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Xue Y, Ruan Y, Wang Y, Xiao P, Xu J. Signaling pathways in liver cancer: pathogenesis and targeted therapy. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2024; 5:20. [PMID: 38816668 PMCID: PMC11139849 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-024-00184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide with high incidence and mortality rates. Due to its subtle onset, liver cancer is commonly diagnosed at a late stage when surgical interventions are no longer feasible. This situation highlights the critical role of systemic treatments, including targeted therapies, in bettering patient outcomes. Despite numerous studies on the mechanisms underlying liver cancer, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the only widely used clinical inhibitors, represented by sorafenib, whose clinical application is greatly limited by the phenomenon of drug resistance. Here we show an in-depth discussion of the signaling pathways frequently implicated in liver cancer pathogenesis and the inhibitors targeting these pathways under investigation or already in use in the management of advanced liver cancer. We elucidate the oncogenic roles of these pathways in liver cancer especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as well as the current state of research on inhibitors respectively. Given that TKIs represent the sole class of targeted therapeutics for liver cancer employed in clinical practice, we have particularly focused on TKIs and the mechanisms of the commonly encountered phenomena of its resistance during HCC treatment. This necessitates the imperative development of innovative targeted strategies and the urgency of overcoming the existing limitations. This review endeavors to shed light on the utilization of targeted therapy in advanced liver cancer, with a vision to improve the unsatisfactory prognostic outlook for those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangtao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Zhejiang Minimal Invasive Diagnosis and Treatment Technology Research Center of Severe Hepatobiliary Disease, Zhejiang Research and Development Engineering Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Technology and Equipment, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yeling Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Zhejiang Minimal Invasive Diagnosis and Treatment Technology Research Center of Severe Hepatobiliary Disease, Zhejiang Research and Development Engineering Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Technology and Equipment, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Zhejiang Minimal Invasive Diagnosis and Treatment Technology Research Center of Severe Hepatobiliary Disease, Zhejiang Research and Development Engineering Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Technology and Equipment, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Junjie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Zhejiang Minimal Invasive Diagnosis and Treatment Technology Research Center of Severe Hepatobiliary Disease, Zhejiang Research and Development Engineering Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Technology and Equipment, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
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2
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Deurloo MHS, Eide S, Turlova E, Li Q, Spijker S, Sun HS, Groffen AJA, Feng ZP. Rasal1 regulates calcium dependent neuronal maturation by modifying microtubule dynamics. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:13. [PMID: 38246997 PMCID: PMC10800070 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01193-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rasal1 is a Ras GTPase-activating protein which contains C2 domains necessary for dynamic membrane association following intracellular calcium elevation. Membrane-bound Rasal1 inactivates Ras signaling through its RasGAP activity, and through such mechanisms has been implicated in regulating various cellular functions in the context of tumors. Although highly expressed in the brain, the contribution of Rasal1 to neuronal development and function has yet to be explored. RESULTS We examined the contributions of Rasal1 to neuronal development in primary culture of hippocampal neurons through modulation of Rasal1 expression using molecular tools. Fixed and live cell imaging demonstrate diffuse expression of Rasal1 throughout the cell soma, dendrites and axon which localizes to the neuronal plasma membrane in response to intracellular calcium fluctuation. Pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation demonstrate direct interaction of Rasal1 with PKC, tubulin, and CaMKII. Consequently, Rasal1 is found to stabilize microtubules, through post-translational modification of tubulin, and accordingly inhibit dendritic outgrowth and branching. Through imaging, molecular, and electrophysiological techniques Rasal1 is shown to promote NMDA-mediated synaptic activity and CaMKII phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Rasal1 functions in two separate roles in neuronal development; calcium regulated neurite outgrowth and the promotion of NMDA receptor-mediated postsynaptic events which may be mediated both by interaction with direct binding partners or calcium-dependent regulation of down-stream pathways. Importantly, the outlined molecular mechanisms of Rasal1 may contribute notably to normal neuronal development and synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H S Deurloo
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - S Eide
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - E Turlova
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Q Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - S Spijker
- Department Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Neurogenomics and Cognition Research, VU University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H-S Sun
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - A J A Groffen
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognition Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Z-P Feng
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Stites EC. The Abundance of KRAS and RAS Gene Mutations in Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2797:13-22. [PMID: 38570449 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3822-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Mutant forms of the RAS genes KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS are important and common drivers of cancer. Recently, two independent teams that integrated cancer genomics with cancer epidemiology estimated that approximately 15-20% of all human cancers harbor a mutation in one of these three RAS genes. These groups also estimate KRAS mutations occur in 11-14% of all human cancers. Although these estimates are lower than many commonly encountered values, these estimates continue to rank KRAS and the ensemble of RAS oncogenes among the most common genetic drivers of cancer across all forms of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Stites
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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4
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Chen Z, Zhang L, Yang Y, Liu H, Kang X, Nie Y, Fan D. DNMT1 expression partially dictates 5-Azacytidine sensitivity and correlates with RAS/MEK/ERK activity in gastric cancer cells. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2254976. [PMID: 37691391 PMCID: PMC10496526 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2023.2254976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Though DNMTs inhibitors were widely used in myelodysplastic syndrome and leukaemia, their application in solid tumours has been limited by low response rate and lack of optimal combination strategies. In gastric cancer (GC), the therapeutic implication of KRAS mutation or MEK/ERK activation for combinational use of DNMTs inhibitors with MEK/ERK inhibitors remains elusive. In this study, stable knockdown of DNMT1 expression by lentiviral transfection led to decreased sensitivity of GC cells to 5-Azacytidine. KRAS knockdown in KRAS mutant GC cells or the MEK/ERK activation by EGF stimulation in GC cells increased DNMT1 expression, while inhibition of MEK/ERK activity by Selumetinib led to decreased DNMT1 expression. 5-Azacytidine treatment, which led to dramatic decline of DNMTs protein levels and increased activity of MEK/ERK pathway, altered the activity of MEK/ERK inhibitor Selumetinib on GC cells. Both RAS-dependent gene expression signature and expression levels of multiple MEK/ERK-dependent genes were correlated with DNMT1 expression in TCGA stomach cancer samples. In conclusion, DNMT1 expression partially dictates 5-Azacytidine sensitivity and correlates with RAS/MEK/ERK activity in GC cells. Combining DNMTs inhibitor with MEK/ERK inhibitor might be a promising strategy for patients with GC.[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangqian Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Medical Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiming Liu
- School of Software Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Jagadeeshan S, Novoplansky OZ, Cohen O, Kurth I, Hess J, Rosenberg AJ, Grandis JR, Elkabets M. New insights into RAS in head and neck cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188963. [PMID: 37619805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
RAS genes are known to be dysregulated in cancer for several decades, and substantial effort has been dedicated to develop agents that reduce RAS expression or block RAS activation. The recent introduction of RAS inhibitors for cancer patients highlights the importance of comprehending RAS alterations in head and neck cancer (HNC). In this regard, we examine the published findings on RAS alterations and pathway activations in HNC, and summarize their role in HNC initiation, progression, and metastasis. Specifically, we focus on the intrinsic role of mutated-RAS on tumor cell signaling and its extrinsic role in determining tumor-microenvironment (TME) heterogeneity, including promoting angiogenesis and enhancing immune escape. Lastly, we summarize the intrinsic and extrinsic role of RAS alterations on therapy resistance to outline the potential of targeting RAS using a single agent or in combination with other therapeutic agents for HNC patients with RAS-activated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Jagadeeshan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Ofra Z Novoplansky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Oded Cohen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, Soroka Medical Center, Beersheva, Israel.
| | - Ina Kurth
- Division of Radiooncology-Radiobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jochen Hess
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ari J Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Jennifer R Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Moshe Elkabets
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
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6
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Wang J, Al-Majid D, Brenner JC, Smith JD. Mutant HRas Signaling and Rationale for Use of Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Target Oncol 2023; 18:643-655. [PMID: 37665491 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-023-00993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are often associated with poor outcomes, due at least in part to the limited number of treatment options available for those patients who develop recurrent and/or metastatic disease (R/M HNSCC). Even with the recent validation and approval of immunotherapies in the first-line setting for these patients, the need for the development of new and alternative precision medicine strategies with survival benefit is clear. Oncogenic alterations in the HRAS (Harvey rat sarcoma virus) proto-oncogene are seen in approximately 4-8% of R/M HNSCC tumors. Recently, several preclinical and clinical advancements have been made in the implementation of small-molecule inhibitors that block post-translational farnesylation of HRas, thereby abrogating its downstream oncogenic activity. In this review, we focus on the biology of wild-type and mutant HRas signaling in HNSCC, and rationale for use and outcomes of farnesyltransferase inhibitors in patients with HRAS-mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Dana Al-Majid
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, MSRB III 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - J Chad Brenner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, MSRB III 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Joshua D Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, MSRB III 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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7
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Li L, Shu XS, Geng H, Ying J, Guo L, Luo J, Xiang T, Wu L, Ma BBY, Chan ATC, Zhu X, Ambinder RF, Tao Q. A novel tumor suppressor encoded by a 1p36.3 lncRNA functions as a phosphoinositide-binding protein repressing AKT phosphorylation/activation and promoting autophagy. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1166-1183. [PMID: 36813924 PMCID: PMC10154315 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01129-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides/small proteins, encoded by noncanonical open reading frames (ORF) of previously claimed non-coding RNAs, have recently been recognized possessing important biological functions, but largely uncharacterized. 1p36 is an important tumor suppressor gene (TSG) locus frequently deleted in multiple cancers, with critical TSGs like TP73, PRDM16, and CHD5 already validated. Our CpG methylome analysis identified a silenced 1p36.3 gene KIAA0495, previously thought coding long non-coding RNA. We found that the open reading frame 2 of KIAA0495 is actually protein-coding and translating, encoding a small protein SP0495. KIAA0495 transcript is broadly expressed in multiple normal tissues, but frequently silenced by promoter CpG methylation in multiple tumor cell lines and primary tumors including colorectal, esophageal and breast cancers. Its downregulation/methylation is associated with poor survival of cancer patients. SP0495 induces tumor cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, senescence and autophagy, and inhibits tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, SP0495 binds to phosphoinositides (PtdIns(3)P, PtdIns(3,5)P2) as a lipid-binding protein, inhibits AKT phosphorylation and its downstream signaling, and further represses oncogenic AKT/mTOR, NF-κB, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. SP0495 also regulates the stability of autophagy regulators BECN1 and SQSTM1/p62 through modulating phosphoinositides turnover and autophagic/proteasomal degradation. Thus, we discovered and validated a 1p36.3 small protein SP0495, functioning as a novel tumor suppressor regulating AKT signaling activation and autophagy as a phosphoinositide-binding protein, being frequently inactivated by promoter methylation in multiple tumors as a potential biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| | - Xing-Sheng Shu
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua Geng
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jianming Ying
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Tingxiu Xiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Longtao Wu
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Brigette B Y Ma
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Anthony T C Chan
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Richard F Ambinder
- Johns Hopkins Singapore and Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qian Tao
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
- Johns Hopkins Singapore and Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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8
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Lyu SY, Xiao W, Cui GZ, Yu C, Liu H, Lyu M, Kuang QY, Xiao EH, Luo YH. Role and mechanism of DNA methylation and its inhibitors in hepatic fibrosis. Front Genet 2023; 14:1124330. [PMID: 37056286 PMCID: PMC10086238 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1124330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a repair response to injury caused by various chronic stimuli that continually act on the liver. Among them, the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and their transformation into a myofibroblast phenotype is a key event leading to liver fibrosis, however the mechanism has not yet been elucidated. The molecular basis of HSC activation involves changes in the regulation of gene expression without changes in the genome sequence, namely, via epigenetic regulation. DNA methylation is a key focus of epigenetic research, as it affects the expression of fibrosis-related, metabolism-related, and tumor suppressor genes. Increasing studies have shown that DNA methylation is closely related to several physiological and pathological processes including HSC activation and liver fibrosis. This review aimed to discuss the mechanism of DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, explore DNA methylation inhibitors as potential therapies for liver fibrosis, and provide new insights on the prevention and clinical treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yi Lyu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wang Xiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guang-Zu Cui
- XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cheng Yu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Min Lyu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian-Ya Kuang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - En-Hua Xiao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong-Heng Luo
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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9
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Liang M, Meng X, Zhou B, Gao Y. RASAL3 predicts overall survival and CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:6056-6065. [PMID: 36420686 PMCID: PMC9753442 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS-activating protein-like 3 (RASAL3) is a synaptic Ras GTPase-activating protein (SynGAP) and a potential novel biomarker of CD8+ T cell infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). This study explored RASAL3 expression in LUAD, the prognostic impact of RASAL3 and the relationship with immune cell infiltration. RASAL3 expression in LUAD tissues was considerably low, with high RASAL3 expression associated with better overall survival, whereas the low expression was linked to advanced T, N, M classifications, TNM stage and lower grade. Furthermore, RASAL3 expression positively correlated with CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration. In conclusion, RASAL3 expression is a potential prognostic and immunological biomarker of LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Boxuan Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yushun Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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10
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Wong KCW, Hui EP, Lo KW, Lam WKJ, Johnson D, Li L, Tao Q, Chan KCA, To KF, King AD, Ma BBY, Chan ATC. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an evolving paradigm. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:679-695. [PMID: 34194007 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The past three decades have borne witness to many advances in the understanding of the molecular biology and treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated cancer endemic to southern China, southeast Asia and north Africa. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive, interdisciplinary overview of key research findings regarding NPC pathogenesis, treatment, screening and biomarker development. We describe how technological advances have led to the advent of proton therapy and other contemporary radiotherapy approaches, and emphasize the relentless efforts to identify the optimal sequencing of chemotherapy with radiotherapy through decades of clinical trials. Basic research into the pathogenic role of EBV and the genomic, epigenomic and immune landscape of NPC has laid the foundations of translational research. The latter, in turn, has led to the development of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets and of improved approaches for individualizing immunotherapy and targeted therapies for patients with NPC. We provide historical context to illustrate the effect of these advances on treatment outcomes at present. We describe current preclinical and clinical challenges and controversies in the hope of providing insights for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C W Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Edwin P Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Wai Kei Jacky Lam
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - David Johnson
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Lili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Qian Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwan Chee Allen Chan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ann D King
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Brigette B Y Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
| | - Anthony T C Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
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11
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Zhao P, Malik S, Xing S. Epigenetic Mechanisms Involved in HCV-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). Front Oncol 2021; 11:677926. [PMID: 34336665 PMCID: PMC8320331 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.677926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths, which is largely caused by virus infection. About 80% of the virus-infected people develop a chronic infection that eventually leads to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). With approximately 71 million HCV chronic infected patients worldwide, they still have a high risk of HCC in the near future. However, the mechanisms of carcinogenesis in chronic HCV infection have not been still fully understood, which involve a complex epigenetic regulation and cellular signaling pathways. Here, we summarize 18 specific gene targets and different signaling pathways involved in recent findings. With these epigenetic alterations requiring histone modifications and DNA hyper or hypo-methylation of these specific genes, the dysregulation of gene expression is also associated with different signaling pathways for the HCV life cycle and HCC. These findings provide a novel insight into a correlation between HCV infection and HCC tumorigenesis, as well as potentially preventable approaches. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection largely causes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide with 3 to 4 million newly infected cases diagnosed each year. It is urgent to explore its underlying molecular mechanisms for therapeutic treatment and biomarker discovery. However, the mechanisms of carcinogenesis in chronic HCV infection have not been still fully understood, which involve a complex epigenetic regulation and cellular signaling pathways. Here, we summarize 18 specific gene targets and different signaling pathways involved in recent findings. With these epigenetic alterations requiring histone modifications and DNA hyper or hypo-methylation of these specific genes, the dysregulation of gene expression is also associated with different signaling pathways for the HCV life cycle and HCC. These findings provide a novel insight into a correlation between HCV infection and HCC tumorigenesis, as well as potentially preventable approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Zhao
- Guandong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Samiullah Malik
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaojun Xing
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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12
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Malone ET, Ganther S, Mena N, Radaic A, Shariati K, Kindberg A, Tafolla C, Kamarajan P, Fenno JC, Zhan L, Kapila YL. Treponema denticola-Induced RASA4 Upregulation Mediates Cytoskeletal Dysfunction and MMP-2 Activity in Periodontal Fibroblasts. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:671968. [PMID: 34094999 PMCID: PMC8171266 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.671968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The periodontal complex consists of the periodontal ligament (PDL), alveolar bone, and cementum, which work together to turn mechanical load into biological responses that are responsible for maintaining a homeostatic environment. However oral microbes, under conditions of dysbiosis, may challenge the actin dynamic properties of the PDL in the context of periodontal disease. To study this process, we examined host-microbial interactions in the context of the periodontium via molecular and functional cell assays and showed that human PDL cell interactions with Treponema denticola induce actin depolymerization through a novel actin reorganization signaling mechanism. This actin reorganization mechanism and loss of cell adhesion is a pathological response characterized by an initial upregulation of RASA4 mRNA expression resulting in an increase in matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity. This mechanism is specific to the T. denticola effector protein, dentilisin, thereby uncovering a novel effect for Treponema denticola-mediated RASA4 transcriptional activation and actin depolymerization in primary human PDL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Trent Malone
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sean Ganther
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nevina Mena
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Allan Radaic
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Keemia Shariati
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Abigail Kindberg
- Bush Laboratory, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Biomedical Sciences Graduate, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christian Tafolla
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - J. Christopher Fenno
- Fenno Laboratory, Department of Biological and Material Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ling Zhan
- Zhan Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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13
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Bellazzo A, Collavin L. Cutting the Brakes on Ras-Cytoplasmic GAPs as Targets of Inactivation in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103066. [PMID: 33096593 PMCID: PMC7588890 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary GTPase-Activating Proteins (RasGAPs) are a group of structurally related proteins with a fundamental role in controlling the activity of Ras in normal and cancer cells. In particular, loss of function of RasGAPs may contribute to aberrant Ras activation in cancer. Here we review the multiple molecular mechanisms and factors that are involved in downregulating RasGAPs expression and functions in cancer. Additionally, we discuss how extracellular stimuli from the tumor microenvironment can control RasGAPs expression and activity in cancer cells and stromal cells, indirectly affecting Ras activation, with implications for cancer development and progression. Abstract The Ras pathway is frequently deregulated in cancer, actively contributing to tumor development and progression. Oncogenic activation of the Ras pathway is commonly due to point mutation of one of the three Ras genes, which occurs in almost one third of human cancers. In the absence of Ras mutation, the pathway is frequently activated by alternative means, including the loss of function of Ras inhibitors. Among Ras inhibitors, the GTPase-Activating Proteins (RasGAPs) are major players, given their ability to modulate multiple cancer-related pathways. In fact, most RasGAPs also have a multi-domain structure that allows them to act as scaffold or adaptor proteins, affecting additional oncogenic cascades. In cancer cells, various mechanisms can cause the loss of function of Ras inhibitors; here, we review the available evidence of RasGAP inactivation in cancer, with a specific focus on the mechanisms. We also consider extracellular inputs that can affect RasGAP levels and functions, implicating that specific conditions in the tumor microenvironment can foster or counteract Ras signaling through negative or positive modulation of RasGAPs. A better understanding of these conditions might have relevant clinical repercussions, since treatments to restore or enhance the function of RasGAPs in cancer would help circumvent the intrinsic difficulty of directly targeting the Ras protein.
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14
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Zhang RL, Aimudula A, Dai JH, Bao YX. RASA1 inhibits the progression of renal cell carcinoma by decreasing the expression of miR-223-3p and promoting the expression of FBXW7. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20194143. [PMID: 32588875 PMCID: PMC7350892 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20194143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS p21 protein activator 1 (RASA1), also known as p120-RasGAP, is a RasGAP protein that functions as a signaling scaffold protein, regulating pivotal signal cascades. However, its biological mechanism in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unknown. In the present study, RASA1, F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 (FBXW7), and miR-223-3p expression were assessed via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Then, the targeted correlations of miR-223-3p with FBXW7 and RASA1 were verified via a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. CCK-8, flow cytometry, and Transwell assays were implemented independently to explore the impact of RASA1 on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and cell cycle progression. Finally, the influence of RASA1 on tumor formation in RCC was assessed in vivo through the analysis of tumor growth in nude mice. Results showed that FBXW7 and RASA1 expression were decreased in RCC tissues and cell lines, while miR-223-3p was expressed at a higher level. Additionally, FBXW7 and RASA1 inhibited cell proliferation but facilitated the population of RCC cells in the G0/G1 phase. Altogether, RASA1 may play a key role in the progression of RCC by decreasing miR-223-3p and subsequently increasing FBXW7 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Li Zhang
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Changji Branch Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Changji, China
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ainiwaer Aimudula
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jiang-Hong Dai
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yong-Xing Bao
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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15
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Lee HM, Sia APE, Li L, Sathasivam HP, Chan MSA, Rajadurai P, Tsang CM, Tsao SW, Murray PG, Tao Q, Paterson IC, Yap LF. Monoamine oxidase A is down-regulated in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6115. [PMID: 32273550 PMCID: PMC7145851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a highly metastatic cancer that is consistently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. In this study, we identify for the first time a role for monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) in NPC. MAOA is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes oxidative deamination of neurotransmitters and dietary amines. Depending on the cancer type, MAOA can either have a tumour-promoting or tumour-suppressive role. We show that MAOA is down-regulated in primary NPC tissues and its down-regulation enhances the migration of NPC cells. In addition, we found that EBV infection can down-regulate MAOA expression in both pre-malignant and malignant nasopharyngeal epithelial (NPE) cells. We further demonstrate that MAOA is down-regulated as a result of IL-6/IL-6R/STAT3 signalling and epigenetic mechanisms, effects that might be attributed to EBV infection in NPE cells. Taken together, our data point to a central role for EBV in mediating the tumour suppressive effects of MAOA and that loss of MAOA could be an important step in the pathogenesis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Min Lee
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alice Pei Eal Sia
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | | | - Melissa Sue Ann Chan
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Chi Man Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Paul G Murray
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Qian Tao
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ian C Paterson
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lee Fah Yap
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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16
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Harrell Stewart DR, Clark GJ. Pumping the brakes on RAS - negative regulators and death effectors of RAS. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/3/jcs238865. [PMID: 32041893 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.238865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations that activate the RAS oncoproteins are common in cancer. However, aberrant upregulation of RAS activity often occurs in the absence of activating mutations in the RAS genes due to defects in RAS regulators. It is now clear that loss of function of Ras GTPase-activating proteins (RasGAPs) is common in tumors, and germline mutations in certain RasGAP genes are responsible for some clinical syndromes. Although regulation of RAS is central to their activity, RasGAPs exhibit great diversity in their binding partners and therefore affect signaling by multiple mechanisms that are independent of RAS. The RASSF family of tumor suppressors are essential to RAS-induced apoptosis and senescence, and constitute a barrier to RAS-mediated transformation. Suppression of RASSF protein expression can also promote the development of excessive RAS signaling by uncoupling RAS from growth inhibitory pathways. Here, we will examine how these effectors of RAS contribute to tumor suppression, through both RAS-dependent and RAS-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond R Harrell Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40222, USA
| | - Geoffrey J Clark
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40222, USA
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17
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Thaker YR, Raab M, Strebhardt K, Rudd CE. GTPase-activating protein Rasal1 associates with ZAP-70 of the TCR and negatively regulates T-cell tumor immunity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4804. [PMID: 31641113 PMCID: PMC6805919 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy involving checkpoint blockades of inhibitory co-receptors is effective in combating cancer. Despite this, the full range of mediators that inhibit T-cell activation and influence anti-tumor immunity is unclear. Here, we identify the GTPase-activating protein (GAP) Rasal1 as a novel TCR-ZAP-70 binding protein that negatively regulates T-cell activation and tumor immunity. Rasal1 inhibits via two pathways, the binding and inhibition of the kinase domain of ZAP-70, and GAP inhibition of the p21ras-ERK pathway. It is expressed in activated CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells, and inhibits CD4 + T-cell responses to antigenic peptides presented by dendritic cells as well as CD4 + T-cell responses to peptide antigens in vivo. Furthermore, siRNA reduction of Rasal1 expression in T-cells shrinks B16 melanoma and EL-4 lymphoma tumors, concurrent with an increase in CD8 + tumor-infiltrating T-cells expressing granzyme B and interferon γ-1. Our findings identify ZAP-70-associated Rasal1 as a new negative regulator of T-cell activation and tumor immunity. Activation of T cells in the tumor microenvironment can be inhibited through a variety of mechanisms. Here, the authors show that Rasal1, a GTPase-activating protein, binds and inhibits signaling downstream of the T Cell Receptor complex and that consistently, its reduced expression enhances anti-tumor T-cell responses in two syngeneic cancer mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youg Raj Thaker
- Cell Signalling Section, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.,School of Biological Science, Protein Structure and Disease Mechanisms, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Monika Raab
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, J.W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Cell Signalling Section, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK. .,Département de Immunologie-Oncologie, Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada. .,Département de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
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18
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Li L, Fan Y, Huang X, Luo J, Zhong L, Shu XS, Lu L, Xiang T, Chan ATC, Yeo W, Chen C, Chan WY, Huganir RL, Tao Q. Tumor Suppression of Ras GTPase-Activating Protein RASA5 through Antagonizing Ras Signaling Perturbation in Carcinomas. iScience 2019; 21:1-18. [PMID: 31654850 PMCID: PMC6820368 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant RAS signaling activation is common in cancers with even few Ras mutations, indicating alternative dysregulation other than genetic mutations. We identified a Ras GTPase-activating gene RASA5/SYNGAP1, at the common 6p21.3 deletion, methylated/downregulated in multiple carcinomas and different from other RASA family members (RASA1–RASA4), indicating its special functions in tumorigenesis. RASA5 mutations are rare, unlike other RASA members, whereas its promoter CpG methylation is frequent in multiple cancer cell lines and primary carcinomas and associated with patient’s poor survival. RASA5 expression inhibited tumor cell migration/invasion and growth in mouse model, functioning as a tumor suppressor. RASA5 suppressed RAS signaling, depending on its Ras GTPase-activating protein catalytic activity, which could be counteracted by oncogenic HRas Q61L mutant. RASA5 knockdown enhanced Ras signaling to promote tumor cell growth. RASA5 also inhibited epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) through regulating actin reorganization. Thus, epigenetic inactivation of RASA5 contributing to hyperactive RAS signaling is involved in Ras-driven human oncogenesis. RASA5 is normally widely expressed but epigenetically silenced in multiple cancers Epigenetic disruption of RASA5 is associated with tumor progression in patients RASA5 suppresses RAS signaling, depending on its RasGAP catalytic activity RASA5 functions as a tumor suppressor through inhibiting EMT and metastasis
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.
| | - Yichao Fan
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Xin Huang
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Jie Luo
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Lan Zhong
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Xing-Sheng Shu
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong; School of Medicine and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Lu
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Tingxiu Xiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anthony T C Chan
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie Yeo
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of CAS and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Richard L Huganir
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qian Tao
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.
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19
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Tan MTL, Wee JTS, Chua MLK. The Hunt for the perfect biomarker in nasopharyngeal carcinoma-the RRAS "race" beyond Epstein-Barr virus? Transl Cancer Res 2019; 8:1659-1662. [PMID: 35116914 PMCID: PMC8798277 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.08.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark T L Tan
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joseph T S Wee
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Melvin L K Chua
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
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20
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Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 6 (LPAR6) Expression and Prospective Signaling Pathway Analysis in Breast Cancer. Mol Diagn Ther 2019; 23:127-138. [PMID: 30694446 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-019-00384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has widely been reported to participate in the numerous biological behaviors of tumors through its receptors. LPA receptor 6 (LPAR6) is a newly identified G protein-coupled receptor of LPA, and few studies have explored the role of LPAR6 in cancer. In breast cancer (BC), LPAR6 has not, as yet, been studied. This study aimed to evaluate LPAR6 expression in BC patients and to explore its possible role in BC. METHODS A total of 98 pairs of clinical BC and para-cancer tissues were collected, and LPAR6 expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Kaplan-Meier plots were employed for survival analysis. Human BC cell lines were cultured to study decitabine (5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine [5-Aza]) intervention. Bioinformatic analyses were carried out to support the study conclusions and predictions. RESULTS LPAR6 expression was significantly reduced in BC tissues (p < 0.001). In the analysis of clinical parameters, LPAR6 expression was related to BC molecular classification (p < 0.05). Furthermore, patients with higher LPAR6 expression had better prognoses (p < 0.001). The CpG islands of LPAR6 were hypermethylated in BC tissues relative to those in para-cancer tissues (p < 0.01). 5-Aza significantly upregulated LPAR6 expression in BC cell lines. Additionally, LPAR6 knockdown significantly promoted cell migration and proliferation in the ZR-75-1 cell line (p < 0.001). Finally, through Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), LPAR6 was found to be negatively correlated with cancer-promoting factors and positively correlated with tumor-suppressing factors. CONCLUSION LPAR6 was downregulated in BC, and low LPAR6 expression was related to poor prognosis. The anti-tumor drug 5-Aza significantly upregulated LPAR6 expression in vitro, and LPAR6 might act as a tumor suppressor in BC.
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21
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Scheffzek K, Shivalingaiah G. Ras-Specific GTPase-Activating Proteins-Structures, Mechanisms, and Interactions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a031500. [PMID: 30104198 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ras-specific GTPase-activating proteins (RasGAPs) down-regulate the biological activity of Ras proteins by accelerating their intrinsic rate of GTP hydrolysis, basically by a transition state stabilizing mechanism. Oncogenic Ras is commonly not sensitive to RasGAPs caused by interference of mutants with the electronic or steric requirements of the transition state, resulting in up-regulation of activated Ras in respective cells. RasGAPs are modular proteins containing a helical catalytic RasGAP module surrounded by smaller domains that are frequently involved in the subcellular localization or contributing to regulatory features of their host proteins. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about RasGAP structure, mechanism, regulation, and dual-substrate specificity and discuss in some detail neurofibromin, one of the most important negative Ras regulators in cellular growth control and neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Scheffzek
- Division of Biological Chemistry (Biocenter), Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giridhar Shivalingaiah
- Division of Biological Chemistry (Biocenter), Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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22
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhou S, Xie Z, Wang C, Gao Y, Zhou J, Zhang X, Li Q. Flavones hydroxylated at 5, 7, 3' and 4' ameliorate skin fibrosis via inhibiting activin receptor-like kinase 5 kinase activity. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:124. [PMID: 30741930 PMCID: PMC6370799 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Skin fibrosis is mainly characterized by excessive collagen deposition. Studies have recently identified a number of flavonoids with variable structures that have the potency of inhibiting collagen synthesis and thus attenuating organ fibrosis. In this study, we found that flavones with 5, 7, 3', 4' hydroxy substitution reduced collagen expression most efficiently. Among those flavones, luteolin, quercetin, and myricetin were selected for follow-up. In vivo, the three compounds ameliorated skin fibrosis and reduced collagen deposition. Further analysis showed the compounds had significant inhibition on the proliferation, activation and contractile ability of dermal fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, we revealed that luteolin, quercetin, and myricetin selectively downregulated the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in TGF-β/Smads signaling via binding to activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) and impairing its catalytic activity. We also found flavones with 5, 7, 3', 4' hydroxy substitution showed stronger affinity with ALK5 compared with other flavonoids. Herein, we identified at least in part the underlying molecular basis as well as the critical structures that contribute to the antifibrotic bioactivity of flavones, which might benefit drug design and modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sizheng Zhou
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhibo Xie
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuandong Wang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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23
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Zhao S, Zhang Y, Liang X, Li M, Peng F, Chen Z, Chen Y. Detection and Analysis of RNAs Expression Profile for Methylated Candidate Tumor Suppressor Genes in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:772-782. [PMID: 30714531 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190204094815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation, which acts as an expression regulator for multiple Tumor Suppressor Genes (TSGs), is believed to play an important role in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) development. METHODS We compared the effects of 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (decitabine, DAC) on gene expression using RNA sequencing in NPC cells. RESULTS We analyzed Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) in NPC cells using DAC demethylation treatment and found that 2182 genes were significantly upregulated (≥ 2-fold change), suggesting that they may play a key role in cell growth, proliferation, development, and death. For data analysis, we used the Gene Ontology database and pathway enrichment analysis of the DEGs to discover differential patterns of DNA methylation associated with changes in gene expression. Furthermore, we evaluated 74 methylated candidate TSGs from the DEGs in NPC cells and summarized these genes in several important signaling pathways frequently disrupted by promoter methylation in NPC tumorigenesis. CONCLUSION Our study analyzes the DEGs and identifies a set of genes whose promoter methylation in NPC cells is reversed by DAC. These genes are potential substrates of DNMT inhibitors and may serve as tumor suppressors in NPC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xujun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Maoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhuchu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of National Health Commission, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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24
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Da Ros S, Aresu L, Ferraresso S, Zorzan E, Gaudio E, Bertoni F, Dacasto M, Giantin M. Validation of epigenetic mechanisms regulating gene expression in canine B-cell lymphoma: An in vitro and in vivo approach. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208709. [PMID: 30533020 PMCID: PMC6289462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dog Diseases/genetics
- Dog Diseases/metabolism
- Dogs
- Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Lymph Nodes
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/veterinary
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Da Ros
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Aresu
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Serena Ferraresso
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eleonora Zorzan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Dacasto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mery Giantin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
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25
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Mishra R, Haldar S, Placencio V, Madhav A, Rohena-Rivera K, Agarwal P, Duong F, Angara B, Tripathi M, Liu Z, Gottlieb RA, Wagner S, Posadas EM, Bhowmick NA. Stromal epigenetic alterations drive metabolic and neuroendocrine prostate cancer reprogramming. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4472-4484. [PMID: 30047926 PMCID: PMC6159981 DOI: 10.1172/jci99397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is an androgen-dependent disease subject to interactions between the tumor epithelium and its microenvironment. Here, we found that epigenetic changes in prostatic cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) initiated a cascade of stromal-epithelial interactions. This facilitated lethal prostate cancer growth and development of resistance to androgen signaling deprivation therapy (ADT). We identified a Ras inhibitor, RASAL3, as epigenetically silenced in human prostatic CAF, leading to oncogenic Ras activity driving macropinocytosis-mediated glutamine synthesis. Interestingly, ADT further promoted RASAL3 epigenetic silencing and glutamine secretion by prostatic fibroblasts. In an orthotopic xenograft model, subsequent inhibition of macropinocytosis and glutamine transport resulted in antitumor effects. Stromal glutamine served as a source of energy through anaplerosis and as a mediator of neuroendocrine differentiation for prostate adenocarcinoma. Antagonizing the uptake of glutamine restored sensitivity to ADT in a castration-resistant xenograft model. In validating these findings, we found that prostate cancer patients on ADT with therapeutic resistance had elevated blood glutamine levels compared with those with therapeutically responsive disease (odds ratio = 7.451, P = 0.02). Identification of epigenetic regulation of Ras activity in prostatic CAF revealed RASAL3 as a sensor for metabolic and neuroendocrine reprogramming in prostate cancer patients failing ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anisha Madhav
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roberta A. Gottlieb
- Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shawn Wagner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Neil A. Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Research, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, California, USA
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26
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Li L, Ma BBY, Chan ATC, Chan FKL, Murray P, Tao Q. Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced Epigenetic Pathogenesis of Viral-Associated Lymphoepithelioma-Like Carcinomas and Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphomas. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7030063. [PMID: 30022006 PMCID: PMC6161003 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer genome studies of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated tumors, including lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas (LELC) of nasopharyngeal (NPC), gastric (EBVaGC) and lung tissues, and natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL), reveal a unique feature of genomic alterations with fewer gene mutations detected than other common cancers. It is known now that epigenetic alterations play a critical role in the pathogenesis of EBV-associated tumors. As an oncogenic virus, EBV establishes its latent and lytic infections in B-lymphoid and epithelial cells, utilizing hijacked cellular epigenetic machinery. EBV-encoded oncoproteins modulate cellular epigenetic machinery to reprogram viral and host epigenomes, especially in the early stage of infection, using host epigenetic regulators. The genome-wide epigenetic alterations further inactivate a series of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) and disrupt key cellular signaling pathways, contributing to EBV-associated cancer initiation and progression. Profiling of genome-wide CpG methylation changes (CpG methylome) have revealed a unique epigenotype of global high-grade methylation of TSGs in EBV-associated tumors. Here, we have summarized recent advances of epigenetic alterations in EBV-associated tumors (LELCs and NKTCL), highlighting the importance of epigenetic etiology in EBV-associated tumorigenesis. Epigenetic study of these EBV-associated tumors will discover valuable biomarkers for their early detection and prognosis prediction, and also develop effective epigenetic therapeutics for these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Brigette B Y Ma
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Anthony T C Chan
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Francis K L Chan
- Institute of Digestive Disease and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Paul Murray
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Qian Tao
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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27
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Lin H, Fan X, He L, Zhou D. Methylation patterns of RASA3 associated with clinicopathological factors in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer 2018; 9:2116-2122. [PMID: 29937930 PMCID: PMC6010675 DOI: 10.7150/jca.24567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common tumor worldwide. The relationship between the gene methylation accumulation and HCC has been widely studied. In our study, we used the Sequenom EpiTYPER assay to investigate the methylation levels of the RASA3 in 164 HCC samples and paired adjacent non-cancerous tissues, and the association between methylation level and clinicopathological features. The methylation level of the RASA3 in HCC samples was found significantly lower than that in the adjacent non-cancerous tissues (P<0.0001). Moreover, the hypomethylation of RASA3 in HCC samples was connected with the presence of tumornecrosis (P=0.029) and alcohol intake (P=0.002). Furthermore, it was found that the expression of RASA3 was significantly decreased in tumor tissues (P=0.0053), which was also correlated with the methylation levels of RASA3 gene. Thus, RASA3 hypomethylation is a common feature in HCC, and may be a potential mechanism for HCC development, and serves as a useful biomarker for the early detection, especially in alcohol-associated HCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - LiFeng He
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daizhan Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Biomedical Research Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Bio-X Center, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Present address: Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine; Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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28
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Chen H, Yang Y, Wang J, Shen D, Zhao J, Yu Q. miR-130b-5p promotes proliferation, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells via targeting RASAL1. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6361-6367. [PMID: 29731849 PMCID: PMC5921226 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the targeted interaction between microRNA (miR)-130b-5p and RAS protein activator like 1 (RASAL1) gene and elucidate the function of miR-130b-5p in cell proliferation, migration and invasion in gastric cancer. Expression of miR-130b-5p and RASAL1 in seven gastric cell lines was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). MGC803 cells were selected for further study since they exhibited a marked increase in expression of miR-130b-5p accompanied by decreased expression of RASAL1. MGC803 cells were transfected with miR-130b-5p mimics and miR-130b-5p inhibitor using Lipofectamine 2000 for over- and underexpression, respectively, with cells transfected with negative control (NC) sequence as the control. In addition, a luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to evaluate the targeted interaction between miR-130b-5p and RASAL1. Then, alterations in RASAL1 expression were detected by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis following transfection with miR-130b-5p mimics and miR-130b-5p inhibitor. Cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration and invasion ability were detected by MTT, colony formation and Transwell assays, respectively. RASAL1 was demonstrated to be a target gene of miR-130b-5p by luciferase reporter gene assay. In addition, the expression of RASAL1 was significantly lower in MGC803 cells that were transfected with miR-130b-5p mimics and significantly higher in cells transfected with miR-130b-5p inhibitor in comparison with cells transfected with NC (P<0.05). Furthermore, the experimental group transfected with miR-130b-5p mimics manifested significantly higher cell proliferation, increased colony formation and increased migratory and invasive capacities (P<0.05). By contrast, cells transfected with miR-130b-5p inhibitor exhibited significantly lower cell proliferation, decreased colony formation and decreased migratory and invasive capacities, compared with cells transfected with NC (P<0.05). In conclusion, RASAL1 was demonstrated to be a target gene of miR-130b-5p. Overexpression of miR-130b-5p results in promoted proliferation, colony formation and migration and invasion abilities through targeted modulation of RASAL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Yiqiong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Duo Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Jiyi Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
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29
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Li L, Xu J, Qiu G, Ying J, Du Z, Xiang T, Wong KY, Srivastava G, Zhu XF, Mok TS, Chan ATC, Chan FKL, Ambinder RF, Tao Q. Epigenomic characterization of a p53-regulated 3p22.2 tumor suppressor that inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation via protein docking and is frequently methylated in esophageal and other carcinomas. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:61-77. [PMID: 29290793 PMCID: PMC5743460 DOI: 10.7150/thno.20893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Oncogenic STAT3 signaling activation and 3p22-21.3 locus alteration are common in multiple tumors, especially carcinomas of the nasopharynx, esophagus and lung. Whether these two events are linked remains unclear. Our CpG methylome analysis identified a 3p22.2 gene, DLEC1, as a methylated target in esophageal squamous cell (ESCC), nasopharyngeal (NPC) and lung carcinomas. Thus, we further characterized its epigenetic abnormalities and functions. Methods: CpG methylomes were established by methylated DNA immunoprecipitation. Promoter methylation was analyzed by methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite genomic sequencing. DLEC1 expression and clinical significance were analyzed using TCGA database. DLEC1 functions were analyzed by transfections followed by various cell biology assays. Protein-protein interaction was assessed by docking, Western blot and immunoprecipitation analyses. Results: We defined the DLEC1 promoter within a CpG island and p53-regulated. DLEC1 was frequently downregulated in ESCC, lung and NPC cell lines and primary tumors, but was readily expressed in normal tissues and immortalized normal epithelial cells, with mutations rarely detected. DLEC1 methylation was frequently detected in ESCC tumors and correlated with lymph node metastasis, tumor recurrence and progression, with DLEC1 as the most frequently methylated among the established 3p22.2 tumor suppressors (RASSF1A, PLCD1 and ZMYND10/BLU). DLEC1 inhibits carcinoma cell growth through inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and also suppresses cell metastasis by reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell stemness. Moreover, DLEC1 represses oncogenic signaling including JAK/STAT3, MAPK/ERK, Wnt/β-catenin and AKT pathways in multiple carcinoma types. Particularly, DLEC1 inhibits IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. DLEC1 contains three YXXQ motifs and forms a protein complex with STAT3 via protein docking, which blocks STAT3-JAK2 interaction and STAT3 phosphorylation. IL-6 stimulation enhances the binding of DLEC1 with STAT3, which diminishes their interaction with JAK2 and further leads to decreased STAT3 phosphorylation. The YXXQ motifs of DLEC1 are crucial for its inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation, and disruption of these motifs restores STAT3 phosphorylation through abolishing DLEC1 binding to STAT3. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates, for the first time, predominant epigenetic silencing of DLEC1 in ESCC, and a novel mechanistic link of epigenetic DLEC1 disruption with oncogenic STAT3 signaling in multiple carcinomas.
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30
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Cuellar J, Valpuesta JM, Wittinghofer A, Sot B. Domain topology of human Rasal. Biol Chem 2017; 399:63-72. [PMID: 28885980 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rasal is a modular multi-domain protein of the GTPase-activating protein 1 (GAP1) family; its four known members, GAP1m, Rasal, GAP1IP4BP and Capri, have a Ras GTPase-activating domain (RasGAP). This domain supports the intrinsically slow GTPase activity of Ras by actively participating in the catalytic reaction. In the case of Rasal, GAP1IP4BP and Capri, their remaining domains are responsible for converting the RasGAP domains into dual Ras- and Rap-GAPs, via an incompletely understood mechanism. Although Rap proteins are small GTPase homologues of Ras, their catalytic residues are distinct, which reinforces the importance of determining the structure of full-length GAP1 family proteins. To date, these proteins have not been crystallized, and their size is not adequate for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or for high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM). Here we present the low resolution structure of full-length Rasal, obtained by negative staining electron microscopy, which allows us to propose a model of its domain topology. These results help to understand the role of the different domains in controlling the dual GAP activity of GAP1 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cuellar
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Valpuesta
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad Asociada de Nanobiotecnología (CNB-CSIC e IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfred Wittinghofer
- Department of Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Begoña Sot
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad Asociada de Nanobiotecnología (CNB-CSIC e IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanociencia, Faraday 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, 28048 Madrid, Spain
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31
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Mathematical models in cancer therapy. Biosystems 2017; 162:12-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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32
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Selvakumar TA, Bhushal S, Kalinke U, Wirth D, Hauser H, Köster M, Hornef MW. Identification of a Predominantly Interferon-λ-Induced Transcriptional Profile in Murine Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1302. [PMID: 29085367 PMCID: PMC5650613 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I (α and β) and type III (λ) interferons (IFNs) induce the expression of a large set of antiviral effector molecules via their respective surface membrane receptors. Whereas most cell types respond to type I IFN, type III IFN preferentially acts on epithelial cells and protects mucosal organs such as the lung and gastrointestinal tract. Despite the engagement of different receptor molecules, the type I and type III IFN-induced signaling cascade and upregulated gene profile is thought to be largely identical. Here, we comparatively analyzed the response of gut epithelial cells to IFN-β and IFN-λ2 and identified a set of genes predominantly induced by IFN-λ2. We confirm the influence of epithelial cell polarization for enhanced type III receptor expression and demonstrate the induction of predominantly IFN-λ2-induced genes in the gut epithelium in vivo. Our results suggest that IFN-λ2 targets the epithelium and induces genes to adjust the antiviral host response to the requirements at mucosal body sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharini A. Selvakumar
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover, Germany
- Research Group Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sudeep Bhushal
- Research Group Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wirth
- Research Group Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Hauser
- Research Group Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mario Köster
- Research Group Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mathias W. Hornef
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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33
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Meng F, Zhang W, Wang Y. RASAL1 inhibits HepG2 cell growth via HIF-2α mediated gluconeogenesis. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7344-7352. [PMID: 29344173 PMCID: PMC5755015 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS protein activator like 1 (RASAL1) is a member of the RAS GTPase-activating protein (GAP) family, and has been identified as a tumor suppressor in various types of cancer. In the present study, it was determined that decreased levels of RASAL1 were accompanied by a higher pathological stage and larger tumor size in human liver cancer. Therefore, it was hypothesized that RASAL1 may serve an inhibitory role in liver cancer. In the present study, the following was demonstrated: i) Exogenous expression of RASAL1 may inhibit the proliferation and invasion ability of HepG2 cells; ii) overexpression of RASAL1 may downregulate HIF-2α transcription activity and HIF-2α-mediated gluconeogenesis through extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 activation; iii) RASAL1 may reduce the xenograft tumor size in nude mice by inhibiting the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α and gluconeogenesis enzymes. These data suggest that the RASAL1/HIF-2α axis may serve an essential role in the growth of HepG2 cells, and that this signaling cascade may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanhua Meng
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Electrocardiography, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
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Liu C, Ma M, Zhang J, Gui S, Zhang X, Xue S. Galangin inhibits human osteosarcoma cells growth by inducing transforming growth factor-β1-dependent osteogenic differentiation. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:1415-1421. [PMID: 28340520 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of the musculoskeletal system, and is associated with excessive proliferation and poor differentiation of osteoblasts. Currently, despite the use of traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, no satisfactory and effective agent has been developed to treat the disease. Herein, we found that a flavonoid natural product, galangin, could significantly attenuate human osteosarcoma cells proliferation, without causing obvious cell apoptosis. Moreover, galangin enhanced the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers (collagen type I, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and osteopontin) remarkably and elevated the alkaline phosphatase activity in human osteosarcoma cells. And galangin could also attenuated osteosarcoma growth in vivo. These bioactivities of galangin resulted from its selective activation of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway, which was demonstrated by pathway blocking experiments. These findings suggested that galangin could be a promising agent to treat osteosarcoma. In addition, targeting TGF-β1 to induce osteogenic differentiation might represent a novel therapeutic strategy to treat osteosarcoma with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Anhui, China.
| | - Mingming Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The People's Hospital of Fuyang, Anhui, China.
| | - Junde Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Anhui, China.
| | - Shaoliu Gui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Anhui, China.
| | - Xiaohai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Anhui, China.
| | - Shuangtao Xue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Anhui, China.
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Hong Y, Han YQ, Wang YZ, Gao JR, Li YX, Liu Q, Xia LZ. Paridis Rhizoma Sapoinins attenuates liver fibrosis in rats by regulating the expression of RASAL1/ERK1/2 signal pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 192:114-122. [PMID: 27396351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNO-PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Paridis Rhizoma is a Chinese medicinal herb that has been used in liver disease treatment for thousands of years. Our previous studies found that Paridis Rhizoma saponins (PRS) are the critical components of Paridis Rhizoma which has good liver protection effect. However, the anti-hepatic fibrosis effect and the mechanism of PRS have seldom been reported. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the potential of PRS in the treatment of experimental liver fibrosis and the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical feature fingerprint of PRS was analyzed by UPLC-PDA. A total of 40 Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the control group, the model group, the PRS high dose group (PRS H) and the PRS low dose group (PRS L) with 10 rats in each group. The model, PRS H and L groups as liver fibrosis models were established with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) method. PRS H and L groups were adopted PRS (300 and 150mg/kgd-1) treatment since the twelfth week of modeling till the sixteenth week. Pathological changes in hepatic tissue were examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and MASSON trichrome staining. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to determine the protein expression of the RASAL1. RT-PCR and western blotting were used to detect the expression of ERK1/2 mRNA and protein. RESULTS Four saponins in PRS were identified from 19 detected chromatographic peaks on UPLC-PDA by comparing to the standard compounds. PRS can improve the degeneration and necrosis of hepatic tissue, reduce the extent of its fibrous hyperplasia according to H&E and MASSON staining detection. As was detected in PRS H and L groups, PRS down-regulated p-ERK1/2 mRNA and RASAL1 protein, and up-regulated the level of p-ERK1/2 mRNA and RASAL1 protein. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that PRS can attenuate CCl4-induced liver fibrosis through the regulation of RAS/ERK1/2 signal pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Carbon Tetrachloride
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/enzymology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/prevention & control
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Cytoprotection
- GTPase-Activating Proteins/genetics
- GTPase-Activating Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Hyperplasia
- Immunohistochemistry
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/enzymology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/enzymology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Male
- Melanthiaceae/chemistry
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Necrosis
- Phosphorylation
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plants, Medicinal
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Saponins/isolation & purification
- Saponins/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hong
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
| | - Yan-Quan Han
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Grade 3 Laboratory of TCM Preparation, State Administration of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
| | - Yong-Zhong Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Grade 3 Laboratory of TCM Preparation, State Administration of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
| | - Jia-Rong Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Grade 3 Laboratory of TCM Preparation, State Administration of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
| | - Yu-Xin Li
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Grade 3 Laboratory of TCM Preparation, State Administration of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
| | - Qing Liu
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Grade 3 Laboratory of TCM Preparation, State Administration of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
| | - Lun-Zhu Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Grade 3 Laboratory of TCM Preparation, State Administration of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
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Xiang T, Fan Y, Li C, Li L, Ying Y, Mu J, Peng W, Feng Y, Oberst M, Kelly K, Ren G, Tao Q. DACT2 silencing by promoter CpG methylation disrupts its regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cytoskeleton reorganization in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:70924-70935. [PMID: 27708215 PMCID: PMC5340116 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays an important role in breast carcinogenesis. DAPPER2 (DACT2) functions as an inhibitor of canonical Wnt signaling and plays distinct roles in different cell contexts, with its role in breast tumorigenesis unclear. We investigated DACT2 expression in breast cancer cell lines and primary tumors, as well as its functions and molecular mechanisms. Results showed that DACT2 expression was silenced in 9/9 of cell lines. Promoter CpG methylation of DACT2 was detected in 89% (8/9) of cell lines, as well as in 73% (107/147) of primary tumors, but only in 20% (1/5) of surgical margin tissues and in none of normal breast tissues. Demethylation of BT549 and T47D cell lines with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored DACT2 expression along with promoter demethylation, suggesting that its downregulation in breast cancer is dependent on promoter methylation. Furthermore, ectopic expression of DACT2 induced breast cell apoptosis in vitro, and further inhibited breast tumor cell proliferation, migration and EMT, through antagonizing Wnt/β-catenin and Akt/GSK-3 signaling. Thus, these results demonstrate that DACT2 functions as a tumor suppressor for breast cancer but was frequently disrupted epigenetically in this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxiu Xiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yichao Fan
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong
| | - Chunhong Li
- Oncology Department, Suining Sichuan Center Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong
| | - Ying Ying
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong
| | - Junhao Mu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiyan Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yixiao Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Michael Oberst
- Signal Transduction Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Signal Transduction Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Guosheng Ren
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong
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Teng HW, Hung MH, Chen LJ, Chang MJ, Hsieh FS, Tsai MH, Huang JW, Lin CL, Tseng HW, Kuo ZK, Jiang JK, Yang SH, Shiau CW, Chen KF. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B targets PITX1/p120RasGAP thus showing therapeutic potential in colorectal carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35308. [PMID: 27752061 PMCID: PMC5082755 DOI: 10.1038/srep35308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is known to promote the pathogenesis of diabetes and obesity by negatively regulating insulin and leptin pathways, but its role associated with colon carcinogenesis is still under debate. In this study, we demonstrated the oncogenic role of PTP1B in promoting colon carcinogenesis and predicting worse clinical outcomes in CRC patients. By co-immunoprecipitation, we showed that PITX1 was a novel substrate of PTP1B. Through direct dephosphorylation at Y160, Y175 and Y179, PTP1B destabilized PITX1, which resulted in downregulation of the PITX1/p120RasGAP axis. Interestingly, we found that regorafenib, the approved target agent for advanced CRC patients, exerted a novel property against PTP1B. By inhibiting PTP1B activity, regorafenib treatment augmented the stability of PITX1 protein and upregulated the expression of p120RasGAP in CRC. Importantly, we found that this PTP1B-dependant PITX1/p120RasGAP axis determines the in vitro anti-CRC effects of regorafenib. The above-mentioned effects of regorafenib were confirmed by the HT-29 xenograft tumor model. In conclusion, we demonstrated a novel oncogenic mechanism of PTP1B on affecting PITX1/p120RasGAP in CRC. Regorafenib inhibited CRC survival through reserving PTP1B-dependant PITX1/p120RasGAP downregulation. PTP1B may be a potential biomarker predicting regorafenib effectiveness, and a potential solution for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Wei Teng
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Man-Hsin Hung
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ju Chen
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Ju Chang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Shu Hsieh
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Wen Huang
- Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lung Lin
- Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | | | - Zong-Keng Kuo
- Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Kai Jiang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Colon &Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shung-Haur Yang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Colon &Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wai Shiau
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Feng Chen
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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38
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Duppel U, Woenckhaus M, Schulz C, Merk J, Dietmaier W. Quantitative detection of TUSC3 promoter methylation -a potential biomarker for prognosis in lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3004-3012. [PMID: 27698890 PMCID: PMC5038372 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant promoter methylation of tumor relevant genes frequently occurs in early steps of carcinogenesis and during tumor progression. Epigenetic alterations could be used as potential biomarkers for early detection and for prediction of prognosis and therapy response in lung cancer. The present study quantitatively analyzed the methylation status of known and potential gatekeeper and tumor suppressor genes [O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), Ras association domain family member 1A (RASSF1A), Ras protein activator like 1 (RASAL1), programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), metastasis suppressor 1 (MTSS1) and tumor suppressor candidate 3 (TUSC3)] in 42 lung cancers and in corresponding non-malignant bronchus and lung tissue using bisulfite-conversion independent methylation-quantification of endonuclease-resistant DNA (MethyQESD). Methylation status was associated with clinical and pathological parameters. No methylation was found in the promoter regions of PDCD4 and MTSS1 of either compartment. MGMT, RASSF1A and RASAL1 showed sporadic (up to 26.2%) promoter methylation. The promoter of TUSC3, however, was frequently methylated in the tumor (59.5%), benign bronchus (67.9%) and alveolar lung (31.0%) tissues from each tumor patient. The methylation status of TUSC3 was significantly associated with smaller tumor size (P=0.008) and a longer overall survival (P=0.013). Pooled blood DNA of healthy individuals did not show any methylation of either gene. Therefore, methylation of TUSC3 shows prognostic and pathobiological relevance in lung cancer. Furthermore, quantitative detection of TUSC3 promoter methylation appears to be a promising tool for early detection and prediction of prognosis in lung cancer. However, additional studies are required to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Duppel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | | | - Christian Schulz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Johannes Merk
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dietmaier
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
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Sun J, Shen Q, Lu H, Jiang Z, Xu W, Feng L, Li L, Wang X, Cai X, Jin H. Oncogenic Ras suppresses ING4-TDG-Fas axis to promote apoptosis resistance. Oncotarget 2016; 6:41997-2007. [PMID: 26544625 PMCID: PMC4747204 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras is aberrantly activated in many cancers and active DNA demethylation plays a fundamental role to establish DNA methylation pattern which is of importance to cancer development. However, it was unknown whether and how Ras regulate DNA demethylation during carcinogenesis. Here we found that Ras downregulated thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG), a DNA demethylation enzyme, by inhibiting the interaction of transcription activator ING4 with TDG promoter. TDG recruited histone lysine demethylase JMJD3 to the Fas promoter and activated its expression, thus restoring sensitivity to apoptosis. TDG suppressed in vivo tumorigenicity of xenograft pancreatic cancer. Thus, we speculate that reversing Ras-mediated ING4 inhibition to activate Fas expression is a potential therapeutic approach for Ras-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Provincial Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiqi Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhinong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenxia Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Provincial Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lifeng Feng
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Provincial Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Li
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Provincial Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Li L, Li C, Mao H, Du Z, Chan WY, Murray P, Luo B, Chan AT, Mok TS, Chan FK, Ambinder RF, Tao Q. Epigenetic inactivation of the CpG demethylase TET1 as a DNA methylation feedback loop in human cancers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26591. [PMID: 27225590 PMCID: PMC4880909 DOI: 10.1038/srep26591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoter CpG methylation is a fundamental regulatory process of gene expression. TET proteins are active CpG demethylases converting 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, with loss of 5 hmC as an epigenetic hallmark of cancers, indicating critical roles of TET proteins in epigenetic tumorigenesis. Through analysis of tumor methylomes, we discovered TET1 as a methylated target, and further confirmed its frequent downregulation/methylation in cell lines and primary tumors of multiple carcinomas and lymphomas, including nasopharyngeal, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, renal, breast and cervical carcinomas, as well as non-Hodgkin, Hodgkin and nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphomas, although all three TET family genes are ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues. Ectopic expression of TET1 catalytic domain suppressed colony formation and induced apoptosis of tumor cells of multiple tissue types, supporting its role as a broad bona fide tumor suppressor. Furthermore, TET1 catalytic domain possessed demethylase activity in cancer cells, being able to inhibit the CpG methylation of tumor suppressor gene (TSG) promoters and reactivate their expression, such as SLIT2, ZNF382 and HOXA9. As only infrequent mutations of TET1 have been reported, compared to TET2, epigenetic silencing therefore appears to be the dominant mechanism for TET1 inactivation in cancers, which also forms a feedback loop of CpG methylation during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chen Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Haitao Mao
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhenfang Du
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Paul Murray
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Shandong, China
| | - Anthony Tc Chan
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tony Sk Mok
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Francis Kl Chan
- Institute of Digestive Disease and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Richard F Ambinder
- Johns Hopkins Singapore and Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Qian Tao
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Johns Hopkins Singapore and Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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Hennig A, Markwart R, Esparza-Franco MA, Ladds G, Rubio I. Ras activation revisited: role of GEF and GAP systems. Biol Chem 2016; 396:831-48. [PMID: 25781681 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ras is a prototypical small G-protein and a central regulator of growth, proliferation and differentiation processes in virtually every nucleated cell. As such, Ras becomes engaged and activated by multiple growth factors, mitogens, cytokines or adhesion receptors. Ras activation comes about by changes in the steady-state equilibrium between the inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound and active guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound states of Ras, resulting in the mostly transient accumulation of Ras-GTP. Three decades of intense Ras research have disclosed various families of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) as the two principal regulatory elements of the Ras-GDP/GTP loading status. However, with the possible exception of the GEF Sos, we still have only a rudimentary knowledge of the precise role played by many GEF and GAP members in the signalling network upstream of Ras. As for GAPs, we even lack the fundamental understanding of whether they function as genuine signal transducers in the context of growth factor-elicited Ras activation or rather act as passive modulators of the Ras-GDP/GTP cycle. Here we sift through the large body of Ras literature and review the relevant data for understanding the participation and precise role played by GEFs and GAPs in the process of Ras activation.
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Epigenetic Alterations in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 879:39-69. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24738-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Cui Y, Liu J, Yin HB, Liu YF, Liu JH. Fibulin-1 functions as a prognostic factor in lung adenocarcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2015; 45:854-9. [PMID: 26185140 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyv094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibulin-1 is a member of the fibulin gene family, characterized by tandem arrays of epidermal growth factor-like domains and a C-terminal fibulin-type module. Fibulin-1 plays important roles in a range of cellular functions including morphology, growth, adhesion and mobility. It acts as a tumor suppressor gene in cutaneous melanoma, prostate cancer and gastric cancer. However, whether fibulin-1 also acts as a tumor suppressor gene in lung adenocarcinoma remains unknown. We also determined the association of fibulin-1 expression with various clinical and pathological parameters, which would show its potential role in clinical prognosis. METHODS We investigated and followed up 140 lung adenocarcinoma patients who underwent lung resection without pre- and post-operative systemic chemotherapy at the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from 2009 to 2013. Western blot assay and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the expression of fibulin-1 in lung adenocarcinoma tissues. We then analyzed the correlations between fibulin-1 expression and clinicopathological variables as well as the patients' overall survival rate. RESULTS Both western blot assay and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the level of fibulin-1 was downregulated in human lung adenocarcinoma tissues compared with that of normal lung tissues. Fibulin-1 expression significantly correlated with histological differentiation (P = 0.046), clinical stage (P< 0.01), lymph node status (P = 0.038) and expression of Ki-67 (P = 0.013). More importantly, multivariate analysis revealed that fibulin-1 was an independent prognostic marker for lung adenocarcinoma, and high expression of fibulin-1 was significantly associated with better prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma patients. CONCLUSIONS The results supported our hypothesis that fibulin-1 can act as a prognostic factor in lung adenocarcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu
| | - Hai-Bing Yin
- Department of Pathology, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Fei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu
| | - Jun-Hua Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu
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Delire B, Stärkel P. The Ras/MAPK pathway and hepatocarcinoma: pathogenesis and therapeutic implications. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:609-23. [PMID: 25832714 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still a major health problem, often diagnosed at an advanced stage. The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib is to date the sole approved systemic therapy. Several signalling pathways are implicated in tumour development and progression. Among these pathways, the Ras/MAPK pathway is activated in 50-100% of human HCCs and is correlated with a poor prognosis. The aim of this work was to review the main intracellular mechanisms leading to aberrant Ras pathway activation in HCC and the potential therapeutic implications. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review is based on the material found on PubMed up to December 2014. 'Ras signaling, Ras dysregulation, Ras inhibition, MAPK pathway, cancer, hepatocarcinoma and liver cancer' alone or in combination were the main terms used for online research. RESULTS Multiple mechanisms lead to the deregulation of the Ras pathway in liver cancer. Ras and Raf gene mutations are rare events in human hepatocarcinogenesis in contrast to experimental models in rodents. Downregulation of several Ras/MAPK pathway inhibitors such as GAPs, RASSF proteins, DUSP1, Sprouty and Spred proteins is largely implicated in the aberrant activation of this pathway in the context of wild-type Ras and Raf genes. Epigenetic or post-transcriptional mechanisms lead to the downregulation of these tumour suppressor genes. CONCLUSION Ras/MAPK pathway effectors may be considered as potential therapeutic targets in the field of HCC. In particular after the arrival of sorafenib, more Ras/MAPK inhibitors have emerged and are still in preclinical or clinical investigation for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Delire
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Stärkel
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology, Saint-Luc Academic Hospital and Institute of Clinical Research, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Cheng X, Yi B, Zhang X, Li Q. Apigenin induces dermal collagen synthesis via smad2/3 signaling pathway. Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2467. [PMID: 26150153 PMCID: PMC4503966 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decrease in fibroblast-produced collagen has been proven to be the pivotal cause of skin aging, but there is no satisfactory drug which directly increases dermal thickness and collage density. Here we found that a flavonoid natural product, apigenin, could significantly increase collagen synthesis. NIH/3T3 and primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were incubated with various concentrations of apigenin, with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) serving as the negative control. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western Blot, and Toluidine blue staining demonstrated that apigenin stimulated type-I and type-III collagen synthesis of fibroblasts on the mRNA and protein levels. Meanwhile, apigenin did not induce expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in vitro and in vivo, a fibrotic marker in living tissues. Then the production of collagen was confirmed by Masson’s trichrome stain, Picrosirius red stain and immunohistochemistry in mouse models. We also clarified that this compound induced collagen synthesis by activating smad2/3 signaling pathway. Taken together, without obvious influence on fibroblasts’ apoptosis and viability, apigenin could promote the type-I and type-III collagen synthesis of dermal fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo, thus suggesting that apigenin may serve as a potential agent for esthetic and reconstructive skin rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
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DLEC1, a 3p tumor suppressor, represses NF-κB signaling and is methylated in prostate cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:691-701. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Li L, Zhang Y, Fan Y, Sun K, Su X, Du Z, Tsao SW, Loh TKS, Sun H, Chan ATC, Zeng YX, Chan WY, Chan FK, Tao Q. Characterization of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma methylome identifies aberrant disruption of key signaling pathways and methylated tumor suppressor genes. Epigenomics 2014; 7:155-73. [PMID: 25479246 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common tumor consistently associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection and prevalent in South China, including Hong Kong, and southeast Asia. Current genomic sequencing studies found only rare mutations in NPC, indicating its critical epigenetic etiology, while no epigenome exists for NPC as yet. MATERIALS & METHODS We profiled the methylomes of NPC cell lines and primary tumors, together with normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cells, using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP). RESULTS We observed extensive, genome-wide methylation of cellular genes. Epigenetic disruption of Wnt, MAPK, TGF-β and Hedgehog signaling pathways was detected. Methylation of Wnt signaling regulators (SFRP1, 2, 4 and 5, DACT2, DKK2 and DKK3) was frequently detected in tumor and nasal swab samples from NPC patients. Functional studies showed that these genes are bona fide tumor-suppressor genes for NPC. CONCLUSION The NPC methylome shows a special high-degree CpG methylation epigenotype, similar to the Epstein-Barr virus-infected gastric cancer, indicating a critical epigenetic etiology for NPC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Wang X, Zheng Y, Fan Q, Zhang X, Shi Y. siRNA blocking the RAS signalling pathway and inhibits the growth of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in nude mice. Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 32:625-9. [PMID: 25430959 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Wang
- Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Department; First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China 450052
| | - Yuling Zheng
- Department of Oncology; First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China 450052
| | - Qingxia Fan
- Department of Oncology; First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China 450052
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Oncology; First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China 450052
| | - Yonggang Shi
- Department of Radiotherapy; First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China 450052
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Sung FL, Cui Y, Hui EP, Li L, Loh TKS, Tao Q, Chan ATC. Silencing of hypoxia-inducible tumor suppressor lysyl oxidase gene by promoter methylation activates carbonic anhydrase IX in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:789-800. [PMID: 25520868 PMCID: PMC4266712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an oxidative enzyme known to initiate the cross-linking of collagens and elastin, and suggested recently as a tumor suppressor for several tumor types including lung, pancreatic and gastric cancers. Previously we showed that LOX is strongly induced upon hypoxia in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines CNE2 and HONE1 but only slightly in HK1 and not in C666-1. Here, we further studied the regulatory mechanism and functions of LOX in NPC. LOX is widely expressed in human normal tissues with variations in expression levels. LOX was expressed in most NPC cell lines except for C666-1, while HK1 and FaDu (laryngeal cancer) only expressed low level of LOX. Methylation analysis showed that the LOX promoter was methylated in C666-1 and partially methylated in HK1. After demethylation with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, LOX expression was reactivated along with increased unmethylated alleles. LOX promoter methylation was detected in 42/49 (85.7%) of NPC primary tumors but only 3/16 (18.75%) of nose swab samples from NPC patients. LOX overexpression reduced the clonogenicity and cell growth of NPC cells, and also inhibited the migration and invasion of the NPC cells. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) mRNA level was obviously decreased in HK1 cells after transfection with LOX. The elevation of CA9 protein upon hypoxia was inhibited in LOX-transfected HK1 cells. The protein levels of an apoptosis marker cPARP were increased in LOX-transfected HK1 cells upon hypoxia treatment. Our data showed that silencing or down-regulation of LOX in NPC was due to its promoter methylation and LOX acts as a tumor suppressor in NPC. LOX silencing would facilitate NPC cells to escape from hypoxia-induced apoptosis and maintains a malignant and metastatic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fion L Sung
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Yan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Edwin P Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Lili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Thomas KS Loh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Qian Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Anthony TC Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
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Li L, Zhang Y, Guo BB, Chan FKL, Tao Q. Oncogenic induction of cellular high CpG methylation by Epstein-Barr virus in malignant epithelial cells. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2014; 33:604-8. [PMID: 25322866 PMCID: PMC4308656 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.014.10191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a well-known human herpesvirus associated with virtually all nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and ∼10% of gastric cancer (GC) worldwide. Increasing evidence shows that acquired genetic and epigenetic alterations lead to the initiation and progression of NPC and GC. However, even deep whole exome sequencing studies showed a relatively low frequency of gene mutations in NPC and EBV-associated GC (EBVaGC), suggesting a predominant role of epigenetic abnormities, especially promoter CpG methylation, in the pathogenesis of NPC and EBVaGC. High frequencies of promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) have been frequently reported in NPC and EBVaGC, with several EBV-induced methylated TSGs identified. Further characterization of the epigenomes (genome-wide CpG methylation profile—methylome) of NPC and EBVaGC shows that these EBV-associated tumors display a unique high CpG methylation epigenotype with more extensive gene methylation accumulation, indicating that EBV acts as a direct epigenetic driver for these cancers. Mechanistically, oncogenic modulation of cellular CpG methylation machinery, such as DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), by EBV-encoded viral proteins accounts for the EBV-induced high CpG methylation epigenotype in NPC and EBVaGC. Thus, uncovering the EBV-associated unique epigenotype of NPC and EBVaGC would provide new insight into the molecular pathogenesis of these unique EBV-associated tumors and further help to develop pharmacologic strategies targeting cellular methylation machinery in these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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