1
|
Müller S, Filali L, Puissegur MP, Valitutti S. Measuring CTL Lytic Granule Secretion and Target Cell Membrane Repair by Fluorescent Lipophilic Dye Uptake at the Lytic Synapse. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2654:463-476. [PMID: 37106201 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3135-5_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play a key role in anti-tumor immune response. They are therefore at the heart of current immunotherapy protocols against cancer. Despite current strategies to potentiate CTL responses, cancer cells can resist CTL attack, thus limiting the efficacy of immunotherapies. To optimize immunotherapy, it is urgent to develop rapid assays allowing to assess CTL-cancer cell confrontation at the lytic synapse.In this chapter, we describe a flow cytometry-based method to simultaneously assess the extent of CTL activation and of tumor cell reparative membrane turnover in CTL/target cell conjugates. Such a method can be performed using a limited number of cells. It can therefore be employed in clinical settings when only a few patient-derived cells might be available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Müller
- INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR5071, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Liza Filali
- INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR5071, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Cancer Research, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Marie-Pierre Puissegur
- INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR5071, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Salvatore Valitutti
- INSERM UMR1037, CNRS UMR5071, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse (IUCT), Toulouse Cédex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Capitani N, Onnis A, Finetti F, Cassioli C, Plebani A, Brunetti J, Troilo A, D’Elios S, Baronio M, Gazzurelli L, Della Bella C, Billadeau DD, D’Elios MM, Lougaris V, Baldari CT. A CVID-associated variant in the ciliogenesis protein CCDC28B disrupts immune synapse assembly. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:65-81. [PMID: 34294890 PMCID: PMC8738737 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliogenesis proteins orchestrate vesicular trafficking pathways that regulate immune synapse (IS) assembly in the non-ciliated T-cells. We hypothesized that ciliogenesis-related genes might be disease candidates for common variable immunodeficiency with impaired T-cell function (T-CVID). We identified a heterozygous, predicted pathogenic variant in the ciliogenesis protein CCDC28B present with increased frequency in a large CVID cohort. We show that CCDC28B participates in IS assembly by regulating polarized T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) recycling. This involves the CCDC28B-dependent, FAM21-mediated recruitment of the actin regulator WASH to retromer at early endosomes to promote actin polymerization. The CVID-associated CCDC28BR25W variant failed to interact with FAM21, leading to impaired synaptic TCR recycling. CVID T cells carrying the ccdc28b 211 C > T allele displayed IS defects mapping to this pathway that were corrected by overexpression of the wild-type allele. These results identify a new disease gene in T-CVID and pinpoint CCDC28B as a new player in IS assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagaja Capitani
- grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Onnis
- grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Finetti
- grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Cassioli
- grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Plebani
- grid.7637.50000000417571846Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jlenia Brunetti
- grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Arianna Troilo
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sofia D’Elios
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Manuela Baronio
- grid.7637.50000000417571846Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Gazzurelli
- grid.7637.50000000417571846Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Della Bella
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniel D. Billadeau
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDivision of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Mario Milco D’Elios
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Vassilios Lougaris
- grid.7637.50000000417571846Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cosima T. Baldari
- grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qin M, Guo A, Li F, Zhang F, Bi M, Zhang Y, Zhu W. Liquiritigenin enhances cyclic adenosine monophosphate production to mitigate inflammation in dendritic cells. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2021; 35:20587384211038098. [PMID: 34939873 PMCID: PMC8728780 DOI: 10.1177/20587384211038098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to dissect the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicinal
herbs against asthma; we chose to first focus on the main chemical components of licorice
to investigate their contribution to asthmatic inflammation inhibition. Methods:
Production of cellular nucleotide molecules such as cAMP, cGMP, and cGAMP was examined by
using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Enzyme-encoding genes were tested
in vitro using quantitative real-time PCR and protein level was
detected by Western blotting analysis. In addition, co-culturing of murine dendritic cells
together with T cells was conducted to examine the expression of cytokine genes and host
immune response. Results: We found that one of the components within licorice, named
liquiritigenin (LR), could efficiently enhance cAMP production in different cell lines.
The augmentation of such molecules was linked to the high expression of cAMP synthesis
genes and repressed expression of cAMP breaking down genes. In addition, the downstream
immune response was also alleviated by the increase in cAMP levels by LR, suggesting the
great potential of this molecule against inflammation. Subsequent immunological tests
showed that LR could efficiently inhibit the expression of several cytokines and alter the
NF-κB pathway and T cell polarization. Conclusion: Altogether, we have identified a
promising antiasthmatic agent LR that could exhibit immunosuppressive function by
elevating the cAMP level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Aili Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fuxiang Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, 66310The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Meirong Bi
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, 372527Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guerin MV, Finisguerra V, Van den Eynde BJ, Bercovici N, Trautmann A. Preclinical murine tumor models: a structural and functional perspective. eLife 2020; 9:e50740. [PMID: 31990272 PMCID: PMC6986875 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this review is to pinpoint the specific features, including the weaknesses, of various tumor models, and to discuss the reasons why treatments that are efficient in murine tumor models often do not work in clinics. In a detailed comparison of transplanted and spontaneous tumor models, we focus on structure-function relationships in the tumor microenvironment. For instance, the architecture of the vascular tree, which depends on whether tumor cells have gone through epithelial-mesenchymal transition, is determinant for the extension of the spontaneous necrosis, and for the intratumoral localization of the immune infiltrate. Another key point is the model-dependent abundance of TGFβ in the tumor, which controls the variable susceptibility of different tumor models to treatments. Grounded in a historical perspective, this review provides a rationale for checking factors that will be key for the transition between preclinical murine models and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion V Guerin
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014ParisFrance
| | - Veronica Finisguerra
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, de Duve Institute WELBIOUCLouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | | | - Nadege Bercovici
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014ParisFrance
| | - Alain Trautmann
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014ParisFrance
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
TGFβ blocks IFNα/β release and tumor rejection in spontaneous mammary tumors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4131. [PMID: 31511510 PMCID: PMC6739328 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11998-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN) are being rediscovered as potent anti-tumoral agents. Activation of the STimulator of INterferon Genes (STING) by DMXAA (5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid) can induce strong production of IFNα/β and rejection of transplanted primary tumors. In the present study, we address whether targeting STING with DMXAA also leads to the regression of spontaneous MMTV-PyMT mammary tumors. We show that these tumors are refractory to DMXAA-induced regression. This is due to a blockade in the phosphorylation of IRF3 and the ensuing IFNα/β production. Mechanistically, we identify TGFβ, which is abundant in spontaneous tumors, as a key molecule limiting this IFN-induced tumor regression by DMXAA. Finally, blocking TGFβ restores the production of IFNα by activated MHCII+ tumor-associated macrophages, and enables tumor regression induced by STING activation. On the basis of these findings, we propose that type I IFN-dependent cancer therapies could be greatly improved by combinations including the blockade of TGFβ.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ritter M, Osei-Mensah J, Debrah LB, Kwarteng A, Mubarik Y, Debrah AY, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A, Layland LE. Wuchereria bancrofti-infected individuals harbor distinct IL-10-producing regulatory B and T cell subsets which are affected by anti-filarial treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007436. [PMID: 31120872 PMCID: PMC6550419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite worldwide mass drug administration, it is estimated that 68 million individuals are still infected with lymphatic filariasis with 19 million hydrocele and 17 million lymphedema reported cases. Despite the staggering number of pathology cases, the majority of LF-infected individuals do not develop clinical symptoms and present a tightly regulated immune system characterized by higher frequencies of regulatory T cells (Treg), suppressed proliferation and Th2 cytokine responses accompanied with increased secretion of IL-10, TGF-β and infection-specific IgG4. Nevertheless, the filarial-induced modulation of the host`s immune system and especially the role of regulatory immune cells like regulatory B (Breg) and Treg during an ongoing LF infection remains unknown. Thus, we analysed Breg and Treg frequencies in peripheral blood from Ghanaian uninfected endemic normals (EN), lymphedema (LE), asymptomatic patent (CFA+MF+) and latent (CFA+MF-) W. bancrofti-infected individuals as well as individuals who were previously infected with W. bancrofti (PI) but had cleared the infection due to the administration of ivermectin (IVM) and albendazole (ALB). In summary, we observed that IL-10-producing CD19+CD24highCD38dhigh Breg were specifically increased in patently infected (CFA+MF+) individuals. In addition, CD19+CD24highCD5+CD1dhigh and CD19+CD5+CD1dhighIL-10+ Breg as well as CD4+CD127-FOXP3+ Treg frequencies were significantly increased in both W. bancrofti-infected cohorts (CFA+MF+ and CFA+MF-). Interestingly, the PI cohort presented frequency levels of all studied regulatory immune cell populations comparable with the EN group. In conclusion, the results from this study show that an ongoing W. bancrofti infection induces distinct Breg and Treg populations in peripheral blood from Ghanaian volunteers. Those regulatory immune cell populations might contribute to the regulated state of the host immune system and are probably important for the survival and fertility (microfilaria release) of the helminth. Regulation of the host`s immune system by filarial nematodes is crucial for the fertility and survival of the nematode. Indeed, the majority of W. bancrofti-infected individuals are characterized by a regulated state including increased regulatory T cells (Treg), IL-10, TGF-β and filarial-specific IgG4 and suppressed Th2 cytokine responses. However, the functional role of Treg populations and regulatory B cells (Breg) during filarial infection remains unknown. Thus, in this study we investigated whether W. bancrofti-infected individuals from Ghana harbored distinct Breg and Treg populations which might be important for filarial-specific immunomodulation. Overall, this study shows that W. bancrofti induces distinct Breg populations, especially in patently (microfilaremic) infected individuals who presented significantly increased frequencies of IL-10-producing CD19+CD24highCD38dhigh Breg. Furthermore, clearance of the infection, due to anti-filarial treatment, returned these regulatory immune cells to homeostatic levels showing that an ongoing filarial infection is important for the activation of distinct Breg and Treg subsets. Those regulatory immune cell subsets are a part of a complex system which are induced by filarial nematodes to modulate the host`s immune system and maintain long-term survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jubin Osei-Mensah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Kwarteng
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yusif Mubarik
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Y. Debrah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura E. Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zou X, Lin X, Luo W, Wei J. Donor-Derived Regulatory T Cells Attenuate the Severity of Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease after Cord Blood Transplantation. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2016; 239:193-202. [PMID: 27356468 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.239.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (allo-PBSCT) is a curative therapy for some types of hematological disorders. However, allo-PBSCT is commonly complicated with acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), characterized by host tissues being attacked by the grafted donor lymphocytes due to disparities of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) between the donor and host. By contrast, cord blood transplantation (CBT) is typically associated with low-grade severity of aGVHD, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Donor-derived CD4(+) alloreactive T cells (ATs) are of a specific lymphocyte subset, which can be activated by the recipient's HLA, and play a crucial role in the onset of aGVHD. In the present study, we aimed to explore the difference in the property of CD4(+) ATs between cord blood (CB) and adult peripheral blood (APB). We thus found that CB and APB CD4(+) ATs contained not only effector T cells (Teffs) that execute aGVHD, but also a distinct subset of FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) that may alleviate aGVHD. Importantly, CB CD4(+) ATs contained higher percentage of FoxP3(+) Tregs, compared to APB CD4(+) ATs (P < 0.001), while lower percentage of Teffs (Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells) was detected in CB CD4(+) ATs (P < 0.05, P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). Our findings suggest that FoxP3(+) Tregs in CB CD4(+) ATs may contribute to attenuating the severity of aGVHD observed after CBT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Zou
- Department of Rheumatology and Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Onnis A, Finetti F, Patrussi L, Gottardo M, Cassioli C, Spanò S, Baldari CT. The small GTPase Rab29 is a common regulator of immune synapse assembly and ciliogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1687-99. [PMID: 26021297 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence underscores the T-cell immune synapse (IS) as a site of intense vesicular trafficking, on which productive signaling and cell activation crucially depend. Although the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) is known to exploit recycling to accumulate to the IS, the specific pathway that controls this process remains to be elucidated. Here we demonstrate that the small GTPase Rab29 is centrally implicated in TCR trafficking and IS assembly. Rab29 colocalized and interacted with Rab8, Rab11 and IFT20, a component of the intraflagellar transport system that regulates ciliogenesis and participates in TCR recycling in the non-ciliated T cell, as assessed by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analysis. Rab29 depletion resulted in the inability of TCRs to undergo recycling to the IS, thereby compromizing IS assembly. Under these conditions, recycling TCRs accumulated in Rab11(+) endosomes that failed to polarize to the IS due to defective Rab29-dependent recruitment of the dynein microtubule motor. Remarkably, Rab29 participates in a similar pathway in ciliated cells to promote primary cilium growth and ciliary localization of Smoothened. These results provide a function for Rab29 as a regulator of receptor recycling and identify this GTPase as a shared participant in IS and primary cilium assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Onnis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - F Finetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - L Patrussi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M Gottardo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - C Cassioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - S Spanò
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - C T Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Moreno-Fernandez ME, Joedicke JJ, Chougnet CA. Regulatory T Cells Diminish HIV Infection in Dendritic Cells - Conventional CD4(+) T Cell Clusters. Front Immunol 2014; 5:199. [PMID: 24847325 PMCID: PMC4021135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of immunological synapses (IS) between dendritic cells (DCs) and conventional CD4(+) T cells (Tcon) is critical for productive immune responses. However, when DCs are HIV-infected such synapses are critical to establish HIV infection. As regulatory T cells (Treg) control DC-Tcon interactions, we inquired whether Treg might interfere with DC to Tcon HIV infection. We developed a model, using monocyte-derived DC infected with R5-HIV, and cultured with Tcon in the presence or absence of autologous Treg, using the physiological ratio of 1 Treg for 10 Tcon. Cultures containing Treg significantly decreased HIV infection in DC:T cell clusters. Notably, Treg appear to have an effect on the quality of the IS, as Treg decreased actin polymerization and DC maturation. Importantly, Treg decreased the trafficking of HIV punctate to the IS. Further, CD152 and cyclic adenosine monophosphate were critical Treg effector molecules, as their individual or simultaneous blockade abolished Treg activity, however no additive effect was found. Together, these data suggest that Treg can reduce HIV dissemination, which may be beneficial to the host in the early stages of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Moreno-Fernandez
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation , Cincinnati, OH , USA ; Immunology Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH , USA
| | - Jara J Joedicke
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Claire A Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation , Cincinnati, OH , USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Metenou S, Nutman TB. Regulatory T cell subsets in filarial infection and their function. Front Immunol 2013; 4:305. [PMID: 24137161 PMCID: PMC3786323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Filarial infections in humans are chronic infections that cause significant morbidity. The chronic nature of these infections with continuous antigen release is associated with a parasite-specific T cell hypo-responsiveness that may over time also affect the immune responses to bystander antigens. Previous studies have shown the filarial parasite antigen-specific T cells hypo-responsiveness is mediated by regulatory cytokines – IL-10 and TGF-β in particular. Recent studies have suggested that the modulated/regulated T cell responses associated with patent filarial infection may reflect an expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) that include both Tregs induced in peripheral circulation or pTregs and the thymus-derived Tregs or tTregs. Although much is known about the phenotype of these regulatory populations, the mechanisms underlying their expansion and their mode of action in filarial and other infections remain unclear. Nevertheless there are data to suggest that while many of these regulatory cells are activated in an antigen-specific manner the ensuing effectors of this activation are relatively non-specific and may affect a broad range of immune cells. This review will focus on the subsets and function of regulatory T cells in filarial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Metenou
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schmidt A, Oberle N, Krammer PH. Molecular mechanisms of treg-mediated T cell suppression. Front Immunol 2012; 3:51. [PMID: 22566933 PMCID: PMC3341960 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) can suppress other immune cells and, thus, are critical mediators of peripheral self-tolerance. On the one hand, Tregs avert autoimmune disease and allergies. On the other hand, Tregs can prevent immune reactions against tumors and pathogens. Despite the importance of Tregs, the molecular mechanisms of suppression remain incompletely understood and controversial. Proliferation and cytokine production of CD4(+)CD25(-) conventional T cells (Tcons) can be inhibited directly by Tregs. In addition, Tregs can indirectly suppress Tcon activation via inhibition of the stimulatory capacity of antigen presenting cells. Direct suppression of Tcons by Tregs can involve immunosuppressive soluble factors or cell contact. Different mechanisms of suppression have been described, so far with no consensus on one universal mechanism. Controversies might be explained by the fact that different mechanisms may operate depending on the site of the immune reaction, on the type and activation state of the suppressed target cell as well as on the Treg activation status. Further, inhibition of T cell effector function can occur independently of suppression of proliferation. In this review, we summarize the described molecular mechanisms of suppression with a particular focus on suppression of Tcons and rapid suppression of T cell receptor-induced calcium (Ca(2+)), NFAT, and NF-κB signaling in Tcons by Tregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Schmidt
- Division of Immunogenetics, Tumorimmunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pandiyan P, Zheng L, Lenardo MJ. The molecular mechanisms of regulatory T cell immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2011; 2:60. [PMID: 22566849 PMCID: PMC3342245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ T lymphocytes, known as regulatory T cells or T(regs), have been proposed to be a lineage of professional immune suppressive cells that exclusively counteract the effects of the immunoprotective "helper" and "cytotoxic" lineages of T lymphocytes. Here we discuss new concepts on the mechanisms and functions of T(regs). There are several key points we emphasize: 1. Tregs exert suppressive effects both directly on effector T cells and indirectly through antigen-presenting cells; 2. Regulation can occur through a novel mechanism of cytokine consumption to regulate as opposed to the usual mechanism of cytokine/chemokine production; 3. In cases where CD4⁺ effector T cells are directly inhibited by T(regs), it is chiefly through a mechanism of lymphokine withdrawal apoptosis leading to polyclonal deletion; and 4. Contrary to the current view, we discuss new evidence that T(regs), similar to other T-cells lineages, can promote protective immune responses in certain infectious contexts (Chen et al., 2011; Pandiyan et al., 2011). Although these points are at variance to varying degrees with the standard model of T(reg) behavior, we will recount developing findings that support these new concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Pandiyan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
The mRNA expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in T regulatory cells in children with type 1 diabetes. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2010; 48:93-100. [PMID: 20529823 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-008-0113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is caused by the autoimmune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. T regulatory cells (Tregs) represent an active mechanism of suppressing autoreactive T cells that escape central tolerance. The aim of our study was to test the hypothesis that T regulatory cells express pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, elements of cytotoxicity and OX40/4-1BB molecules. The examined group consisted of 50 children with T1DM. Fifty two healthy individuals (control group) were enrolled into the study. A flow cytometric analysis of T-cell subpopulations was performed using the following markers: anti-CD3, anti-CD4, anti-CD25, anti-CD127, anti-CD134 and anti-CD137. Concurrently with the flow cytometric assessment of Tregs we separated CD4+CD25+CD127dim/- cells for further mRNA analysis. mRNA levels for transcription factor FoxP3, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interferon gamma, interleukin-2, interleukin-4, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor beta1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha), activatory molecules (OX40, 4-1BB) and elements of cytotoxicity (granzyme B, perforin 1) were determined by real-time PCR technique. We found no alterations in the frequency of CD4+CD25highCD127low cells between diabetic and control children. Treg cells expressed mRNA for pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Lower OX40 and higher 4-1BB mRNA but not protein levels in Treg cells in diabetic patients compared to the healthy children were noted. Our observations confirm the presence of mRNA for pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in CD4+CD25+CD127dim/- cells in the peripheral blood of children with T1DM. Further studies with the goal of developing new strategies to potentiate Treg function in autoimmune diseases are warranted.
Collapse
|
14
|
De Meester J, Calvez R, Valitutti S, Dupré L. The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein regulates CTL cytotoxicity and is required for efficient killing of B cell lymphoma targets. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:1031-40. [PMID: 20689099 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0410197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
WAS is a primary immunodeficiency as a result of mutations in the gene encoding the WASP, a key actin regulator of hematopoietic cells. Whether killing defects in CD8(+) CTLs contribute to WAS-associated immunodeficiency and susceptibility to tumor development remains to be explored. CTL lines from WAS patients, generated by repeated stimulation with SAg-loaded B-EBV, displayed reduced production of cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) but almost normal proliferation upon SAg stimulation. Although WAS CTLs killed target B cells in a SAg dose-dependent manner, their efficiency was reduced, especially at a low SAg dose. The cytotoxic efficiency of WAS CTLs was particularly reduced against tumoral B cell lines. WAS CTLs expressed normal levels of lytic molecules and demonstrated efficient exocytosis upon target cell encounter. However, the lytic granules appeared not to fully polarize toward the center of the CTL/tumor target cell contact area. Importantly, the use of a gene therapy lentiviral vector was sufficient to restore efficient cytotoxic activity. Our study suggests that CTL dysfunction contributes to the development of hematological malignancies in WAS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie De Meester
- INSERM U563, and Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bertrand F, Esquerré M, Petit AE, Rodrigues M, Duchez S, Delon J, Valitutti S. Activation of the ancestral polarity regulator protein kinase C zeta at the immunological synapse drives polarization of Th cell secretory machinery toward APCs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2887-94. [PMID: 20679531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A key feature in T lymphocyte biology is that Th cells rapidly polarize their secretory machinery toward cognate APCs. The molecular mechanisms of these dynamic Th cell responses and their impact on APC biology remain to be elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that protein kinase Czeta (PKCzeta) is rapidly activated at the immunological synapse (IS) in human Th cells interacting with cognate dendritic cells (DCs) and that a functional PKCzeta is required for the polarization of Th cell secretory machinery toward DCs. We also show that PKCzeta-dependent Th cell polarization allows dedicated delivery of IFN-gamma and CD40L at the IS and is required for the activation of cognate DCs to IL-12 production. PKCzeta synaptic activation is a low-threshold phenomenon and, in Th cells interacting with multiple DCs, selectively occurs at the IS formed with the DCs offering the strongest stimulus leading to dedicated Th cell polarization. Our results identify the PKCzeta signaling pathway as a key component of the Th cell polarization machinery and provide a molecular basis for T cell-dedicated activation of cognate DCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florie Bertrand
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 563, Section Dynamique Moléculaire des Interactions Lymphocytaires, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
TCR engagement with peptide/MHC complexes displayed on the surface of the antigen-presenting cells is the crucial event in developing an adaptive immune response and occurs within specialized signaling areas named immunological synapses. Immunological synapses are diverse both in structure and function and exhibit a strikingly dynamic molecular organization. In this review, we focus on the diversity of immunological synapses and on their plasticity in response to stimulation. We discuss how the study of the adaptable features of immunological synapses can be instrumental to a better understanding of the complex regulation of adaptive immunity.
Collapse
|
17
|
Finetti F, Paccani SR, Riparbelli MG, Giacomello E, Perinetti G, Pazour GJ, Rosenbaum JL, Baldari CT. Intraflagellar transport is required for polarized recycling of the TCR/CD3 complex to the immune synapse. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 11:1332-9. [PMID: 19855387 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Most eukaryotic cells have a primary cilium which functions as a sensory organelle. Cilia are assembled by intraflagellar transport (IFT), a process mediated by multimeric IFT particles and molecular motors. Here we show that lymphoid and myeloid cells, which lack primary cilia, express IFT proteins. IFT20, an IFT component essential for ciliary assembly, was found to colocalize with both the microtubule organizing centre (MTOC) and Golgi and post-Golgi compartments in T-lymphocytes. In antigen-specific conjugates, IFT20 translocated to the immune synapse. IFT20 knockdown resulted in impaired T-cell receptor/CD3 (TCR/CD3) clustering and signalling at the immune synapse, due to defective polarized recycling. Moreover, IFT20 was required for the inducible assembly of a complex with other IFT components (IFT57 and IFT88) and the TCR. The results identify IFT20 as a new regulator of immune synapse assembly in T cells and provide the first evidence to implicate IFT in membrane trafficking in cells lacking primary cilia, thereby introducing a new perspective on IFT function beyond its role in ciliogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Finetti
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chung JS, Bonkobara M, Tomihari M, Cruz PD, Ariizumi K. The DC-HIL/syndecan-4 pathway inhibits human allogeneic T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:965-74. [PMID: 19350579 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
T-cell activation is regulated by binding of ligands on APC to corresponding receptors on T cells. In mice, we discovered that binding of DC-HIL on APC to syndecan-4 (SD-4) on activated T cells potently inhibits T-cell activation. In humans, we now show that DC-HIL also binds to SD-4 on activated T cells through recognition of its heparinase-sensitive saccharide moiety. DC-HIL blocks anti-CD3-induced T-cell responses, reducing secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and blocking entry into the S phase of the cell cycle. Binding of DC-HIL phosphorylates SD-4's intracellular tyrosine and serine residues. Anti-SD-4 Ab mimics the ability of DC-HIL to attenuate anti-CD3 response more potently than Ab directed against other inhibitory receptors (CTLA-4 or programmed cell death-1). Among leukocytes, DC-HIL is expressed highest by CD14(+) monocytes and this expression can be upregulated markedly by TGF-beta. Among APC, DC-HIL is expressed highest by epidermal Langerhans cells, an immature type of dendritic cells. Finally, the level of DC-HIL expression on CD14(+) monocytes correlates inversely with allostimulatory capacity, such that treatment with TGF-beta reduced this capacity, whereas knocking down the DC-HIL gene augmented it. Our findings indicate that the DC-HIL/SD-4 pathway can be manipulated to treat T-cell-driven disorders in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Chung
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9069, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Markiewicz MA, Wise EL, Buchwald ZS, Cheney EE, Hansen TH, Suri A, Cemerski S, Allen PM, Shaw AS. IL-12 enhances CTL synapse formation and induces self-reactivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1351-61. [PMID: 19155481 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.3.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunological synapse formation between T cells and target cells can affect the functional outcome of TCR ligation by a given MHC-peptide complex. Although synapse formation is usually induced by TCR signaling, it is not clear whether other factors can affect the efficiency of synapse formation. Here, we tested whether cytokines could influence synapse formation between murine CTLs and target cells. We found that IL-12 enhanced synapse formation, whereas TGFbeta decreased synapse formation. The enhanced synapse formation induced by IL-12 appeared to be functional, given that IL-12-treated cells could respond to weak peptides, including self-peptides, to which the T cells were normally unresponsive. These responses correlated with expression of functionally higher avidity LFA-1 on IL-12-treated CTLs. These findings have implications for the function of IL-12 in T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Markiewicz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Calvo-Turrubiartes M, Romano-Moreno S, García-Hernández M, Chevaile-Ramos JA, Layseca-Espinosa E, González-Amaro R, Portales-Pérez D. Quantitative analysis of regulatory T cells in kidney graft recipients: a relationship with calcineurin inhibitor level. Transpl Immunol 2009; 21:43-9. [PMID: 19233271 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring of immunosuppressive drug levels can prevent some adverse effects in patients with solid organ transplantation. However, the possible relationship between these drug levels and their biological effect on immune cells has not been studied in depth. The aim of this work was to assess the possible effect of immunosuppressive therapy with calcineurin inhibitors on the levels of regulatory T cells in patients with kidney transplantation. METHODS Serial samples of peripheral blood were obtained from six patients that underwent kidney transplantation and received a triple pharmacological therapy, which included a calcineurin inhibitor (Cyclosporine A or Tacrolimus). Levels of CD4+CD25(high), CD4+Foxp3+ and CD8+CD28- cells and calcineurin inhibitors were evaluated by flow cytometry, and by radioimmunoassay, respectively. In addition, we assessed the in vitro effect of cyclosporine and tacrolimus on the number of T regulatory cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy subjects. RESULTS Diminished levels of total CD8+ T cells were found at week 1 after kidney transplantation, with a recovery of this subpopulation at week twelve. In addition, a significant decrease in CD8+CD28- T cell levels was observed at weeks 4 and 12 after transplantation. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in the levels and function of CD4+CD25(high) or CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Furthermore, no significant correlation between the level/dose ratios of calcineurin inhibitors and the percentages of regulatory cells was detected. On the other hand, in vitro assays showed that cyclosporine (5.0 ug/mL) and tacrolimus (100 ng/mL) diminished the percentages of CD8+CD28- cells, with no significant effect on natural T regulatory cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that although calcineurin inhibitors do not have a significant effect on the level and function of CD4+CD25(high) or CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in patients with kidney transplantation, these drugs seem to exert a down-regulatory effect on CD8+CD28- lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Calvo-Turrubiartes
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UASLP, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rolland JM, Gardner LM, O'Hehir RE. Allergen-related approaches to immunotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 121:273-84. [PMID: 19111571 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases, including asthma, rhinitis and eczema, represent a major health burden worldwide. Mainstay treatments are allergen avoidance where feasible and pharmacotherapy for symptom relief. For selected patients, allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) offers the prospect of long lasting clinical efficacy. SIT involves the administration of allergen extract using a standardized regimen, usually subcutaneously or increasingly sublingually. However, application of this potentially curative treatment is restricted, largely due to the risk of serious adverse events, especially in asthmatics and for potent allergens such as peanut, seafood and latex. New insights into immunological mechanisms underlying effective SIT and molecular characterization of allergens and their recognition by the immune system suggest strategies for refinement of SIT. Selective targeting of allergen-specific T cells, especially regulatory T cells, is likely to be pivotal for efficacy. Recombinant allergens lacking IgE reactivity and small T cell epitope-based peptides are being trialled clinically with evidence of efficacy without serious IgE-mediated adverse reactions. Adjuvants, either co-administered or incorporated into a recombinant allergen vaccine to target tolerogenic dendritic cells may also increase efficacy. The safer sublingual route of allergen administration is attracting interest and different allergen forms may be optimal for inducing tolerance by this route. Defined allergen-derived molecules or peptides offer ease of standardization and, coupled with appropriate targeting of immunoregulatory mechanisms, will result in more widespread clinical use of SIT. Adjunct therapies such as anti-IgE antibody and corticosteroids may minimize the likelihood of adverse reactions in those with severe allergic disease who would most benefit from this treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Rolland
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne Vic 3004, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
González PA, Prado CE, Leiva ED, Carreño LJ, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Respiratory syncytial virus impairs T cell activation by preventing synapse assembly with dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:14999-5004. [PMID: 18818306 PMCID: PMC2567482 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802555105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is one of the leading causes of infant hospitalization and a major health and economic burden worldwide. Infection with this virus induces an exacerbated innate proinflammatory immune response characterized by abundant immune cell infiltration into the airways and lung tissue damage. RSV also impairs the induction of an adequate adaptive T cell immune response, which favors virus pathogenesis. Unfortunately, to date there are no efficient vaccines against this virus. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that RSV infection can prevent T cell activation, a phenomenon attributed in part to cytokines and chemokines secreted by RSV-infected cells. Efficient immunity against viruses is promoted by dendritic cells (DCs), professional antigen-presenting cells, that prime antigen-specific helper and cytotoxic T cells. Therefore, it would be to the advantage of RSV to impair DC function and prevent the induction of T cell immunity. Here, we show that, although RSV infection induces maturation of murine DCs, these cells are rendered unable to activate antigen-specific T cells. Inhibition of T cell activation by RSV was observed independently of the type of TCR ligand on the DC surface and applied to cognate-, allo-, and superantigen stimulation. As a result of exposure to RSV-infected DCs, T cells became unresponsive to subsequent TCR engagement. RSV-mediated impairment in T cell activation required DC-T cell contact and involved inhibition of immunological synapse assembly among these cells. Our data suggest that impairment of immunological synapse could contribute to RSV pathogenesis by evading adaptive immunity and reducing T cell-mediated virus clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A. González
- *Millennium Nucleus of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, and
| | - Carolina E. Prado
- *Millennium Nucleus of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, and
| | - Eduardo D. Leiva
- *Millennium Nucleus of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, and
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- *Millennium Nucleus of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, and
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- *Millennium Nucleus of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, and
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- *Millennium Nucleus of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, and
- Departamento de Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile; and
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Koch AL. Stone age diseases and modern AIDS. Virol J 2008; 5:93. [PMID: 18687115 PMCID: PMC2531097 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The great advantage of being a sexually transmitted disease is the ability to survive and specialize solely on a host species that is present in low numbers and widely distributed so that contact between infected and uninfected organisms by chance is rare. Pathogens of a sparse, but widely distributed host species, must either: i) have an alternative host; ii) be able to survive in a dormant state; or iii) be non-destructive to their host. For the pathogens of a diploid there is a particularly effective strategy, that of being sexually transmitted. Then the hosts' themselves transfer the pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur L Koch
- Biology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-6801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Melanomas, while the less common of skin cancers, are highly aggressive and once they metastasize usually indicate a poor prognosis. Melanomas are in many cases immunogenic and thus have been a prime target for immunotherapy, which has resulted in objective responses in some patients. To understand why antitumor immunity fails, and for the purpose of discovering new targets to improve therapy, there has been great interest to analyse the antitumor immune responses which exist in these patients, and uncover mechanisms which block tumor-specific immune responses. It is now evident that immunosuppressive cell networks and factors play a major role in the failure of the antitumor immune responses and therapies to eradicate the tumor. In this review, the factors produced by melanomas which can modulate and enhance these suppressive mechanisms are discussed. The roles of immature dendritic cells, neutrophils, T-regulatory cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells and M2 macrophages or tumor-associated macrophages are described. Furthermore, taking into consideration of the cross-talk which exists among these different cell types and the cycle of immunosuppression which is evident in melanoma cancer patients and animal models, will be important for future therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ilkovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Grant C, Oh U, Yao K, Yamano Y, Jacobson S. Dysregulation of TGF-beta signaling and regulatory and effector T-cell function in virus-induced neuroinflammatory disease. Blood 2008; 111:5601-9. [PMID: 18326816 PMCID: PMC2424157 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-11-123430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs), important for the maintenance of immune tolerance and prevention of autoimmune disease, from patients with human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) exhibit reduced Foxp3 expression and Treg suppressor function compared with healthy donors. Since TGF-beta signaling has been previously reported to be critical for both Foxp3 expression and Treg function, we examined whether this signaling pathway was dysregulated in patients with HAM/TSP. Levels of TGF-beta receptor II (TGF-betaRII) as well as Smad7 (a TGF-beta-inducible gene) were significantly reduced in CD4(+) T cells in patients with HAM/TSP compared with healthy donors, and the expression of TGF-betaRII inversely correlated with the HTLV-I tax proviral load. Importantly, both CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells from HAM/TSP patients exhibited reduced TGF-betaRII expression compared with healthy donors, which was associated with functional deficits in vitro, including a block in TGF-beta-inducible Foxp3 expression that inversely correlated with the HTLV-I tax proviral load, loss of Treg suppressor function, and escape of effector T cells from Treg-mediated control. This evidence suggests that a virus-induced breakdown of immune tolerance affecting both regulatory and effector T cells contributes to the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gene Products, tax/metabolism
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/physiology
- Liver Neoplasms
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Smad3 Protein/metabolism
- Smad4 Protein/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Grant
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
In Brief. Nat Rev Immunol 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/nri2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|