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Sterol-Sensing Domain (SSD)-Containing Proteins in Sterol Auxotrophic Phytophthora capsici Mediate Sterol Signaling and Play a Role in Asexual Reproduction and Pathogenicity. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0379722. [PMID: 36629430 PMCID: PMC9927452 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03797-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora species are devastating filamentous plant pathogens that belong to oomycetes, a group of microorganisms similar to fungi in morphology but phylogenetically distinct. They are sterol auxotrophic, but nevertheless exploit exogenous sterols for growth and development. However, as for now the mechanisms underlying sterol utilization in Phytophthora are unknown. In this study, we identified four genes in Phytophthora capsici that encode proteins containing a sterol-sensing domain (SSD), a protein domain of around 180 amino acids comprising five transmembrane segments and known to feature in sterol signaling in animals. Using a modified CRISPR/Cas9 system, we successfully knocked out the four genes named PcSCP1 to PcSCP4 (for P. capsici SSD-containing protein 1 to 4), either individually or sequentially, thereby creating single, double, triple, and quadruple knockout transformants. Results showed that knocking out just one of the four PcSCPs was not sufficient to block sterol signaling. However, the quadruple "all-four" PcSCPs knockout transformants no longer responded to sterol treatment in asexual reproduction, in contrast to wild-type P. capsici that produced zoospores under sterol treatment. Apparently, the four PcSCPs play a key role in sterol signaling in P. capsici with functional redundancy. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the expression of a subset of genes is regulated by exogenous sterols via PcSCPs. Further investigations showed that sterols could stimulate zoospore differentiation via PcSCPs by controlling actin-mediated membrane trafficking. Moreover, the pathogenicity of the "all-four" PcSCPs knockout transformants was significantly decreased and many pathogenicity related genes were downregulated, implying that PcSCPs also contribute to plant-pathogen interaction. IMPORTANCE Phytophthora is an important genus of oomycetes that comprises many destructive plant pathogens. Due to the incompleteness of the sterol synthesis pathway, Phytophthora spp. do not possess the ability to produce sterols. Therefore, these sterol auxotrophic oomycetes need to recruit sterols from the environment such as host plants to support growth and development, which seems crucial during pathogen-plant interactions. However, the mechanisms underlying sterol utilization by Phytophthora spp. remain largely unknown. Here, we show that a family of sterol-sensing domain-containing proteins (SCPs) consisting of four members in P. capsici plays a key role in sterol signaling with functional redundancy. Moreover, these SCPs play a role in different biological processes, including asexual reproduction and pathogenicity. Our study overall revealed the multiple functions of PcSCPs and addressed the question of how exogenous sterols regulate the development of heterothallic Phytophthora spp. via SSD-containing proteins.
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Xue D, Liu H, Wang D, Gao Y, Jia Z. Comparative transcriptome analysis of R3a and Avr3a-mediated defense responses in transgenic tomato. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11965. [PMID: 34434667 PMCID: PMC8359799 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is one of the most devastating diseases in potatoes and tomatoes. At present, several late blight resistance genes have been mapped and cloned. To better understand the transcriptome changes during the incompatible interaction process between R3a and Avr3a, in this study, after spraying DEX, the leaves of MM-R3a-Avr3a and MM-Avr3a transgenic plants at different time points were used for comparative transcriptome analysis. A total of 7,324 repeated DEGs were detected in MM-R3a-Avr3a plants at 2-h and 6-h, and 729 genes were differentially expressed at 6-h compared with 2-h. Only 1,319 repeated DEGs were found in MM-Avr3a at 2-h and 6-h, of which 330 genes have the same expression pattern. Based on GO, KEGG and WCGNA analysis of DEGs, the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant-pathogen interaction, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways were significantly up-regulated. Parts of the down-regulated DEGs were enriched in carbon metabolism and the photosynthesis process. Among these DEGs, most of the transcription factors, such as WRKY, MYB, and NAC, related to disease resistance or endogenous hormones SA and ET pathways, as well as PR, CML, SGT1 gene were also significantly induced. Our results provide transcriptome-wide insights into R3a and Avr3a-mediated incompatibility interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqi Xue
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Han Liu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanna Gao
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhiqi Jia
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Zhang F, Chen H, Zhang X, Gao C, Huang J, Lü L, Shen D, Wang L, Huang C, Ye W, Zheng X, Wang Y, Vossen JH, Dong S. Genome Analysis of Two Newly Emerged Potato Late Blight Isolates Sheds Light on Pathogen Adaptation and Provides Tools for Disease Management. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:96-107. [PMID: 33026300 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-20-0208-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of the Irish Potato Famine in the 1840s, is one of the most destructive crop pathogens that threaten global food security. Host resistance (R) genes may help to control the disease, but recognition by through the gene products can be evaded by newly emerging isolates. Such isolates are dangerous as they may cause disease outbreaks under favorable conditions. However, our lack of knowledge about adaptation in these isolates jeopardizes an apt response to resistance breakdown. Here we performed genome and transcriptome sequencing of HB1501 and HN1602, two field isolates from distinct Chinese geographic regions. We found extensive polymorphisms in these isolates, including gene copy number variations, nucleotide polymorphisms, and gene expression changes. Effector encoding genes, which contribute to virulence, show distinct expression landscapes in P. infestans isolates HB1501 and HN1602. In particular, polymorphisms at multiple effectors required for recognition (Avr loci) enabled these isolates to overcome corresponding R gene based resistance. Although the isolates evolved multiple strategies to evade recognition, we experimentally verified that several R genes such as R8, RB, and Rpi-vnt1.1 remain effective against these isolates and are valuable to potato breeding in the future. In summary, rapid characterization of the adaptation in emerging field isolates through genomic tools inform rational agricultural management to prevent potential future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinjie Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chuyun Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Li Lü
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Chong Huang
- National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Maizidian Street, No. 20, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jack H Vossen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Dussert Y, Legrand L, Mazet ID, Couture C, Piron MC, Serre RF, Bouchez O, Mestre P, Toffolatti SL, Giraud T, Delmotte F. Identification of the First Oomycete Mating-type Locus Sequence in the Grapevine Downy Mildew Pathogen, Plasmopara viticola. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3897-3907.e4. [PMID: 32795448 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mating types are self-incompatibility systems that promote outcrossing in plants, fungi, and oomycetes. Mating-type genes have been widely studied in plants and fungi but have yet to be identified in oomycetes, eukaryotic organisms closely related to brown algae that cause many destructive animal and plant diseases. We identified the mating-type locus of Plasmopara viticola, the oomycete responsible for grapevine downy mildew, one of the most damaging grapevine diseases worldwide. Using a genome-wide association approach, we identified a 570-kb repeat-rich non-recombining region controlling mating types, with two highly divergent alleles. We showed that one mating type was homozygous, whereas the other was heterozygous at this locus. The mating-type locus encompassed 40 genes, including one encoding a putative hormone receptor. Functional studies will, however, be required to validate the function of these genes and find the actual determinants of mating type. Our findings have fundamental implications for our understanding of the evolution of mating types, as they reveal a unique determinism involving an asymmetry of heterozygosity, as in sex chromosomes and unlike other mating-type systems. This identification of the mating-type locus in such an economically important crop pathogen also has applied implications, as outcrossing facilitates rapid evolution and resistance to harsh environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Dussert
- SAVE, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Ludovic Legrand
- LIPM, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Isabelle D Mazet
- SAVE, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Carole Couture
- SAVE, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | | | - Olivier Bouchez
- INRAE, US 1426 GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pere Mestre
- SVQV, INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, F-68000 Colmar, France
| | - Silvia Laura Toffolatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systematique et Evolution, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - François Delmotte
- SAVE, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Université de Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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Vargová D, Némethová I, Šebesta R. Asymmetric copper-catalyzed conjugate additions of organometallic reagents in the syntheses of natural compounds and pharmaceuticals. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3780-3796. [PMID: 32391843 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00278j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Access to enantiopure complex molecular structures is crucial for the development of new drugs as well as agents used in crop-protection. In this regard, numerous asymmetric methods have been established. Copper-catalyzed 1,4-additions of organometallic reagents are robust C-C bond formation strategies applicable in a wide range of circumstances. This review analyses the syntheses of natural products and pharmaceutical agents, which rely on the application of asymmetric Cu-catalyzed conjugate additions of various organometallic reagents. A wide range of available organometallics, e.g. dialkylzinc, trialkylaluminum, Grignard, and organozirconium, can now be used in conjugate additions to address various synthetic challenges present in targeted natural compounds. Furthermore, efficient catalysts allow high levels of stereofidelity over a diverse array of starting Michael acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Vargová
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Organic Chemistry, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, SK-84215, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ivana Némethová
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Organic Chemistry, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, SK-84215, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Radovan Šebesta
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Organic Chemistry, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, SK-84215, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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The G-protein γ subunit of Phytophthora infestans is involved in sporangial development. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 116:73-82. [PMID: 29704555 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The oomycete Phytophthora infestans is a notorious plant pathogen with potato and tomato as its primary hosts. Previous research showed that the heterotrimeric G-protein subunits Gα and Gβ have a role in zoospore motility and virulence, and sporangial development, respectively. Here, we present analyses of the gene encoding a Gγ subunit in P. infestans, Pigpg1. The overall similarity of PiGPG1 with non-oomycete Gγ subunits is low, with only the most conserved amino acids maintained, but similarity with its homologs in other oomycetes is high. Pigpg1 is expressed in all life stages and shows a similar expression profile as the gene encoding the Gβ subunit, Pigpb1. To elucidate its function, transformants were generated in which Pigpg1 is silenced or overexpressed and their phenotypes were analyzed. Pigpg1-silenced lines produce less sporangia, which are malformed. Altogether, the results show that PiGPG1 is crucial for proper sporangia development and zoosporogenesis. PiGPG1 is a functional Gγ, and likely forms a dimer with PiGPB1 that mediates signaling.
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7
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Yajima A. Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Quorum-Sensing Pheromones and Microbial Hormones. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63603-4.00010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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8
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9
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Roth PMC, Fletcher SP. Enantioselective Copper(I)-Phosphoramidite Catalyzed Addition of Alkylzirconium Species to Acyclic Enones. Org Lett 2015; 17:912-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe M. C. Roth
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield
Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Stephen P. Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield
Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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10
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den Hartog T, Huang Y, Fañanás-Mastral M, Meuwese A, Rudolph A, Pérez M, Minnaard AJ, Feringa BL. On the Mechanism of Cu-Catalyzed Enantioselective Extended Conjugate Additions: A Structure-Based Approach. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs501297s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim den Hartog
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen
, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG
Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yange Huang
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen
, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG
Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martín Fañanás-Mastral
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen
, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG
Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Meuwese
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen
, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG
Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alena Rudolph
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen
, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG
Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel Pérez
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen
, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG
Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J. Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen
, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG
Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen
, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG
Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Synthesis of Microbial Signaling Molecules and Their Stereochemistry-Activity Relationships. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:1418-29. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Recent progress in the chemistry and chemical biology of microbial signaling molecules: quorum-sensing pheromones and microbial hormones. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Pulis AP, Fackler P, Aggarwal VK. Short stereoselective synthesis of the Phytophthora universal mating hormone α1 using lithiation/borylation reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4382-5. [PMID: 24634275 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The universal mating hormone α 1 of the virulent plant pathogen Phytophthora has been synthesized in 12 steps and 28 % overall yield. Key CC bond-forming steps involved the use of two lithiation/borylation reactions to couple together enantioenriched building blocks, one of which also set up the stereochemistry of the tertiary alcohol at C11. Detailed analysis showed that the diastereomeric purity of the target molecule was >91 %, the highest obtained to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Pulis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS (UK) http://www.bris.ac.uk/chemistry/research/organic/aggarwal-group
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14
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Short Stereoselective Synthesis of thePhytophthoraUniversal Mating Hormone α1 Using Lithiation/Borylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Wang Y, Bouwmeester K, van de Mortel JE, Shan W, Govers F. A novel Arabidopsis-oomycete pathosystem: differential interactions with Phytophthora capsici reveal a role for camalexin, indole glucosinolates and salicylic acid in defence. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1192-203. [PMID: 23237451 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici causes devastating diseases on a broad range of plant species. To better understand the interaction with its host plants, knowledge obtained from a model pathosystem can be instrumental. Here, we describe the interaction between P. capsici and Arabidopsis and the exploitation of this novel pathosystem to assign metabolic pathways involved in defence against P. capsici. Inoculation assays on Arabidopsis accessions with different P. capsici isolates revealed interaction specificity among accession-isolate combinations. In a compatible interaction, appressorium-mediated penetration was followed by the formation of invasive hyphae, haustoria and sporangia in leaves and roots. In contrast, in an incompatible interaction, P. capsici infection elicited callose deposition, accumulation of active oxygen species and cell death, resulting in early pathogen encasement in leaves. Moreover, Arabidopsis mutants with defects in salicylic acid signalling, camalexin or indole glucosinolates biosynthesis pathways displayed severely compromised resistance to P. capsici. It is anticipated that this model pathosystem will facilitate the genetic dissection of complex traits responsible for resistance against P. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Yang X, Zhao W, Hua C, Zheng X, Jing M, Li D, Govers F, Meijer HJG, Wang Y. Chemotaxis and oospore formation in Phytophthora sojae are controlled by G-protein-coupled receptors with a phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase domain. Mol Microbiol 2013; 88:382-94. [PMID: 23448757 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key cellular components that mediate extracellular signals into intracellular responses. Genome mining revealed that Phytophthora spp. have over 60 GPCR genes among which a prominent class of 12 encoding novel proteins with an N-terminal GPCR domain fused to a C-terminal phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase (PIPK) domain. This study focuses on two GPCR-PIPKs (GKs) in Phytophthora sojae. PsGK4 and PsGK5 are differentially expressed during the life cycle with the highest expression in cysts and during cyst germination, and at late infection stages. In P. sojae transformants that constitutively express RFP-tagged PsGK4 and PsGK5, the fusion proteins in hyphae reside in small, rapidly moving vesicular-like structures. Functional analysis using gene silencing showed that PsGK4-silenced transformants displayed higher levels of encystment and a reduced cyst germination rate when compared with the recipient strain. Moreover, GK4 deficiency (or reduction) resulted in severe defects in zoospore chemotaxis towards isoflavones and soybean roots. In contrast, PsGK5-silenced transformants exhibited no obvious defects in asexual development but oospore production was severely impaired. Both, PsGK4- and PsGK5-silenced transformants showed reduced pathogenicity. These results point to involvement of GKs in zoospore behaviour, chemotaxis and oospore development, and suggest that PsGK4 and PsGK5 each head independent signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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17
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Lee SC, Ristaino JB, Heitman J. Parallels in intercellular communication in oomycete and fungal pathogens of plants and humans. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1003028. [PMID: 23271965 PMCID: PMC3521652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Chan Lee
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jean B. Ristaino
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Han M, Liu G, Li JP, Govers F, Zhu XQ, Shen CY, Guo LY. Phytophthora infestans field isolates from Gansu province, China are genetically highly diverse and show a high frequency of self fertility. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23194320 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The genetic diversity of 85 isolates of Phytophthora infestans collected in 2007 from Gansu province in China was determined and compared with 21 isolates collected before 2004. Among them, 70 belonged to the A1 mating type and 15 were self-fertile (SF). The mitochondrial DNA haplotypes revealed both Ia (25%) and IIa (75%) haplotypes. Metalaxyl resistance occurred with high frequency (54%) in Gansu. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) genotyping revealed 26 genotypes (13 from the Tianshui region) among the 85 isolates, and 18 genotypes among the 21 isolates collected before 2004, without overlap in genotypes detected in the two groups. Cluster analysis showed clear subdivisions within the different mating type isolates. Among Gansu's isolates, Nei's and Shannon's diversity indices were highest in isolates collected in Tianshui where both A1 and SF isolates were found. Analysis of molecular variance of isolates from Gansu indicated that 51% and 49% of the variance was explained by within-area and among-area variance, respectively. The results suggest that the occurrence of SF isolates increases the risk of sexual reproduction, the formation of oospore as initial inocula in the field, and affects the genotypic diversity in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Han
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Bajpai R, Curran DP. Synthesis and spectroscopic analysis of a stereoisomer library of the phytophthora mating hormone α1 and derived bis-Mosher esters. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20435-43. [PMID: 22047536 DOI: 10.1021/ja2082679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorous mixture synthesis provided all eight diastereomers of the phytophthora hormone α1 with the R configuration at C11 as individual samples after demixing and detagging. The library of all possible bis-Mosher esters (16) was then made by esterification. Complete sets of (1)H, (13)C, and (for the Mosher esters) (19)F NMR spectra were recorded, assigned, and compared with each other and with published spectra. Not all of the spectra are unique, and the (1)H NMR spectra of the Mosher esters provided the most information. The previous assignment of the natural sample as an "all-R" stereoisomer mixed with its 3S-epimer was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Bajpai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Yajima A, Toda K, Molli SD, Ojika M, Nukada T. Syntheses of the four stereoisomers of Phytophthora mating hormone α2 and a concise synthesis of mating hormone α1. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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The second Phytophthora mating hormone defines interspecies biosynthetic crosstalk. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:591-3. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wang SY, Song P, Chan LY, Loh TP. Total Synthesis of Phytophthora Mating Hormone α1. Org Lett 2010; 12:5166-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol102177j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Yi Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Ping Song
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Li-Yan Chan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
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Ter Horst B, Seshadri C, Sweet L, Young DC, Feringa BL, Moody DB, Minnaard AJ. Asymmetric synthesis and structure elucidation of a glycerophospholipid from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:1017-22. [PMID: 19965610 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m001982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A glycerophospholipid (1-O-tuberculostearoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from the reference strain H37Rv. The molecular structure of this tuberculostearoyl [(R)-10-methyloctadecyl] and palmitoyl containing phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) has been resolved. The substitution pattern on the glycerol backbone could be determined by comparison of the isolate to the two synthetically prepared regioisomers. MS/MS analysis was used to determine its molecular structure. Production of this synthetic version of mycobacterial PE in high yield, with a stereochemically correct and pathogen-specific fatty acyl group, can be used as a standard in LC-MS based lipidomic analyses to detect trace amounts of mycobacterial PE in human blood, sputum, or tissues as a marker of infection by mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn Ter Horst
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Jerphagnon T, Pizzuti MG, Minnaard AJ, Feringa BL. Recent advances in enantioselective copper-catalyzed 1,4-addition. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:1039-75. [PMID: 19421581 DOI: 10.1039/b816853a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive overview of recent literature from 2003 concerning advances in enantioselective copper catalysed 1,4-addition of organometallic reagents to alpha,beta-unsaturated compounds is given in this critical review. About 200 ligands and catalysts are presented, with a focus on stereoselectivities, catalyst loading, ligand structure and substrate scope. A major part is devoted to trapping and tandem reactions and a variety of recent synthetic applications are used to illustrate the practicality and current state of the art of 1,4-addition of organometallic reagents. Finally several mechanistic studies are discussed (162 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jerphagnon
- University of Groningen, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ay S, Nieger M, Bräse S. Co-Metal-Free Enantioselective Conjugate Addition Reactions of Zinc Reagents. Chemistry 2008; 14:11539-56. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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