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In silico study of some selective phytochemicals against a hypothetical SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD using molecular docking tools. Comput Biol Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104818
expr 849028860 + 881472580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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2
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Pe KBA, Yatsuzuka K, Hakariya H, Kida T, Katsuda Y, Fukuda M, Sato SI. RNA-based cooperative protein labeling that permits direct monitoring of the intracellular concentration change of an endogenous protein. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:e132. [PMID: 34581825 PMCID: PMC8682759 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging the dynamics of proteins in living cells is a powerful means for understanding cellular functions at a deeper level. Here, we report a versatile method for spatiotemporal imaging of specific endogenous proteins in living mammalian cells. The method employs a bifunctional aptamer capable of selective protein recognition and fluorescent probe-binding, which is induced only when the aptamer specifically binds to its target protein. An aptamer for β-actin protein preferentially recognizes its monomer forms over filamentous forms, resulting in selective G-actin staining in both fixed and living cells. Through actin-drug treatment, the method permitted direct monitoring of the intracellular concentration change of endogenous G-actin. This protein-labeling method, which is highly selective and non-covalent, provides rich insights into the study of spatiotemporal protein dynamics in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenji Yatsuzuka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hayase Hakariya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kida
- Division of Materials Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yousuke Katsuda
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Division of Materials Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Masatora Fukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sato
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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3
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Nag A, Paul S, Banerjee R, Kundu R. In silico study of some selective phytochemicals against a hypothetical SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD using molecular docking tools. Comput Biol Med 2021; 137:104818. [PMID: 34481181 PMCID: PMC8401086 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background This world is currently witnessing a pandemic outbreak of ‘COVID-19′ caused by a positive-strand RNA virus ‘SARS-CoV-2’. Millions have succumbed globally to the disease, and the numbers are increasing day by day. The viral genome enters into the human host through interaction between the spike protein (S) and host angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) proteins. S is the common target for most recently rolled-out vaccines across regions. A recent surge in single/multiple mutations in S region is of great concern as it may escape vaccine induced immunity. So far, the treatment regime with repurposed drugs has not been too successful. Hypothesis Natural compounds are capable of targeting mutated spike protein by binding to its active site and destabilizing the spike-host ACE2 interaction. Materials and methods A hypothetical mutated spike protein was constructed by incorporating twelve different mutations from twelve geographical locations simultaneously into the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and docked with ACE2 and seven phytochemicals namely allicin, capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, gingerol, piperine and zingeberene. Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were finally used for validation of the docking results. Result The docking results showed that curcumin and piperine were most potent to bind ACE2, mutated spike, and mutated spike-ACE2 complex, thereby restricting viral entry. ADME analysis also proved their drug candidature. The docking complexes were found to be stable by MD simulation. Conclusion This result provides a significant insight about the phytochemicals' role, namely curcumin and piperine, as the potential therapeutic entities against mutated spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Nag
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Subhabrata Paul
- School of Biotechnology, Presidency University, Canal Bank Rd, DG Block, Action Area 1D, New Town, West Bengal 700156, India
| | - Ritesh Banerjee
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Rita Kundu
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India.
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Vuononvirta J, Marelli-Berg FM, Poobalasingam T. Metabolic regulation of T lymphocyte motility and migration. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 77:100888. [PMID: 32814624 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to fulfill their effector and patrolling functions, lymphocytes traffic through the body and need to adapt to different tissue microenvironments. First, mature lymphocytes egress the bone marrow and the thymus into the vascular system. Circulating lymphocytes can exit the vasculature and penetrate into the tissues, either for patrolling in search for pathogens or to eliminate infection and activate the adaptive immune response. The cytoskeletal reorganization necessary to sustain migration require high levels of energy thus presenting a substantial bioenergetic challenge to migrating cells. The metabolic regulation of lymphocyte motility and trafficking has only recently begun to be investigated. In this review we will summarize current knowledge of the crosstalk between cell metabolism and the cytoskeleton in T lymphocytes, and discuss the concept that lymphocyte metabolism may reprogram in response to migratory stimuli and adapt to the different environmental cues received during recirculation in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Vuononvirta
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
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5
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Targeting a moonlighting function of aldolase induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:712. [PMID: 31558701 PMCID: PMC6763475 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1968-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Muscle fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (ALDOA) is among the most abundant glycolytic enzymes in all cancer cells. Here, we show that the enzyme plays a previously unknown and critical role in a cancer cell survival. Simultaneous inhibition of ALDOA activity and interaction with F-actin cytoskeleton using ALDOA slow-binding inhibitor UM0112176 leads to a rapid cofilin-dependent loss of F-actin stress fibers which is associated with elevated ROS production, inhibition of ATP synthesis, increase in calcium levels, caspase activation and arrested cellular proliferation. These effects can be reproduced by silencing of ALDOA. The mechanism of pharmacological action is, however, independent of the catalytic function of the enzyme, specific to cancer cells, and is most deleterious to cells undergoing the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, a process facilitating cancer cell invasion. Our results demonstrate that the overabundance of ALDOA in cancer cells is associated with its moonlighting rather than catalytic functions. This may have significant implications for development of novel broad-based anti-cancer therapies.
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Zhu Y, Serra A, Guo T, Park JE, Zhong Q, Sze SK. Application of Nanosecond Laser Photolysis Protein Footprinting to Study EGFR Activation by EGF in Cells. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:2282-2293. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive 637551, Singapore
| | - Aida Serra
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive 637551, Singapore
| | - Tiannan Guo
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive 637551, Singapore
| | - Jung Eun Park
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive 637551, Singapore
| | - Qing Zhong
- Department
of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive 637551, Singapore
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Baud A, Aymé L, Gonnet F, Salard I, Gohon Y, Jolivet P, Brodolin K, Da Silva P, Giuliani A, Sclavi B, Chardot T, Mercère P, Roblin P, Daniel R. SOLEIL shining on the solution-state structure of biomacromolecules by synchrotron X-ray footprinting at the Metrology beamline. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2017; 24:576-585. [PMID: 28452748 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517002478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron X-ray footprinting complements the techniques commonly used to define the structure of molecules such as crystallography, small-angle X-ray scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance. It is remarkably useful in probing the structure and interactions of proteins with lipids, nucleic acids or with other proteins in solution, often better reflecting the in vivo state dynamics. To date, most X-ray footprinting studies have been carried out at the National Synchrotron Light Source, USA, and at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France. This work presents X-ray footprinting of biomolecules performed for the first time at the X-ray Metrology beamline at the SOLEIL synchrotron radiation source. The installation at this beamline of a stopped-flow apparatus for sample delivery, an irradiation capillary and an automatic sample collector enabled the X-ray footprinting study of the structure of the soluble protein factor H (FH) from the human complement system as well as of the lipid-associated hydrophobic protein S3 oleosin from plant seed. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that the structural integrity of both proteins was not affected by the short exposition to the oxygen radicals produced during the irradiation. Irradiated molecules were subsequently analysed using high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify and locate oxidized amino acids. Moreover, the analyses of FH in its free state and in complex with complement C3b protein have allowed us to create a map of reactive solvent-exposed residues on the surface of FH and to observe the changes in oxidation of FH residues upon C3b binding. Studies of the solvent accessibility of the S3 oleosin show that X-ray footprinting offers also a unique approach to studying the structure of proteins embedded within membranes or lipid bodies. All the biomolecular applications reported herein demonstrate that the Metrology beamline at SOLEIL can be successfully used for synchrotron X-ray footprinting of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baud
- CNRS, UMR8587, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, 91025 Evry, France
| | - L Aymé
- INRA, AgroParisTech, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - F Gonnet
- CNRS, UMR8587, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, 91025 Evry, France
| | - I Salard
- CNRS, UMR8587, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Y Gohon
- INRA, AgroParisTech, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - P Jolivet
- INRA, AgroParisTech, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - K Brodolin
- CPBS, CNRS UMR 5236-UM1/UM2, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - P Da Silva
- Metrology Beamline, Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Giuliani
- Disco Beamline, Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - B Sclavi
- LBPA, CNRS UMR 8113, ENS Cachan, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - T Chardot
- INRA, AgroParisTech, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - P Mercère
- Metrology Beamline, Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P Roblin
- INRA, UAR1008 Caractérisation et Élaboration des Produits Issus de l'Agriculture, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - R Daniel
- CNRS, UMR8587, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, 91025 Evry, France
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Kozakov D, Hall DR, Xia B, Porter KA, Padhorny D, Yueh C, Beglov D, Vajda S. The ClusPro web server for protein-protein docking. Nat Protoc 2017. [PMID: 28079879 DOI: 10.1038/nprot2016169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The ClusPro server (https://cluspro.org) is a widely used tool for protein-protein docking. The server provides a simple home page for basic use, requiring only two files in Protein Data Bank (PDB) format. However, ClusPro also offers a number of advanced options to modify the search; these include the removal of unstructured protein regions, application of attraction or repulsion, accounting for pairwise distance restraints, construction of homo-multimers, consideration of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data, and location of heparin-binding sites. Six different energy functions can be used, depending on the type of protein. Docking with each energy parameter set results in ten models defined by centers of highly populated clusters of low-energy docked structures. This protocol describes the use of the various options, the construction of auxiliary restraints files, the selection of the energy parameters, and the analysis of the results. Although the server is heavily used, runs are generally completed in <4 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima Kozakov
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | | | - Bing Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathryn A Porter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dzmitry Padhorny
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Christine Yueh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dmitri Beglov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sandor Vajda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Abstract
The ClusPro server (https://cluspro.org) is a widely used tool for protein-protein docking. The server provides a simple home page for basic use, requiring only two files in Protein Data Bank (PDB) format. However, ClusPro also offers a number of advanced options to modify the search; these include the removal of unstructured protein regions, application of attraction or repulsion, accounting for pairwise distance restraints, construction of homo-multimers, consideration of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data, and location of heparin-binding sites. Six different energy functions can be used, depending on the type of protein. Docking with each energy parameter set results in ten models defined by centers of highly populated clusters of low-energy docked structures. This protocol describes the use of the various options, the construction of auxiliary restraints files, the selection of the energy parameters, and the analysis of the results. Although the server is heavily used, runs are generally completed in <4 h.
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10
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Gupta S, Feng J, Chan LJG, Petzold CJ, Ralston CY. Synchrotron X-ray footprinting as a method to visualize water in proteins. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2016; 23:1056-69. [PMID: 27577756 PMCID: PMC5006651 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577516009024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of biomolecular processes are controlled or facilitated by water interactions. In enzymes, regulatory proteins, membrane-bound receptors and ion-channels, water bound to functionally important residues creates hydrogen-bonding networks that underlie the mechanism of action of the macromolecule. High-resolution X-ray structures are often difficult to obtain with many of these classes of proteins because sample conditions, such as the necessity of detergents, often impede crystallization. Other biophysical techniques such as neutron scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are useful for studying internal water, though each has its own advantages and drawbacks, and often a hybrid approach is required to address important biological problems associated with protein-water interactions. One major area requiring more investigation is the study of bound water molecules which reside in cavities and channels and which are often involved in both the structural and functional aspects of receptor, transporter and ion channel proteins. In recent years, significant progress has been made in synchrotron-based radiolytic labeling and mass spectroscopy techniques for both the identification of bound waters and for characterizing the role of water in protein conformational changes at a high degree of spatial and temporal resolution. Here the latest developments and future capabilities of this method for investigating water-protein interactions and its synergy with other synchrotron-based methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Gupta
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jun Feng
- Experimental Systems, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Leanne Jade G. Chan
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J. Petzold
- Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Corie Y. Ralston
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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11
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Oxidative footprinting in the study of structure and function of membrane proteins: current state and perspectives. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 43:983-94. [PMID: 26517913 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins, such as receptors, transporters and ion channels, control the vast majority of cellular signalling and metabolite exchange processes and thus are becoming key pharmacological targets. Obtaining structural information by usage of traditional structural biology techniques is limited by the requirements for the protein samples to be highly pure and stable when handled in high concentrations and in non-native buffer systems, which is often difficult to achieve for membrane targets. Hence, there is a growing requirement for the use of hybrid, integrative approaches to study the dynamic and functional aspects of membrane proteins in physiologically relevant conditions. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the field of oxidative labelling techniques and in particular the X-ray radiolytic footprinting in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) (XF-MS), which provide residue-specific information on the solvent accessibility of proteins. In combination with both low- and high-resolution data from other structural biology approaches, it is capable of providing valuable insights into dynamics of membrane proteins, which have been difficult to obtain by other structural techniques, proving a highly complementary technique to address structure and function of membrane targets. XF-MS has demonstrated a unique capability for identification of structural waters and conformational changes in proteins at both a high degree of spatial and a high degree of temporal resolution. Here, we provide a perspective on the place of XF-MS among other structural biology methods and showcase some of the latest developments in its usage for studying water-mediated transmembrane (TM) signalling, ion transport and ligand-induced allosteric conformational changes in membrane proteins.
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12
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Probing the solution structure of Factor H using hydroxyl radical protein footprinting and cross-linking. Biochem J 2016; 473:1805-19. [PMID: 27099340 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The control protein Factor H (FH) is a crucial regulator of the innate immune complement system, where it is active on host cell membranes and in the fluid phase. Mutations impairing the binding capacity of FH lead to severe autoimmune diseases. Here, we studied the solution structure of full-length FH, in its free state and bound to the C3b complement protein. To do so, we used two powerful techniques, hydroxyl radical protein footprinting (HRPF) and chemical cross-linking coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), to probe the structural rearrangements and to identify protein interfaces. The footprint of C3b on the FH surface matches existing crystal structures of C3b complexed with the N- and C-terminal fragments of FH. In addition, we revealed the position of the central portion of FH in the protein complex. Moreover, cross-linking studies confirmed the involvement of the C-terminus in the dimerization of FH.
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Gupta S, Celestre R, Petzold CJ, Chance MR, Ralston C. Development of a microsecond X-ray protein footprinting facility at the Advanced Light Source. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2014; 21:690-9. [PMID: 24971962 PMCID: PMC4073957 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577514007000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
X-ray footprinting (XF) is an important structural biology tool used to determine macromolecular conformations and dynamics of both nucleic acids and proteins in solution on a wide range of timescales. With the impending shut-down of the National Synchrotron Light Source, it is ever more important that this tool continues to be developed at other synchrotron facilities to accommodate XF users. Toward this end, a collaborative XF program has been initiated at the Advanced Light Source using the white-light bending-magnet beamlines 5.3.1 and 3.2.1. Accessibility of the microsecond time regime for protein footprinting is demonstrated at beamline 5.3.1 using the high flux density provided by a focusing mirror in combination with a micro-capillary flow cell. It is further reported that, by saturating samples with nitrous oxide, the radiolytic labeling efficiency is increased and the imprints of bound versus bulk water can be distinguished. These results both demonstrate the suitability of the Advanced Light Source as a second home for the XF experiment, and pave the way for obtaining high-quality structural data on complex protein samples and dynamics information on the microsecond timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Gupta
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Richard Celestre
- Experimental Systems, Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J. Petzold
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mark R. Chance
- Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Corie Ralston
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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The other side of the coin: functional and structural versatility of ADF/cofilins. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 93:238-51. [PMID: 24836399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Several cellular processes rely on the fine tuning of actin cytoskeleton. A central component in the regulation of this cellular machinery is the ADF-H domain proteins. Despite sharing the same domain, ADF-H domain proteins produce a diverse functional landscape in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Recent findings emphasize that the functional and structural features of these proteins can differ not only between ADF-H families but even within the same family. The structural and evolutional background of this functional diversity is poorly understood. This review focuses on the specific functional characteristics of ADF-H domain proteins and how these features can be linked to structural differences in the ADF-H domain and also to different conformational transitions in actin. In the light of recent discoveries we pay special attention to the ADF/cofilin proteins to find tendencies along which the functional and structural diversification is governed through the evolution.
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Bohon J, D’Mello R, Ralston C, Gupta S, Chance MR. Synchrotron X-ray footprinting on tour. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2014; 21:24-31. [PMID: 24365913 PMCID: PMC3874017 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577513024715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron footprinting is a valuable technique in structural biology for understanding macromolecular solution-state structure and dynamics of proteins and nucleic acids. Although an extremely powerful tool, there is currently only a single facility in the USA, the X28C beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS), dedicated to providing infrastructure, technology development and support for these studies. The high flux density of the focused white beam and variety of specialized exposure environments available at X28C enables footprinting of highly complex biological systems; however, it is likely that a significant fraction of interesting experiments could be performed at unspecialized facilities. In an effort to investigate the viability of a beamline-flexible footprinting program, a standard sample was taken on tour around the nation to be exposed at several US synchrotrons. This work describes how a relatively simple and transportable apparatus can allow beamlines at the NSLS, CHESS, APS and ALS to be used for synchrotron footprinting in a general user mode that can provide useful results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen Bohon
- Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, Case Western Reserve University, National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Rhijuta D’Mello
- Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, Case Western Reserve University, National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Corie Ralston
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sayan Gupta
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mark R. Chance
- Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, Case Western Reserve University, National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Knop J, App C, Horn AHC, Iavarone F, Castagnola M, Hannappel E. High-resolution HPLC-ESI-MS characterization of the contact sites of the actin-thymosin β(4) complex by chemical and enzymatic cross-linking. Biochemistry 2013; 52:5553-62. [PMID: 23924371 DOI: 10.1021/bi400664k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 sequesters actin by formation of a 1:1 complex. This transient binding in the complex was stabilized by formation of covalent bonds using the cross-linking agents 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide and a microbial transglutaminase. The localization of cross-linking sites was determined after separating the products using SDS-PAGE by tryptic in-gel digestion and high-resolution HPLC-ESI-MS. Three cross-linked fragments were identified after chemical cross-linking, indicating three contact sites. Because the cross-linked fragments were detected simultaneously with the corresponding non-cross-linked fragments, the three contact sites were not formed in parallel. K3 of thymosin β4 was cross-linked to E167 of actin, K18 or K19 of thymosin β4 to one of the first three amino acids of actin (DDE), and S43 of thymosin β4 to H40 of actin. The imidazole ring of histidine was proven to be an acyl acceptor for carbodiimide-mediated cross-linking. Molecular modeling proved an extended conformation of thymosin β4 along the subdomains 1 to 3 of actin. The enzymatic cross-linking using a microbial transglutaminase led to the formation of three cross-linking sites. Q41 of actin was cross-linked to K19 of thymosin β4, and K61 of actin to Q39 of thymosin β4. The third cross-linking site was identified between Q41 of actin and Q39 of thymosin β4, which are simultaneously cross-linked to K16, K18, or K19 of thymosin β4. When both cross-linking reactions are taken together, the complex formation of actin by thymosin β4 is more likely to be flexible than rigid and is localized along the subdomains 1 to 3 of actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Knop
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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17
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Wang X, Lee HW, Liu Y, Prestegard JH. Structural NMR of protein oligomers using hybrid methods. J Struct Biol 2011; 173:515-29. [PMID: 21074622 PMCID: PMC3040251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Solving structures of native oligomeric protein complexes using traditional high-resolution NMR techniques remains challenging. However, increased utilization of computational platforms, and integration of information from less traditional NMR techniques with data from other complementary biophysical methods, promises to extend the boundary of NMR-applicable targets. This article reviews several of the techniques capable of providing less traditional and complementary structural information. In particular, the use of orientational constraints coming from residual dipolar couplings and residual chemical shift anisotropy offsets are shown to simplify the construction of models for oligomeric complexes, especially in cases of weak homo-dimers. Combining this orientational information with interaction site information supplied by computation, chemical shift perturbation, paramagnetic surface perturbation, cross-saturation and mass spectrometry allows high resolution models of the complexes to be constructed with relative ease. Non-NMR techniques, such as mass spectrometry, EPR and small angle X-ray scattering, are also expected to play increasingly important roles by offering alternative methods of probing the overall shape of the complex. Computational platforms capable of integrating information from multiple sources in the modeling process are also discussed in the article. And finally a new, detailed example on the determination of a chemokine tetramer structure will be used to illustrate how a non-traditional approach to oligomeric structure determination works in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. USA
| | - Hsiau-Wei Lee
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. USA
| | - Yizhou Liu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. USA
| | - James H. Prestegard
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. USA
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18
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Bergeron SE, Wedemeyer EW, Lee R, Wen KK, McKane M, Pierick AR, Berger AP, Rubenstein PA, Bartlett HL. Allele-specific effects of thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection alpha-smooth muscle actin mutations on actin function. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:11356-69. [PMID: 21288906 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.203174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-two missense mutations in ACTA2, which encodes α-smooth muscle actin, have been identified to cause thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection. Limited access to diseased tissue, the presence of multiple unresolvable actin isoforms in the cell, and lack of an animal model have prevented analysis of the biochemical mechanisms underlying this pathology. We have utilized actin from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 86% identical to human α-smooth muscle actin, as a model. Two of the known human mutations, N115T and R116Q, were engineered into yeast actin, and their effect on actin function in vivo and in vitro was investigated. Both mutants exhibited reduced ability to grow under a variety of stress conditions, which hampered N115T cells more than R116Q cells. Both strains exhibited abnormal mitochondrial morphology indicative of a faulty actin cytoskeleton. In vitro, the mutant actins exhibited altered thermostability and nucleotide exchange rates, indicating effects of the mutations on monomer conformation, with R116Q the most severely affected. N115T demonstrated a biphasic elongation phase during polymerization, whereas R116Q demonstrated a markedly extended nucleation phase. Allele-specific effects were also seen on critical concentration, rate of depolymerization, and filament treadmilling. R116Q filaments were hypersensitive to severing by the actin-binding protein cofilin. In contrast, N115T filaments were hyposensitive to cofilin despite nearly normal binding affinities of actin for cofilin. The mutant-specific effects on actin behavior suggest that individual mechanisms may contribute to thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Bergeron
- Department of Biochemistry, Roy A. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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19
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Pivovarova AV, Khaitlina SY, Levitsky DI. Specific cleavage of the DNase-I binding loop dramatically decreases the thermal stability of actin. FEBS J 2010; 277:3812-22. [PMID: 20718862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the thermal unfolding of actin specifically cleaved within the DNaseI-binding loop between residues Met47-Gly48 or Gly42-Val43 by two bacterial proteases, subtilisin or ECP32/grimelysin (ECP), respectively. The results obtained show that both cleavages strongly decreased the thermal stability of monomeric actin with either ATP or ADP as a bound nucleotide. An even more pronounced difference in the thermal stability between the cleaved and intact actin was observed when both actins were polymerized into filaments. Similar to intact F-actin, both cleaved F-actins were significantly stabilized by phalloidin and aluminum fluoride; however, in all cases, the thermal stability of the cleaved F-actins was much lower than that of intact F-actin, and the stability of ECP-cleaved F-actin was lower than that of subtilisin-cleaved F-actin. These results confirm that the DNaseI-binding loop is involved in the stabilization of the actin structure, both in monomers and in the filament subunits, and suggest that the thermal stability of actin depends, at least partially, on the conformation of the nucleotide-binding cleft. Moreover, an additional destabilization of the unstable cleaved actin upon ATP/ADP replacement provides experimental evidence for the highly dynamic actin structure that cannot be simply open or closed, but rather should be considered as being able to adopt multiple conformations.
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20
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Yu E, Gaucher SP, Hadi MZ. Probing conformational changes in Ape1 during the progression of base excision repair. Biochemistry 2010; 49:3786-96. [PMID: 20377204 DOI: 10.1021/bi901828t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abasic (AP) sites are the most common lesions arising in genomic DNA. Repair of this potentially mutagenic DNA damage is initiated by the major apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease Ape1, which specifically recognizes and cleaves the DNA backbone 5' to the AP site. Ape1 is one of the major proteins in the base excision repair pathway (BER), and deletions in any of the BER proteins result in embryonic lethality. In this study, we employed fluorescence spectroscopy and in vitro mass spectrometric protein footprinting to investigate Ape1 conformational changes during various nucleoprotein interactions along its reaction pathway. Differences in intrinsic fluorescence emission spectra were observed during Ape1 protein's processing of the substrate, indicating possible conformational changes of the nucleoprotein complexes. To determine the protein domains that are involved in the putative conformational change, full-length Ape1 protein was probed with a lysine-reactive reagent (NHS-biotin) in the context of free protein and DNA-bound complexes. Protection patterns between pre- and postincision complexes revealed an increased susceptibility of lysine residues localized on the Ape1 surface that contacts the 3' end of the incised duplex (downstream of the incision site). We propose that the decreased protection results from Ape1 having a more relaxed grip on this section of the incised duplex to facilitate the handoff to the downstream BER enzyme. Protection of lysines (residues 24-35) in the N-terminal region was also observed in the intact AP-DNA-bound complex. These residues are part of the Ref1 domain which functions to regulate the activity of several transcription factors but to date has not been ascribed a DNA binding function. The reactivity of these Ref1 lysines was restored in the postincision complex. The differential protection patterns of lysines in the flexible N-terminal domain suggest a novel Ref1 conformational change concomitant with DNA binding and catalysis. It is likely that Ape1 employs this structural switch to mediate redox and nuclease activities. The ability of the Ape1-AP-DNA complex to recruit other BER proteins was also investigated by probing ternary complexes comprised of Ape1, DNA polymerase beta (Polbeta), and different BER DNA intermediates (abasic or gapped DNA). Our results suggest that Polbeta approaches the Ape1-DNA complex downstream of the incision site, displaces Ape1 DNA binding contacts (K227, K228, and K276), and in the process makes minimal interactions with lysine residues in the Ref1 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eizadora Yu
- Biosystems Research Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969, USA
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21
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Bamburg JR, Bernstein BW, Davis RC, Flynn KC, Goldsbury C, Jensen JR, Maloney MT, Marsden IT, Minamide LS, Pak CW, Shaw AE, Whiteman I, Wiggan O. ADF/Cofilin-actin rods in neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Alzheimer Res 2010; 7:241-50. [PMID: 20088812 PMCID: PMC4458070 DOI: 10.2174/156720510791050902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dephosphorylation (activation) of cofilin, an actin binding protein, is stimulated by initiators of neuronal dysfunction and degeneration including oxidative stress, excitotoxic glutamate, ischemia, and soluble forms of beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta). Hyperactive cofilin forms rod-shaped cofilin-saturated actin filament bundles (rods). Other proteins are recruited to rods but are not necessary for rod formation. Neuronal cytoplasmic rods accumulate within neurites where they disrupt synaptic function and are a likely cause of synaptic loss without neuronal loss, as occurs early in dementias. Different rod-inducing stimuli target distinct neuronal populations within the hippocampus. Rods form rapidly, often in tandem arrays, in response to stress. They accumulate phosphorylated tau that immunostains for epitopes present in "striated neuropil threads," characteristic of tau pathology in Alzheimer disease (AD) brain. Thus, rods might aid in further tau modifications or assembly into paired helical filaments, the major component of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Rods can occlude neurites and block vesicle transport. Some rod-inducing treatments cause an increase in secreted Abeta. Thus rods may mediate the loss of synapses, production of excess Abeta, and formation of NFTs, all of the pathological hallmarks of AD. Cofilin-actin rods also form within the nucleus of heat-shocked neurons and are cleared from cells expressing wild type huntingtin protein but not in cells expressing mutant or silenced huntingtin, suggesting a role for nuclear rods in Huntington disease (HD). As an early event in the neurodegenerative cascade, rod formation is an ideal target for therapeutic intervention that might be useful in treatment of many different neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Bamburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, USA.
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22
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Orban T, Gupta S, Palczewski K, Chance MR. Visualizing water molecules in transmembrane proteins using radiolytic labeling methods. Biochemistry 2010; 49:827-34. [PMID: 20047303 DOI: 10.1021/bi901889t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Essential to cells and their organelles, water is both shuttled to where it is needed and trapped within cellular compartments and structures. Moreover, ordered waters within protein structures often colocalize with strategically placed polar or charged groups critical for protein function, yet it is unclear if these ordered water molecules provide structural stabilization, mediate conformational changes in signaling, neutralize charged residues, or carry out a combination of all these functions. Structures of many integral membrane proteins, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), reveal the presence of ordered water molecules that may act like prosthetic groups in a manner quite unlike bulk water. Identification of "ordered" waters within a crystalline protein structure requires sufficient occupancy of water to enable its detection in the protein's X-ray diffraction pattern, and thus, the observed waters likely represent a subset of tightly bound functional waters. In this review, we highlight recent studies that suggest the structures of ordered waters within GPCRs are as conserved (and thus as important) as conserved side chains. In addition, methods of radiolysis, coupled to structural mass spectrometry (protein footprinting), reveal dynamic changes in water structure that mediate transmembrane signaling. The idea of water as a prosthetic group mediating chemical reaction dynamics is not new in fields such as catalysis. However, the concept of water as a mediator of conformational dynamics in signaling is just emerging, because of advances in both crystallographic structure determination and new methods of protein footprinting. Although oil and water do not mix, understanding the roles of water is essential to understanding the function of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tivadar Orban
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4965, USA
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23
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Kaur P, Kiselar JG, Chance MR. Integrated algorithms for high-throughput examination of covalently labeled biomolecules by structural mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8141-9. [PMID: 19788317 DOI: 10.1021/ac9013644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry based structural proteomics approaches for probing protein structures are increasingly gaining in popularity. The potential for such studies is limited because of the lack of analytical techniques for the automated interpretation of resulting data. In this article, a suite of algorithms called ProtMapMS is developed, integrated, and implemented specifically for the comprehensive automatic analysis of mass spectrometry data obtained for protein structure studies using covalent labeling. The functions include data format conversion, mass spectrum interpretation, detection, and verification of all peptide species, confirmation of the modified peptide products, and quantification of the extent of peptide modification. The results thus obtained provide valuable data for use in combination with computational approaches for protein structure modeling. The structures of both monomeric and hexameric forms of insulin were investigated by oxidative protein footprinting followed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The resultant data was analyzed both manually and using ProtMapMS without any manual intervention. The results obtained using the two methods were found to be in close agreement and overall were consistent with predictions from the crystallographic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Kaur
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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24
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Spraggins JM, Lloyd JA, Johnston MV, Laskin J, Ridge DP. Fragmentation mechanisms of oxidized peptides elucidated by SID, RRKM modeling, and molecular dynamics. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1579-1592. [PMID: 19560936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase fragmentation reactions of singly charged angiotensin II (AngII, DR(+)VYIHPF) and the ozonolysis products AngII+O (DR(+)VY*IHPF), AngII+3O (DR(+)VYIH*PF), and AngII+4O (DR(+)VY*IH*PF) were studied using SID FT-ICR mass spectrometry, RRKM modeling, and molecular dynamics. Oxidation of Tyr (AngII+O) leads to a low-energy charge-remote selective fragmentation channel resulting in the b(4)+O fragment ion. Modification of His (AngII+3O and AngII+4O) leads to a series of new selective dissociation channels. For AngII+3O and AngII+4O, the formation of [MH+3O](+)-45 and [MH+3O](+)-71 are driven by charge-remote processes while it is suggested that b(5) and [MH+3O](+)-88 fragments are a result of charge-directed reactions. Energy-resolved SID experiments and RRKM modeling provide threshold energies and activation entropies for the lowest energy fragmentation channel for each of the parent ions. Fragmentation of the ozonolysis products was found to be controlled by entropic effects. Mechanisms are proposed for each of the new dissociation pathways based on the energies and entropies of activation and parent ion conformations sampled using molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Spraggins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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25
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Chan C, Beltzner CC, Pollard TD. Cofilin dissociates Arp2/3 complex and branches from actin filaments. Curr Biol 2009; 19:537-45. [PMID: 19362000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actin-based cellular motility requires spatially and temporally coordinated remodeling of a network of branched actin filaments. This study investigates how cofilin and Arp2/3 complex, two main players in the dendritic nucleation model, interact to produce sharp spatial transitions between densely branched filaments and long, unbranched filaments. RESULTS We found that cofilin binding reduces both the affinity of actin filaments for Arp2/3 complex and the stability of branches. We used fluorescence spectroscopy to measure the kinetics of cofilin association with filaments and the resulting dissociation of Arp2/3 complex and TIRF microscopy to visualize filament severing and the loss of actin filament branches. Cofilin severs filaments optimally when few actin subunits are occupied but dissociates branches rapidly only at higher occupancies. Effective debranching is nevertheless achieved, as a result of cooperative binding and reduced affinity of Arp2/3 complex for the filament, at cofilin concentrations below those required for direct competition. CONCLUSIONS Cofilin rapidly dissociates Arp2/3 complex and branches by direct competition for binding sites on the actin filament and by propagation of structural changes in the actin filament that reduce affinity for Arp2/3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikio Chan
- Department of Molecular Cellular, Yale University, PO Box 208103, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA
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26
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The effects of ADF/cofilin and profilin on the conformation of the ATP-binding cleft of monomeric actin. Biophys J 2009; 96:2335-43. [PMID: 19289059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.3906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin and profilin are small actin-binding proteins, which have central roles in cytoskeletal dynamics in all eukaryotes. When bound to an actin monomer, ADF/cofilins inhibit the nucleotide exchange, whereas most profilins accelerate the nucleotide exchange on actin monomers. In this study the effects of ADF/cofilin and profilin on the accessibility of the actin monomer's ATP-binding pocket was investigated by a fluorescence spectroscopic method. The fluorescence of the actin bound epsilon-ATP was quenched with a neutral quencher (acrylamide) in steady-state and time dependent experiments, and the data were analyzed with a complex form of the Stern-Volmer equation. The experiments revealed that in the presence of ADF/cofilin the accessibility of the bound epsilon-ATP decreased, indicating a closed and more compact ATP-binding pocket induced by the binding of ADF/cofilin. In the presence of profilin the accessibility of the bound epsilon-ATP increased, indicating a more open and approachable protein matrix around the ATP-binding pocket. The results of the fluorescence quenching experiments support a structural mechanism regarding the regulation of the nucleotide exchange on actin monomers by ADF/cofilin and profilin.
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27
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Schwede T, Sali A, Honig B, Levitt M, Berman HM, Jones D, Brenner SE, Burley SK, Das R, Dokholyan NV, Dunbrack RL, Fidelis K, Fiser A, Godzik A, Huang YJ, Humblet C, Jacobson MP, Joachimiak A, Krystek SR, Kortemme T, Kryshtafovych A, Montelione GT, Moult J, Murray D, Sanchez R, Sosnick TR, Standley DM, Stouch T, Vajda S, Vasquez M, Westbrook JD, Wilson IA. Outcome of a workshop on applications of protein models in biomedical research. Structure 2009; 17:151-9. [PMID: 19217386 PMCID: PMC2739730 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe the proceedings and conclusions from the "Workshop on Applications of Protein Models in Biomedical Research" (the Workshop) that was held at the University of California, San Francisco on 11 and 12 July, 2008. At the Workshop, international scientists involved with structure modeling explored (i) how models are currently used in biomedical research, (ii) the requirements and challenges for different applications, and (iii) how the interaction between the computational and experimental research communities could be strengthened to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Schwede
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Stokasimov E, McKane M, Rubenstein PA. Role of intermonomer ionic bridges in the stabilization of the actin filament. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:34844-54. [PMID: 18945676 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804419200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Filament formation is required for most of the functions of actin. However, the intermonomer interactions that stabilize F-actin have not been elucidated because of a lack of an F-actin crystal structure. The Holmes muscle actin model suggests that an ionic interaction between Arg-39 of one monomer and Glu-167 of an adjacent monomer in the same strand contributes to this stabilization. Yeast actin has an Ala-167 instead. F-actin molecular dynamics modeling predicts another interaction between Arg-39 of one monomer and Asp-275 of an opposing strand monomer. In Toxoplasma gondii actin, which forms short stubby filaments, the Asp-275 equivalent is replaced by Arg leading to a potential filament-destabilizing charge-charge repulsion. Using yeast actin, we tested the effect of A167E as a potential stabilizer and A167R and D275R as potential filament disruptors. All mutations caused abnormal growth and mitochondrial malfunction. A167E and D275R actins polymerize normally and form relatively normal appearing filaments. A167R nucleates filaments more slowly and forms filament bundles. The R39D/A167R double mutant, which re-establishes an ionic bond in the opposite orientation, reverses this polymerization and bundling defect. Stoichiometric amounts of yeast cofilin have little effect on wild-type and A167E filaments. However, D275R and A167R actin depolymerization is profound with cofilin. Although our results suggest that disruption of an interaction between Arg-39 and Asp-275 is not sufficient to cause fragmentation, it suggests that it changes filament stability thereby disposing it for enhanced cofilin depolymerizing effects. Ala-167 results demonstrate the in vivo and in vitro importance of another potential Arg-39 ionic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Stokasimov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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29
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Paavilainen VO, Oksanen E, Goldman A, Lappalainen P. Structure of the actin-depolymerizing factor homology domain in complex with actin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 182:51-9. [PMID: 18625842 PMCID: PMC2447895 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200803100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Actin dynamics provide the driving force for many cellular processes including motility and endocytosis. Among the central cytoskeletal regulators are actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin, which depolymerizes actin filaments, and twinfilin, which sequesters actin monomers and caps filament barbed ends. Both interact with actin through an ADF homology (ADF-H) domain, which is also found in several other actin-binding proteins. However, in the absence of an atomic structure for the ADF-H domain in complex with actin, the mechanism by which these proteins interact with actin has remained unknown. Here, we present the crystal structure of twinfilin's C-terminal ADF-H domain in complex with an actin monomer. This domain binds between actin subdomains 1 and 3 through an interface that is conserved among ADF-H domain proteins. Based on this structure, we suggest a mechanism by which ADF/cofilin and twinfilin inhibit nucleotide exchange of actin monomers and present a model for how ADF/cofilin induces filament depolymerization by weakening intrafilament interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville O Paavilainen
- Program in Cellular Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
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30
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Levitsky DI, Pivovarova AV, Mikhailova VV, Nikolaeva OP. Thermal unfolding and aggregation of actin. FEBS J 2008; 275:4280-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Complementary structural mass spectrometry techniques reveal local dynamics in functionally important regions of a metastable serpin. Structure 2008; 16:38-51. [PMID: 18184582 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Serpins display a number of highly unusual structural properties along with a unique mechanism of inhibition. Although structures of numerous serpins have been solved by X-ray crystallography, little is known about the dynamics of serpins in their inhibitory active conformation. In this study, two complementary structural mass spectrometry methods, hydroxyl radical-mediated footprinting and hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange, were employed to highlight differences between the static crystal structure and the dynamic conformation of human serpin protein, alpha(1)-antitrypsin (alpha(1)AT). H/D exchange revealed the distribution of flexible and rigid regions of alpha(1)AT, whereas footprinting revealed the dynamic environments of several side chains previously identified as important for the metastability of alpha(1)AT. This work provides insights into the unique structural design of alpha(1)AT and improves our understanding of its unusual inhibition mechanism. Also, we demonstrate that the combination of the two MS techniques provides a more complete picture of protein structure than either technique alone.
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Grintsevich EE, Benchaar SA, Warshaviak D, Boontheung P, Halgand F, Whitelegge JP, Faull KF, Loo RRO, Sept D, Loo JA, Reisler E. Mapping the cofilin binding site on yeast G-actin by chemical cross-linking. J Mol Biol 2008; 377:395-409. [PMID: 18258262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cofilin is a major cytoskeletal protein that binds to both monomeric actin (G-actin) and polymeric actin (F-actin) and is involved in microfilament dynamics. Although an atomic structure of the G-actin-cofilin complex does not exist, models of the complex have been built using molecular dynamics simulations, structural homology considerations, and synchrotron radiolytic footprinting data. The hydrophobic cleft between actin subdomains 1 and 3 and, alternatively, the cleft between actin subdomains 1 and 2 have been proposed as possible high-affinity cofilin binding sites. In this study, the proposed binding of cofilin to the subdomain 1/subdomain 3 region on G-actin has been probed using site-directed mutagenesis, fluorescence labeling, and chemical cross-linking, with yeast actin mutants containing single reactive cysteines in the actin hydrophobic cleft and with cofilin mutants carrying reactive cysteines in the regions predicted to bind to G-actin. Mass spectrometry analysis of the cross-linked complex revealed that cysteine 345 in subdomain 1 of mutant G-actin was cross-linked to native cysteine 62 on cofilin. A cofilin mutant that carried a cysteine substitution in the alpha 3-helix (residue 95) formed a cross-link with residue 144 in actin subdomain 3. Distance constraints imposed by these cross-links provide experimental evidence for cofilin binding between actin subdomains 1 and 3 and fit a corresponding docking-based structure of the complex. The cross-linking of the N-terminal region of recombinant yeast cofilin to actin residues 346 and 374 with dithio-bis-maleimidoethane (12.4 A) and via disulfide bond formation was also documented. This set of cross-linking data confirms the important role of the N-terminal segment of cofilin in interactions with G-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Grintsevich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kamal JKA, Chance MR. Modeling of protein binary complexes using structural mass spectrometry data. Protein Sci 2007; 17:79-94. [PMID: 18042684 DOI: 10.1110/ps.073071808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we describe a general approach to modeling the structure of binary protein complexes using structural mass spectrometry data combined with molecular docking. In the first step, hydroxyl radical mediated oxidative protein footprinting is used to identify residues that experience conformational reorganization due to binding or participate in the binding interface. In the second step, a three-dimensional atomic structure of the complex is derived by computational modeling. Homology modeling approaches are used to define the structures of the individual proteins if footprinting detects significant conformational reorganization as a function of complex formation. A three-dimensional model of the complex is constructed from these binary partners using the ClusPro program, which is composed of docking, energy filtering, and clustering steps. Footprinting data are used to incorporate constraints-positive and/or negative-in the docking step and are also used to decide the type of energy filter-electrostatics or desolvation-in the successive energy-filtering step. By using this approach, we examine the structure of a number of binary complexes of monomeric actin and compare the results to crystallographic data. Based on docking alone, a number of competing models with widely varying structures are observed, one of which is likely to agree with crystallographic data. When the docking steps are guided by footprinting data, accurate models emerge as top scoring. We demonstrate this method with the actin/gelsolin segment-1 complex. We also provide a structural model for the actin/cofilin complex using this approach which does not have a crystal or NMR structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Amisha Kamal
- Center for Proteomics and Mass spectrometry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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