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An overview of Sirtuins as potential therapeutic target: Structure, function and modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 161:48-77. [PMID: 30342425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuin (Yeast Silent Information RegulatorsⅡ, Sir2) was first discovered in the 1970s. Because of its function by removing acetylated groups from histones in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), waves of research have assessed the potential of Sirtuin as a therapeutic target. The Sirtuin family, which is widely distributed throughout the nature, has been divided into seven human isoforms (Sirt1-Sirt7). They are thought to be closely related to some aging diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, neurodegeneration, and tumors. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the structure, function and modulators of Sirtuins, which is expected to be beneficial to relevant studies.
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33
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Wang S, Liu Z, Ye Y, Li B, Liu T, Zhang W, Liu GH, Zhang YA, Qu J, Xu D, Chen Z. Ectopic hTERT expression facilitates reprograming of fibroblasts derived from patients with Werner syndrome as a WS cellular model. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:923. [PMID: 30206203 PMCID: PMC6134116 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has provided a unique opportunity to develop disease-specific models and personalized treatment for genetic disorders, and is well suitable for the study of Werner syndrome (WS), an autosomal recessive disease with adult onset of premature aging caused by mutations in the RecQ like helicase (WRN) gene. WS-derived fibroblasts were previously shown to be able to generate iPSCs; however, it remains elusive how WS-derived iPSCs behave and whether they are able to mimic the disease-specific phenotype. The present study was designed to address these issues. Unexpectedly, we found that a specific WS fibroblast line of homozygous truncation mutation was difficult to be reprogrammed by using the Yamanaka factors even under hypoxic conditions due to their defect in induction of hTERT, the catalytic unit of telomerase. Ectopic expression of hTERT restores the ability of this WS fibroblast line to form iPSCs, although with a low efficiency. To examine the phenotype of WRN-deficient pluripotent stem cells, we also generated WRN knockout human embryonic stem (ES) cells by using the CRISPR/Cas9 method. The iPSCs derived from WS-hTERT cells and WRN-/- ESCs are fully pluripotent, express pluripotent markers and can differentiate into three germ layer cells; however, WS-iPSCs and WRN-/- ESCs show S phase defect in cell cycle progression. Moreover, WS-iPSCs and WRN-/- ESCs, like WS patient-derived fibroblasts, remain hypersensitive to topoisomerase inhibitors. Collectively, WS-derived iPSCs and WRN-/- ESCs mimic the intrinsic disease phenotype, which may serve as a suitable disease model, whereas not be good for a therapeutic purpose without gene correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Wang
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongfeng Liu
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxia Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingnan Li
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y Alex Zhang
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Dawei Xu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China. .,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.
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Wang AS, Dreesen O. Biomarkers of Cellular Senescence and Skin Aging. Front Genet 2018; 9:247. [PMID: 30190724 PMCID: PMC6115505 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an irreversible growth arrest that occurs as a result of different damaging stimuli, including DNA damage, telomere shortening and dysfunction or oncogenic stress. Senescent cells exert a pleotropic effect on development, tissue aging and regeneration, inflammation, wound healing and tumor suppression. Strategies to remove senescent cells from aging tissues or preneoplastic lesions can delay tissue dysfunction and lead to increased healthspan. However, a significant hurdle in the aging field has been the identification of a universal biomarker that facilitates the unequivocal detection and quantification of senescent cell types in vitro and in vivo. Mammalian skin is the largest organ of the human body and consists of different cell types and compartments. Skin provides a physical barrier against harmful microbes, toxins, and protects us from ultraviolet radiation. Increasing evidence suggests that senescent cells accumulate in chronologically aged and photoaged skin; and may contribute to age-related skin changes and pathologies. Here, we highlight current biomarkers to detect senescent cells and review their utility in the context of skin aging. In particular, we discuss the efficacy of biomarkers to detect senescence within different skin compartments and cell types, and how they may contribute to myriad manifestations of skin aging and age-related skin pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey S Wang
- Cell Ageing, Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), A∗STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Oliver Dreesen
- Cell Ageing, Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), A∗STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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35
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Burla R, La Torre M, Merigliano C, Vernì F, Saggio I. Genomic instability and DNA replication defects in progeroid syndromes. Nucleus 2018; 9:368-379. [PMID: 29936894 PMCID: PMC7000143 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2018.1476793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Progeroid syndromes induced by mutations in lamin A or in its interactors – named progeroid laminopathies – are model systems for the dissection of the molecular pathways causing physiological and premature aging. A large amount of data, based mainly on the Hutchinson Gilford Progeria syndrome (HGPS), one of the best characterized progeroid laminopathy, has highlighted the role of lamins in multiple DNA activities, including replication, repair, chromatin organization and telomere function. On the other hand, the phenotypes generated by mutations affecting genes directly acting on DNA function, as mutations in the helicases WRN and BLM or in the polymerase polδ, share many of the traits of progeroid laminopathies. These evidences support the hypothesis of a concerted implication of DNA function and lamins in aging. We focus here on these aspects to contribute to the comprehension of the driving forces acting in progeroid syndromes and premature aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Burla
- a Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin" , Sapienza Università di Roma , Roma , Italy.,b Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR , Rome , Italy
| | - Mattia La Torre
- a Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin" , Sapienza Università di Roma , Roma , Italy.,b Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR , Rome , Italy
| | - Chiara Merigliano
- a Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin" , Sapienza Università di Roma , Roma , Italy
| | - Fiammetta Vernì
- a Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin" , Sapienza Università di Roma , Roma , Italy
| | - Isabella Saggio
- a Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin" , Sapienza Università di Roma , Roma , Italy.,b Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR , Rome , Italy.,c Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Rome , Italy
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36
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Song S, Johnson FB. Epigenetic Mechanisms Impacting Aging: A Focus on Histone Levels and Telomeres. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040201. [PMID: 29642537 PMCID: PMC5924543 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging and age-related diseases pose some of the most significant and difficult challenges to modern society as well as to the scientific and medical communities. Biological aging is a complex, and, under normal circumstances, seemingly irreversible collection of processes that involves numerous underlying mechanisms. Among these, chromatin-based processes have emerged as major regulators of cellular and organismal aging. These include DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome positioning, and telomere regulation, including how these are influenced by environmental factors such as diet. Here we focus on two interconnected categories of chromatin-based mechanisms impacting aging: those involving changes in the levels of histones or in the functions of telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufei Song
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Biomedical Graduate Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - F Brad Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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37
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Maierhofer A, Flunkert J, Oshima J, Martin GM, Haaf T, Horvath S. Accelerated epigenetic aging in Werner syndrome. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 9:1143-1152. [PMID: 28377537 PMCID: PMC5425119 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Individuals suffering from Werner syndrome (WS) exhibit many clinical signs of accelerated aging. While the underlying constitutional mutation leads to accelerated rates of DNA damage, it is not yet known whether WS is also associated with an increased epigenetic age according to a DNA methylation based biomarker of aging (the "Epigenetic Clock"). Using whole blood methylation data from 18 WS cases and 18 age matched controls, we find that WS is associated with increased extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (p=0.0072) and intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (p=0.04), the latter of which is independent of age-related changes in the composition of peripheral blood cells. A multivariate model analysis reveals that WS is associated with an increase in DNA methylation age (on average 6.4 years, p=0.011) even after adjusting for chronological age, gender, and blood cell counts. Further, WS might be associated with a reduction in naïve CD8+ T cells (p=0.025) according to imputed measures of blood cell counts. Overall, this study shows that WS is associated with an increased epigenetic age of blood cells which is independent of changes in blood cell composition. The extent to which this alteration is a cause or effect of WS disease phenotypes remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maierhofer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Flunkert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Junko Oshima
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.,Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - George M Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany.,Joint last authors
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Joint last authors
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38
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Carrero D, Soria-Valles C, López-Otín C. Hallmarks of progeroid syndromes: lessons from mice and reprogrammed cells. Dis Model Mech 2017; 9:719-35. [PMID: 27482812 PMCID: PMC4958309 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.024711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a process that inevitably affects most living organisms and involves the accumulation of macromolecular damage, genomic instability and loss of heterochromatin. Together, these alterations lead to a decline in stem cell function and to a reduced capability to regenerate tissue. In recent years, several genetic pathways and biochemical mechanisms that contribute to physiological ageing have been described, but further research is needed to better characterize this complex biological process. Because premature ageing (progeroid) syndromes, including progeria, mimic many of the characteristics of human ageing, research into these conditions has proven to be very useful not only to identify the underlying causal mechanisms and identify treatments for these pathologies, but also for the study of physiological ageing. In this Review, we summarize the main cellular and animal models used in progeria research, with an emphasis on patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell models, and define a series of molecular and cellular hallmarks that characterize progeroid syndromes and parallel physiological ageing. Finally, we describe the therapeutic strategies being investigated for the treatment of progeroid syndromes, and their main limitations. Summary: This Review defines the molecular and cellular hallmarks of progeroid syndromes according to the main cellular and animal models, and discusses the therapeutic strategies developed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dido Carrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Clara Soria-Valles
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
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39
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Telomeres, Aging and Exercise: Guilty by Association? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122573. [PMID: 29186077 PMCID: PMC5751176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are repetitive tandem DNA sequences that cap chromosomal ends protecting genomic DNA from enzymatic degradation. Telomeres progressively shorten with cellular replication and are therefore assumed to correlate with biological and chronological age. An expanding body of evidence suggests (i) a predictable inverse association between telomere length, aging and age-related diseases and (ii) a positive association between physical activity and telomere length. Both hypotheses have garnered tremendous research attention and broad consensus; however, the evidence for each proposition is inconsistent and equivocal at best. Telomere length does not meet the basic criteria for an aging biomarker and at least 50% of key studies fail to find associations with physical activity. In this review, we address the evidence in support and refutation of the putative associations between telomere length, aging and physical activity. We finish with a brief review of plausible mechanisms and potential future research directions.
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40
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Sun L, Nakajima S, Teng Y, Chen H, Yang L, Chen X, Gao B, Levine AS, Lan L. WRN is recruited to damaged telomeres via its RQC domain and tankyrase1-mediated poly-ADP-ribosylation of TRF1. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:3844-3859. [PMID: 28158503 PMCID: PMC5397154 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Werner syndrome (WS) is a progeroid-like syndrome caused by WRN gene mutations. WS cells exhibit shorter telomere length compared to normal cells, but it is not fully understood how WRN deficiency leads directly to telomere dysfunction. By generating localized telomere-specific DNA damage in a real-time fashion and a dose-dependent manner, we found that the damage response of WRN at telomeres relies on its RQC domain, which is different from the canonical damage response at genomic sites via its HRDC domain. We showed that in addition to steady state telomere erosion, WRN depleted cells are also sensitive to telomeric damage. WRN responds to site-specific telomeric damage via its RQC domain, interacting at Lysine 1016 and Phenylalanine1037 with the N-terminal acidic domain of the telomere shelterin protein TRF1 and demonstrating a novel mechanism for WRN's role in telomere protection. We also found that tankyrase1-mediated poly-ADP-ribosylation of TRF1 is important for both the interaction between WRN and TRF1 and the damage recruitment of WRN to telomeres. Mutations of potential tankyrase1 ADP-ribosylation sites within the RGCADG motif of TRF1 strongly diminish the interaction with WRN and the damage response of WRN only at telomeres. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism as to how WRN protects telomere integrity from damage and telomere erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Sun
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, No.1 Tsinghua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, 523 Bridgeside Point II, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Satoshi Nakajima
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, 523 Bridgeside Point II, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Yaqun Teng
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, No.1 Tsinghua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, 523 Bridgeside Point II, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, No.1 Tsinghua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, 523 Bridgeside Point II, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, No.1 Tsinghua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, 523 Bridgeside Point II, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Xiukai Chen
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, 523 Bridgeside Point II, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Boya Gao
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Arthur S Levine
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, 523 Bridgeside Point II, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Li Lan
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, 523 Bridgeside Point II, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Abstract
Aging, the universal phenomenon, affects human health and is the primary risk factor for major disease pathologies. Progeroid diseases, which mimic aging at an accelerated rate, have provided cues in understanding the hallmarks of aging. Mutations in DNA repair genes as well as in telomerase subunits are known to cause progeroid syndromes. Werner syndrome (WS), which is characterized by accelerated aging, is an autosomal-recessive genetic disorder. Hallmarks that define the aging process include genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulation of nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. WS recapitulates these hallmarks of aging and shows increased incidence and early onset of specific cancers. Genome integrity and stability ensure the normal functioning of the cell and are mainly guarded by the DNA repair machinery and telomeres. WRN, being a RecQ helicase, protects genome stability by regulating DNA repair pathways and telomeres. Recent advances in WS research have elucidated WRN’s role in DNA repair pathway choice regulation, telomere maintenance, resolution of complex DNA structures, epigenetic regulation, and stem cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra A Shamanna
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jong-Hyuk Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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42
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Interactive Roles of DNA Helicases and Translocases with the Single-Stranded DNA Binding Protein RPA in Nucleic Acid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061233. [PMID: 28594346 PMCID: PMC5486056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicases and translocases use the energy of nucleoside triphosphate binding and hydrolysis to unwind/resolve structured nucleic acids or move along a single-stranded or double-stranded polynucleotide chain, respectively. These molecular motors facilitate a variety of transactions including replication, DNA repair, recombination, and transcription. A key partner of eukaryotic DNA helicases/translocases is the single-stranded DNA binding protein Replication Protein A (RPA). Biochemical, genetic, and cell biological assays have demonstrated that RPA interacts with these human molecular motors physically and functionally, and their association is enriched in cells undergoing replication stress. The roles of DNA helicases/translocases are orchestrated with RPA in pathways of nucleic acid metabolism. RPA stimulates helicase-catalyzed DNA unwinding, enlists translocases to sites of action, and modulates their activities in DNA repair, fork remodeling, checkpoint activation, and telomere maintenance. The dynamic interplay between DNA helicases/translocases and RPA is just beginning to be understood at the molecular and cellular levels, and there is still much to be learned, which may inform potential therapeutic strategies.
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43
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Crouch JD, Brosh RM. Mechanistic and biological considerations of oxidatively damaged DNA for helicase-dependent pathways of nucleic acid metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:245-257. [PMID: 27884703 PMCID: PMC5440220 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cells are under constant assault from reactive oxygen species that occur endogenously or arise from environmental agents. An important consequence of such stress is the generation of oxidatively damaged DNA, which is represented by a wide range of non-helix distorting and helix-distorting bulkier lesions that potentially affect a number of pathways including replication and transcription; consequently DNA damage tolerance and repair pathways are elicited to help cells cope with the lesions. The cellular consequences and metabolism of oxidatively damaged DNA can be quite complex with a number of DNA metabolic proteins and pathways involved. Many of the responses to oxidative stress involve a specialized class of enzymes known as helicases, the topic of this review. Helicases are molecular motors that convert the energy of nucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis to unwinding of structured polynucleic acids. Helicases by their very nature play fundamentally important roles in DNA metabolism and are implicated in processes that suppress chromosomal instability, genetic disease, cancer, and aging. We will discuss the roles of helicases in response to nuclear and mitochondrial oxidative stress and how this important class of enzymes help cells cope with oxidatively generated DNA damage through their functions in the replication stress response, DNA repair, and transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Crouch
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, NIH Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Robert M Brosh
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, NIH Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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44
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Mori S, Zhou H, Yamaga M, Takemoto M, Yokote K. Femoral osteoporosis is more common than lumbar osteoporosis in patients with Werner syndrome. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17:854-856. [DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seijiro Mori
- Center for the Promotion of Clinical Investigation; Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Heying Zhou
- Center for the Promotion of Clinical Investigation; Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masaya Yamaga
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University; Chiba Japan
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine; Chiba University Hospital; Chiba Japan
| | - Minoru Takemoto
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University; Chiba Japan
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine; Chiba University Hospital; Chiba Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University; Chiba Japan
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine; Chiba University Hospital; Chiba Japan
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45
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The Werner Syndrome Helicase Coordinates Sequential Strand Displacement and FEN1-Mediated Flap Cleavage during Polymerase δ Elongation. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00560-16. [PMID: 27849570 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00560-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Werner syndrome protein (WRN) suppresses the loss of telomeres replicated by lagging-strand synthesis by a yet to be defined mechanism. Here, we show that whereas either WRN or the Bloom syndrome helicase (BLM) stimulates DNA polymerase δ progression across telomeric G-rich repeats, only WRN promotes sequential strand displacement synthesis and FEN1 cleavage, a critical step in Okazaki fragment maturation, at these sequences. Helicase activity, as well as the conserved winged-helix (WH) motif and the helicase and RNase D C-terminal (HRDC) domain play important but distinct roles in this process. Remarkably, WRN also influences the formation of FEN1 cleavage products during strand displacement on a nontelomeric substrate, suggesting that WRN recruitment and cooperative interaction with FEN1 during lagging-strand synthesis may serve to regulate sequential strand displacement and flap cleavage at other genomic sites. These findings define a biochemical context for the physiological role of WRN in maintaining genetic stability.
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46
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Oshima J, Sidorova JM, Monnat RJ. Werner syndrome: Clinical features, pathogenesis and potential therapeutic interventions. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 33:105-114. [PMID: 26993153 PMCID: PMC5025328 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Werner syndrome (WS) is a prototypical segmental progeroid syndrome characterized by multiple features consistent with accelerated aging. It is caused by null mutations of the WRN gene, which encodes a member of the RECQ family of DNA helicases. A unique feature of the WRN helicase is the presence of an exonuclease domain in its N-terminal region. Biochemical and cell biological studies during the past decade have demonstrated involvements of the WRN protein in multiple DNA transactions, including DNA repair, recombination, replication and transcription. A role of the WRN protein in telomere maintenance could explain many of the WS phenotypes. Recent discoveries of new progeroid loci found in atypical Werner cases continue to support the concept of genomic instability as a major mechanism of biological aging. Based on these biological insights, efforts are underway to develop therapeutic interventions for WS and related progeroid syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Oshima
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Julia M Sidorova
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Raymond J Monnat
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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47
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Telomere-associated aging disorders. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 33:52-66. [PMID: 27215853 PMCID: PMC9926533 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are dynamic nucleoprotein-DNA structures that cap and protect linear chromosome ends. Several monogenic inherited diseases that display features of human premature aging correlate with shortened telomeres, and are referred to collectively as telomeropathies. These disorders have overlapping symptoms and a common underlying mechanism of telomere dysfunction, but also exhibit variable symptoms and age of onset, suggesting they fall along a spectrum of disorders. Primary telomeropathies are caused by defects in the telomere maintenance machinery, whereas secondary telomeropathies have some overlapping symptoms with primary telomeropathies, but are generally caused by mutations in DNA repair proteins that contribute to telomere preservation. Here we review both the primary and secondary telomeropathies, discuss potential mechanisms for tissue specificity and age of onset, and highlight outstanding questions in the field and future directions toward elucidating disease etiology and developing therapeutic strategies.
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48
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Shamanna RA, Lu H, de Freitas JK, Tian J, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. WRN regulates pathway choice between classical and alternative non-homologous end joining. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13785. [PMID: 27922005 PMCID: PMC5150655 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Werner syndrome (WS) is an accelerated ageing disorder with genomic instability caused by WRN protein deficiency. Many features seen in WS can be explained by the diverse functions of WRN in DNA metabolism. However, the origin of the large genomic deletions and telomere fusions are not yet understood. Here, we report that WRN regulates the pathway choice between classical (c)- and alternative (alt)-nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) during DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. It promotes c-NHEJ via helicase and exonuclease activities and inhibits alt-NHEJ using non-enzymatic functions. When WRN is recruited to the DSBs it suppresses the recruitment of MRE11 and CtIP, and protects the DSBs from 5′ end resection. Moreover, knockdown of Wrn, alone or in combination with Trf2 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts results in increased telomere fusions, which were ablated by Ctip knockdown. We show that WRN regulates alt-NHEJ and shields DSBs from MRE11/CtIP-mediated resection to prevent large deletions and telomere fusions. Werner Syndrome is an accelerated aging disorder marked by genome instability, large deletions and telomere fusions, hallmarks of aberrant DNA repair. Here the authors report a role for the WRN helicase in regulating the choice between classical and alternative non-homologous end-joning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra A Shamanna
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Huiming Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Jessica K de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Jane Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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49
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Distinct functions of human RecQ helicases during DNA replication. Biophys Chem 2016; 225:20-26. [PMID: 27876204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication is the most vulnerable process of DNA metabolism in proliferating cells and therefore it is tightly controlled and coordinated with processes that maintain genomic stability. Human RecQ helicases are among the most important factors involved in the maintenance of replication fork integrity, especially under conditions of replication stress. RecQ helicases promote recovery of replication forks being stalled due to different replication roadblocks of either exogenous or endogenous source. They prevent generation of aberrant replication fork structures and replication fork collapse, and are involved in proper checkpoint signaling. The essential role of human RecQ helicases in the genome maintenance during DNA replication is underlined by association of defects in their function with cancer predisposition.
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50
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Yokote K, Chanprasert S, Lee L, Eirich K, Takemoto M, Watanabe A, Koizumi N, Lessel D, Mori T, Hisama FM, Ladd PD, Angle B, Baris H, Cefle K, Palanduz S, Ozturk S, Chateau A, Deguchi K, Easwar TKM, Federico A, Fox A, Grebe TA, Hay B, Nampoothiri S, Seiter K, Streeten E, Piña-Aguilar RE, Poke G, Poot M, Posmyk R, Martin GM, Kubisch C, Schindler D, Oshima J. WRN Mutation Update: Mutation Spectrum, Patient Registries, and Translational Prospects. Hum Mutat 2016; 38:7-15. [PMID: 27667302 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Werner syndrome (WS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a constellation of adult onset phenotypes consistent with an acceleration of intrinsic biological aging. It is caused by pathogenic variants in the WRN gene, which encodes a multifunctional nuclear protein with exonuclease and helicase activities. WRN protein is thought to be involved in optimization of various aspects of DNA metabolism, including DNA repair, recombination, replication, and transcription. In this update, we summarize a total of 83 different WRN mutations, including eight previously unpublished mutations identified by the International Registry of Werner Syndrome (Seattle, WA) and the Japanese Werner Consortium (Chiba, Japan), as well as 75 mutations already reported in the literature. The Seattle International Registry recruits patients from all over the world to investigate genetic causes of a wide variety of progeroid syndromes in order to contribute to the knowledge of basic mechanisms of human aging. Given the unusually high prevalence of WS patients and heterozygous carriers in Japan, the major goal of the Japanese Consortium is to develop effective therapies and to establish management guidelines for WS patients in Japan and elsewhere. This review will also discuss potential translational approaches to this disorder, including those currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sirisak Chanprasert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lin Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Katharina Eirich
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Minoru Takemoto
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Aki Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoko Koizumi
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Takayasu Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Fuki M Hisama
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Paula D Ladd
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Brad Angle
- Advocate Lutheran General Hospital and Advocate Children's Hospital, Park Ridge, Illinois
| | - Hagit Baris
- The Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus and Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kivanc Cefle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey
| | - Sukru Palanduz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey
| | - Sukru Ozturk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey
| | - Antoinette Chateau
- Department of Dermatology, Greys Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Kentaro Deguchi
- Department of Neurology, Okayama City Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Antonio Federico
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Unit Clinical Neurology and Neurometabolic Diseases, Medical School, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Amy Fox
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Theresa A Grebe
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Beverly Hay
- Division of Genetics, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Karen Seiter
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Hawthorne, New York
| | - Elizabeth Streeten
- Division of Genetics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Gemma Poke
- Genetic Health Service NZ, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Martin Poot
- University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Renata Posmyk
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Podlaskie Medical Center, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Perinatology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - George M Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christian Kubisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Detlev Schindler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Junko Oshima
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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