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Shu LX, Cao LL, Guo X, Wang ZB, Wang SZ. Mechanism of efferocytosis in atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:831-840. [PMID: 38727748 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease that occurs in the intima of large and medium-sized arteries with the immune system's involvement. It is a common pathological basis for high morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases. Abnormal proliferation of apoptotic cells and necrotic cells leads to AS plaque expansion, necrotic core formation, and rupture. In the early stage of AS, macrophages exert an efferocytosis effect to engulf and degrade apoptotic, dead, damaged, or senescent cells by efferocytosis, thus enabling the regulation of the organism. In the early stage of AS, macrophages rely on this effect to slow down the process of AS. However, in the advanced stage of AS, the efferocytosis of macrophages within the plaque is impaired, which leads to the inability of macrophages to promptly remove the apoptotic cells (ACs) from the organism promptly, causing exacerbation of AS. Moreover, upregulation of CD47 expression in AS plaques also protects ACs from phagocytosis by macrophages, resulting in a large amount of residual ACs in the plaque, further expanding the necrotic core. In this review, we discussed the molecular mechanisms involved in the process of efferocytosis and how efferocytosis is impaired and regulated during AS, hoping to provide new insights for treating AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Shu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Liu-Li Cao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zong-Bao Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Shu-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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2
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Koenis DS, de Matteis R, Rajeeve V, Cutillas P, Dalli J. Efferocyte-Derived MCTRs Metabolically Prime Macrophages for Continual Efferocytosis via Rac1-Mediated Activation of Glycolysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304690. [PMID: 38064171 PMCID: PMC10870015 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Clearance of multiple rounds of apoptotic cells (ACs) through continual efferocytosis is critical in the maintenance of organ function, the resolution of acute inflammation, and tissue repair. To date, little is known about the nature of mechanisms and factors that govern this fundamental process. Herein, the authors reported that breakdown of ACs leads to upregulation of 12-lipoxygenase in macrophages. This enzyme converts docosahexaenoic acid to maresin conjugates in tissue regeneration (MCTRs). The levels of these autacoids are elevated at sites of high apoptotic burden in vivo and in efferocytosing macrophages in vitro. Abrogation of MCTR production using genetic approaches limits the ability of macrophages to perform continual efferocytosis both in vivo and in vitro, an effect that is rescued by add-back of MCTRs. Mechanistically, MCTR-mediated priming of macrophages for continual efferocytosis is dependent on alterations in Rac1 signalling and glycolytic metabolism. Inhibition of Rac1 abolishes the ability of MCTRs to increase glucose uptake and efferocytosis in vitro, whereas inhibition of glycolysis limits the MCTR-mediated increases in efferocytosis and tissue repair. Together, these findings demonstrate that upregulation of MCTRs by efferocytosing macrophages plays a central role in the regulation of continual efferocytosis via the autocrine and paracrine modulation of metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duco Steven Koenis
- Centre for Biochemical PharmacologyWilliam Harvey Research InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUK
| | - Roberta de Matteis
- Centre for Biochemical PharmacologyWilliam Harvey Research InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUK
| | - Vinothini Rajeeve
- Centre for Genomics and Computational BiologyBarts Cancer InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUK
| | - Pedro Cutillas
- Centre for Genomics and Computational BiologyBarts Cancer InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUK
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- Centre for Biochemical PharmacologyWilliam Harvey Research InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUK
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic InnovationQueen Mary University of LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUK
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3
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Mohammad-Rafiei F, Moadab F, Mahmoudi A, Navashenaq JG, Gheibihayat SM. Efferocytosis: a double-edged sword in microbial immunity. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:370. [PMID: 37925389 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Efferocytosis is characterized as the rapid and efficient process by which dying or dead cells are removed. This type of clearance is initiated via "find-me" signals, and then, carries on by "eat-me" and "don't-eat-me" ones. Efferocytosis has a critical role to play in tissue homeostasis and innate immunity. However, some evidence suggests it as a double-edged sword in microbial immunity. In other words, some pathogens have degraded efferocytosis by employing efferocytic mechanisms to bypass innate immune detection and promote infection, despite the function of this process for the control and clearance of pathogens. In this review, the efferocytosis mechanisms from the recognition of dying cells to phagocytic engulfment are initially presented, and then, its diverse roles in inflammation and immunity are highlighted. In this case, much focus is also laid on some bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), Mycobacterium marinum (M. marinum), Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP), Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP), Influenza A virus (IAV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Leishmania, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohammad-Rafiei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moadab
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Ali Mahmoudi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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4
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Hernández-Toledano DS, Vega L. Methylated dialkylphosphate metabolites of the organophosphate pesticide malathion modify actin cytoskeleton arrangement and cell migration via activation of Rho GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110593. [PMID: 37270087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The non-cholinergic molecular targets of organophosphate (OP) compounds have recently been investigated to explain their role in the generation of non-neurological diseases, such as immunotoxicity and cancer. Here, we evaluated the effects of malathion and its dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites on the cytoskeleton components and organization of RAW264.7 murine macrophages as non-cholinergic targets of OP and DAPs toxicity. All OP compounds affected actin and tubulin polymerization. Malathion, dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP) dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), and dimethylphosphate (DMP) induced elongated morphologies and the formation of pseudopods rich in microtubule structures, and increased filopodia formation and general actin disorganization in RAW264.7 cells and slightly reduced stress fibers in the human fibroblasts GM03440, without significantly disrupting the tubulin or vimentin cytoskeleton. Exposure to DMTP and DMP increased cell migration in the wound healing assay but did not affect phagocytosis, indicating a very specific modification in the organization of the cytoskeleton. The induction of actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and cell migration suggested the activation of cytoskeletal regulators such as small GTPases. We found that DMP slightly reduced Ras homolog family member A activity but increased the activities of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42) from 5 min to 2 h of exposure. Chemical inhibition of Rac1 with NSC23766 reduced cell polarization and treatment with DMP enhanced cell migration, but Cdc42 inhibition by ML-141 completely inhibited the effects of DMP. These results suggest that methylated OP compounds, especially DMP, can modify macrophage cytoskeleton function and configuration via activation of Cdc42, which may represent a potential non-cholinergic molecular target for OP compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sebastián Hernández-Toledano
- Department of Toxicology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Libia Vega
- Department of Toxicology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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5
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Yang S, Min C, Moon H, Moon B, Lee J, Jeon J, Kwon H, Jang D, Park D. Internalization of apoptotic cells during efferocytosis requires Mertk-mediated calcium influx. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:391. [PMID: 37391432 PMCID: PMC10313764 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, called efferocytosis, requires calcium inside and outside of phagocytes. Due to its necessity, calcium flux is sophisticatedly modulated, and the level of intracellular calcium in phagocytes is ultimately elevated during efferocytosis. However, the role of elevated intracellular calcium in efferocytosis remains elusive. Here, we report that Mertk-mediated intracellular calcium elevation is necessary for internalization of apoptotic cells during efferocytosis. Drastic depletion of intracellular calcium abrogated the internalization step of efferocytosis by delaying phagocytic cup extension and closure. Especially, the defect of phagocytic cup closure for internalization of apoptotic cells was caused by impaired F-actin disassembly and the attenuated interaction of Calmodulin with myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), leading to diminished myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Genetic and pharmacological impairment of the Calmodulin-MLCK-MLC axis or Mertk-mediated calcium influx also resulted in inefficient efferocytosis due to a defect in internalization of the targets. Taken together, our observations imply that intracellular calcium elevation through Mertk-mediated calcium influx facilitates efferocytosis by inducing myosin II-mediated contraction and F-actin disassembly required for internalization of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Chanhyuk Min
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Hyunji Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Byeongjin Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Juyeon Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Jaeseon Jeon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Hagyeong Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Deokyun Jang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Daeho Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.
- Cell Mechanobiology Laboratory, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea.
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6
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Bosteels V, Maréchal S, De Nolf C, Rennen S, Maelfait J, Tavernier SJ, Vetters J, Van De Velde E, Fayazpour F, Deswarte K, Lamoot A, Van Duyse J, Martens L, Bosteels C, Roelandt R, Emmaneel A, Van Gassen S, Boon L, Van Isterdael G, Guillas I, Vandamme N, Höglinger D, De Geest BG, Le Goff W, Saeys Y, Ravichandran KS, Lambrecht BN, Janssens S. LXR signaling controls homeostatic dendritic cell maturation. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadd3955. [PMID: 37172103 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.add3955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) mature in an immunogenic or tolerogenic manner depending on the context in which an antigen is perceived, preserving the balance between immunity and tolerance. Whereas the pathways driving immunogenic maturation in response to infectious insults are well-characterized, the signals that drive tolerogenic maturation during homeostasis are still poorly understood. We found that the engulfment of apoptotic cells triggered homeostatic maturation of type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1s) within the spleen. This maturation process could be mimicked by engulfment of empty, nonadjuvanted lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), was marked by intracellular accumulation of cholesterol, and was highly specific to cDC1s. Engulfment of either apoptotic cells or cholesterol-rich LNPs led to the activation of the liver X receptor (LXR) pathway, which promotes the efflux of cellular cholesterol, and repressed genes associated with immunogenic maturation. In contrast, simultaneous engagement of TLR3 to mimic viral infection via administration of poly(I:C)-adjuvanted LNPs repressed the LXR pathway, thus delaying cellular cholesterol efflux and inducing genes that promote T cell-mediated immunity. These data demonstrate that conserved cellular cholesterol efflux pathways are differentially regulated in tolerogenic versus immunogenic cDC1s and suggest that administration of nonadjuvanted cholesterol-rich LNPs may be an approach for inducing tolerogenic DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Bosteels
- Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Maréchal
- Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Clint De Nolf
- Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Rennen
- Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Maelfait
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon J Tavernier
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immune Deficiency Research Lab, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jessica Vetters
- Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Van De Velde
- Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Farzaneh Fayazpour
- Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim Deswarte
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Julie Van Duyse
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Flow Core, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Martens
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Homeostasis and Regeneration, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Damage and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cédric Bosteels
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ria Roelandt
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Single Cell Core, VIB, Ghent-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Emmaneel
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Van Gassen
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Louis Boon
- Polpharma Biologics, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gert Van Isterdael
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Flow Core, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Guillas
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), UMR_S1166, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Niels Vandamme
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Single Cell Core, VIB, Ghent-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Doris Höglinger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Wilfried Le Goff
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), UMR_S1166, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Cell Clearance in Health and Disease, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Cell Clearance, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sophie Janssens
- Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Han S, Li X, Xia N, Zhang Y, Yu W, Li J, Jiao C, Wang Z, Pu L. Myeloid Trem2 Dynamically Regulates the Induction and Resolution of Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076348. [PMID: 37047321 PMCID: PMC10094065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Trem2, a transmembrane protein that is simultaneously expressed in both bone marrow-derived and embryonic-derived liver-resident macrophages, plays a complex role in liver inflammation. The unique role of myeloid Trem2 in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is not precisely understood. Our study showed that in the early stage of inflammation induction after IR, Deletion of myeloid Trem2 inhibited the induction of iNOS, MCP-1, and CXCL1/2, alleviated the accumulation of neutrophils and mitochondrial damage, and simultaneously decreased ROS formation. However, when inflammatory monocyte-macrophages gradually evolved into CD11bhiLy6Clow pro-resolution macrophages through a phenotypic switch, the story of Trem2 took a turn. Myeloid Trem2 in pro-resolution macrophages promotes phagocytosis of IR-accumulated apoptotic cells by controlling Rac1-related actin polymerization, thereby actively promoting the resolution of inflammation. This effect may be exercised to regulate the Cox2/PGE2 axis by Trem2, alone or synergistically with MerTK/Arg1. Importantly, when myeloid Trem2 was over-expressed, the phenotypic transition of monocytes from a pro-inflammatory to a resolution type was accelerated, whereas knockdown of myeloid Trem2 resulted in delayed upregulation of CX3CR1. Collectively, our findings suggest that myeloid Trem2 is involved in the cascade of IR inflammation in a two-sided capacity, with complex and heterogeneous roles at different stages, not only contributing to our understanding of sterile inflammatory immunity but also to better explore the regulatory strategies and intrinsic requirements of targeting Trem2 in the event of sterile liver injury.
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8
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Garabuczi É, Tarban N, Fige É, Patsalos A, Halász L, Szendi-Szatmári T, Sarang Z, Király R, Szondy Z. Nur77 and PPARγ regulate transcription and polarization in distinct subsets of M2-like reparative macrophages during regenerative inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139204. [PMID: 36936920 PMCID: PMC10020500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage polarization is a process whereby macrophages develop a specific phenotype and functional response to different pathophysiological stimuli and tissue environments. In general, two main macrophage phenotypes have been identified: inflammatory (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages characterized specifically by IL-1β and IL-10 production, respectively. In the cardiotoxin-induced skeletal muscle injury model bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) play the central role in regulating tissue repair. Bone marrow-derived monocytes arriving at the site of injury differentiate first to M1 BMDMs that clear cell debris and trigger proliferation and differentiation of the muscle stem cells, while during the process of efferocytosis they change their phenotype to M2 to drive resolution of inflammation and tissue repair. The M2 population is formed from at least three distinct subsets: antigen presenting, resolution-related and growth factor producing macrophages, the latest ones expressing the transcription factor PPARγ. Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1; also termed Nur77) transcription factor is expressed as an early response gene, and has been shown to suppress the expression of pro-inflammatory genes during efferocytosis. Here we demonstrate that (1) Nur77 null BMDMs are characterized by elevated expression of PPARγ resulting in enhanced efferocytosis capacity; (2) Nur77 and PPARγ regulate transcription in different subsets of M2 skeletal muscle macrophages during muscle repair; (3) the loss of Nur77 prolongs M1 polarization characterized by increased and prolonged production of IL-1β by the resolution-related macrophages normally expressing Nur77; whereas, in contrast, (4) it promotes M2 polarization detected via the increased number of IL-10 producing CD206+ macrophages generated from the PPARγ-expressing subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Garabuczi
- Department of Integrative Health Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nastaran Tarban
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Fige
- Doctoral School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andreas Patsalos
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - László Halász
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Tímea Szendi-Szatmári
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róbert Király
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Szondy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Section of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Zsuzsa Szondy,
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9
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Palmitate Inhibits Mouse Macrophage Efferocytosis by Activating an mTORC1-Regulated Rho Kinase 1 Pathway: Therapeutic Implications for the Treatment of Obesity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213502. [PMID: 36359898 PMCID: PMC9657837 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Every day, billions of our cells die and get cleared without inducing inflammation. When, clearance is improper, uncleared cells undergo secondary necrosis and trigger inflammation. In addition, proper efferocytosis would be required for inducing resolution of inflammation, thus clearance deficiencies in the long term lead to development of various chronic inflammatory diseases. Increasing evidence indicates that obesity, itself being a low-grade inflammatory disease, predisposes to a variety of other chronic inflammatory diseases. Previous studies indicated that this later might be partially related to an impaired efferocytosis induced by increased uptake of circulating saturated fatty acids by macrophages in obese people. Here, we show that palmitate inhibits efferocytosis by bone marrow-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Palmitate triggers autophagy but also activates an energy-sensing mTORC1/ROCK1 signaling pathway, which interferes with the autophagosome–lysosome fusion, resulting in accumulation of the cellular membranes in autophagosomes. We propose that lack of sufficient plasma membrane supply attenuates efferocytosis of palmitate-exposed macrophages. AMP-activated protein kinase activators lead to mTORC1 inhibition and, consequently, released the palmitate-induced efferocytosis block in macrophages. Thus, they might be useful in the treatment of obesity not only by affecting metabolism thought so far. ROCK1 inhibitors could also be considered.
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Liu W, Cronin CG, Cao Z, Wang C, Ruan J, Pulikkot S, Hall A, Sun H, Groisman A, Chen Y, Vella AT, Hu L, Liang BT, Fan Z. Nexinhib20 Inhibits Neutrophil Adhesion and β 2 Integrin Activation by Antagonizing Rac-1-Guanosine 5'-Triphosphate Interaction. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1574-1585. [PMID: 36165184 PMCID: PMC9529951 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are critical for mediating inflammatory responses. Inhibiting neutrophil recruitment is an attractive approach for preventing inflammatory injuries, including myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, which exacerbates cardiomyocyte death after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction. In this study, we found out that a neutrophil exocytosis inhibitor Nexinhib20 inhibits not only exocytosis but also neutrophil adhesion by limiting β2 integrin activation. Using a microfluidic chamber, we found that Nexinhib20 inhibited IL-8-induced β2 integrin-dependent human neutrophil adhesion under flow. Using a dynamic flow cytometry assay, we discovered that Nexinhib20 suppresses intracellular calcium flux and β2 integrin activation after IL-8 stimulation. Western blots of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac-1)-GTP pull-down assays confirmed that Nexinhib20 inhibited Rac-1 activation in leukocytes. An in vitro competition assay showed that Nexinhib20 antagonized the binding of Rac-1 and GTP. Using a mouse model of myocardial I/R injury, Nexinhib20 administration after ischemia and before reperfusion significantly decreased neutrophil recruitment and infarct size. Our results highlight the translational potential of Nexinhib20 as a dual-functional neutrophil inhibitory drug to prevent myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Chunxia G Cronin
- Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Ziming Cao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Chengliang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Jianbin Ruan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Sunitha Pulikkot
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Alexxus Hall
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alex Groisman
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Liang Hu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Bruce T Liang
- Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT;
| | - Zhichao Fan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT;
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
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11
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Singh B, Li K, Cui K, Peng Q, Cowan DB, Wang DZ, Chen K, Chen H. Defective efferocytosis of vascular cells in heart disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1031293. [PMID: 36247464 PMCID: PMC9561431 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1031293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient phagocytic clearance of dying cells and apoptotic cells is one of the processes that is essential for the maintenance of physiologic tissue function and homeostasis, which is termed "efferocytosis." Under normal conditions, "find me" and "eat me" signals are released by apoptotic cells to stimulate the engulfment and efferocytosis of apoptotic cells. In contrast, abnormal efferocytosis is related to chronic and non-resolving inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. In the initial steps of atherosclerotic lesion development, monocyte-derived macrophages display efficient efferocytosis that restricts plaque progression; however, this capacity is reduced in more advanced lesions. Macrophage reprogramming as a result of the accumulation of apoptotic cells and augmented inflammation accounts for this diminishment of efferocytosis. Furthermore, defective efferocytosis plays an important role in necrotic core formation, which triggers plaque rupture and acute thrombotic cardiovascular events. Recent publications have focused on the essential role of macrophage efferocytosis in cardiac pathophysiology and have pointed toward new therapeutic strategies to modulate macrophage efferocytosis for cardiac tissue repair. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate efferocytosis in vascular cells, including macrophages and other phagocytic cells and detail how efferocytosis-related molecules contribute to the maintenance of vascular hemostasis and how defective efferocytosis leads to the formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Singh
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kathryn Li
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kui Cui
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Qianman Peng
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Douglas B. Cowan
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of South Florida Health Heart Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Kaifu Chen
- Basic and Translational Research Division, Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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12
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Szondy Z, Al-Zaeed N, Tarban N, Fige É, Garabuczi É, Sarang Z. Involvement of phosphatidylserine receptors in the skeletal muscle regeneration: therapeutic implications. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1961-1973. [PMID: 35666022 PMCID: PMC9397555 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a progressive loss of muscle mass and strength with a risk of adverse outcomes such as disability, poor quality of life, and death. Increasing evidence indicates that diminished ability of the muscle to activate satellite cell-dependent regeneration is one of the factors that might contribute to its development. Skeletal muscle regeneration following myogenic cell death results from the proliferation and differentiation of myogenic stem cells, called satellite cells, located beneath the basal lamina of the muscle fibres. Satellite cell differentiation is not a satellite cell-autonomous process but depends on signals provided by the surrounding cells. Infiltrating macrophages play a key role in the process partly by clearing the necrotic cell debris, partly by producing cytokines and growth factors that guide myogenesis. At the beginning of the muscle regeneration process, macrophages are pro-inflammatory, and the cytokines produced by them trigger the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells. Following the uptake of dead cells, however, a transcriptionally regulated phenotypic change (macrophage polarization) is induced in them resulting in their transformation into healing macrophages that guide resolution of inflammation, completion of myoblast differentiation, myoblast fusion and growth, and return to homeostasis. Impaired efferocytosis results in delayed cell death clearance, delayed macrophage polarization, prolonged inflammation, and impaired muscle regeneration. Thus, proper efferocytosis by macrophages is a determining factor during muscle repair. Here we review that both efferocytosis and myogenesis are dependent on the cell surface phosphatidylserine (PS), and surprisingly, these two processes share a number of common PS receptors and signalling pathways. Based on these findings, we propose that stimulating the function of PS receptors for facilitating muscle repair following injury could be a successful approach, as it would enhance efferocytosis and myogenesis simultaneously. Because increasing evidence indicates a pathophysiological role of impaired efferocytosis in the development of chronic inflammatory conditions, as well as in impaired muscle regeneration both contributing to the development of sarcopenia, improving efferocytosis should be considered also in its management. Again applying or combining those treatments that target PS receptors would be expected to be the most effective, because they would also promote myogenesis. A potential PS receptor-triggering candidate molecule is milk fat globule-EGF-factor 8 (MFG-E8), which not only stimulates PS-dependent efferocytosis and myoblast fusion but also promotes extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt activation-mediated cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Szondy
- Section of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nour Al-Zaeed
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nastaran Tarban
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Fige
- Section of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Garabuczi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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13
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Lebo DPV, Chirn A, Taylor JD, Levan A, Doerre Torres V, Agreda E, Serizier SB, Lord AK, Jenkins VK, McCall K. An RNAi screen of the kinome in epithelial follicle cells of the Drosophila melanogaster ovary reveals genes required for proper germline death and clearance. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6080751. [PMID: 33693600 PMCID: PMC8022946 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death and cell corpse clearance are an essential part of organismal health and development. Cell corpses are often cleared away by professional phagocytes such as macrophages. However, in certain tissues, neighboring cells known as nonprofessional phagocytes can also carry out clearance functions. Here, we use the Drosophila melanogaster ovary to identify novel genes required for clearance by nonprofessional phagocytes. In the Drosophila ovary, germline cells can die at multiple time points. As death proceeds, the epithelial follicle cells act as phagocytes to facilitate the clearance of these cells. We performed an unbiased kinase screen to identify novel proteins and pathways involved in cell clearance during two death events. Of 224 genes examined, 18 demonstrated severe phenotypes during developmental death and clearance while 12 demonstrated severe phenotypes during starvation-induced cell death and clearance, representing a number of pathways not previously implicated in phagocytosis. Interestingly, it was found that several genes not only affected the clearance process in the phagocytes, but also non-autonomously affected the process by which germline cells died. This kinase screen has revealed new avenues for further exploration and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane P V Lebo
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alice Chirn
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Taylor
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andre Levan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Emily Agreda
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sandy B Serizier
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Allison K Lord
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Kimberly McCall
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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14
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Having an Old Friend for Dinner: The Interplay between Apoptotic Cells and Efferocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051265. [PMID: 34065321 PMCID: PMC8161178 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, the programmed and intentional death of senescent, damaged, or otherwise superfluous cells, is the natural end-point for most cells within multicellular organisms. Apoptotic cells are not inherently damaging, but if left unattended, they can lyse through secondary necrosis. The resulting release of intracellular contents drives inflammation in the surrounding tissue and can lead to autoimmunity. These negative consequences of secondary necrosis are avoided by efferocytosis—the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells. Efferocytosis is a product of both apoptotic cells and efferocyte mechanisms, which cooperate to ensure the rapid and complete removal of apoptotic cells. Herein, we review the processes used by apoptotic cells to ensure their timely removal, and the receptors, signaling, and cellular processes used by efferocytes for efferocytosis, with a focus on the receptors and signaling driving this process.
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15
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Pisko J, Špirková A, Čikoš Š, Olexiková L, Kovaříková V, Šefčíková Z, Fabian D. Apoptotic cells in mouse blastocysts are eliminated by neighbouring blastomeres. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9228. [PMID: 33927296 PMCID: PMC8085119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a physiological process that occurs commonly during the development of the preimplantation embryo. The present work examines the ability of apoptotic embryonic cells to express a signal promoting their phagocytosis, and quantifies the ability of neighbouring, normal embryonic cells to perform that task. Microscopic analysis of mouse blastocysts revealed phosphatidylserine externalization to be 10 times less common than incidence of apoptotic cells (as detected by TUNEL). In spite of the low frequency of phosphatidylserine-flipping (in inner cell mass, no annexin V staining was recorded), fluorescence staining of the plasma membrane showed more than 20% of apoptotic cells to have been engulfed by neighbouring blastomeres. The mean frequency of apoptotic cells escaping phagocytosis by their extrusion into blastocyst cavities did not exceed 10%. Immunochemically visualised RAC1 (an enzyme important in actin cytoskeleton rearrangement) was seen in phagosome-like structures containing a nucleus with a condensed morphology. Gene transcript analysis showed that the embryonic cells expressed 12 receptors likely involved in phagocytic process (Scarf1, Msr1, Cd36, Itgav, Itgb3, Cd14, Scarb1, Cd44, Stab1, Adgrb1, Cd300lf, Cd93). In conclusion, embryonic cells possess all the necessary mechanisms for recognising, engulfing and digesting apoptotic cells, ensuring the clearance of most dying blastomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Pisko
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Alexandra Špirková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Štefan Čikoš
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Olexiková
- Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, National Agricultural and Food Centre (NPPC), Hlohovecká 2, 951 41, Lužianky, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Kovaříková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Šefčíková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Dušan Fabian
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic.
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16
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Abstract
Billions of cells undergo apoptosis daily and are swiftly removed by macrophages through an evolutionarily conserved program termed "efferocytosis". Consequently, macromolecules within an apoptotic cell significantly burden a phagocyte with nutrients, such as lipids, oligonucleotides, and amino acids. In response to this nutrient overload, metabolic reprogramming must occur for the process of efferocytosis to remain non-phlogistic and to execute successive rounds of efferocytosis. The inability to undergo metabolic reprogramming after efferocytosis drives inflammation and impairs its resolution, often promoting many chronic inflammatory diseases. This is particularly evident for atherosclerosis, as metabolic reprogramming alters macrophage function in every stage of atherosclerosis, from the early formation of benign lesions to the progression of clinically relevant atheromas and during atherosclerosis regression upon aggressive lipid-lowering. This Review focuses on the metabolic pathways utilized upon apoptotic cell ingestion, the consequences of these metabolic pathways in macrophage function thereafter, and the role of metabolic reprogramming during atherosclerosis. Due to the growing interest in this new field, I introduce a new term, "efferotabolism", as a means to define the process by which macrophages break down, metabolize, and respond to AC-derived macromolecules. Understanding these aspects of efferotabolism will shed light on novel strategies to combat atherosclerosis and compromised inflammation resolution.
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17
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Fige É, Szendrei J, Sós L, Kraszewska I, Potor L, Balla J, Szondy Z. Heme Oxygenase-1 Contributes to Both the Engulfment and the Anti-Inflammatory Program of Macrophages during Efferocytosis. Cells 2021; 10:652. [PMID: 33804125 PMCID: PMC8001822 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) plays a vital role in the catabolism of heme and yields equimolar amounts of biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and free iron. We report that macrophages engulfing either the low amount of heme-containing apoptotic thymocytes or the high amount of heme-containing eryptotic red blood cells (eRBCs) strongly upregulate HO-1. The induction by apoptotic thymocytes is dependent on soluble signals, which do not include adenylate cyclase activators but induce the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway, while in the case of eRBCs, it is cell uptake-dependent. Both pathways might involve the regulation of BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1), which is the repressor transcription regulator factor of the HO-1 gene. Long-term continuous efferocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes is not affected by the loss of HO-1, but that of eRBCs is inhibited. This latter is related to an internal signaling pathway that prevents the efferocytosis-induced increase in Rac1 activity. While the uptake of apoptotic cells suppressed the basal pro-inflammatory cytokine production in wild-type macrophages, in the absence of HO-1, engulfing macrophages produced enhanced amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our data demonstrate that HO-1 is required for both the engulfment and the anti-inflammatory response parts of the efferocytosis program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Fige
- Section of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary; (É.F.); (J.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Judit Szendrei
- Section of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary; (É.F.); (J.S.); (L.S.)
| | - László Sós
- Section of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary; (É.F.); (J.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Izabela Kraszewska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - László Potor
- HAS-UD Vascular Biology and Myocardial Pathophysiology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.P.); (J.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Balla
- HAS-UD Vascular Biology and Myocardial Pathophysiology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.P.); (J.B.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Szondy
- Section of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary; (É.F.); (J.S.); (L.S.)
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18
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Sihombing MAEM, Safitri M, Zhou T, Wang L, McGinty S, Zhang HJ, Yin Y, Peng Q, Qiu J, Wang G. Unexpected Role of Nonimmune Cells: Amateur Phagocytes. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:157-171. [PMID: 33439750 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective and efficient efferocytosis of dead cells and associated cellular debris are critical to tissue homeostasis and healing of injured tissues. This important task was previously thought to be restricted to professional phagocytes (PPs). However, accumulating evidence has revealed another type of phagocyte, the amateur phagocyte (AP), which can also participate in efferocytosis. APs are non-myeloid progenitor/nonimmune cells that include differentiated cells (e.g., epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells [ECs]) and stem cells (e.g., neuronal progenitor cells and mesenchymal cells) and can be found throughout the human body. Studies have shown that APs have two prominent roles: identifying and removing dead cells presumably before PPs reach the site of injury and assisting PPs in the removal of cell corpses and the resolution of inflamed tissue. With respect to the engulfment and degradation of dead cells, APs are slower and less efficient than PPs. However, APs are fundamental to preventing the spread of inflammation over a large area. In this review, we present the diversity and characteristics of healthy and non-neoplastic APs in mammals. We also propose a hypothetical mechanism of the efferocytosis of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-opsonized myelin debris by ECs (APs). Furthermore, the ingestion and clearance of dead cells can induce proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokine production, endothelial activation, and cellular fate transition, which contribute to the progression of disease. An understanding of the role of APs is necessary to develop effective intervention strategies, including potential molecular targets for clinical diagnosis and drug development, for inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maic Audo Eybi Mayer Sihombing
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maharani Safitri
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sean McGinty
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Department of Vascular and Intervention, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxia Yin
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Denzhou, China
| | - Qin Peng
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juhui Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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19
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Crbn modulates calcium influx by regulating Orai1 during efferocytosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5489. [PMID: 33127885 PMCID: PMC7603501 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium flux regulating intracellular calcium levels is essential and modulated for efficient efferocytosis. However, the molecular mechanism by which calcium flux is modulated during efferocytosis remains elusive. Here, we report that Orai1, a Crbn substrate, is upregulated via its attenuated interaction with Crbn during efferocytosis, which increases calcium influx into phagocytes and thereby promotes efferocytosis. We found that Crbn deficiency promoted phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, which resulted from facilitated phagocytic cup closure and was nullified by a CRAC channel inhibitor. In addition, Orai1 associated with Crbn, resulting in ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Orai1 and alteration of SOCE-mediated calcium influx. The association of Orai1 with Crbn was attenuated during efferocytosis, leading to reduced ubiquitination of Orai1 and consequently upregulation of Orai1 and calcium influx. Collectively, our study reveals a regulatory mechanism by which calcium influx is modulated by a Crbn-Orai1 axis to facilitate efferocytosis.
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20
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Won SY, Kwon S, Jeong HS, Chung KW, Choi B, Chang JW, Lee JE. Fibulin 5, a human Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells-secreted paracrine factor, attenuates peripheral nervous system myelination defects through the Integrin-RAC1 signaling axis. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1578-1593. [PMID: 33107705 PMCID: PMC7756588 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), proper development of Schwann cells (SCs) contributing to axonal myelination is critical for neuronal function. Impairments of SCs or neuronal axons give rise to several myelin-related disorders, including dysmyelinating and demyelinating diseases. Pathological mechanisms, however, have been understood at the elementary level and targeted therapeutics has remained undeveloped. Here, we identify Fibulin 5 (FBLN5), an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, as a key paracrine factor of human Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) to control the development of SCs. We show that co-culture with WJ-MSCs or treatment of recombinant FBLN5 promotes the proliferation of SCs through ERK activation, whereas FBLN5-depleted WJ-MSCs do not. We further reveal that during myelination of SCs, FBLN5 binds to Integrin and modulates actin remodeling, such as the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia, through RAC1 activity. Finally, we show that FBLN5 effectively restores the myelination defects of SCs in the zebrafish model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) type 1, a representative demyelinating disease. Overall, our data propose human WJ-MSCs or FBLN5 protein as a potential treatment for myelin-related diseases, including CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Won
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologySamsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Soojin Kwon
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical CenterSeoulSouth Korea
- Stem Cell Institute, ENCell Co. LtdSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Hui Su Jeong
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologySamsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Ki Wha Chung
- Department of Biological SciencesKongju National UniversityKongjuSouth Korea
| | - Byung‐Ok Choi
- Department of NeurologySungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jong Wook Chang
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical CenterSeoulSouth Korea
- Stem Cell Institute, ENCell Co. LtdSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologySamsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical CenterSeoulSouth Korea
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21
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Fujimoto T, Sato-Ohira S, Tanihara H, Inoue T. RhoA Activation Decreases Phagocytosis of Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Curr Eye Res 2020; 46:496-503. [PMID: 32847411 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1815791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE RhoA signaling is important for the regulation of intraocular pressure through the trabecular meshwork (TM). However, the relationship between RhoA signaling and phagocytosis in TM cells is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of RhoA signaling on the phagocytosis of TM cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS TM cells were isolated from enucleated porcine eyes and treated with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) or calpeptin to activate RhoA to determine phagocytic activity. To assess phagocytic activity, TM cells were incubated with pHrodo® Red S. aureus bioparticles, and the fluorescence intensity was measured using a cell sorter. The phagocytic activity of RhoA knockdown TM cells was also assessed using small interfering RNA (siRNA). To resolve the effects of dexamethasone on phagocytosis, TM cells were treated with dexamethasone for 72 h. The immunocytochemistry of vinculin and F-actin were evaluated in LPA- and dexamethasone-treated TM cells. RESULTS RhoA activities after treatment with 10 µM LPA and 100 µM calpeptin were 1.38 ± 0.026-fold and 1.47 ± 0.070-fold higher, respectively, compared with the control. The phagocytic activity was reduced by LPA (0.67 ± 0.099) and calpeptin (0.57 ± 0.016), compared with the control. C3 transferase (Rho inhibitor) and Y-27632 (Rho-associated kinase inhibitor) prevented the effects of LPA on phagocytosis, and C3 partially inhibited the effects of calpeptin on phagocytosis. Knockdown of RhoA prevented the effect of LPA on phagocytosis. By immunostaining, LPA-induced stress fiber and focal adhesion formation was prevented by C3 and Y-27632 treatment. Moreover, RhoA knockdown prevented the effects of LPA on F-actin and focal adhesion. Dexamethasone treatment decreased phagocytic activity and increased stress fiber and focal adhesion. Y-27632 prevented the effects of dexamethasone on phagocytosis, and on stress fiber and focal adhesion fomation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the RhoA signal pathway regulates the phagocytic activity of TM cells. Abbreviations: TM: trabecular meshwork; LPA: lysophosphatidic acid; C3: C3 transferase; ROCK: Rho-associated kinase; siRNA: small interfering RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Fujimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Saori Sato-Ohira
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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22
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Nagata S, Segawa K. Sensing and clearance of apoptotic cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 68:1-8. [PMID: 32853880 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages specifically engulf apoptotic cells but not healthy cells. Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is localized at the inner leaflet of plasma membranes as a result of the action of flippases (ATP11A and 11C). When cells undergo apoptosis, caspase 3 cleaves and inactivates the flippases, while simultaneously cleaving XKR8 to activate its phospholipid scramblase activity. PtdSer is thus swiftly and irreversibly exposed to the cell surface as an 'eat me' signal. Tissue resident macrophages recognize the apoptotic cells using a PtdSer-receptor TIM4 and engulf them with TAM tyrosine-kinase receptors, and integrins. The PtdSer 'eat me' signal appears to override 'don't eat me' signals in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Katsumori Segawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Yamazaki M, Maruyama S, Abé T, Tsuneki M, Kato H, Izumi K, Tanuma JI, Cheng J, Saku T. Rac1-dependent phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by oral squamous cell carcinoma cells: A possible driving force for tumor progression. Exp Cell Res 2020; 392:112013. [PMID: 32320683 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death frequently occurs in human cancer tissues including oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), wherein apoptotic tumor cells are phagocytosed not only by macrophages but also by neighboring tumor cells. We previously reported that the engulfment of apoptotic SCC cells by neighboring SCC cells frequently occurs at the invading front. Therefore, we hypothesized that the phagocytosis of these apoptotic cells by tumor cells contributes to disease progression. Herein, using cultured oral SCC cells, we aimed to confirm whether tumor cells actually phagocytose apoptotic cells and to examine whether cellular activities are regulated by the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Co-culture experiments showed that living cells could ingest apoptotic cells into phagolysosomes. NSC23766, an inhibitor of Rac1, which is a key regulator of phagocytic cup formation in professional phagocytes, dramatically suppressed the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by living cells. Additionally, cell migration and the secretion of DKK1, a tumor-promoting protein, were enhanced by co-culture with apoptotic cells, whereas NSC23766 inhibited these effects. These results show that tumor cells can actively phagocytose apoptotic neighbors in a Rac1-dependent manner and that such activity increases their migration. The regulation of apoptotic cell phagocytosis thus represents new directions for therapeutic intervention for oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Yamazaki
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Maruyama
- Oral Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Pathology, Niigata University Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Abé
- Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuneki
- Oral Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Pathology, Niigata University Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kato
- Division of Biomimetics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Kenji Izumi
- Division of Biomimetics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tanuma
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jun Cheng
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Saku
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
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Tang YY, Liu QN, Wang C, Yang TT, Tang BP, Zhou CL, Dai LS. Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated hepatopancreas of the freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:318-323. [PMID: 31972292 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Procambarus clarkii is one of the most important aquatic invertebrates in China and has high commercial value. However, aquaculture has suffered great economic loss due to outbreaks of infectious diseases in P. clarkii. To identify red swamp crayfish related proteins involved in the response to bacterial infection, we analysed immune-related proteins following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation by quantitative proteomics. The proteome of the hepatopancreas of P. clarkii challenged with LPS and phosphate-buffered saline was analysed to evaluate the immune response. Based on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, 16 upregulated and 29 downregulated proteins were identified. A Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated 5 biological process, 11 cellular component, and 6 molecular function subcategories. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the identified proteins were mainly involved in metabolism, phagosome, and ribosome. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR revealed that eight immune-related genes were upregulated after LPS stimulation compared to the control. Taken together, the data enhance our understanding of the immune response of crayfish to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yu Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetland, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China; College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Qiu-Ning Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetland, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetland, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetland, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, PR China; College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Bo-Ping Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetland, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, PR China
| | - Chun-Lin Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetland, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, PR China
| | - Li-Shang Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
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25
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ERM Proteins at the Crossroad of Leukocyte Polarization, Migration and Intercellular Adhesion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041502. [PMID: 32098334 PMCID: PMC7073024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ezrin, radixin and moesin proteins (ERMs) are plasma membrane (PM) organizers that link the actin cytoskeleton to the cytoplasmic tail of transmembrane proteins, many of which are adhesion receptors, in order to regulate the formation of F-actin-based structures (e.g., microspikes and microvilli). ERMs also effect transmission of signals from the PM into the cell, an action mainly exerted through the compartmentalized activation of the small Rho GTPases Rho, Rac and Cdc42. Ezrin and moesin are the ERMs more highly expressed in leukocytes, and although they do not always share functions, both are mainly regulated through phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) binding to the N-terminal band 4.1 protein-ERM (FERM) domain and phosphorylation of a conserved Thr in the C-terminal ERM association domain (C-ERMAD), exerting their functions through a wide assortment of mechanisms. In this review we will discuss some of these mechanisms, focusing on how they regulate polarization and migration in leukocytes, and formation of actin-based cellular structures like the phagocytic cup-endosome and the immune synapse in macrophages/neutrophils and lymphocytes, respectively, which represent essential aspects of the effector immune response.
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26
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Morikawa M, Tanaka Y, Cho HS, Yoshihara M, Hirokawa N. The Molecular Motor KIF21B Mediates Synaptic Plasticity and Fear Extinction by Terminating Rac1 Activation. Cell Rep 2019; 23:3864-3877. [PMID: 29949770 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear extinction is a component of cognitive flexibility that is relevant for important psychiatric diseases, but its molecular mechanism is still largely elusive. We established mice lacking the kinesin-4 motor KIF21B as a model for fear extinction defects. Postsynaptic NMDAR-dependent long-term depression (LTD) is specifically impaired in knockouts. NMDAR-mediated LTD-causing stimuli induce dynamic association of KIF21B with the Rac1GEF subunit engulfment and cell motility protein 1 (ELMO1), leading to ELMO1 translocation out of dendritic spines and its sequestration in endosomes. This process may essentially terminate transient activation of Rac1, shrink spines, facilitate AMPAR endocytosis, and reduce postsynaptic strength, thereby forming a mechanistic link to LTD expression. Antagonizing ELMO1/Dock Rac1GEF activity by the administration of 4-[3'-(2″-chlorophenyl)-2'-propen-1'-ylidene]-1-phenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione (CPYPP) significantly reverses the knockout phenotype. Therefore, we propose that KIF21B-mediated Rac1 inactivation is a key molecular event in NMDAR-dependent LTD expression underlying cognitive flexibility in fear extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momo Morikawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tanaka
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masaharu Yoshihara
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hirokawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Center of Excellence in Genome Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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27
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The contribution of macrophages to systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2019; 207:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Kawano M, Nagata S. Efferocytosis and autoimmune disease. Int Immunol 2019; 30:551-558. [PMID: 30165442 PMCID: PMC6234909 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An enormous number of cells in the body die by apoptosis during development and under homeostasis. Apoptotic cells are swiftly engulfed by macrophages and digested into units. This removal of apoptotic cells is called ‘efferocytosis’. For efferocytosis, macrophages recognize phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposed on the cell surface as an ‘eat me’ signal. In healthy cells, PtdSer is exclusively localized to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane by the action of flippases. When cells undergo apoptosis, caspase cleaves flippases to inactivate them, while it cleaves pro-scramblases to active scramblases, which quickly translocate PtdSer to the cell surface. The PtdSer is then recognized by PtdSer-binding proteins or by PtdSer receptors on macrophages, which subsequently engulf the apoptotic cells. When efferocytosis fails, apoptotic cells can rupture, releasing cellular materials that can evoke an autoimmune response. Thus, a defect in the PtdSer-exposing or PtdSer-recognizing processes triggers autoimmunity, leading to a systemic lupus erythematosus-type autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahiru Kawano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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29
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Arienti S, Barth ND, Dorward DA, Rossi AG, Dransfield I. Regulation of Apoptotic Cell Clearance During Resolution of Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:891. [PMID: 31456686 PMCID: PMC6701246 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) has an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis as well as the progression and ultimate resolution of inflammation. During apoptosis, the cell undergoes morphological and biochemical changes [e.g., phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposure, caspase activation, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA cleavage] that act to shut down cellular function and mark the cell for phagocytic clearance. Tissue phagocytes bind and internalize apoptotic cells, bodies, and vesicles, providing a mechanism for the safe disposal of apoptotic material. Phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells before they undergo secondary necrosis reduces the potential for bystander damage to adjacent tissue and importantly initiates signaling pathways within the phagocytic cell that act to dampen inflammation. In a pathological context, excessive apoptosis or failure to clear apoptotic material results in secondary necrosis with the release of pro-inflammatory intracellular contents. In this review, we consider some of the mechanisms by which phagocytosis of apoptotic cells can be controlled. We suggest that matching apoptotic cell load with the capacity for apoptotic cell clearance within tissues may be important for therapeutic strategies that target the apoptotic process for treatment of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Arienti
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole D Barth
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David A Dorward
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Dransfield
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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30
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Bae DJ, Seo J, Kim SY, Park SY, Do Yoo J, Pyo JH, Cho W, Cho JY, Kim S, Kim IS. ArhGAP12 plays dual roles in Stabilin-2 mediated efferocytosis: Regulates Rac1 basal activity and spatiotemporally turns off the Rac1 to orchestrate phagosome maturation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1595-1607. [PMID: 31301364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and precise clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) involves a series of phagocytic processes through which apoptotic cells are recognized, engulfed, and degraded within phagocytes. The Rho-family GTPases critically rearrange the cytoskeleton for these phagocytic processes, but we know little about the mechanisms by which regulatory proteins control the spatiotemporal activities of the Rho-family GTPases. Here, we identify ArhGAP12 as a functional GTPase-activating protein (GAP) of Rac1 during Stabilin-2 mediated efferocytosis. ArhGAP12 constitutively forms a complex with the phosphatidylserine receptor, Stabilin-2, via direct interaction with the downstream protein, GULP, but is released from the complex when Stabilin-2 interacts with apoptotic cells. When the phagocytic cup is closed and the apoptotic cell is surrounded by the phagosomal membrane, ArhGAP12 localizes to the phagocytic cup via a specific interaction with phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, which is transiently biosynthesized in the phagocytic cup. Down-regulation of ArhGAP12 results in sustained Rac1 activity, arrangement of F-actin, and delayed phagosome-lysosome fusion. Our results collectively suggest that ArhGAP12 carries dual roles in Stabilin-2 mediated efferocytosis: it binds to GULP/Stabilin-2 and switches off Rac1 basal activity and switches on the Rac1 by releasing itself from the complex. In addition, the spatiotemporal membrane targeting of ArhGAP12 inactivates Rac1 in a time-specific and spatially coordinated manner to orchestrate phagosome maturation. This may shed light on how other RhoGAPs spatiotemporally inactivate Rac or Cdc42 during phagocytosis by various cells, in different circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jun Bae
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea; ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Seo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea; ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yoon Park
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 780-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Do Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Pyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhwa Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-San Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST school, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Faralli JA, Desikan H, Peotter J, Kanneganti N, Weinhaus B, Filla MS, Peters DM. Genomic/proteomic analyses of dexamethasone-treated human trabecular meshwork cells reveal a role for GULP1 and ABR in phagocytosis. Mol Vis 2019; 25:237-254. [PMID: 31516309 PMCID: PMC6706170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the expression profile of genes related to integrin-mediated phagocytosis that are altered by dexamethasone (DEX) and/or αvβ3 integrin signaling to gain a better understanding of the molecular basis of phagocytosis and the pathophysiology of glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension. Methods RNA and cell lysates were obtained from human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells incubated with and without DEX for 4-5 d. The relative level of gene expression was evaluated using the Affymetrix Gene Chip® human gene microarray and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Changes in protein expression were validated using western blots or FACS analyses. The involvement of proteins in phagocytosis was determined using siRNA to knock down the expression of these proteins in an immortalized TM-1 cell line. Changes in the phagocytic activity were measured using pHrodo™-labeled S. aureus bioparticles followed by immunofluorescence microscopy. The effect of αvβ3 integrin expression and activity on GULP1 mRNA levels was measured using qPCR in TM-1 cells overexpressing wild type or constitutively active αvβ3 integrin. Results Gene microarrays revealed statistically significant differences (>2 fold) in the expression of seven genes known to be involved in phagocytosis. Three genes (CD36, ABR, and GULP1) were downregulated, while four genes (ITGB3, CHN1, PIK3R1, and MFGE8) were upregulated. The genes were either associated with modulating RAC1 activity (ABR and CHN1) or integrin signaling (CD36, GULP1, ITGB3, PIK3R1, and MFGE8). Another gene, SIRPA, was also downregulated (1.6 fold) but only in one cell strain. qPCR and western blot analyses verified that DEX caused a decrease in SIRPA and GULP1 mRNA and their protein levels, while levels of CHN1 mRNA and its protein were upregulated by DEX. qPCR showed that although ABR mRNA was downregulated compared to non-treated controls after 5 d of treatment with DEX, no change at the protein level was detected. qPCR analysis also revealed that DEX caused an increase in MFGE8 mRNA levels. The levels of CD36 mRNA and protein varied between cell strains treated with DEX and were not statistically different compared to controls. The knockdown of GULP1 and ABR using siRNAs decreased phagocytosis by 40%. Interestingly, GULP1 mRNA levels were also decreased by 60% when αvβ3 integrin was overexpressed in TM-1 cells. Conclusion The DEX-induced inhibition of phagocytosis may be caused by the downregulation of ABR and GULP1 disrupting the αvβ5 integrin/RAC1-mediated engulfment pathway. The downregulation of GULP1 by αvβ3 integrin further suggests that this integrin may be a negative regulator of phagocytosis by transcriptionally downregulating proteins needed for phagocytosis. In summary, these results represent new insights into the effects of glucocorticoids and integrin signaling on the phagocytic process in the TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Faralli
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Harini Desikan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Jennifer Peotter
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Nitin Kanneganti
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Benjamin Weinhaus
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Mark S. Filla
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Donna M. Peters
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI,Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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Feng Y, Ma M, Zhang X, Liu D, Wang L, Qian C, Wei G, Zhu B. Characterization of small GTPase Rac1 and its interaction with PAK1 in crayfish Procambarus clarkii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:178-183. [PMID: 30639478 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) participates in many biological processes. In this study, a Rac1 gene was identified in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii with an open reading frame of 579 bp that encoded 192 amino acids. This predicted 21.4 kDa protein was highly homologous to those in other invertebrates. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that Pc-Rac1 was expressed in all examined tissues with the highest expression level in hemocytes. The transcriptional expression level of Pc-Rac1 was significantly upregulated in hemocytes and hepatopancreas after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly I: C) induction. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blot analysis suggested that a recombinant Pc-Rac1 protein was successfully expressed in E. coli. Far-western blot analysis demonstrated that Rac1 can interact with the PBD domain of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1). RNA interference of Pc-Rac1 affected the mRNA expression levels of immune-related genes lectin, Toll, crustin, TNF, ALF and cactus. These results suggest that Pc-Rac1 is involved in the innate immune responses in P. clarkii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Maolin Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiaojiao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Die Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Cen Qian
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Guoqing Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Baojian Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Nishi C, Yanagihashi Y, Segawa K, Nagata S. MERTK tyrosine kinase receptor together with TIM4 phosphatidylserine receptor mediates distinct signal transduction pathways for efferocytosis and cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7221-7230. [PMID: 30846565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells expose phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) on their surface, leading to efferocytosis, i.e. their engulfment by resident macrophages that express the PtdSer receptor T cell immunoglobulin mucin receptor 4 (TIM4) and TAM family receptor tyrosine kinase receptors (MERTK, AXL, and TYRO3). TAM family receptors stimulate cell proliferation, and the many aspects of the growth signaling pathway downstream of TAM family receptors have been elucidated previously. However, the signaling cascade for TAM receptor-mediated efferocytosis has been elusive. Here we observed that efferocytosis by mouse-resident peritoneal macrophages was blocked by inhibitors against the MERTK, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK), AKT Ser/Thr kinase (AKT), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), or STAT6 pathway. Accordingly, apoptotic cells stimulated the phosphorylation of MERTK, ERK, AKT, FAK, and STAT6, but not of IκB or STAT5. A reconstituted efferocytosis system using MERTK- and TIM4-expressing NIH3T3-derived cells revealed that the juxtamembrane and C-terminal regions of MERTK have redundant roles in efferocytosis. The transformation of murine IL-3-dependent Ba/F3 cells (a pro-B cell line) with MERTK and TIM4 enabled them to proliferate in response to apoptotic cells in a PtdSer-dependent manner. This apoptotic cell-induced MERTK-mediated proliferation required both MERTK's juxtamembrane and C-terminal regions and was blocked by inhibitors of not only ERK, AKT, FAK, and STAT6 but also of NF-κB and STAT5 signaling. These results suggest that apoptotic cells stimulate distinct sets of signal transduction pathways via MERTK to induce either efferocytosis or proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Nishi
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yanagihashi
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsumori Segawa
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Budai Z, Ujlaky-Nagy L, Kis GN, Antal M, Bankó C, Bacsó Z, Szondy Z, Sarang Z. Macrophages engulf apoptotic and primary necrotic thymocytes through similar phosphatidylserine-dependent mechanisms. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:446-456. [PMID: 30868053 PMCID: PMC6396166 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major roles of professional phagocytes is the removal of dead cells in the body. We know less about the clearance of necrotic cells than apoptotic cell phagocytosis, despite the fact that both types of dead cells need to be cleared together and necrotic cells appear often in pathological settings. In the present study, we examined phagocytosis of heat‐ or H2O2‐killed necrotic and apoptotic thymocytes by mouse bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) in vitro and found that the two cell types are engulfed at equal efficiency and compete with each other when added together to BMDMs. Phagocytosis of both apoptotic and necrotic thymocytes was decreased by (a) blocking phosphatidylserine on the surface of dying cells; (b) inhibition of Mer tyrosine kinase, Tim‐4, integrin β3 receptor signaling, or Ras‐related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 activity; or (c) using BMDMs deficient for transglutaminase 2. Stimulation of liver X, retinoid X, retinoic acid or glucocorticoid nuclear receptors in BMDMs enhanced not only apoptotic, but also necrotic cell uptake. Electron microscopic analysis of the engulfment process revealed that the morphology of phagosomes and the phagocytic cup formed during the uptake of dying thymocytes is similar for apoptotic and necrotic cells. Our data indicate that apoptotic and necrotic cells are cleared via the same mechanisms, and removal of necrotic cells in vivo can be facilitated by molecules known to enhance the uptake of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Budai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - László Ujlaky-Nagy
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Gréta Nikoletta Kis
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Miklós Antal
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Csaba Bankó
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bacsó
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Pharmacy University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Szondy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences Faculty of Dentistry University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
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Gong P, Chen S, Zhang L, Hu Y, Gu A, Zhang J, Wang Y. RhoG-ELMO1-RAC1 is involved in phagocytosis suppressed by mono-butyl phthalate in TM4 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:35440-35450. [PMID: 30350139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is one of the most dominant phthalate esters and is ubiquitous in the environment. Male reproductive toxicity of DBP and its active metabolite mono-butyl phthalate (MBP) has been demonstrated in in vivo and in vitro studies. The objective of this study was to explore the roles of RhoG-ELMO1-RAC1 in phagocytosis disrupted by MBP in TM4 cells. Mouse Sertoli cell lines (TM4 cells) were maintained and treated by various levels of MBP (1, 10, and 100 μM) for 24 h. Then, cells were harvested for further experiments. Phagocytic capacity of TM4 cells was detected by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and oil red O staining. RAC1 activity (GTP-RAC1) was measured by RAC1 pull-down assay. Expression of mRNA and protein related to phagocytosis including ELMO1, RhoG, and RAC1 was analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blots, respectively. MBP inhibited phagocytosis of TM4 cells and downregulated GTP-RAC1 expression and movement to membrane markedly. Furthermore, ELMO1 protein expression was downregulated in a dose-dependent manner after MBP treatments. Additionally, expression of proteins relating to phagocytosis, including RhoG and GTP-RAC1, was decreased significantly, but expression of total-RAC1 remained unchanged. GTP-RAC1 expression increased dramatically after TM4 cells were transfected with ELMO1 or RhoG plasmid, but restored under co-treatments with MBP and ELMO1/RhoG plasmid. This study suggests that MBP can reduce the phagocytosis of Sertoli cells through RhoG-ELMO1-RAC1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
- Safety Assessment and Research Center for Drug, Pesticide and Veterinary Drug of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
- Safety Assessment and Research Center for Drug, Pesticide and Veterinary Drug of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Gu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingshu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
- Safety Assessment and Research Center for Drug, Pesticide and Veterinary Drug of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China.
- Safety Assessment and Research Center for Drug, Pesticide and Veterinary Drug of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China.
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36
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Jing Y, Ran Y, Zhao J, Zhou Z, Zhang J, Qian Y, Yin Z, Zhang M, Lv Z, Zhou L, Wang B. Peptidoglycan Suppresses Phagocytic Activities and Apoptosis of Macrophages in Colonic Mucosa Tissues of Crohn's Disease Patients and In Vitro. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:3382-3392. [PMID: 29787559 PMCID: PMC5994142 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rac1 signaling plays a crucial role in controlling macrophage functions in CD. Peptidoglycan triggers several intracellular signaling pathways, including activation of Rac1, to regulate the function of macrophage. Suppressed Rac1 signaling in non-inflamed colonic mucosa of Crohn’s disease patients has been shown to correlate with increased innate immunity. Material/Methods We examined the effect of peptidoglycan on Rac1 signaling in macrophages and mucosal tissue samples collected from 10 patients with active Crohn’s disease and further investigated the effects of peptidoglycan on apoptosis and phagocytic activities of macrophages in vitro. Results Macrophage infiltration and Rac1 signaling was increased in inflamed mucosal tissues of Crohn’s disease patients. Immunoblotting assays revealed that peptidoglycan dose- and time-dependently increased the expression of Rac1-GTP, phosphorylated VAV1, and phosphorylated PAK1in RAW264.7 macrophages, which, however, was attenuated by 6-thioguanine. Peptidoglycan also dose-dependently inhibited phagocytic activities of human peripheral blood monocytic cells (PBMCs), which were partially abated by 6-thioguanine or NSC23766. Flow cytometry showed that peptidoglycan (3 μg/mL) decreased the proportion of apoptotic human PBMCs versus controls. The addition of 6-thioguanine or NSC3766 to peptidoglycan led to a sharper rise in the proportion of apoptotic human PBMCs than 6-thioguanine or NSC3766 alone. Conclusions Our findings suggest that Rac1 signaling is a common molecular target shared by peptidoglycan and immunosuppressive treatment in intestinal macrophages. Inhibiting Rac1 activation may be crucial for optimizing macrophage immunity for treatment of Crohn’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jing
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Ran
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Yiqi Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiqi Yin
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin No. 1 Central Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin No. 1 Central Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Zongshun Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
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Abstract
The human body generates 10-100 billion cells every day, and the same number of cells die to maintain homeostasis in our body. Cells infected by bacteria or viruses also die. The cell death that occurs under physiological conditions mainly proceeds by apoptosis, which is a noninflammatory, or silent, process, while pathogen infection induces necroptosis or pyroptosis, which activates the immune system and causes inflammation. Dead cells generated by apoptosis are quickly engulfed by macrophages for degradation. Caspases are a large family of cysteine proteases that act in cascades. A cascade that leads to caspase 3 activation mediates apoptosis and is responsible for killing cells, recruiting macrophages, and presenting an "eat me" signal(s). When apoptotic cells are not efficiently engulfed by macrophages, they undergo secondary necrosis and release intracellular materials that represent a damage-associated molecular pattern, which may lead to a systemic lupus-like autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
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38
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Velasquez JT, St John JA, Nazareth L, Ekberg JAK. Schwann cell lamellipodia regulate cell-cell interactions and phagocytosis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 88:189-200. [PMID: 29336992 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamellipodia in Schwann cells (SCs) are crucial for myelination, but their other biological functions remain largely uncharacterised. Two types of lamellipodia exist in SCs: axial lamellipodia at the outermost edge of the cell processes, and radial lamellipodia appearing peripherally along the entire cell. We have previously shown that radial lamellipodia on olfactory glia (olfactory ensheathing cells; OECs) promote cell-cell adhesion, contact-mediated migration and phagocytosis. Here we have investigated whether lamellipodia in SCs have similar roles. Using live-cell imaging, we show that the radial lamellipodia in SCs are highly motile, appear at multiple cellular sites and rapidly move in a wave-like manner. We found that axial and radial lamellipodia had strikingly different roles and are regulated by different intracellular pathways. Axial lamellipodia initiated interactions with other SCs and with neurons by contacting radial lamellipodia on SCs, and budding neurites/axons. Most SC-SC interactions resulted in repulsion, and, lamellipodial activity (unlike in OECs) did not promote contact-mediated migration. We show that lamellipodia are crucial for SC-mediated phagocytosis of both axonal debris and bacteria, and demonstrated that inhibition of lamellipodial activity by blocking the Rho/Rac pathways also inhibits phagocytosis. We also show that heregulin, which induces SC differentiation and maturation, alters lamellipodial behaviour but does not affect phagocytic activity. Overall, the results show that SC lamellipodia are important for cell interactions and phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Tello Velasquez
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, 170 Kessels Rd, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Queensland, Australia; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, 170 Kessels Rd, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, 170 Kessels Rd, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Queensland, Australia; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, 170 Kessels Rd, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Parklands Drive, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, QLD, Australia
| | - Lynn Nazareth
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, 170 Kessels Rd, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Queensland, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Parklands Drive, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, 170 Kessels Rd, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Queensland, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Parklands Drive, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, QLD, Australia.
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Yurdagul A, Doran AC, Cai B, Fredman G, Tabas IA. Mechanisms and Consequences of Defective Efferocytosis in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018. [PMID: 29379788 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00086e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells, termed efferocytosis, critically regulates normal homeostasis whereas defective uptake of apoptotic cells results in chronic and non-resolving inflammatory diseases, such as advanced atherosclerosis. Monocyte-derived macrophages recruited into developing atherosclerotic lesions initially display efficient efferocytosis and temper inflammatory responses, processes that restrict plaque progression. However, during the course of plaque development, macrophages undergo cellular reprogramming that reduces efferocytic capacity, which results in post-apoptotic necrosis of apoptotic cells and inflammation. Furthermore, defective efferocytosis in advanced atherosclerosis is a major driver of necrotic core formation, which can trigger plaque rupture and acute thrombotic cardiovascular events. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate efferocytosis, how efferocytosis promotes the resolution of inflammation, and how defective efferocytosis leads to the formation of clinically dangerous atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Amanda C Doran
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bishuang Cai
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gabrielle Fredman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Ira A Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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40
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Yurdagul A, Doran AC, Cai B, Fredman G, Tabas IA. Mechanisms and Consequences of Defective Efferocytosis in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 4:86. [PMID: 29379788 PMCID: PMC5770804 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells, termed efferocytosis, critically regulates normal homeostasis whereas defective uptake of apoptotic cells results in chronic and non-resolving inflammatory diseases, such as advanced atherosclerosis. Monocyte-derived macrophages recruited into developing atherosclerotic lesions initially display efficient efferocytosis and temper inflammatory responses, processes that restrict plaque progression. However, during the course of plaque development, macrophages undergo cellular reprogramming that reduces efferocytic capacity, which results in post-apoptotic necrosis of apoptotic cells and inflammation. Furthermore, defective efferocytosis in advanced atherosclerosis is a major driver of necrotic core formation, which can trigger plaque rupture and acute thrombotic cardiovascular events. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate efferocytosis, how efferocytosis promotes the resolution of inflammation, and how defective efferocytosis leads to the formation of clinically dangerous atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Amanda C Doran
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bishuang Cai
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gabrielle Fredman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Ira A Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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Serizier SB, McCall K. Scrambled Eggs: Apoptotic Cell Clearance by Non-Professional Phagocytes in the Drosophila Ovary. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1642. [PMID: 29238344 PMCID: PMC5712531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
For half of a century, it has been known that non-professional phagocytes, such as fibroblasts, endothelial, and epithelial cells, are capable of efferocytosis (engulfment of apoptotic cells). Non-professional phagocytes differ from professional phagocytes in the range and efficiency of engulfment. Much of the recognition and underlying signaling machinery between non-professional and professional phagocytes is the same, but it is not known how the engulfment capacity of non-professional phagocytes is controlled. Moreover, the signaling networks involved in cell corpse recognition, engulfment, and phagosome maturation are only partially understood. The Drosophila ovary provides an excellent system to investigate the regulation of phagocytic activity by epithelial cells, a major class of non-professional phagocytes. During Drosophila oogenesis, mid-stage egg chambers undergo apoptosis of the germline in response to nutrient deprivation. Epithelial follicle cells then undergo major cell shape changes and concomitantly engulf the germline material. Our previous work has established that Draper and the integrin α-PS3/β-PS heterodimer are required in follicle cells for germline cell clearance. In addition, we have characterized phagosome maturation pathways, and found that the JNK pathway amplifies the engulfment response. In this review, we discuss recent advances on the interplay between engulfment pathways in the follicular epithelium for cell clearance in the Drosophila ovary. We also provide a comparison to apoptotic cell clearance mechanisms in C. elegans and mammals, illustrating strong conservation of efferocytosis mechanisms by non-professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy B Serizier
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kimberly McCall
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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42
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Soriano-Castell D, Chavero A, Rentero C, Bosch M, Vidal-Quadras M, Pol A, Enrich C, Tebar F. ROCK1 is a novel Rac1 effector to regulate tubular endocytic membrane formation during clathrin-independent endocytosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6866. [PMID: 28761175 PMCID: PMC5537229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-dependent and -independent pathways contribute for β1-integrin endocytosis. This study defines a tubular membrane clathrin-independent endocytic network, induced with the calmodulin inhibitor W13, for β1-integrin internalization. This pathway is dependent on increased phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) levels and dynamin activity at the plasma membrane. Exogenous addition of PI(4,5)P2 or phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K) expression mimicked W13-generated-tubules which are inhibited by active Rac1. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms downstream of Rac1, that controls this plasma membrane tubulation, were analyzed biochemically and by the expression of different Rac1 mutants. The results indicate that phospholipase C and ROCK1 are the main Rac1 effectors that impair plasma membrane invagination and tubule formation, essentially by decreasing PI(4,5)P2 levels and promoting cortical actomyosin assembly respectively. Interestingly, among the plethora of proteins that participate in membrane remodeling, this study revealed that ROCK1, the well-known downstream RhoA effector, has an important role in Rac1 regulation of actomyosin at the cell cortex. This study provides new insights into Rac1 functioning on plasma membrane dynamics combining phosphatidylinositides and cytoskeleton regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Soriano-Castell
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Chavero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Bosch
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maite Vidal-Quadras
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Pol
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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43
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Induction of Live Cell Phagocytosis by a Specific Combination of Inflammatory Stimuli. EBioMedicine 2017; 22:89-99. [PMID: 28733045 PMCID: PMC5552246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditions of severe hyper-inflammation can lead to uncontrolled activation of macrophages, and the ensuing phagocytosis of live cells. However, relationships between inflammatory stimuli and uncontrolled phagocytosis of live cells by macrophages are poorly understood. To identify mediators of this process, we established phagocytosis assays of live cells by stimulating macrophages with CpG DNA, interferon-γ, and anti-interleukin-10 receptor antibody. In this model, various cell surface receptors were upregulated on macrophages, and phagocytosis of live cells was induced in a Rac1-dependent manner. Subsequent inhibition of the ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and both of these receptors abolished in vitro and in vivo phagocytosis of live T cells, myeloid cells, and B cells, respectively. Specifically, the reduction in lymphocyte numbers due to in vivo activation of macrophages was ameliorated in Icam-1-deficient mice. In addition, overexpression of ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 in non-phagocytic NIH3T3 cells led to active phagocytosis of live cells. These data indicate molecular mechanisms underlying live cell phagocytosis induced by hyper-inflammation, and this experimental model will be useful to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms of hemophagocytosis and to indicate therapeutic targets.
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44
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Abstract
In metazoans, removal of cells in situ is involved in larval maturation, metamorphosis, and embryonic development. In adults, such cell removal plays a role in the homeostatic maintenance of cell numbers and tissue integrity as well as in the response to cell injury and damage. This removal involves uptake of the whole or fragmented target cells into phagocytes. Depending on the organism, these latter may be near-neighbor tissue cells and/or professional phagocytes such as, in vertebrates, members of the myeloid family of cells, especially macrophages. The uptake processes appear to involve specialized and highly conserved recognition ligands and receptors, intracellular signaling in the phagocytes, and mechanisms for ingestion. The recognition of cells destined for this form of removal is critical and, significantly, is distinguished for the most part from the recognition of foreign materials and organisms by the innate and adaptive immune systems. In keeping with the key role of cell removal in maintaining tissue homeostasis, constant cell removal is normally silent, i.e., does not initiate a local tissue reaction. This article discusses these complex and wide-ranging processes in general terms as well as the implications when these processes are disrupted in inflammation, immunity, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Henson
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, and Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206;
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45
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Kim SY, Kim S, Bae DJ, Park SY, Lee GY, Park GM, Kim IS. Coordinated balance of Rac1 and RhoA plays key roles in determining phagocytic appetite. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174603. [PMID: 28376111 PMCID: PMC5380344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The removal of unwanted or damaged cells by phagocytes is achieved via a finely regulated cleaning process called efferocytosis. To characterize the mechanisms through which phagocytes control the intake of apoptotic cells, we investigated how the phagocyte’s appetite for engulfed cells may be coordinated by RhoA and Rac1 in the phagocytic cup. We used FRET biosensors to visualize the spatiotemporal dynamics of Rho-family GTPases, and found that RhoA, which is known to be downregulated during phagocytosis, was transiently upregulated at the phagocytic cup immediately prior to ingestion. Conversely, Rac1 was upregulated during the engulfment process and then downregulated prior to phagosomal maturation. Moreover, disturbance of the dynamic activities of RhoA led to uncontrolled engulfment, such as fast and undiscerning eating. Our results reveal that the temporal activity of RhoA GTPase alters the Rac1/RhoA balance at the phagocytic cup prior to ingestion, and that this plays a distinct role in orchestrating efferocytosis, with RhoA modulating the rate of engulfment to ensure that the phagocyte engulfs an appropriate amount of the correct material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yeob Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SK); (ISK)
| | - Dong-Jun Bae
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yoon Park
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Young Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Min Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST school, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SK); (ISK)
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46
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Zent CS, Elliott MR. Maxed out macs: physiologic cell clearance as a function of macrophage phagocytic capacity. FEBS J 2017; 284:1021-1039. [PMID: 27863012 PMCID: PMC5378628 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The phagocytic clearance of host cells is important for eliminating dying cells and for the therapeutic clearance of antibody-targeted cells. As ubiquitous, motile and highly phagocytic immune cells, macrophages are principal players in the phagocytic removal of host cells throughout the body. In recent years, great strides have been made in identifying the molecular mechanisms that control the recognition and phagocytosis of cells by macrophages. However, much less is known about the physical and metabolic constraints that govern the amount of cellular material macrophages can ingest and how these limitations affect the overall efficiency of host cell clearance in health and disease. In this review we will discuss, in the contexts of apoptotic cells and antibody-targeted malignant cells, how physical and metabolic factors associated with the internalization of host cells are relayed to the phagocytic machinery and how these signals can impact the overall efficiency of cell clearance. We also discuss how this information can be leveraged to increase cell clearance for beneficial therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive S. Zent
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Michael R. Elliott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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47
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Al Thawadi H, Abu-Kaoud N, Al Farsi H, Hoarau-Véchot J, Rafii S, Rafii A, Pasquier J. VE-cadherin cleavage by ovarian cancer microparticles induces β-catenin phosphorylation in endothelial cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:5289-305. [PMID: 26700621 PMCID: PMC4868686 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are increasingly recognized as important mediators of cell-cell communication in tumour growth and metastasis by facilitating angiogenesis-related processes. While the effects of the MPs on recipient cells are usually well described in the literature, the leading process remains unclear. Here we isolated MPs from ovarian cancer cells and investigated their effect on endothelial cells. First, we demonstrated that ovarian cancer MPs trigger β-catenin activation in endothelial cells, inducing the upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin target genes and an increase of angiogenic properties. We showed that this MPs mediated activation of β-catenin in ECs was Wnt/Frizzled independent; but dependent on VE-cadherin localization disruption, αVβ3 integrin activation and MMP activity. Finally, we revealed that Rac1 and AKT were responsible for β-catenin phosphorylation and translocation to the nucleus. Overall, our results indicate that MPs released from cancer cells could play a major role in neo-angiogenesis through activation of beta catenin pathway in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamda Al Thawadi
- Qatar Research Leadership Program, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nadine Abu-Kaoud
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Haleema Al Farsi
- Qatar Research Leadership Program, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jessica Hoarau-Véchot
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
| | - Arash Rafii
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Pasquier
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
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48
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Ikeda Y, Kawai K, Ikawa A, Kawamoto K, Egami Y, Araki N. Rac1 switching at the right time and location is essential for Fcγ receptor-mediated phagosome formation. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2530-2540. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.201749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamellipodia are sheet-like cell protrusions driven by actin polymerization mainly through Rac1, a GTPase molecular switch. In Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized erythrocytes (IgG-Es), Rac1 activation is required for lamellipodial extension along the surface of IgG-Es. However, the significance of Rac1 deactivation in phagosome formation is poorly understood. Our live-cell imaging and electron microscopy revealed that RAW264 macrophages expressing a constitutively active Rac1 mutant showed defects in phagocytic cup formation, while lamellipodia were formed around IgG-Es. Because the activated Rac1 reduced the phosphorylation levels of myosin light chain, failure of the cup formation were probably due to inhibition of actin/myosin II contractility. Reversible photo-manipulation of the Rac1 switch in macrophages fed with IgG-Es could phenocopy two lamellipodial motilities: outward-extension and cup-constriction by Rac1 ON and OFF, respectively. In conjunction with FRET imaging of Rac1 activity, we provide a novel mechanistic model of phagosome formation spatiotemporally controlled by Rac1 switching within a phagocytic cup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ikeda
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kawai
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Akira Ikawa
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kawamoto
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Youhei Egami
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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49
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Nakaya M, Watari K, Tajima M, Nakaya T, Matsuda S, Ohara H, Nishihara H, Yamaguchi H, Hashimoto A, Nishida M, Nagasaka A, Horii Y, Ono H, Iribe G, Inoue R, Tsuda M, Inoue K, Tanaka A, Kuroda M, Nagata S, Kurose H. Cardiac myofibroblast engulfment of dead cells facilitates recovery after myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 2016; 127:383-401. [PMID: 27918308 DOI: 10.1172/jci83822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) results in the generation of dead cells in the infarcted area. These cells are swiftly removed by phagocytes to minimize inflammation and limit expansion of the damaged area. However, the types of cells and molecules responsible for the engulfment of dead cells in the infarcted area remain largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that cardiac myofibroblasts, which execute tissue fibrosis by producing extracellular matrix proteins, efficiently engulf dead cells. Furthermore, we identified a population of cardiac myofibroblasts that appears in the heart after MI in humans and mice. We found that these cardiac myofibroblasts secrete milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8), which promotes apoptotic engulfment, and determined that serum response factor is important for MFG-E8 production in myofibroblasts. Following MFG-E8-mediated engulfment of apoptotic cells, myofibroblasts acquired antiinflammatory properties. MFG-E8 deficiency in mice led to the accumulation of unengulfed dead cells after MI, resulting in exacerbated inflammatory responses and a substantial decrease in survival. Moreover, MFG-E8 administration into infarcted hearts restored cardiac function and morphology. MFG-E8-producing myofibroblasts mainly originated from resident cardiac fibroblasts and cells that underwent endothelial-mesenchymal transition in the heart. Together, our results reveal previously unrecognized roles of myofibroblasts in regulating apoptotic engulfment and a fundamental importance of these cells in recovery from MI.
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50
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Sakamoto K, Fukushima Y, Ito K, Matsuda M, Nagata S, Minato N, Hattori M. Osteopontin in Spontaneous Germinal Centers Inhibits Apoptotic Cell Engulfment and Promotes Anti-Nuclear Antibody Production in Lupus-Prone Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2177-86. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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